PCMCIA AUDIO ADAPTER USER'S GUIDE
for DOS and OS/2

First Edition (November 1994)

The Terms and Conditions are at the back of this document.

ABOUT YOUR AUDIO ADAPTER

This document provides you with the information you require to
use the Audio Adapter. It covers the DOS and OS/2 software as
well as the card and audio in general. Information on the Windows
and Windows Sound System support is in the WINAUDIO.WRI document.

YOUR PCMCIA AUDIO ADAPTER

Thank you for purchasing the PCMCIA Audio Adapter.  We hope that
it will be a valuable component of your computer system.  The
Audio Adapter package contains the following:

o Audio Adapter
o Three 3.5-inch diskettes for the device drivers
o Three 3.5-inch diskettes for Monologue**
o Audio Interface Module (AIM)
o Installation and User's Guide (this document)

If any item is missing or damaged, please notify your place of
purchase.

ABOUT YOUR AUDIO ADAPTER

The Audio Adapter is a Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association (PCMCIA) Type II adapter, conforming to
PCMCIA PC Card Standard 2.01.  The Audio Adapter provides the
following features:

o 8-bit and 16-bit digital audio, providing recording and
playback at up to 48,000 samples per second in mono or stereo
o The ability to play and record waveform (.WAV) files
o The ability to play back musical instrument digital interface
(MIDI) files
o A built-in 3.5-mm mini stereo line-in
o A built-in headphone jack
o A built-in mono microphone.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

The Audio Adapter's specifications are as follows:

Input Specifications:

o Sampling Rate:  up to 48,000 samples per second
o Channel Bandwidth:  20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
o Dynamic Range:  16-bit resolution
o Line-In Input Impedance:  50k Ohms, typical
o Line-In Signal Level:  2V rms, typical
o Input Selection:  Line-level inputs or built-in microphone
  inputs.

Output Specifications:

o Sampling Rate:  up to 48,000 samples per second
o Channel Bandwidth:  20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
o Dynamic Range:  16-bit resolution
o Headphone/Line-Out Output:  4 Vp-p, 12 Ohms or greater.

Sampling Rates

The Audio Adapter is capable of supporting fourteen sampling
rates. They are:

o 5,512 Hz
o 6,615 Hz
o 8,000 Hz
o 9,600 Hz
o 11,025 Hz
o 16,000 Hz
o 18,900 Hz
o 22,050 Hz
o 27,428 Hz
o 32,000 Hz
o 33,075 Hz
o 37,800 Hz
o 44,100 Hz
o 48,000 Hz.

Note that Windows(**) and OS/2(*) support three sampling rates:
11,025 Hz, 22,050 Hz, and 44,100 Hz.  If you intend to record
audio using the PCDEMO program and play it back using Windows or
OS/2 programs, you should record the audio at one of these three
sampling rates.

Power Consumption

o 250 mWatts, idle (typical)
o 750 mWatts, operating (typical).

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

You will need the following to install the Audio Adapter:

o An IBM or compatible computer with:

- Intel386(**) SX 20 megaHertz (MHz) processor or faster.  If you
intend to use the Audio Adapter to play MIDI files, we recommend
that your system have a 486 processor.
-   One free PCMCIA Type II slot in your computer.
-   Random access memory (RAM) and hard disk storage (minimum):
    -   DOS:  1 megabyte (MB) of RAM;  615 kilobytes (KB) of hard
        disk storage
    -   OS/2:  6 MB of RAM;  718 KB of hard disk storage
-   Any combination of the following operating systems:
    -   DOS 5.0 or higher
    -   OS/2 2.1 or higher with Multimedia Presentation
        Manager/2(*)
-   Card and Socket Services Version 2.00 or higher.

Your ability to exploit the features of the Audio Adapter will
vary depending on your selection of application software.  Please
refer to publications supplied with your applications to
determine their requirements and capabilities.

ADDITIONAL AUDIO COMPONENTS

You may find some of the following hardware and audio components
useful to maximize your use and enjoyment of the Audio Adapter:

o Headphones.

o Powered speakers (which combine an audio amplifier and speaker
units).  Use two powered speakers for stereo and purchase an
audio patch cable to connect the audio cable from each powered
speaker to the Audio Adapter's 3.5-mm headphone connector.  If
you are going to place the speakers near your computer display,
ensure that they are shielded in order to avoid distortion of the
display's image.  The speaker packaging or documentation should
indicate whether the speakers are shielded or not.

o Audio Player - to record audio from a compact disc, tape, or
other audio device, and play it back.  The audio player can be
mono or stereo and should have an output impedance of about
10,000 Ohms (check your audio component's documentation to
determine its impedance).
Connect these devices to the Audio Adapter using the line-in
jack.

o Audio Amplifier with Speakers - to allow a group of people to
hear the Audio Adapter audio.  The amplifier should have an
available line-in connector (usually labeled Aux or CD, but not
Microphone). Connect these to the Audio Adapter using the
headphone jack.

INSTALLING THE AUDIO ADAPTER

This section provides you with the information you need to
install the Audio Adapter.  The installation procedure consists
of two parts: installing the software, and then installing the
adapter.

If you want to install the software and hardware right away, we
have provided a Quick Install procedure below.

AUDIO SUPPORT SOFTWARE OVERVIEW

The Audio Support Software is a set of programs provided with
your Audio Adapter that allow it to communicate with programs
that use audio.  By itself the Audio Adapter cannot make sound;
you must first install the Audio Support Software onto your
computer.  This section explains the software features.  The
actual installation of the Audio Support Software is described in
the next section.

If you are installing the software for the first time, a
subdirectory is created on your hard disk to contain the Audio
Support Software files.

OPERATING SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

A separate version of the Audio Support Software is included for
DOS, DOS with Windows, and OS/2.  If you intend to use the Audio
Adapter under DOS and OS/2 for example, you will need install the
Audio Support Software twice, once for each operating system.

The following table shows which software you need to install
based on the operating system you intend to use.

+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| OPERATING SYSTEM(S) FOR AUDIO  | AUDIO SUPPORT SOFTWARE  |
|         DRIVER                 |  APPLICATIONS           |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| DOS                            | DOS Support Software    |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Windows                        | Windows Support Software|
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| MS-DOS prompt in Windows       | Not supported           |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| OS/2                           | OS/2 Support Software   |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| DOS box of OS/2 2.1            | OS/2 Support Software   |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Windows under OS/2 2.1 WIN-OS2 | Not supported           |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------+

AUDIO SUPPORT SOFTWARE FEATURES

Installing the Audio Support Software provides you with the
following:

AUDIO DEVICE DRIVER

Provides the basic audio support for the Audio Adapter.

DIGITAL AUDIO RECORD AND PLAYBACK DEMO PROGRAM

PCDEMO allows you to create and play back digital waveform files
of your voice, music, or sound effects.  The program can also
play back MIDI (.MID) files.  Sample .WAV and .MID files are also
installed. See "Using the Demo Program" for further information.

DIAGNOSTICS PROGRAM

PCDIAG allows you to verify the proper operation of the Audio
Adapter. Note that this program does not test the audio support
software, only the adapter itself.  See Appendix B, "Testing and
Problem Determination" for further information.

INSTALLING THE AUDIO SUPPORT SOFTWARE

The instructions in this section explain how you install the
Audio Support Software onto your computer.  Note that if you want
to install support for more than one operating environment (DOS
and Windows, for instance), you will need to install the
appropriate audio support software for each environment
individually.  Simply repeat the following instructions for each
environment for which you wish to install audio support.

Whenever you type a command, press the Enter key to complete the
operation.

1. Turn on your computer and go to a DOS or OS/2 command prompt
depending on which version of the Audio Support Software you wish
to install.

2. Insert the Audio Adapter Audio Support Software Diskette 3
into drive A (or drive B) of your computer.

3. For:  DOS Type:
                  A:\DOSSETUP
and follow the instructions on the screen.
         OS/2 Type:
                  MINSTALL
switch the source drive to A:, select the PCMCIA Audio Adapter
and click on OK.

The installation procedure copies the appropriate device drivers,
Diagnostics (DOS and OS/2) and Demo (DOS and OS/2) programs, and
sample audio files to the target directory; the procedure also
updates your CONFIG.SYS file.

4. Read or print the READ.ME file.

5. If you are installing under OS/2, shutdown your desktop in
preparation for a computer restart.

6. Remove any diskettes from your computer.

7. Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart the computer and activate the
installation changes.

INSTALLING THE HARDWARE

To install the Audio Adapter, do the following:

1. Locate the PCMCIA slot on your computer.  If your computer
supports the powering on and off of the PCMCIA slot, ensure that
the slot is powered on.  Refer to your computer's documentation
for instructions on how to do this.  Insert the Audio Adapter in
the slot. Usually the label will be on the top.

2. Connect the Audio Interface Module (AIM) cable to the adapter.
The arrow on the plug will be on the same side as the label.

3. If your computer was off, turn it on.

4. Proceed to the next section to connect audio components and
test the adapter to ensure that the installation was successful.

CONNECTING EXTERNAL AUDIO EQUIPMENT

The instructions in this section explain how to connect the Audio
Adapter to external audio hardware such as:

o Headphones
o Amplified speakers
o Amplifier with speakers
o Audio player (for example, tape, compact disc, or others).

To use the Audio Diagnostic Program, you will need to connect an
audio amplifier with speakers, amplified speakers, or headphones,
to the Audio Adapter.

CAUTION:  Turn power off to all external hardware before
connecting their cables to the Audio Adapter.  Please exercise
care when connecting input and output cables to the Audio
Adapter.

Connect external audio equipment to the Audio Adapter's
connectors as follows:

1. Connect your audio player (for example, tape deck, compact
disc player, or others) to the Audio Adapter's line-in connector
by means of a stereo audio patch cable.

2. Connect either a headphone's cable, an audio amplifier, or
amplified speakers to the Audio Adapter's headphone/line-out
connector using a stereo audio patch cable.

TESTING YOUR INSTALLATION

To ensure that the installation was successful, you should run
the Diagnostics Program.  This program runs under DOS.

The Diagnostics Program generates a tone that you can move left
or right to test the left and right channels of the adapter and
your audio equipment.  You can also adjust the volume up or down.

To run the Diagnostics Program:

1. If you are in OS/2, open up a DOS session.

2. Switch to the C:\PCAUDIO directory.

3. Type PCDIAG

4. Follow the instructions on the screen to manipulate the tone.

5. If everything appears to be working normally, you are finished
installing the adapter.  If you encounter a problem or error
message, refer to "Problem Determination" for assistance.

INSTALLATION IS COMPLETE

You are done - the Audio Adapter installation is now complete!

You may now install your own applications in order to enjoy your
new Audio Adapter.  Please refer to "Using Your Audio Adapter"
for information on how to play and record audio files.

ABOUT IRQS, ADDRESSES, AND CARD AND SOCKET SERVICES

This section provides you with some basic information on
interrupt request lines (IRQs), I/O memory addresses, and
operating your Audio Adapter under Card and Socket Services.

INTERRUPT REQUEST LINES (IRQS)

An IRQ is a computer interrupt, which is used to notify software
that an event has occurred that requires attention.  IRQs are not
shareable under DOS and cards and ports operating concurrently
must use unique IRQs.  For instance, if you are using the Audio
Adapter and an internal modem in the same computing session, they
must not use the same IRQ.  Requesting the same IRQ for two
different adapters or devices leads to system conflicts and
unpredictable results.

The Audio Adapter is installed with a default IRQ of 10.  Once
installation is complete, the Audio Adapter statement will look
like this for DOS:

DEVICE=C:\PCAUDIO\PCAUDDD /IRQ=10

or this for OS/2:

DEVICE=C:\MMOS2\PCAUDIO\PCAUDD2 /IRQ=10

where 10 is the default IRQ.  The adapter also supports IRQs of
5, 11, and 15.  If you find that an IRQ of 10 conflicts with
another adapter or port, change it to an IRQ that is not already
being used.  If you are operating with Card and Socket Services,
it will attempt to use the IRQ defined in CONFIG.SYS first.  If
it determines that there is an IRQ conflict, it will then attempt
to use each of the other three IRQs in turn, until an available
IRQ is found.

Note that IRQ conflicts may not generate error messages.  You may
find that your some of your devices simply do not work when a
conflict arises.  Devices that use IRQs include:  serial and
parallel ports, COM ports, modems, and other PCMCIA adapters.
You may find it helpful to keep a list of which devices use which
IRQs and I/O memory addresses.  Some software (communications
software for modems, for instance) requires this information in
order to function properly.

I/O MEMORY ADDRESSES

I/O memory addresses are pieces of memory that are used by I/O
devices, of which the Audio Adapter is one.  Some Card and Socket
Services software requires that you reserve the particular
addresses that each adapter uses in order to avoid conflicts.
This is done using Card Services.  The Audio Adapter requires the
exclusive use of the memory from 250-25F and 340-347.

CARD AND SOCKET SERVICES

Card and Socket Services provide a software interface between
your computer and your various PCMCIA adapters.  Socket Services
operates at the lowest level, managing the PCMCIA socket(s) on
your computer, reporting on socket status, card status, and
providing a means for
data to be transferred to and from the adapter from system
memory.

Card Services operates at a higher level, providing the interface
between software applications and Socket Services.  Card Services
allows PCMCIA-aware device drivers, configuration utilities, and
programs to share PCMCIA cards, sockets, and system resources
simultaneously.

Some PCMCIA adapters cannot operate without having Card and
Socket Services present and running.  Other adapters may work,
but without the features that Card and Socket Services support,
like hot plugging (the ability to insert adapters while your
computer is running and
have the configuration automatically updated in order to
recognize and use the adapter), the ability to run with more than
one PCMCIA adapter inserted at a time, and so on.

The Audio Adapter can run without the use of Card and Socket
Services with restrictions.  Briefly, these restrictions are:

o The computer must have an Intel(**) or compatible PCMCIA
controller.

o You can only make use of one PCMCIA adapter.

Operating without Card and Socket Services is discussed in more
detail in "Operating Without Card and Socket Services".

USING YOUR AUDIO ADAPTER

The instructions in this section explain how to use the Audio
Adapter to play and record audio files.  Besides verifying that
the Audio Adapter is working properly, it's time that you heard
some music.

USING THE DEMO PROGRAM

The Demo Program runs under DOS.  If you installed the OS/2
support for the Audio Adapter, you can either use PCDEMO in the
DOS box, or use MMPM/2 to play and record audio files.  Refer to
the MMPM/2 documentation for information specific to its
operation.

CAUTION:  When you run the Demonstration Program, you should
start with the volume at a moderate level and then adjust it to a
level you are comfortable with.  Be aware that prolonged exposure
to loud sounds can cause hearing damage.

TO USE THE MICROPHONE AS YOUR AUDIO INPUT SOURCE, YOU MUST FIRST
UNPLUG ANY CABLES CONNECTED TO THE LINE-IN JACK.  INPUT TO THE
LINE-IN JACK OVERRIDES ANY INPUT TO THE BUILT-IN MICROPHONE.

PLAYING AN AUDIO FILE

To use the Audio Adapter Demonstration Program to play audio
files, do the following:

   1.  For:
       DOS       At the DOS command prompt, type:
                    CD  \PCAUDIO
                    PCDEMO
       OS/2      At the OS/2 DOS command prompt, type:
                    CD \MMOS2\PCAUDIO
                    PCDEMO

2. Select PLAY and then OPEN FILE to open a .WAV or .MID file to
play back.  Type "*.WAV" to list all the waveform files in the
current directory, or type "*.MID" to list all the MIDI files.
You can also type in different subdirectory names and use
wildcards * (asterisk) and ?  (question mark) to list audio files
that you may already have acquired with other applications or
games.

3. Select the file you wish to play by moving the cursor to the
file name (using the cursor left, right, up, and down keys) and
pressing Enter.  Press Enter again to confirm the file selection.

4. Select PLAYBACK or press Alt+P to play the file you selected.

RECORDING AN AUDIO FILE

The Audio Adapter can record (and play back) the following audio
modes, all of which can be created using the Demo Program:

o PCM
o u-Law
o A-Law.

For detailed information on these audio file formats, refer to
"Supported Audio File Formats".

To begin the recording process, move your cursor to RECORD and
press Enter.  To select the mode, sampling rate, bits per sample,
and input source, use your cursor keys to move to the menu item
you wish to change and then press the Enter key.  Alternatively,
you can type the letter highlighted in red of the menu item you
want to change when the menu is visible.

To learn more about the various capabilities of the Demo Program,
press F1 to see context-sensitive help (help associated with the
currently selected menu item).

Here is an example of recording and playing back audio using PCM
waveform in DOS.  We will record at 22,050 samples per second in
8-bit stereo.  To record your voice, ensure that any audio
components are disconnected from your line-in jack (which
overrides your microphone). To record from an audio player,
connect it to your line-in jack.

Do the following:
1.  For:
    DOS       At the DOS command prompt, type:
                 CD  \PCAUDIO
                 PCDEMO
    OS/2      At the OS/2 DOS command prompt, type:
                 CD  \MMOS2\PCAUDIO
                 PCDEMO

2.  Press R to drop the RECORD menu down.

3.  Select SAVE FILE in order to provide a file name for the file
you are about to record.  Type in the file name and give it an
extension of     "WAV".  Press Enter.

4.  Press Enter again to drop the RECORD menu down.

5.  MODE is already defaulted to PCM, so press S to select the
SAMPLING RATE.  Cursor down to 22,050 (FM RADIO QUALITY) and
press Enter.

6.  Press Enter again to drop the RECORD menu down and press B to
select BITS/SAMPLE.  Cursor down to 8  (STEREO) and press Enter.

7.  Press Enter to drop the menu down again.  If you intend to
use the microphone, you can now select RECORD by moving the
cursor down and pressing Enter, or pressing Alt+R.  To select
LINE IN instead, press "I" and then press Enter.  Press Alt+R to
open the recording window and then press the Spacebar to begin
recording.

8.  Speak into the microphone.

9.  Note that audio files increase in size at a rapid rate.  You
will probably want to record for a few seconds only.

10. To play the file, select PLAY or press Alt+P to open the
playback window, and then press the Spacebar.

IF PROBLEMS OCCUR

1. Ensure that the adapter is seated securely in the computer.

2. Check all cables.

3. Be sure that your audio amplifier is powered up and the volume
control is set to a moderate volume.

4. Verify that your speakers or headphones are attached to the
audio amplifier.

If none of the preceding resolves the problem, refer to "Problem
Determination" for assistance.

OPTIMIZING YOUR USE OF THE AUDIO ADAPTER

This section provides you with information on how to:

o Free up memory in order to run DOS applications in DOS
o Use the appropriate audio mode for your needs
o Use some of the hardware features of the Audio Adapter.

FREEING UP MEMORY

You may find after installing the Audio Adapter that your
computer may not have sufficient memory to run your applications.
Many applications that use sound cards require maximum use of
your computer's resources, particularly memory.  Some
applications, for instance, require 500 to 600 kilobytes (KB) of
memory below the DOS 640 KB boundary.  Some applications also
require expanded (EMS) or extended (XMS) memory in addition to
their need for most of the memory below 640 KB.

There are a number of things you can do to increase the amount of
memory available to run these applications.

BEFORE YOU PROCEED

Many of the options to increase memory require that you modify
your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.  Before you proceed you
should do the following:
o At a minimum, back up your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files
using other names (CONFIG.BAK and AUTOEXEC.BAK, for example).  If
you encounter problems with your modified configuration,you can
then restore your original files and return your computer to the
configuration you had prior to modifying your system files.

o Create a bootable (system) diskette with your current
CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.  This ensures that you can
reboot your computer if you encounter problems with the modified
files.  To create this disk, format a diskette with the /S
parameter:
       FORMAT A: /S
This transfers your system files to the diskette.  ENSURE THAT
THE DISKETTE YOU ARE FORMATTING DOES NOT CONTAIN DATA THAT YOU
NEED. FORMATTING WIPES OUT ALL DATA ON A DISKETTE.

DON'T LOAD UNNECESSARY PROGRAMS OR DRIVERS

A simple way to increase memory is to avoid loading
terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) programs and device drivers you
don't require when you wish to run audio applications.  To stop
these programs and drivers from being loaded when you start up
your computer, comment out the statements that load them in your
CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT files.  If you are unsure about which
programs and drivers are required or optional, refer to your
computer and operating system documentation before you comment
out any statements. Commenting out the wrong statement could
cause your system to not work properly.

USE A MEMORY MANAGER

To make use of the memory above the 640 KB boundary in DOS, you
can use a memory manager, like EMM386.EXE.  When this program is
loaded, you may be able to load programs and device drivers in
high memory, thus freeing up memory below the 640 KB boundary for
your
applications.

Note that Card Services and Socket Services, the software that
controls the allocation of computer resources to PCMCIA cards,
require that certain memory areas be excluded from use by
EMM386.EXE.

THE AUDIO ADAPTER REQUIRES THAT YOU EXCLUDE THE MEMORY REGION
FROM CF00 TO CFFF IN ORDER TO ALLOW FOR DIRECT ACCESS (OPERATING
THE CARD WITHOUT USING CARD AND SOCKET SERVICES).  TO USE CARD
AND SOCKET SERVICES, YOU MAY NEED TO EXCLUDE ADDITIONAL MEMORY
FROM USE.  REFER TO YOUR COMPUTER OR OPERATING SYSTEM
DOCUMENTATION TO DETERMINE WHAT MEMORY REGION NEEDS TO BE
EXCLUDED FOR CARD AND SOCKET SERVICES.

To exclude the region from CF00 to CFFF, you need to modify your
EMM386.EXE statement to include the following information:

          DEVICE=drive:\pathname\EMM386.EXE X=CF00-CFFF

Please note DOS and OS/2 can only use the CF00 to CFFF range.

Here is an example of a CONFIG.SYS file where high memory has
been made available.  Note that this is an example only.  Do not
attempt to use this example as a replacement for your CONFIG.SYS:

DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS
DOS=HIGH,UMB
DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE X=CF00-CFFF NOEMS
DEVICEHIGH=C:\PCAUDIO\PCAUDDD.SYS /IRQ=10
FILES=30
BUFFERS=30
LASTDRIVE=Z
STACKS=0,0

Following is an explanation of how this CONFIG.SYS works:

1. "DEVICE=HIMEM.SYS" provides XMS extended memory and allows DOS
to be loaded high (between 1 MB and 1 MB + 64 KB).  This
statement is also required by EMM386.

2. "DOS=HIGH,UMB" tells DOS to load part of itself in the high
memory area made available by HIMEM.SYS, and to link upper memory
blocks (UMB) into its memory management scheme.  These UMB's are
provided by EMM386.  They are pieces of address space between 640
KB and 1 MB that can be used for loading device drivers and other
programs.  The system will attempt to load PCAUDDD.SYS in the
UMB's.  This will make the maximum possible amount of
conventional (below 640 KB) memory available for your
applications.

3. EMM386.EXE provides the UMB's discussed above.  If "NOEMS" is
specified, no expanded memory is made available to the
application. If you require expanded memory, change this line to
say "nnnn RAM" instead of "NOEMS", where "nnnn" is the number of
kilobytes of EMS memory required by the application.  For
example, to provide 400 KB of expanded memory, change this line
to read:

              DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE X=CF00-CFFF 400 RAM

The availability of UMB's in a given computer depends on the
design of the machine and the  presence of cards in the computer
that may have ROM addresses in the area between 640 KB and 1 MB.
Note that not all computers have enough contiguous UMB's
available to ensure that all applications will have enough memory
to run.  Use the DOS "MEM" command with the "/c" or "/d" options
to determine the availability and location of upper memory on
your machine.   Sometimes there are UMB's available that EMM386
doesn't know about.  You can tell EMM386 to include them with the
"I=" command line option.  Refer to your operating system
documentation for detailed information on EMM386.EXE.

4. "DEVICEHIGH=PCAUDDD.SYS /IRQ=10" requests that DOS load
PCAUDDD.SYS in the UMB's (and also use IRQ 10 for the device
driver).  If there isn't enough contiguous UMB space, DOS will
load the driver in low memory (without telling you).  Use DOS's
"MEM" command to verify that the driver was loaded high.  If
there were no UMB's, PCAUDDD will load low, below 640 KB.  It
will still function correctly.  However, if your application
requires more than the remaining available free memory below 640
KB, it will not run properly, if at all.

OPERATING WITHOUT CARD AND SOCKET SERVICES

While we do not recommend that you operate your computer without
Card and Socket Services, the Audio Adapter will work (on Intel
or Intel compatible PCMCIA controller machines only)  without
them.  You can comment out the device statements that load Card
and Socket Services in order to reduce your memory use to a
minimum.

You should first refer to your computer or operating system
documentation for information on any problems that might arise if
you choose not to use Card and Socket Services.  Also note that
certain PCMCIA adapters will not work without Card and Socket
Services.  If you will be using other adapters on a regular basis
in your PCMCIA slot, you will probably not want to comment out
these statements.

If you choose to operate without Card and Socket Services, the
following restrictions apply:

o The computer must have an Intel or compatible PCMCIA
controller.

DOS ENVIRONMENT ERRORS

If you get out-of-environment-space errors when you restart your
computer, you may have to increase the DOS environment space.  To
do this, add or modify the following statement in your
CONFIG.SYS:

SHELL=command.com /e=1024 /p

and restart the system.

IMPROVING RECORDING AND PLAYBACK PERFORMANCE

Your ability to record and play back high-quality audio files can
depend on several factors relating to your computer and its
environment, such as computer speed, channel speed, disk
performance (speed and fragmentation) and memory.  If you record
audio and find sections of good audio intermixed with noise,
sections of good audio intermixed with silence, or static or
skipping, then you are probably running into performance
problems.

You can try to alleviate the problem using some or all of the
following suggestions.  You should refer to your operating system
documentation for information on how to do the following
activities.

RECORDING

o Make sure that verify is off on disk writes.
o Use a RAM disk, also called a virtual disk, as the file
destination of a recording.
o Defragment the hard disk before recording.
o Record as a foreground activity.
o Increase your cache size.

PLAYBACK

o Move the audio file to a RAM disk and play it from that
location.
o Increase your cache size.

If these suggestions do not improve performance, you may require
a faster computer to use faster data rate modes.  If you have a
slower performance computer, try using the lower data rate modes
(22,000 mono samples per second, for example) to ensure proper
operation.

SELECTING AN AUDIO MODE

The Audio Adapter offers a wide variety of audio modes to be used
in many applications.  Audio mode refers to the combination of
data format, sample width, sample rate, and number of channels.
Your choice of audio modes may be influenced by the following
factors:

AUDIO FORMAT

Your application imports audio files from another computer or
exports files to another computer, and the selected format must
conform to the format of that computer.

STORAGE

Audio files may become very large and become limited by your
computer's available memory and storage.

NOISE LEVEL

Reduced noise requires more computer storage:  16-bit audio
samples, while low in noise, require twice the storage of higher
noise 8-bit audio samples.

MONO OR STEREO

Stereo (two channels) requires twice the storage of mono (one
channel).

UPPER FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Doubling the upper frequency limits doubles the storage
requirement for a given audio format since there are twice as
many audio samples.

DISTORTION

Audio compression introduces distortion, which varies by the type
of audio (for example, u-Law adds little distortion when used
with speech).

AUDIO STORAGE

To provide a feeling for the size of the computer files created
by the Audio Adapter's various audio modes, consider the
following chart, which summarizes the storage requirements for
the different file types at different sampling rates.

+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1. Storage Requirements for Mono Audio                  |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| AUDIO MODE:  DATA FORMAT, | BYTES/   | NOISE     | UPPER      |
| SAMPLE WIDTH, SAMPLE RATE | MINUTE   | LEVEL     | FREQUENCY  |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| PCM, 16-bit, 44,000/sec   | 5.3 MB   | Very Low  | 20,000 Hz  |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| PCM, 16-bit, 22,000/sec   | 2.6 MB   | Very Low  | 10,000 Hz  |
| u/A-Law, 8-bit, 44,000/sec|          | Low       | 20,000 Hz  |
| PCM, 8-bit, 44,000/sec    |          | High      | 20,000 Hz  |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| PCM, 16-bit, 11,000/sec   | 1.3 MB   | Very Low  | 5,000 Hz   |
| u/A-Law, 8-bit, 22,000/sec|          | Low       | 10,000 Hz  |
| PCM, 8-bit, 22,000/sec    |          | High      | 10,000 Hz  |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| PCM, 16-bit, 8,000/sec    | 960 KB   | Very Low  | 3,500 Hz   |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| u/A-Law, 8-bit, 11,000/sec| 660 KB   | Low       | 5,000 Hz   |
| PCM, 8-bit, 11,000/sec    |          | High      | 5,000 Hz   |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| u/A-Law, 8-bit, 8,000/sec | 480 KB   | Low       | 3,500 Hz   |
| PCM, 8-bit, 8,000/sec     |          | High      | 3,500 Hz   |
+---------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOTES AND DEFINITION OF TERMS:                                |
| o   "MB" = megabytes "Hz" = cycles per second                 |
| o   Recording in stereo doubles these numbers.                |
| o   Most values are rounded off.                              |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+

Sampling Rate

Each audio sample is a digital representation of the
instantaneous magnitude of the analog audio signal.  The more
samples (that is, a higher sampling rate) and the more bits per
sample (that is, a wider sample width), the more accurate is the
representation of the original audio signal.  Stereo is achieved
by sequencing a sample of the left channel audio signal followed
by a sample of the right channel audio signal.

There is no one sampling rate that is best.  Doubling the
sampling rate approximately doubles the audio frequency response,
but also doubles the storage requirements.  This is why a wide
range of available sampling rates is so important to satisfy a
variety of needs.

8-Bit and 16-Bit Audio Data

The Audio Adapter can process both 8-bit and 16-bit audio data.
8-bit capability provides compatibility with applications that
create audio data with older 8-bit audio cards.  Since 8-bit
audio is subject to a great deal of noise, the adapter also
supports 16-bit audio technology
for improved audio quality.  In a noisy environment, 8-bit audio
might be very useful if memory space is limited, as the ambient
noise may mask much of the noise from the 8-bit technology.

For additional information on digital audio file formats, refer
to "Supported Audio File Formats".

USING THE MICROPHONE

The line-in jack on the AIM is intended primarily for connecting
powered input devices like CD players.  If you connect an
external microphone to the line-in jack, you will find the
recording gain (input volume) noticeably lower than if you were
using the AIM external microphone.  To increase the recording
gain, you should consider using a self-powered microphone.

To ensure maximum audio fidelity when recording using a
microphone, do the following:

o Try to talk at a relatively uniform volume level into the
microphone.  Avoid extremes in volume, both loud and soft.

o Experiment by talking at different distances and angles to your
microphone to see which combination best suits your voice.

o Be sure to always point a microphone away from speakers.  If a
microphone is pointed in the direction of a speaker, an audible
whine may occur due to feedback between the speakers and the
microphone.  If feedback remains a problem, increase the distance
between the microphone and the speakers, or turn off the speakers
completely.

UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL AUDIO

This section provides you with a brief overview of digital audio.

DIGITAL AUDIO

A digital audio file is a digital representation of the original
sound wave where the digital data's numeric value mimics the
volume (that is, loudness) of the sound wave.  A loud sound
produces a large digital numeric value;  a high frequency
produces a large change in that numeric value.  Audio fidelity
then becomes dependent upon the accuracy of the digital data and,
as long as the 0's and 1's of digital data can be reproduced
accurately, the audio data retains its fidelity after many
duplications.

Analog-to-Digital conversion is performed by a technique called
sampling. Early sampling research was published by H. Nyquist in
Certain Topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory, Transactions
AIEE (April 1928), and by C. E. Shannon in A Mathematical Theory
of Communications, Bell Systems Technical Journal 27 (1948).  For
a modern reference on audio sampling theory, consider K. C.
Pohlmann, Principal of Digital Audio, Howard W. Sams and Company
(1989). Sampling theory states that an analog signal can be
faithfully converted into digital if the frequency of the
sampling is twice the highest analog frequency component.

To record the audio spectrum heard by the human ear, the upper
frequency must be about 20,000 Hz (cycles per second).  To retain
this frequency response digitally, the Nyquist sampling rate of
twice this, or 40,000 samples per second, is required.
Frequencies above 20,000 Hz must be prevented from entering the
digitization process as they may generate false aliasing audio
signals.  To prevent these unwanted frequencies, a low-pass
filter (that is, a method to remove the high frequency content of
the audio signal and pass the low frequency content) is
incorporated.  To account for physical limitations in this
filter, a slightly higher sampling rate must be used. The audio
compact disc, for example, uses a sampling rate of 44,100 samples
per second to achieve its 20,000 Hz upper frequency limit.

Audio Input

In the sampling process, each sample produces a number
representing the amplitude of the audio signal at a given point
in time.  An 8-bit sample (or quantization) divides a signal into
256 (that is, 2(8 bits)) different levels.  By using more bits
per sample, a more accurate representation of the original signal
is obtained, and with less noise.  The Audio Adapter, like the
compact disc, can record each of its stereo channels at 44,100
samples per second with 16-bit quantization (that is, 2(16 bits)
=65,536 different levels).

The analog signal's amplitude is measured every 22.7 microseconds
(1/44,100 of a second), assigned to one of the 65,536 levels, and
stored as a 2-byte value.  Every second, 44,100 2-byte samples
are generated for each of the two stereo channels.  At 176,400
bytes per second (44,100 samples x 2 bytes x 2 channels), 10.5
megabytes (MB) of digital audio data are generated per minute.

Various data compression techniques exist to reduce the data rate
but they may add distortion and noise to the signal.  One popular
compression technique is Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (ADPCM)(supported in MS Windows Sound System 2.0)
which stores the difference between sample values, rather than
the actual value of each sample.  Downsampling (that is, using
every nth sample) effectively throws away data and results in
lost fidelity.  Mu-Law and A-Law use a non-linear conversion
between analog and digital to reduce the noise associated with
soft audio signals.

Audio Output

An analog voltage is generated from the digital audio sample by
the Digital-to-Analog Convertor (DAC) and is passed through a
low-pass filter to remove the high frequency, thus producing a
smooth analog waveform.

Editing Audio Files

Many audio software packages provide similar functions although
the means to accomplish these functions differ widely.  Editing
commands to cut, copy, delete, and paste audio are normally
available, as well as performance commands such as play, record,
mix, and rewind.  If you mispronounce a word while recording, you
can rerecord the proper pronunciation later and overlay it on the
original recording.  If the speech is too long, several sections
can be deleted.  If there is an audio file of music and one of
speech, the two could be mixed together to form one file.

SUPPORTED AUDIO FILE FORMATS

This section describes the audio file formats supported by the
Audio Adapter.

PCM WAVEFORM AUDIO

Pulse code modulation (PCM), also called Linear PCM, is the most
common method of storing digital audio data.  16-bit
analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters produce high
quality digital audio recording and playback in the following
formats:

o Channels:  Stereo and Mono
o Sample Width:  8-bit and 16-bit.
o Optimized Sample Rate:  11,025, 22,050, and 44,100 samples per
second.

PCM is available in almost all audio applications, including the
Windows Sound Recorder.

u-LAW AND A-LAW PCM AUDIO

u-Law and A-Law PCM audio are methods of extending the dynamic
range of voice and other types of audio in an 8-bit PCM format
without the usual noise found in 8-bit systems.  u-Law and A-Law
allow recording and playback in the following formats:
o   Stereo and Mono
o   Sample Width:  8-bit.
o   Sample Rate:  8,000, 11,025, 22,050, 44,100, and 48,000
samples per second.

NOTE:  Windows does not support these file formats.  If you
intend to use the Audio Adapter primarily with Windows, you
should only record PCM waveform files.

u-Law and A-Law PCM are essentially similar techniques.  u-Law
(pronounced, mu-law) is more common in North America and Japan
while A-Law is more common in Europe.  Both take a digitized
audio signal and compress it into 8 bits without the severe noise
problems often associated with 8-bit linear PCM.  These two
techniques are optimized for voice recording but may work well
with other types of audio.

u-Law and A-Law were originally developed for use in the phone
system to reduce noise in 8-bit, 8,000-samples-per-second digital
audio samples.  We have provided these techniques at 8,000
samples per second to provide compatibility with other audio
systems but also offer u-Law and A-Law at 11K, 22K, and 44K
sampling rates for better frequency response.

u-Law and A-Law may be recorded and played with the Audio
Adapter's Demo program.

MIDI AUDIO

This section describes the technology involved in the use of
MIDI, the Musical Instrument Digital Interface, a data protocol
pervasive in the electronic music industry.

MIDI augments the use of PCM waveform audio in a computer.
Waveform (PCM or compressed) is normally used to reproduce speech
and many non-musical sounds, while MIDI is  for music.  An
optimal multimedia system might use waveform audio for voice and
sound effects and use MIDI music synthesis for music.

A Definition of MIDI

MIDI data provides music capability with far less data storage
requirements than sampled music.  MIDI commands denote musical
events such as a Note-On (the start of a note) or a Note-Off (the
end of a note), not the actual sound of the music.  Most MIDI
commands have parameters; a Note-On command, for example, defines
which note is played, how loud it is, and which musical device or
type of sound is to respond.

The following diagram illustrates the most used MIDI command, a
Note-On/Off command.

                  MIDI Data (hex):    90 3C 40
                                      || |  |
                                      || |  |
                                      || |  |
         Command: 9=Note-On or Off <--+| |  |
             MIDI channel: 0=Piano <---+ |  |
    Musical Note: 3C=Middle C Note <-----+  |
    00 (Low Note)...7F (High Note)          |
    Volume: 40=Medium Loud Note-On <--------+
            00=Note Off Command
   01 (Soft Note)...7F (Loud Note)

o Byte 1 = 90 (hexadecimal) defines this data as either a Note-On
or a Note-Off command and that the sound found on the
synthesizer's MIDI channel 1 is to be used.  This sound might be
a piano or a horn and is determined by other MIDI commands.
There are 16 MIDI channels in a basic MIDI system; therefore, up
to 16 different sounds may be played.

o Byte 2 = 3C (hex) defines the musical note.  In this case, 3C
(hex) refers to Middle C on a piano keyboard.

o Byte 3 = 40 (hex) defines the loudness of the note.  In this
case, 40 (hex) is medium loud.  A value of 00 (hex) indicates no
loudness, thus representing a Note-Off.

As a practical example, consider the following situation and the
resultant MIDI commands:

Play 3-note chord of Middle C, E, and G, using a piano at a loud
volume for 1 second.

Time        MIDI Data       MIDI Command
0.0000      90 3C A0        Note-On, Piano, Middle C, Loud
0.0001      90 40 A0        Note-On, Piano, Middle E, Loud
0.0002      90 43 A0        Note-On, Piano, Middle G, Loud
...
1.0000      90 3C 00        Note-Off, Piano, Middle C
1.0001      90 40 00        Note-Off, Piano, Middle E
1.0002      90 43 00        Note-Off, Piano, Middle G

Pressing the three MIDI keyboard keys generates three Note-On
commands by the MIDI keyboard, one 3-byte command for each note.
After 1 second, the musician releases the MIDI keyboard keys and
three Note-Off commands are generated by the MIDI keyboard, again
one 3-byte command for each note.  With MIDI, this action
required 18 bytes:  three Note-On commands and three Note-Off
commands, each three bytes long.  To digitally record this chord
with compact disc quality, a 1-second recording would require
176,000 bytes. Quite a difference!

In practice, about 12,000 bytes per minute are required to store
a musical production in MIDI, but this number varies with the
musical production.  A fast piece of music with many musical
instruments requires more notes and up to 20,000 bytes per minute
or more might be required.  A slow piece of music using a solo
instrument would require fewer notes and under 4,000 bytes per
minute might be adequate.

General MIDI

The Audio Adapter uses the General MIDI sound structure, the most
common format in the industry.  Most MIDI files sold for
multimedia are in the General MIDI format.

GLOSSARY

ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation - compression method
for wave files.

Card Services
Software that coordinates access to PCMCIA adapters, sockets and
system resources. If you use more than one adapter, or if you are
inserting and removing adapters from your computer, Card Services
monitors and updates the socket and resource status.

Channels
The MIDI Specification defines 16 channels. Extended-level
synthesizers use channels 1 through 9 for instruments and channel
10 for drums. Base-level synthesizers use channels 13, 14 and 15
for instruments and channel 16 for drums.

FM synthesizer
A Frequency Modulation synthesizer that creates sounds by
combining the output of digital oscillators using a frequency
modulation.

General MIDI
A specification created by the MIDI Manufacturers Association
(MMA) defining 128 instruments.

MCI
Media Control Interface - high-level control software that
provides a device-independent interface to multimedia devices.

MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface - a standard protocol for
communication between electronic musical instruments and
computers.

MIDI File
A MIDI file which contains notes and instrument mapping.
Information about each note consists of key, channel number,
duration and velocity (volume). All notes are divided into 16
channels.

MIDI Mapper
Windows program (found in Control Panel) that modifies MIDI
output messages and redirects them to a MIDI output device. The
MIDI Mapper can change the destination channel, output device and
patch mapping.

MMA
MIDI Manufacturers Association. An organization of MIDI
instrument manufacturers and MIDI software companies.

Patch
Data file containing information about sound simulating a
specific musical instrument. Patches are also called programs. A
MIDI program-change message changes the patch setting in a
synthesizer.

Patch caching
Feature that allows some internal MIDI synthesizers to preload
instruments.

Patch Mapper
Software that reassigns an instrument patch number associated
with a specific synthesizer to the corresponding standard patch
number specified in the Microsoft standard MIDI patch
assignments. The Windows with Multimedia MIDI Mapper maps
instrument patches to any MIDI devices.

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation, the most common digital format used to
represent an audio signal.

PCMCIA
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.

Polyphony
Maximum number of notes that can be sustained by a synthesizer at
once.

Sample
The smallest piece of waveform data, represented by a single
value. Most common are 8- or 16-bit values. Sampling is the
process of converting analog data to digital data by taking
samples of the analog waveform at regular intervals.

Sampling rate
The rate at which a driver performs analog-to-digital or
digital-to-analog conversion.

Sequencer
A computer program or electronic device that creates or plays
songs stored as MIDI files.

Socket Services
Software that controls the configuration of your socket. This
software should come with your computer if your computer has a
PCMCIA socket, or with your PCMCIA socket adapter if you
have a PCMCIA socket adapter in your desktop computer.

Synthesizer
An electronic device where the sounds are electronically
generated and may usually be altered by the user.


Help and Service Information

See the Digital Limited Warranty and Allocation of Liability notice included
with this package.

Before calling, please prepare for your call by following these steps.

CAUTION:  To avoid electrical shock, unplug your computer and all attached
devices from electrical outlets before performing any troubleshooting
procedure.

STEP 1:  TROUBLESHOOTING

You might be able to solve the problem yourself.  Before calling you might want
to try some or all of the following troubleshooting procedures.
1.  Remove and reattach all option cables.
2.  Remove and reseat the option.
3.  Place the option in a different slot, if one is available.
4.  If your option contains jumpers or switches, check that they are set as
    specified.
5.  Reread any software instructions; be sure software settings are correct.
6.  Inspect the option for damage, such as bent pins.
7.  Check the computer manual for instructions about the installation of
    upgrades.  Look for a section about system setup or system configuration.
    Follow all procedures.
8.  After completing these steps, reassemble the computer and connect the power
    cord.

STEP 2:  PREPARING FOR THE CALL

To assist the technical support representative, have available as much of the
following information as possible:
1. Option name, description, and serial number (if any)
2. Proof of purchase
3. Computer manufacturer, model, serial number, and manual
4. Exact wording of the error message (if any)
5. Description of the problem
6. Hardware and software configuration information for your system

If possible, be at your computer.  Your technical support representative might
want to walk you through the problem during the call.

STEP 3:  PLACING THE CALL

Use one of the following numbers:

o See list included with this package.

Testing and Problem Determination

This section tells you how to use the Diagnostics Program and also what to do
if you run into problems using your Audio Adapter.  If you are running into
memory problems, you should first take a look at "Optimizing Your Use of the
Audio Adapter" for tips on how to free up additional memory.


About the Diagnostic Program

The Audio Adapter comes with the diagnostic program, PCDIAG, which was
automatically installed in the \PCAUDIO directory (assuming you kept the
default installation path) during a DOS or OS/2 installation.

The diagnostic program does the following:

o Tests for the presence of Card and Socket Services
o Helps you test the balance and volume of using any audio equipment you
connected to the Audio Adapter.


Product Warranties and Notices

See the Digital Limited Warranty and Allocation of Liability notice included
with this package.

Trademarks

The following terms, denoted by an asterisk (*), used in this publication,
are trademarks or service marks of IBM Corporation in the United States or
other countries:

Multimedia OS/2 Presentation Manager and OS/2 - IBM Corporation.

The following terms, denoted by a double asterisk (**), used in this
publication, are trademarks of other companies as follows:

386MAX - Qualitas Corporation
486SX - Intel Corporation
Ami Pro - Lotus Development Corporation
DESQview - Quarterdeck Office Systems
Excel - Microsoft Corporation
Intel486 and Intel - Intel Corporation.
Lotus - 1-2-3 Lotus Development Corporation
Microsoft - Microsoft Corporation
MS-DOS - Microsoft Corporation
Monologue - First Byte
PC-MOS - Software Link Corporation
QEMM - Quarterdeck Office Systems
Windows - Microsoft Corporation
Word for Windows - Microsoft Corporation
WordPerfect - WordPerfect Corporation

Electronic Emissions

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC) Statement

NOTE:  This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for
a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.  These limits
are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in
a residential installation.  This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate
radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular
installation.  If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or
television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and
on, the user is encouraged to correct the interference by one or more of the
following measures:

o Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
o Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
o Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to
  which the receiver is connected.

Digital is not responsible for any radio or television interference caused by
unauthorized changes or modifications to this equipment.

Unauthorized changes or modifications could void the user's authority to
operate the equipment.

This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules.  Operation is subject to
the following two conditions:  (1) this device may not cause harmful
interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received,
including interference that may cause undesired operation.


INDUSTRY CANADA COMPLIANCE Statement

This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise
emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the interference-causing
equipment standard entitled:  Digital Apparatus, ICES-003 of Industry Canada.


AVIS DE CONFORMITE AUX NORMES D'INDUSTRIE CANADA

Cet appareil numerique respecte les limites de bruits radioelectriques
applicables aux appareils numeriques de Classe B prescrites dans la norme sur
le materiel brouiller :  Appareils  Numeriques, NMB-003 edictee par Industrie
Canada.

Copyright Digital Equipment Corporation and others 1994.

