WPC2 
      2      B       N   Z           Roman 10cpi "| h            x \	    @  X@Epson LX-400                         EPLX400.PRS  x 
   @         XC ^X@ USUK  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard    X-400         +U                                           2      7     9   N   I   Z     +U"| h        Courier 10cpi CG Times (Scalable) Courier 10cpi (Bold) Courier 10cpi (Italic) HP LaserJet III                      HPLASIII.PRS x 6X    @  ,\,C ^X@ 2   	    #     %  v   ,  p     + USUK  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard        HPLASIII.PRS x 6X    +                                          a8Document g        Document Style  Style                                       X X`	`	  `	

a4Document g        Document Style  Style                                      .   2 5  k   D  k          v     a6Document g        Document Style  Style                                    G  X  

a5Document g        Document Style  Style                                   }    X (#

a2Document g        Document Style  Style                                  < o  
   ?                    A.        

a7Document g        Document Style  Style                                   y    X  X`	`	 (#`	

 2 	  t   g       	   u  
   	  Bibliogrphy          Bibliography                                             :   X 
 (#

a1Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        : ` S  @                   I.  
  X (#

a2Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        	C  	   @`	                  A.    `	`	 (#`	

a3Document g        Document Style  Style                                  
B 
 b 
   ?                     1.        
 2      	     
  
   R       a3Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        L ! 
   `	`	 @P
                  1.  `	`	   (#

a4Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        U  j   `	`	  @                  a.    `	 (#

a5Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        
_ o    `	`	   @h                  (1)    hh# (#h

a6Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        h     `	`	   hh# @$                  (a)  hh#  ( (#

 2      
     
            a7Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        p fJ    `	`	   hh# ( @*                  i)  (  h- (#

a8Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        y W" 3!   `	`	   hh# ( - @p/                  a)  -  pp2 (#p

a1Document g        Document Style  Style                                  X q q
    
   l   ^)                       I.           ׃

Tech Init             Initialise Technical Style                              .  
k    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1                                      Technical                                             2           9          n  a5Technical         Technical Document Style                               ) W D                   (1)  .  a6Technical         Technical Document Style                               )  D                   (a)  .  a2Technical         Technical Document Style                               < 6  
   ?                    A.        

 a3Technical         Technical Document Style                               9 W g 
   2                    1.        
  2      G               5  a4Technical         Technical Document Style                               8 bv {    2                     a.        
 a1Technical         Technical Document Style                               F ! < 
   ?                         I.           

 a7Technical         Technical Document Style                               ( @ D                   i)  .  a8Technical         Technical Document Style                               (  D                   a)  .   2 %      /    	    e   $  Pleading              Header for numbered pleading paper                     P@  n                         $]        X    X`	hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                                         y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y 

HH 1

HH 2

HH 3

HH 4

HH 5

HH 6

HH 7

HH 8

HH 9

H 10

H 11

H 12

H 13

H 14

H 15

H 16

H 17

H 18

H 19

H 20

H 21

H 22

H 23

H 24

H 25

H 26

H 27

H 28	 + 	 ӋDoc Init             Initialise Document Style                                	  
 
               p-p-p-    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)                                     Document g                                           "  4|Jx		^ Y d     d d d  d d d d           d d ,,         d u               d d d   d      d   S S  S      o u S          , d            d d d d              S                        d S d S d S d S                                                                           d S d S d S d S   u      S  S  S  S  S               o  o  o  u  u  u  u  S  S  S                             S    o  u  S            d                   d             d d W ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         d  z z       j     j   d d      N N ,,     , ,                    d                     i    j " ,,,,  ,,,  ,,   ,,,                            ,,,  '    d d ,,,,,  ,          x d ,     , ,  d         ,,          ,,,,, ,    ,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ,,,,,,  ,,,,,,    , ,      ,,                                                                                                                                                          ,,                    ,                ,,                  ,       ,  ,,,                                                                                                                            d          d          d          d                                                                                                                                                          u       d S                                  u  S S                d d                                                                 u u u u u u u                     S S S S S S S S S S S S                                        d             d       d   x Heading 2            Underlined Heading Flush Left                           1 4 
 2 p-     :%     %    C&   Z  +  Heading 1            Centered Heading cal Style                              
 4G    Y    * Ã

Bullet List          Indented Bullet List                                   * M 0     Y     X   X`	`	  (#`	
 "  m+O6^$(8<<k](((<k((((<<<<<<<<<<((xkx5kWLRYLGWY(/TLmYWEWP@LYWqWWN(((<<(5<5<5(<<!!<!]<<<<,/!<<W<<55<5x( <<  <<<(((( <<<<<< <<<! W5W5W5W5W5kPR5L5L5L5L5(!(!(!(!Y<W<W<W<W<Y<Y<Y<Y<W<W5Y<W<W<W<Y<E<W5W5W5R5R5R5R5Y<L5L5L5L5W<W<W<W<W<W<Y<Y<(!(!(!(!XC/ T<L!L!L!L!L!Y<YGY<Y<W<W<kWP,P,P,@/@/@/@/L!L!L!Y<Y<Y<Y<Y<Y<qWW<N5N5N5  Y<L!Y<P,@/L!W<W<Y<W<Y<(     <<   (      ((WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNWWW< <<(511<<i<<<kk<*<<<<k* (( >><kxx<<II[x<x<W< GddCCk     (>      <  q   *"xxxxWWxxx<Wxx>WWkkxxx             <kkxxx  k<((xxxxxWIxkWWWWWWWWWWx(x<W<C<kxWxP<(<W5<EW]NxxWWWWWWWWWWxxxxx8xWWWWxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxWWxxxxxxdPI]xWx   xx    3G                                               WWWW                       xx          x        xx         xWWW<WWxWWxxx   WW   W5   WWWW5   WWWWW   WWW   WWW   WWW   WWWWWWWWWWWWWW     W   WWWWWW    WWWWWWWW(   WWW(   WWW(   WWW(   WWWW   W                                                   W   WWWW   WWWWILC  ICP5L/N5Y<W5(!T5PCmCY5P<W5WIE<I< <L5W5PIWC]IIII/<!!555I5I I II ((<<<<<          <<         IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII///////<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<!!!!!!!!!!!!5555555555555555555IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(  E  WLY(WWI<5( x ? x x x ,    wx 6X   @8; X@  T  d Y ,  +z     P 7P ? x x x , "  x     ` B; X ? x x x , 7  Ax 6N h 
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  23  	1ad d     h  I %     4 [#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     22 
|    Q     P      	  /a22   	d d     h  I %     4 ^	#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     21 
|    Q     P      	  	21   	lLd d     h  I %     4 F#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     15 
|    Q     P      	  kL15   	
d d     h  I %     4 f#\#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     23 
|    Q     P      	  23   	Jd d     h  I %     4 u#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      8 
|    Q     P      	  I 8   	d d     h  I %     4 r/C#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      9 
|    Q     P      	   9   	d d     h  I %     4 =
,!#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      3 
|    Q     P      	  
 3   	U"d d     h  I %     4 yO!6$#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      5 
|    Q     P      	  U" 5   	Q&d d     h  I %     4 %"=)#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      8 
|    Q     P      	  O& 8   	"}%d d     h  I %     4 e#w$")'#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      5 
|    Q     P      	  #}% 5   	d d     h  I %     4 ]$O #  u2    @kC Ll(@#      8 
|    Q     P      	   8   	 d d     h  I %     4 !J'@#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     15 
|    Q     P      	  !15   	$Ud d     h  I %     4 =%O*#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      3 
|    Q     P      	  %U 3   	(l
d d     h  I %     4 C)f	 /#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      2 
|    Q     P      	  )l
 2   	1-d d     h  I %     4 2'b8#  u2    @kC Ll(@#      4 
|    Q     P      	  2- 4   	o*;d d     h  I %     4 +40#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     12 
|    Q     P      	  l+;12   	v1d d     h  I %     4 $27{#  u2    @kC Ll(@#     10 
|    Q     P      	  u210 PP
  P
  UI %     4 .( #  	2    @kC Ll|
@#     I1 
j1    l     P      	  I1 I %     4 D6=#  	2    @kC Ll|
@#     I2 
j1    l     P      	  6I2 I %     4 10#  	2    @kC Ll|
@#     M1 
j1    l     P      	  M1 I %     4 0s7$#  	2    @kC Ll|
@#     M2 
j1    l     P      	  U0 M2 I %     4 o*e.#  	2    @kC Ll|
@#     M3 
j1    l     P      	  G
+M3   ?s$   4              U UUUUUUUUUUUU  
  &&&
  &&r"&r"&r"
  &r"r"r"r"
  r"5*85*8
  5*85*G #     2 )
,;#  2    @kC LlM@#     A
    s     P        5*A2828
  282FG #     2 \2
i5;#  2    @kC LlM@#     B
    s     P        2B$;8$;8
  $;8$;G #     2 :
=;#  2    @kC LlM@#     C
    s     P        $;C5*85*8
  5*8$;8  	~ ~     h  G #     2 2/?#  2    @kC LlM@#     B
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X         P      	  2C2   	r.G      h  I %     4 O0*< =H#  2    @kC Ll@#     F  
X         P      	  0GF    	V      h  I %     4 4K
=H#  2    @kC Ll@#     F  
X         P      	  F    	*	   4         000@@@PPP```ppp !w , ̽ 
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.    Z     P      	  7D
 B   	g&      h  I %     4 \L%%)##  J+2    @kC Ll	@#      C 
.    Z     P      	  g& C   !n    N D 8  @  (   (   (  @ (  @ (  @ (  @ (   @ ( @   (   (   (   (   (   (   (    ( @ @ (    (   (   (   ( `  (   (   ( 8  (  ` (   (    ( 0  @ (     @ (   @ (     ( `    (  ?   (     (     (     (  
   (     (  
  ( p   (    (    (    (    (    ( ` ?  (    (    (   ?  ( `  (   (   (   (   
  (     (    ?
  (      (  ?    (  ?   (     (     (      (       (       (     	  (   ? 	  (  ?  	  (    	  (    	  (      (    	  (   	  (   	  (  ? 	  (  ? 
  (  ?   (  ? ?  (     (     (     (     (     (     (    ? @ (   ?  @ (   ?  @ (   ?  @ (     @ (     @ (      @ (  @ 	 ?   (  @    (  @    (  @    (  @    (  @     (  @      (  @ ?     (    !   (    #    (     ?$  ?  (    %     (    ?&   (   .   (  #/   (  /   (  /   (  /   (      p (       (  
    (     (    ` (   (   (  2 (  2` (  3 (  2 (  2 (   3 (  3 (   3 (   3 ( 3 (  / ( . ( ˀ   (  ?
  (     (  
  (  
  (  	 8 (   ' (  ?   (     ( ?     ( ?     ( ?     ( ?    ` ( ?     ( ? ?    ( ?     ( ?     (      (      (      (      (      (      (      (      (      (     0 (      (       (  	      (  	  0  (  
   (  
 < (  
 (   (   (    (    (   ? (  ? (  ? (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (  ? (    (   (  @ (  @ (   @ (   @ (   @ (    @ (      (      (     (     (  ?
    (  
   ( @    ( @ ?  (  
   (  	 
  (  	   (     (     (     (    (     (    (    (    (    (    (    (  ? (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (  ? (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (   (  ? (   (   (    (  (  ( ( ;( (   	*	   4         000@@@PPP```ppp <<w , = 
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	 #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S2 
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S2   	m;
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 p    '     P      	  -
S3   	n	_ _     h  I %     4 0E~ #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S4 
 p    '     P      	  lS4   	
(_ _     h  I %     4   #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S5 
 p    '     P      	  j
S5   	R_ _     h  I %     4 0)Zw #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S6 
 p    '     P      	  S6   	!_ _     h  I %     4 5n_ #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S7 
 p    '     P      	  &S7   	
e_ _     h  I %     4 @i%  #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S8 
 p    '     P      	  S8   	_ _     h  I %     4  ^#! #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S9 
 p    '     P      	    S9   	? U_ _     h  I %     4  J #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S10
 p    '     P      	  quS10  	_ _     h  I %     4 T~  #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S11
 p    '     P      	  S11  	_ _     h  I %     4 p
 # #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S12
 p    '     P      	  G (S12  	i
_ _     h  I %     4 1#h[& #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S13
 p    '     P      	  # S13  	"__ _     h  I %     4 ',Q/Q #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S14
 p    '     P      	  x,S14  	+_ _     h  I %     4 &OB) #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S15
 p    '     P      	  i&S15  	%E_ _     h  I %     4 ,]
/ #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#     S16
 p    '     P      	  ,S16  	,U
_ _     h  O +     : .6f! #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#        LEGEND
 p    '     P       	  /   LEGENDS /     > .2H: #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#            m     
 p    '     P       
  /       m     W 3     B .=T #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      Code     value  
 p    '     P         / Code     value  V 2     A .<l #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       1     .41E+01 
 p    '     P         /  1     .41E+01 J &     5 #('v #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      1  
 p    '     P      
  _# 1  V 2     A .<> #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       2     .62E+01 
 p    '     P         /  2     .62E+01 J &     5  
$ #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      2  
 p    '     P      
  ` _ 2  V 2     A .< #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       3     .83E+01 
 p    '     P         /{  3     .83E+01 J &     5 PhR# #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      3  
 p    '     P      
    3  V 2     A .< #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       4     .10E+02 
 p    '     P         /O  4     .10E+02 J &     5 #h' #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      4  
 p    '     P      
  !$  4  V 2     A .j< #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       5     .13E+02 
 p    '     P         /"  5     .13E+02 J &     5 ("v #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      5  
 p    '     P      
   5  V 2     A .=< #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       6     .15E+02 
 p    '     P         /  6     .15E+02 J &     5 ! #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      6  
 p    '     P      
   _ 6  V 2     A .
<_ #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       7     .17E+02 
 p    '     P         /
  7     .17E+02 J &     5 7 #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      7  
 p    '     P      
  _ 7  V 2     A .<2
 #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       8     .19E+02 
 p    '     P         /  8     .19E+02 J &     5 N
P6 #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      8  
 p    '     P      
  
 8  V 2     A .< #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#       9     .21E+02 
 p    '     P         /n  9     .21E+02 J &     5 'u #  Q 2    @kC Ll@#      9  
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   9    ?*/   4              U UUUUUUUUUUUU . 
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      h    	,E      h    	      h    	q      h    	O%      h    	)      h    	r,)+      h    	$!      h    	'      h    	q+
      h    	/      h    	<      h    	4      h    	=      h      u    
    
 a, MANUALă

a For the codes MAPBASIN, CURRMOD, ANCOPOL and POSTANIS.

a& Zagreb, 01.10.1996.


   ?  a+ CONTENTSă
                                                                                                  Bdd"                                                                                         ҇
   ?  1. MODELLING THE TRANSPORT
   ? U 1.1 Conceptual models of passive transport
   ? 	 1.2 Inverse modelling problem and ANCOPOL

   ? 
 2. GENERAL REMARKS ON INSTALLATION OF ANCOPOL

   ? = 3. DATA AND USER'S FILE
   ? 
 3.1 Geometry of the coastal zone
   ? 
 3.2 Data on geometry
   ?  3.3 Data on current
   ? ] 3.4 Data on concentration

   ?  4. GENERATING A USER'S FILE BY USING MAPBASIN
   ?  4.1 Generating a new user's file
   ? } 4.2 Adding data to an existing user's file

   ? 
 5. CURRMOD AND CURRENT FIELDS
   ?  5.1 Current models implemented in CURRMOD
   ?  5.2 CURRMOD and wind driven current field
  Primary processing
  Secondary processing or retruing
   ?  5.3 CURRMOD and residual current field
   ?  5.4 Current from data on tracer and CURRMOD  

   ? M 6. TRANSPORT AND CONCENTRATION FIELD
   ?  6.1 Modelling transport in the coastal zone.
   ?  6.2 ANCOPOL and onelayer transport models.
  Input from atmosphere
   ? m 6.3 Finishing the primary processing
  Secondary processing
   ?  6.4 Continuous input of substance through boundary
   ?  6.5 ANCOPOL and diffuse input.
  Other possibilities

   ? " 7. APOSTERIORI ANALYSIS BY COMPARING DATA AND
 MODELLING RESULTS
   ? # 7.1 Statistical description in terms of the
 nonlinear regression analysis
   ? =% 7.2 POSTANIS and aposteriori analysis of modelling
 results

   ? ' 8. TEMPORARY FILES CREATED DURING PROCESSING
   ? ]( 8.1 Temporary and permanent files
   ? %) 8.2 Illustrations

   ? * 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY:   *         p-++  
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86 8  *        p-++}+ .  .       ++8  ԰ 1. MODELLING THE TRANSPORT
   ?    1.1. Conceptual models of passive transport
 The conceptual nonstationary transport model has the form:
                  1                                                      1                                  i!  bp                      `	  d d C                                                        p                             
   
                     	   time rate   	   
                     	    of  the    	 = 
                     	 concentration 	   
                     
   

 
   
   
   

 	   mixing   	   	         	   	 degra 	   	 input rates 	
 	   due to   	 + 	advection	 + 	        	 + 	    from     	
 	 turbulence 	   	         	   	 dation 	   	   sources   	
 
   
   
   

i$  ""X""! "$ 
The transport model includes apparently the dominant transport
mechanisms i.e. the average drift velocity, mixing (or
dispersion), sedimentation and resuspension from sediment into
the water column. Usually, the transport in the coastal zone is
analyzed either by modelling these mechanisms separately one from
the other, or on a rather descriptive level. An interpretation
of data on concentration is possible only if the transport is
studied by combining simultaneously all the transport mechanisms.
 MIXING: The mixing (dispersion) in the coastal zone is
modelled in terms of an eddy diffusion coefficient and the
coefficient is estimated from typical dimensions of the
considered basin (see [1]). In the considered conceptual model
the mixing due to tides is not included. It is assumed here that
this mechanism can be either neglected or included into the eddy
diffusivity in accordance with the discussion in [2][5]. 
 ADVECTION: The average drift velocity or mean current field
controls the advection. In the case of 2D models the current
field has only horizontal components. The vertical advection is
defined in 3D models by the vertical component of mean current
field. In case of wind driven current fields this component is
usually an essential transport mechanism.
 DEGRADATION OR SEDIMENTATION: The degradation, sedimentation
and resuspension are described phenomenologically by using the
extinction coefficient. In the 2D models (stationary and
nonstationary) the degradation term is modeled by the product of
the extinction coefficient, k, and concentration. The halflife
of extinction T (residence time) and the extinction coefficient
k are related by the following expression:
t!  #bsH&      d d d d d       )  d d w                                                       b   C `}	 (1.1)        T ~=~ {ln `` 2} over k.x 6X   @8; X@x 6X   @8; X@x 6X   @8; X@     !  T     8 k        
            ln      2       .  t$  ""!"" !! "$ The halflife T can be interpreted as follows. Let the
concentration of some substance in an isolated water column be
c. Due to various chemical processes and sedimentation the
concentration is permanently decreasing. After certain time T
this concentration becomes c/2. This time, T, is called the halflife of extinction. The defined transport mechanism is linear in
the concentration field. It describes reliably natural processes
in case of smaller concentrations of considered substance which
is passively transported by fluid. Microorganisms cannot be @  *        p-++! "w  !  H&")  !  @  reliably described by this model because of local nonlinear
interactions of microorganisms with other substances in the water
column and among themselves.
 INPUT DISTRIBUTION: The input rates are defined by locations
   ?   x and the corresponding input rates q(x) (mass per time). Usually
one distinguishes the point sources and distributed (or diffuse)
inputs. Fallouts and plant locations are examples of the former
type of input distributions while input from atmosphere, from
traffic and other human activities along coast belong to the
latter type of distributions.
 The eddy diffusion constant, mean current field, extinction
   ?  constant and input locations and their rates are called model
   ? `	 parameters. 

   ? 
  Two types of problems: simulation and inverse modelling
   ?  problems
 From the standpoint of utilizing models the transport models
can be divided into two categories or approaches to the transport
problem. We have models which are utilized for simulation of the
transport in the considered basin, and models designed for the
interpretation of data on transport by using transport models and
the method of inverse modelling problems. Very often computer
implementations of this latter group of models are called expert
systems.
 The question is which type of models has to be used. The
transport models designed for simulation the transport are nonstationary and must be used in order to learn the basic
properties of transport in the considered basin, such as
  order of magnitude of concentration in terms of input
rates and distance from input sites,
  ordering the transport mechanisms with respect to their
influence on the total concentration field and possible
pollution,
  predicting time variability of concentration in terms of
time variability of advection and input rates.
 The transport models of the second category are used to
determine transport parameters from data and predict various
quantities which are not explicitly contained in data. 
 The following table schematically illustrates basic
differences of the two modelling approaches.

	a* TABLE 1.1.
T  
     d d x                           
 ! d d x         [           T    	 p 
 
                   MODEL PARAMETERS           @"          SIMULAT.   @"          I.M.P. p 
 
		               
 Eddy diffusion coefficient
 Mean current field
 Degradation rate
 Sedimentation rate or vertical
 velocity (nonhydrodynamic)
 Input rates
   8)      
  Estimated
     Data
  Estimated
  Estimated

     Data   8)      
 Estimated
 Inv.model.
 Inv.model.
 Inv.model.

   Data &
 Inv.model. 		 @"   
where I.M.P. stands for inverse modelling problem, "estimated"
means that the modeller defines the parameter by using literature   *       p-++  and experience, "data" means estimated from the data on transport
in the considered basin and "inv.model." means the parameter
values predicted from data by using the inverse modelling. In
particular, the models belonging to this category must answer the
following basic questions:
 (a) A prediction of the input rates at some or all the
pointsourcelocations,
A  b(
                        d d |C                                                              
 
   
   
   

 	 input rate 	   	 known 	   	 unknown 	   	 input rate 	
 	  into the  	 = 	 input 	 + 	  input  	 + 	    from    	
 	   basin    	   	 rates 	   	  rates  	   	 atmosphere 	
 
   
   
   
$  ""x""A "$ 
 (b) A prediction of the sedimentation (extinction) rate,
=a  bh                        d d |C                                                              

   
   
   

	 output from 	   	output through	   	  output  	   	 degra  	
	     the     	 = 	     open     	 + 	   into   	 + 	        	
	    basin    	   	  boundaries  	   	 sediment 	   	 dation 	

   
   
   
=$  """"a "$ 
 (c) The calculation of mass balance of the considered
substance.

   ?   1.2. Inverse modelling problems and ANCOPOL
 Estimates of model parameters by using inverse modelling
problems can  be successful only if the number of data is
sufficient. In case of nonstationary transport problems this
number of data is pretty large because it must represent the
transport spatially over the basin and temporally in the
considered interval (season). Very rarely we have a data set
which is representative for the nonstationary transport and can
be successfully applied to determine the model parameters.
Therefore, we look for conditions in which the stationary
transport models can be applied. It can be proved that the
seasonally or annually averaged nonstationary models give rise
to the corresponding stationary models by performing time
integration. In accordance with this fact we have two
possibilities in mind:
  Data in the water column obtained from repeated
measurements over the same sampling mesh and during several
seasons.
  Averaged data in core sediment samples.
 The corresponding stationary model can be easily obtained
by assuming that the mixing, advection, degradation and input do
not depend on time variable. The corresponding conceptual model
has the form
                      1             a                                        1                                    b0*                      x  d d |C                                                                
 
   
   
   

 	   mixing   	   	         	   	 degra 	   	 input rates 	
 	   due to   	 + 	advection	 + 	        	 = 	    from     	
 	 turbulence 	   	         	   	 dation 	   	   sources   	
 
   
   
   

$  ""%"" "$  In virtue of parameters of Table 1.1. which has to be
determined by using the inverse modelling the following comments P  *        p-++1 (
"  A  h"  a  0*".    P  give additional explanations.
 ADVECTION OR CURRENT FIELD: A satisfactory result can be
obtained by a linear combination of several typical current
patterns for the considered basin. The coefficients of this
linear combination have to be determined by an inverse modelling
problem from the data on tracer. If available, the data on
conservative tracer can be used for such purpose. However, any
data set which represents the stationary transport process can
be used as well.
 INPUT RATES: Input locations must be known while input rates
can be predicted by inverse modelling. Input rates of point
inputs must be nonnegative numbers and diffuse input are
predicted as a linear combination of several apriori defined
positive distributions.
 The inverse modelling by using stationary transport models
is a reasonable tool for modelling the transport in case of two
types of data which are mentioned above, averaged seasonal data
and data on concentration in sediment samples. It is possible to
relate these two types of data by scaling. In case of small
concentrations in the water column the sedimentation and
resuspension processes are described by linear models. Since the
transport model is also linear the concentration fields in water
and sediment are related by scaling [6]. The scaling factor is
predicted by using the annually averaged data on concentrations
in the water column and sediment.
 The mathematical modelling of transport is traditionally
divided into two separate entities, the modelling of current and
modelling of mixing or dispersion. Very sophisticated software
packages of current models are available. They cover linear as
well as nonlinear models. Usually larger computer facilities are
needed for a use of such software packages. Software packages
implementing transport models with dispersion and advection are
also available. Most of them are designed for linear dispersion
equation. One would conclude that a construction of new software
packages on transport problem is superfluous. However, these
available software packages belong to the category of simulating
the transport and cannot answer easily the questions such as:
  what are input rates at sites where data are not reliable,
  detailed mass balance.
   ? x The software package ANCOPOL is designed to answer these
questions and many other ones arising in water management
problems. The package belongs to the category of inverse
modelling problems i.e. it interprets data on transport in terms
of the described transport modelling. It is designed as a user's
friendly, selfcontained and easily accessible software package
for an analysis of pollution in a coastal sea or lake. Three
software codes, MAPBASIN, CURRMOD and ANCOPOL, distributed
   ? $ publicly with the package ANCOPOL, are designed to prepare data,
to model the advection and to model transport of substance,
respectively. The package enables
  to create a single user's file containing data on
geometry, current and concentrations (substance) by drawing
charts, sample stations and other objects, on the screen,
  to model current, winddriven and residual, and generate
all necessary output files fully compatible with the procedure
for input for the next phase of processing,   *        p-++  Ԍ  to model the transport with advection, dispersion and
extinction in the current field constructed in the previous
phase,
  to calculate a complete mass balance,
  to enable a user to incorporate results and illustrations
of the processing into a document by using a text editor such as
WordPerfect,

and doing all this by sitting at a desk with a PC on it. We
believe that all the needs in teaching and learning "how to use
the transport models" are covered by this version. 
 The fourth code, POSTANIS, can be ordered. Its purpose is
to evaluate the data set in user's file from the standpoint of
being representative for the defined transport problem.
 The mathematical models implemented into the codes are
   ?  described in [6]. Models are stationary and twodimensional i.e.
   ?  onelayer. A demand for stationarily is already justified.
However, the 2D modelling of transport seams to be rather
restrictive. It can be utilized in cases such as shallow basins,
the layer above the stratification or bellow it. The 3D (multylayer) modelling of transport is more complex. Perhaps,
performances of nowadays PCes are adequate to design 3D
transport models for processing data by inverse modelling
methods.
 Modules of the package are written in WATCOMFORTRAN77,
Turbo Pascal and Turbo C. The coordinating modules (launchers)
are written in Pascal. The graphics is written in C and FORTRAN,
and numerics is carried out in FORTRAN programs.

   ?   2. GENERAL REMARKS ON INSTALLATION OF ANCOPOL

 All four software codes, MAPBASIN, CURRMOD, ANCOPOL and
POSTANIS are designed for an IBMPC compatible, with

  a hard disk with at least 8 MB free space,
  RAM of 4 MB at least,
  VGAS3 graphic card and monitor,

If a digitizer is available it can be used, optionally, with
MAPBASIN. Required software is DOS 4.0 or later versions.

 The procedure consists of following steps. Copy the files
acpl0301.zip
acpl0302.zip
acpl0303.zip
acpl0304.zip
acpl0305.zip
acpl0306.zip
acpl0307.zip
acpl0308.zip
acpl0309.zip
acpl0310.zip
acpl0311.zip
acpl0312.zip (if ordered)
to a directory, for instance ANCOPOL. Then pkunzip the files.
During the unziping there appear comments such as   *        p-++  Ԍy  	                        d d |C  KOMTEM.DOC                                                   

	       ANCOPOL        	
	 acpl0301.zip  (1/12) 	


y$  ""  		   	$ 
  	 
  	 
  	 
  	 
  		""   In the comment of the last file the user is informed to continue
the installation by executing

INSTALL

This is a batch file which:
 A) Creates two subdirectories, \TXT and \DOC to the working
directory (for instance, ANCOPOL). The first subdirectory
contains 5 WPerfect files with manual and the second one contains
the data on transport which could be processed;
 B) Gives an opportunity to the user to define the colours
for messages and some of colour figures.
 When the module INSTALL finishes the code is ready to use.
The working directory contains 74 executable modules, 13 modules
with the extension DAT, 4 modules with the extension BAT,
EGVGA.BGI, and HELV.FON.
 If the user is unsatisfied with the initially defined
colours they can be changed without reinstalling the package. The
complete information about colours is contained in the file
INDCOL.DAT. The first two integers of the first row are the
colour indices of the textcolour and backcolour in the text mode.
The remaining three indices define the graphical mode colours for
filling the basin, for filling the Bpoints in the basin and the
colour of arrows indicating the current direction. Two integers
in the second row are the colour indices of the textcolour and
backcolour of HELP messages. by changing these integers the
colours can be adjusted.
 The subdirectory \DOC contains three user files with the
extension BAY and several auxiliary files. Hence, three various
examples can be processed from the beginning in order to
demonstrate the package and its power. 0  X        p-++ 	o    0     ?     3. DATA AND USER'S FILE
   ?    3.1. Geometry of the coastal zone
 The first step towards the description of water motion in
the coastal sea is the definition of the corresponding fluid
domain. We assume that fluid domain is time-independent and
denote it by 2. Its boundary consists of the free surface, an
impermeable part (coast, bottom) and an artificial part cutting
the coastal sea from the rest of the adjacent sea or ocean. This
                Figure 1                                           Figure 1                             !  h
     w              ?.  d d     SLIKA.WPG                                            h   V    ?    Figure 3.1. Schematic presentation
XX  of the coastal see.  $  ""@  ! "$ third part of the boundary
 ! " is arbitrary and is defined
 ! " at modeller's convenience.
 ! " The coordinate system
 ! " associated with the coastal
 ! " sea is immobile relative to
 ! " 2 and the free surface of
   C   ! " the sea is placed in the x1
   C   ! " x2-coordinate plane. The
   C P
  ! " x3-axes is oriented away
 ! " from the sea so that points
 ! " at bottom have the
   C   ! " following coordinates {x1,
   C x  ! " x2, -H(x1,x2)}, where H is a
 ! " positive function defining
 ! " the topography of bottom.
 ! " We describe 2 by using the
 ! " two-dimensional domain D
 ! " and the function H, where D
 ! " represents the free surface
 ! " of the water body 2. A
 ! " schematic illustration of a
  ""   basin is given in Figure 3.1. Hence, the basin is mathematically
modelled by the free surface D and bottom topography H. The
domain D is twodimensional and its boundary is denoted by B. The
set B represents both, the coastal and open part of boundary of
D.
  A  hp      w              ?   d d     SLIKA.WPG                                            hp  H    ?    Figure 3.2. Rectangular and
     triangular grids.  $  ""l  A "$  Our goal is a brief
 A " description of numerical
 A " methods for computing
 A " current from models. It
 A " seams natural, therefore,
 A " to proceed the discussion
 A " with describing D from the
 A " point of view of its
 A " numerical representation. A
 A " general approach is a
 A " decomposition of D into a
 A " union of smaller parts such
 A " as triangles, rectangles
 A " and similar geometrical
  \&""   objects. Their sides do not need to be parts of straight lines.
Sometimes their sides are deformed to match the boundary of D.
The usual approach of decomposing D is by defining a grid in
plane so that grid cuts D into parts. Two examples of regular
grids, triangular and rectangular, are illustrated in Figure 3.2.
Triangular and rectangular grids are the simplest ones, so that
we intend to compare advantages and explain which one of these @  +        p-++! 
"v  !   "+  A  @     ?    possibilities is used in numerical realizations of ANCOPOL.
 The area and circumference of D can be calculated with an
arbitrarily small error by decomposing D into triangles of
sufficiently small size. On the other hand, by decomposing D into
squares (or rectangles) only the area can be calculated with an
arbitrarily small error, while the circumference is generally
smaller then calculated from such decomposition. Numerical
methods for partial differential equations are simpler for
rectangular grids and we are put in front of a dilemma about the
   ?  choice of grid. In case of ANCOPOL the rectangular grid with
equal spacing between grid lines is chosen. A criterion for
choice is not simplicity only. We must take into account the
quality of numerical approximation of various hydrodynamic
quantities along of the boundary of D. Here is a brief
discussion. The current field can be defined by two basic
behaviour at the coastal boundary. In one case the normal
   C  velocity component vn on B vanishes while the tangential
component is not constrained. In the other case noslip
conditions on the coastal boundary are defined by imposing the
velocity to be zero at the coastal boundary. In the former case
the velocity circulation around B cannot be calculated with an
error as small as we wish. On the other hand, noslip conditions
on the coastal boundary do not cause such inconveniences. Hence,
we must impose noslip conditions on the coastal boundary.
However,
   C    the open boundary Bo C B must be always along a part of a
straight line in B. Along the open boundary the normal components
of water flows and substance flux are different from zero so that
the cumulative values of these quantities are correctly defined;
   C    inputs of substance along Bc, the coastal part of B, is
defined in terms of concentrations at input sites rather than in
terms of substance flux in order to avoid an incorrect
   C  computation of cumulative values of various quantities along Bc.
 Now we have to define the grid and associated objects with
more details. The whole plane is covered by a grid or mesh of
horizontal and vertical straight lines. These lines, horizontal
as well as vertical, are spaced one from the other by the same
space step h that is called grid step. Intersections of lines are
   C  called knots. They are defined by xkl = {kh, lh}, k,l = 0, 1, 2,
... . Let us assume that h is small enough so that one knot falls
   C T in D at least. Four neighbouring knots xkl, k = n+, l = m+, ,
   C     = 0,1, form a square Snm. An approximation Dh of D is defined
   C   by collecting squares Snm as follows. Each square Snm wholly
   C ! contained in D belongs to Dh. A square, having two or three knots
   C " in D, must be also merged to Dh, while those, having no knot in
   C P# D, or only one knot, are omitted from Dh. Although the fluid
   C $ domain D is a connected domain, its discretization Dh can have
several connected components. One of the components must be
   C % selected as a discretization or approximation of D. Knots in  Dh
   C |& form a mesh Mh of knots. Elements of Mh are divided into two
groups, internal knots and boundary knots. Two knots on the same
grid line, spaced one from the other by h, are called
neighbouring knots. An internal knot is surrounded by four
   C ) neighbouring knots, all belonging to Mh. Evidently, a boundary
   C l* knot has less than 4 neighbouring knots in Mh. In the further   l*	        p-++     C    consideration the squares Snm in Dh are also denoted by Sh. The
   C   boundary knots define the numerical boundary Bh of the domain Dh.
   C                    Figure 1      A                                    Figure 1                             a  xH    w              ?  d d     SLIKA.WPG                                         
      q    ?    Figure 3.3.(a) and (b). Centres of aggregates with the 4 and
               16 grid squares  $  """"a "$  A numerical representation Dh of D, in terms of Sh, is not
always ready for a numerical realization of transport models.
   C  There are more gridknots in Dh than we need for a numerical
realization of current or concentration field. Numerical methods
   ?  in ANCOPOL use a smaller number of gridknots as follows.
   ? `  Admissible gridknots of concentration modelling: Each
   ? ( cluster of 4 grid squares sharing a gridknot x define the gridknot to be admissible for concentration field computation. In
Figure 3.3.(a) we have a simple illustration of this property.
     0     w              ?.  d d     SLIKA1.WPG                                        
     K    ?    Figure 3.4.Cutting a region
   from the surroundings.  $  """"   $     
O0                   ?<  d d     AAA.WPG                                           
      w+0    ?    Figure 3.5. Rotated frame.  ,  """"h  ",    
   ? (   ""(""    Admissible gridknots of current modelling: Each aggregate
   ? x) of 16 grid squares, composing a larger square, centred at x, with
   ? @* the sides equal to 4 grid units, define the gridknot x to be
admissible for current field computation. In Figure 3.3.(b) we P  +
        p-++1 H"v  a 
 0,   
 0"+   
 P     ?    have a simple illustration of this property.? 
   C    An algorithm for an automatic defining of Dh is designed and
   ?  included in the package ANCOPOL. The basic steps of this
algorithm are described in the remaining part of this section.
Let us suppose that we have
         ?              q=?  d d   PCCC.WPG                                                w_    ?    Figure 3.6. The generated grid
   for the cut basin of
       Figure 3.4.  $  ""::   :"$ a map or chart of basin in which
  :" the coastal and island
  :" boundaries are defined by
  :" several lines as in Figure 3.4.
  :" Now we define a frame, cutting
  :" the whole basin, or a part of
  :" it, from the neighbouring
  :" topographical objects. This
  :" frame is planned to be covered
  :" by gridlines parallel with
  :" frame sides. Hence, the
  :" processing continues by
  :" subtracting only objects in the
  :" frame. So reduced and rotated
  :" chart is illustrated in Figure
  :" 3.5. In the proceeding step the
  :" frame must be covered with grid  :" lines and to each gridknot is
  :" assigned the value 0 or 1 (see
  :" Section 8.1). The interior part
  :" of basin consists of gridknots
  :" having the value 1. Gridknots
  :" having the value 0 belong either
  ::""   to coast or disregarded water body. In this way gridknots in the
   C  frame are marked by the value 0 or 1. The domain Dh and mesh Mh
for the chart in Figure 3.4 are illustrated in Figure 3.6.
 To a basin defined by the pair {D,H} we associate two
parameters representing an average extent of the basin,
A  #b      d d d d d       a  d d w                                                       b       d     Z L ~=~ sqrt { area ( D)} ,~~~~ H ~=~ 1 over {area (D)} ~ int
from D ~ H( bold x) ~d bold x,x 6X   @8; X@x 6X   @8; X@x 6X   @8; X@     ! L     0area     D     PH     +	 area      D    + D     
H     d                   0        O     	0       L      (       )      x,      
d1       (       )      5(      %)      ,     x     mxd $  """"!A "$ and call them the typical length and average depth of basin,
respectively. A coastal sea is characterized by the small aspect
ratio 	 = H/L.

   ?    3.2. Data on geometry.
   ? !  User's file. For a given basin all the data for processing
   ? h" (geometry, current and concentration) must be contained in a
single file having the extension BAY. Three files of this type,
ISLAND.BAY, COMPLEX.BAY and MANUAL.BAY are supplied with the
package. The file must be contained in the subdirectory \DOC to
the directory containing the codes MAPBASIN, CURRMOD or ANCOPOL.
   ? P& A file containing data for processing is called the user's file
in the following.
 The user's file is written in ASCII code. Each row of this
file can contain only one data to be processed. The data is
processed only if the corresponding row starts with an
appropriate code such as "M1,", "S," e.t.c. Otherwise the
information is skipped or an error is recorded and processing is @   +        p-++! :"b    "!  A  @  aborted. If the row starts with "x" the content of such row is
regularly skipped so that this code in the first column of a row
can be used to write comments such as

x the data bellow must be checked
x, the data correspond to the western bank

The first row of a user's file is always skipped. Only 1001 of
the beginning rows of a user's file are searched for the data to
be processed. The remaining part of file is not read.

   ?    Geometry. A basin is defined by the pair {D,H}, where D is
a twodimensional domain representing the free surface of basin
and H is a positive function defining the topography of bottom.
   C 
 The domain D is modelled by Dh containing grid squares as
discussed in the previous section. The function H must be
interpolated from the data. The subject of this section is a
presentation of a typical procedure for defining D and H and
forming a file with respective data.
 There are three possibilities to define {D,H}:

  manually by using an editor,
  drawing the chart of basin by using a mouse or the arrowkeys,
  by digitizer.

                  Figure 1                                          Figure 1                               xR     w              ?1  d d   SLIKA.WPG                                            x  d    ?    Figure 3.7. The data on geometry in
MANUAL.BAY are generated from this chart.   $  ""T   "$ The easiest and
  " quickest way to
  " create the user's
  " file is by using a
  " mouse or arrowkeys.
  " Generally, the
  " accuracy of such
  " procedure depends on
  " user's skill to
  " imitate a map of
  " basin by mouse or
  " arrowkeys from a map
  " of basin fixed on
  " desk or a copy
  " holder. It would be
  " better to avoid the
  " name "digitizing" for
  " such procedure.
  " However, a little
  " effort is needed to
  " avoid arbitrariness.
  " The chart can be
  " covered with a
  L&""   rectangular grid and to each gridline assigned the corresponding
coordinate value (see Figure 3.7). During the digitizing the
coordinates of cursor position are recorded and their values
displayed on the margin of screen. By comparing cursor
coordinates and grid coordinates on the chart the error of
digitizing is reduced to the gridstep of mesh on the chart. For
learning how to use and run the code it is most convenient to 0  *        p-++ "*    0  describe the digitizing by using mouse. Therefore, the use of
mouse is described in the next chapter.
 A map with the considered basin is a proper object to start
with. A desk chart, illustrating in Figure 3.7. can be used as
well, if such chart is subtracted from a map. It is assumed that
chart contains all necessary objects for an analysis of
pollution, such as the data on geometry, current and
concentration. Only the data on geometry are discussed here. In
the chart in Figure 3.7. the data on geometry consists of 3 parts
of coastal boundary M1, M2 and M3, two islands I1 and I2, a peer
P and the data on depth at 21 points with denoted values of
depth. Apart from this we must have the scale of map defined in
kilometres (parts of kilometres) and roughness parameter. Thus,
only those data on geometry can be processed which have the form
 
Mk, x1,x2
Ik, x1,x2
P, x1, x2, y1, y2
H, x1, x2, m
U, s
O, n

where k in the symbols Mk and Ik must be one of the following 9
integers 1,2,...,9, x1 and x2 are coordinates of points
associated with the corresponding geometrical object, m is depth
in meters, s is the scale of chart and n is number in the range
2000  5000. This number is called the roughness index. For a
   C  higher value of this parameter a finer grid mesh Mh (the previous
section) is defined. The Pcode stands for peers. It contains
four numbers, the coordinates of the beginning and ending points
of "peer". The peer is modelled by a part of straight line
between these two pints. Some codes can be absent. An absence of
Mk or Ikcodes means that the corresponding objects are absent.
If the U or Ocodes are absent their default values are taken.
For a processing, the default values for scale and roughness
index are 1 km and 5000, respectively. Codes consisting of two
symbols must be written in the first and second column of row and
followed by comma in the third column. Codes consisting of one
symbol must be written in the first column of row and followed
by comma in the second column.
 The meaning of coordinates x1, x2 is simple. A part of
coastal boundary is defined by a sequence of points along it. The
same is valid for an island boundary. Hence, the used
approximation of boundary B of D is defined by piecewise
straight lines. For defining the boundary in this manner it is
important to obey the following two rules:

   ? $  Points of each part of boundary must be ordered in the
counterclockwise way. In other words, by moving along the
boundary the basin (water) is always on the left hand side. The
first and last points corresponding to a particular code "Mk" are
not connected during the construction of boundary B. The first
and last point corresponding to each code "Ik" are automatically
connected. Hence, there is no need to finish a sequence of Ikcodes by including the starting row of this sequence at the end
   ? * of sequence.   *
        p-++  Ԍ The coordinates x1 and x2 must be in units that are defined
by the Ucode. For instance, the row

U, 0.1

is interpreted that all the coordinates in the user's file have
unites in 0.1 km = 100 m. Thus, x1 = 1.34 is interpreted as 0.134
km.
   C @  If the Ocode is missing the grid mesh Mh is constructed
with the maximal possible number of grid knots (n = 5000).
   C  Usually, the resulting grid mesh Mh is too large for available
   C  memory so that an automatic reduction of Dh and Mh is carried out.
In order to save time a user can insist on a rougher grid mesh
   C 4
 Mh by defining the roughness such as "O, 2500" or "O, 3500," with
the symbols "O," in the first two columns. The roughness index
can be changed in a user's file by an editor.

   ? X
  It is preferable to define the U and Ocodes as the first
data to be processed. In this way the reading of data from file
   ?  and processing are faster.

   ? x  Preparing the chart for digitizing. For an efficient
digitizing certain preliminary work with the chart must be
accomplished:
 1) The chart must contain all objects, necessary for
defining geometry of basin.
 2) A user's coordinate system is drawn on the chart in such
way that the whole basin is contained in a rectangle on the map
with sides along the coordinate axes. (In general, the origin of
the user's coordinate system can have coordinates different from
{0,0}).
 3) The coordinates must be defined for lower left and upper
right corners of the rectangle.
 4) Values of depth must be prescribed to points defining the
depth.
 So prepared chart is ready for digitizing by mouse or arrowkeys or digitizer.

   ?   Writing the data on geometry in user's file by using an
   ?  editor. In case that the user's file is created by using an
editor the preliminary work defined in 1)  4)  must be completed
in the following way:
 5) There must be marked points on each part of the coastal
and island boundary. These points define an approximation of
boundaries. If we connect them by pieces of straight line we
generate a piecewise straight approximating of the boundary.
Precisely this procedure is automatically carried out during the
processing as described in the previous section. These points are
called boundary markers.
 6) To each boundary marker we must associate the coordinates
in the selected users coordinate system.
 
 The user's file is written in ASCII code, row by row.
MANUAL.BAY is the name of user's file containing the data from
the chart in Figure 3.7. This file is generated by using MAPBASIN
(see the description in the next chapter). The first 10 rows of   +        p-++  MANUAL.BAY look as follows:
       y    b x                    d       d d                                                                         y 

DOC\MANUAL.BAY
LLUR,      0.00,      0.00,     20.00,     15.00
O,3600
U,0.75
M1,  0.22,  2.20
M1,  1.24,  2.16
M1,  1.24,  1.69
M1,  2.14,  1.61
M1,  2.48,  1.48
M1,  3.21,  1.39
     p	 y    b                      d       d d                                                                         y 

and rows 210220:

      y    b                     d       d d                                                                         y 

H,  15.94,   6.04,   9.50
P,   7.83,   7.01,   8.90,  6.63
P,   8.90,   6.63,   9.18,  5.41
G,   2.42,   5.54,  -5.00,  0.50
C1,  9.35,  11.16,   0.00, -4.00
C1, 3.66,    7.83,   0.00,  0.00
C2, 14.03,   6.00,  -5.00,  1.00
F,  13.58,   8.03, -250.00
F,   3.16,   1.39, -200.00
WD,  -1.00,  -2.00
VW,   3.83,  15.00
     H y    b                     d       d d                                                                         y 

   ?    Forming the user's file by using mouse. We plan to form a
file with the data on geometry. The data on current and
concentration are planned to be inserted into the file later.
Therefore, it is important to stress that the user's file can be
extended by new data on some later occasion. Of course, that the
same chart must be used for adding new data to the existing file.
In this way MAPBASIN has a similar function as an editor. 
 The second row of a user's file formed by MAPBASIN has the
form

LLUR, x1, x2, y1, y2

containing the coordinates of the lower left and upper right
corners of the rectangle drawn on the map. Therefore, adding data
by MAPBASIN to an existing user's file is refused if such row is
absent, i.e.  if the user's file at hand is initially formed by
an editor. In the course of adding data to an existing user's
file by digitizing the user must be very careful in placing the
digitizerpen upon the lower left and upper right corner of the
rectangle of chart when asked to do so.

The actual use of MAPBASIN for generating the user's file
MANUAL.BAY is described in details in the next chapter. Now we
continue with describing other data in the user's file which can
be recognized and processed by CURRMOD, ANCOPOL or POSTANIS.   (        p-++     ?     3.3. Data on current

   ?   The data on winddriven current. The model of winddriven
current which is implemented in CURRMOD is defined by the
direction of wind, its profile across this direction, friction
coefficients at bottom and free surface, the Coriolis parameter
and the normal component of velocity at the open boundary. All
the data, except the normal component of velocity at open
boundary, are defined in a user's file by the following five
types of rows
   h`	     w              ?s$  d d     SLIKA.WPG                                            h`	  9 
   ?   Figure 3.8.(a), (b). Data on wind.  $  ""  "$ 
 " WD, d1, d2
 " WP, w1, w2, w3
 " WB, B
 " WS, S
 " Wf, f
 " 
 " The symbol "W" must be in
 " the first column in
 " accordance with general
 " procedure of defining data
 " in a user's file. The
 " positive numbers after the
 " codes "WB", "WS" are
 " obviously the friction
 " coefficients for bottom and
  P""   free surface in units m/s and 1/s, respectively. The real number
after the code "Wf" is the Coriolis force in units 1/s. Two real
numbers, d1 and d2 in the first row are components of the
   ?  direction d of wind. There is no need to normalize the vector d.
   ? p The processing aborts if d = 0. The profile of wind is defined
by three real numbers wk, k =1,2,3. They define the wind velocity
in m/s. Figure 3.8. can help us in description of these data. The
point B is defined as the geometrical centre of the numerical
   C  approximation Dh of the original domain D. The length AC is equal
to the typical length of basin. The numbers wk, k = 1,2,3, are
values of wind velocities at the points A, B and C in m/s.
   ?  Positive values represent the same directions of wind as d, and
the negative values represent the opposite directions as
illustrated in Figure 3.8. (b). From three values of wind
velocity the profile is defined by interpolating a polynomial of
the second order. The WB, WS and Wfcodes can be absent. Their
default values are B = 0.001 m/s, S = f = 0.001 1/s. If the
codes "WD" or "WP" are not present the processing on winddriven
current aborts.
   C ,#                   Figure 1                                         Figure 1                            The normal component of velocity at any open boundary Bo is
defined during the processing by a usermonitor interaction.

   ? %  The data on residual current. The residual current is
defined by (a) current values at several points inside the basin,
(b) inflows and outflows at rivers, channels and similar narrow
water paths, and (c) normal component of velocity at the open
boundary. Again, this normal component is defined during the
processing as in the previous case. However, for fitting current
patterns the data on concentration of a tracer can be used. Thus,
the fourth type of data are (d) the data on tracer. Data are 0   +        p-++ "V   0  contained in rows with codes:

  ! 0@     w              ?06  d d   SLIKA.WPG                                            0  G    ?    Figure 3.9.  Data on residual

  current.  $  ""::  !:"$ G, x1, x2, v1, v2
 !:" Ck, x1, x2, v1, v2
 !:" F, x1, x2, f
 !:" T, x1, x2, c
 !:" 
 !:" where k in the symbol Ck is any
 !:" of integers 1,2,...,9. The
 !:" symbol G represents a general
 !:" point in the basin for which
 !:" velocity field is known. The
 !:" symbol Ck represents a point in
 !:" the basin for which velocity
 !:" field is known as in the
 !:" previous case and, in addition,
 !:" the corresponding value of
 !:" velocity is used for defining
 !:" the circulation around the kthe
 !:" island. Thus, velocity fields at
 !:" G and Ck are used to interpolate
  ::h""   velocity fields at these points. In addition, the circulation
around the island with code "Ik" is determined from velocities
of Ckpoints. There can be more than one Ckpoint with the same
k. The real numbers x1, x2 are coordinates of points, v1 and v2
are velocities in cm/s. The Fcode defines an inflow or outflow
of water(see Figure 3.9). The value of flow is defined by the
   C  real number f in m3/s. Positive values represent outflows and
negative inflows in accordance with the convention of defining
the unit normal at boundary points. In the row starting with the
code "T," the positive number c is the concentration of tracer
at the point with coordinates x1, x2. The units of tracer
concentration are arbitrary.

   ?   3.4. Data on concentration

 The data on concentration consist of (a) general properties
of substance for which the transport is studied, (b) values of
the concentration at particular points in the  basin and along
coast and (c) net fluxes through open boundaries. Thus, natural
or background concentration, halflife of extinction can be
included in the first group, inputs at outfalls and fluxes
through open boundaries can be included in the third group. The
code ANCOPOL recognizes the data on concentration if they are
recorded in rows of the following form:

   C # N,  co
E,  T
Bk, x1, x2, c
S,  x1, x2, c
SS, x1, x2, c
SW, x1, x2, c
BC,
Qn, x1, x2, Q
A,  x1, x2, Q
 0   +         p-++ :@"  ! 0  ԌThe meaning of symbols is analogous to the previous two cases.
The real numbers x1, x2 are coordinates of point as previously.
The concentrations are denoted by the letter c and their values
   C X are in ppb = g/l. The natural or background concentration co
must be in this, same units. The inputs Q are in kg/month, the
halflive of extinction, T, is in days. The code Bk, k =
1,2,...,9, means "the boundary concentration point", Qn, n =
0,1,...,4,  is the code for point inputs, A is the code for a
point where the input from atmosphere (or the upper layer) is
defined. The code BC means that the user plans to define a
continuous input through a part of coastal boundary by
interacting during the processing. As mentioned, a point inputs
are defined by the data with the codes Q0, Q1,... Q4. If the code
Q0 is used then the value Q in the corresponding row is taken as
the input at this point. If the code Qn, n = 1,2,...,4, is used
than the value of point input is estimated from the data on
concentrations, i.e. from Bk and Sdata. There can be more than
one point belonging to any type Qn, n fixed. In such cases an
estimate of input Q is carried out jointly for all inputs
   ?  associated with the code Qn, n fixed.
 The codes S, SS and SW stand for sampling stations of
concentration in: an unspecified medium, in bottom sediment and
in the water column, respectively.
   ?   If no code of the type S or/and SS are present then the
   ?  inverse modelling method is not enabled. In this case the
processing either aborts or finishes calculating results (input
rates, mass balance e.t.c.) with values of model parameter equal
to the initial user's guesses. The same is happening if only the
codes "SW" are present (no code "S" or "SS").
 The inverse modelling problem can be successful only if a
sufficient number of data of the type "S" or/and "SS" are
available. If, in addition, the data of type "SW" are present
then the processing is structured in the following way:

      y    b D                    d       d d                                                                         y 

 Bdd"                                                                                        B5"                                                                                         ҇
Primary processing

The inverse modelling method
is applied to the data (code
"S" or/and "SS") in sediment.
            p-++  
Secondary processing

The scaling of all values of
concentration in sediment to
the corresponding values of
concentration in the water
column is carried out. 8          p-++   l        ++8  ԯ
     t" y    b $'                    d       d d                                                                         y 

The user can correct data and repeat the processing with changed
data of the type "S" or/and "SS" until being satisfied. After
this the user can allow the procedure of scaling of
concentrations in sediment to the corresponding concentrations
in the water column. The scaling procedure can be performed only
once.
   '        p-++     ?                          1                                 ""              1                                   4. GENERATING A USER'S FILE BY USING MAPBASIN

 It is assumed that the code MAPBASIN, together with other
two codes, has been installed successfully to some directory and
the user has been entered this directory. After starting MAPBASIN
by typing MAPBASIN and pressing <ENTER> there appears the first
screen. This is a mask with the name of code and few general
remarks about configuration of the used version. In the next
screen the user is asked to decide wether to enable or disable
the sound signal (beep) at certain steps of processing.
   ?    The next screen contains a list of possible applications of
MAPBASIN. On the screen we have


 Selection of processing:                                    
                        HELP = <F1>                          
 1) Create a new user`s file or edit an existing one.        
 2) Check the users file format.                             
 3) Interpolate a concentration field from data on concentr. 
 0) Exit.                                                    
                                                             
 Choose one of the options by the mouse (arrow keys)         
 and then press a mouse-button or <ENTER>:                   


The user must choose one among the four options. There exists a
file containing data on geometry of the chart in Figure 3.7. Its
name is MANUAL.BAY. In order to demonstrate the functioning of
MAPBASIN we will assume that such file has not been created and
that our present intention is to generate such user's file.
Therefore, the user must choose 1).
                  Figure 1      !                                       Figure 1                           
   ?    4.1. Generating a new user's file

 After choosing the option 1) the user actually starts the
processing. The first message is:
 1) A new user's file.
 2) Adding data to an existing user's file.
 0) Exit.
Enter 1, 2 or 0:

The user presses <1> and the following message is

A user's file can be generated by using
 (a) keyboard only,
 (b) digitizer and keyboard.
Do you plan to use only KEYBOARD? (Y/N):

 Negative answer: If you reply with <N>, having in mind to
use a digitizer, the next message is:

Is your digitizer connected to PC and switched on? (Y/N):

 Negative answer: If you reply again with <N> the next
message is:
   *         p-++  ԌYou have to prepare your digitizer and connect it to your PC.
After accomplishing these preliminary work restart MAPBASIN.

and the processing finishes after pressing <ENTER>.

 The processing continues if your answer is positive to any
of two previous questions. The following message appears in that
case of positive answer to the first question:

During the processing USE mouse or arrowkeys to move the cursor.

                                 Press ENTER to continue

and in the case of answer <Y> to the second question:

During the processing USE digitizerpen to move the cursor.

                                 Press ENTER to continue

After pressing <ENTER> there appears a brief rehearsal of
necessary actions in order to (a) enable the inserting of data
from your map or chart into the user's file and (b) accomplish
a successful processing. This rehearsal has the following form

  b
p                  `	  d d ~                                                      
      
              TO START DIGITIZING YOU HAVE TO:            
   1) Define the name of file to be generated, 
   2) Define the lowerleft corner of your map,
   3) Define the upperright corner of the map,
   4) Press <D> to start the map, 
   5) Created file will look like:                        
          M1, x1, y1
          M2, x2, y2  etc...,                             
 $  """"
 "$ 
After pressing <ENTER> there appears the  7c   mesagg 
 7c 
 massage
 7c 
 
 7c   e
 :

Enter the name of the file [.BAY]:

and the user must define the file's name. In accordance with the
present aim it should be typed TEST and pressed <ENTER>. There
is no need to enter TEST.BAY because the extension BAY is
automatically added in the definition of user's file. The next
message is a question about a comment in the first row of
TEST.BAY. A comment can be useful for processing the generated
file in future. After inserting a comment or skipping it, the
user must define the coordinates of lowerleft and upperright
corners of the chart. The coordinates must be read from the chart
of Figure 3.7. The proper definition is as follows

Enter the lowerleft corner of your map.
 0  *         p-++ p"!    0  Ԍxcoordinate: 0.
ycoordinate: 0.

Enter the upperright corner of your map.
xcoordinate: 20.
ycoordinate: 15.

After inserting the second ycoordinate and pressing <ENTER>
there appears a window with the cursor at its centre and a small
box on the right hand side of screen offering four options. Their
meanings are:

 y A b                      	*	   d     CCC.TIF                                                 	     y  $  ""`	""A"$ 
 B5"                                                                                        CD0l"                                                                                     ҇
 0           p-++ "   A 0  Cclr 0          p-++ "   A 0  clearing the  7c   screa 
 7c 
 scream
 7c 
 
 7c   n
  and erasing all records
inserted during the session R         p-++ x             ++ "   A R  ԯ 0  x        p-++ "   A 0  Ssave 0  x        p-++ "   A 0  saving the inserted data and generating the
user's file R  @       p-++ @@      x        ++ "   A R  ԯ 0           p-++ "   A 0  Qquit 0           p-++ "   A 0  erasing the user's file R           p-++                   ++ "   A R  ԯ 0           p-++ "   A 0  Ddata 0           p-++ "   A 0  changing menu in order to insert data R           p-++ !!                ++ "   A R  ԯ
There are only two menus. The first menu consists of the
described four options. Its purpose is to close the processing
by saving the user's file, to erase inserted data and reenter
data from the beginning or to erase the file. The function of
second menu is inserting data. By pressing <D> the menu is
changed. On the right margin of window there are three locations
with indicators controlling the processing. In the first row of
small box there is a massage on possible cursor speeds. The
cursor can be moved with 9 speeds across the screen. The default
speed is the slowest. It correspond to the value <1>. The largest
speed is defined by <9>. So, by pressing <1> to <9> we get
various speeds of the cursor. In the second and third rows of box 0  *       p-++ "   A 0  we have hints that boundary of basin is coded by the 9 codes
"Mk", k = 1,2,...,9, and 9 codes "Ik". In addition the user is
reminded that comments in the user's file can be inserted by
pressing <Insert> while the change to the first menu is performed
by pressing <Esc>. The function <Del> helps the user to erase one
or more points (records) which are defined incorrectly. After a
point with a Mkcode (or Ikcode) is defined, the user can erase
it by pressing <Del> once. By pressing <Del> once more the last
but one point of the same group is also erased. This procedure
can be continued in an obvious way until the first point of the
defined group (of the same code). After the first point is erased
the function <Del> is inactive. This function can be applied to
any other code as well. In the middle location of the right
margin there are two indicators. One records the ordinary number
of the last row in TEXT.BAY and the other indicates the code of
last inserted data in TEST.BAY. In the picture above a part of
the coastal boundary M1 is already defined. According to the
indicator the user can proceed defining remaining part of this
boundary. In the third location, at the bottom of right margin,
there are three indicators recording coordinates of the present
cursor position.
 In principle a user can insert a code which can be
recognized by the codes  CURRMOD and  ANCOPOL as well as any
other code. There is a difference in filling data for these two
different groups of codes. Let us clarify the  7c   differnc 
 7c 
 difference
 7c 
 
 7c   e
 . The
codes which consist of one symbol only and are recognized by the
two codes are:  ""              1                                                 1             !                    
   bX            (       d d (                             (                      X                   P  H  U  O  G  F  T  N  E  A               (4.1) $  """"  "$  (i) A user is not allowed to define a code consisting of two
symbols for which the first symbol is equal to any of letters in
(4.1). Thus, if the user starts to define the code by typing any
of these symbols (letters) then the remaining symbols must be
entered in accordance with the definition of this code. Thus,
after pressing <H> the processing can continue only if the user
presses <ENTER> or moves the cursor to the corresponding point
and presses <ENTER>. In both cases a position of an Hpoint is
defined and there appears the following message on the top of
window: "Enter depth (H):". The user must enter the corresponding
value of depth and press <ENTER>. A small circle appears on the
screen indicating that the user's file contains a data on depth
at this point. Similarly, after pressing <U> the only way to
continue the processing is to press <ENTER> in order to insert
the scale. After pressing <ENTER> there appears a message on the
top of window "Enter scale (U):" and the user must enter the
scale, and press <ENTER>. After pressing <ENTER> there appear two
question marks, "??" in the middle location of right margin, to
remind the user to define the next code.
 (ii) The remaining codes which can be recognized by CURRMOD
and ANCOPOL consist of two symbols and they are 0  '        p-++ "G(   0   b                   X  d d (                       |                                                   Mk  Ik  Ck  Bk  Qn  BC  SS  SW
                                                       (4.2)
                 WD  WP  WB  WS  Wf$  ""  """$ If the user defines the new code consisting of two symbols and
equal to any in the list (4.2) then again the processing can be
continued only if the remaining part of definition is in
accordance with the description of this code in Chapter 3. Thus
in the case of pressing <B><C> there is nothing else to do,
because the BCcode in a user's file is assumed to have no
additional information. Therefore, the "BC" in the middle
indicator of screen disappears and the new code can be defined.
 (iii) The third possibility is an alternative to both, (i)
and (ii). The user starts to define a code by a symbol which is
not included in the list (4.1) and finishes the definition so
that the defined code is not among ones in (4.2). Then, by moving
cursor and pressing <ENTER> a row is added to the user's file
starting with the defined code and containing the coordinates of
the marked position of cursor.
 Now the file TEST.BAY can be generated if the user keeps to
the described rules. On the right margin in the middle location
we have an indicator showing "M1:", so that the user can start
by inserting data with the M1codes. The data are read from the
chart in Figure 3.7. By moving the cursor and pressing <ENTER>
the task is easily accomplished. When the last M1code is
defined, the user must press <M><2> to start defining the M2code. In this way the entering of data can be continued until the
last row with I2code is defined. Now the user has to press <H>.
The first data on depth is defined by moving the cursor to the
positions of one points in Figure 3.7. where the depth is
defined, and press <ENTER>. There appears a question on the top
of window. The user must insert the depth at this point and press
<ENTER>. The data is recorded in TEST.BAY and a small circle
appears in the window. After entering the last data on depth, the
user must press <P> in order to enter data about the "peer" in
chart of Figure 3.7. After positioning the cursor at one point
of "peer" and pressing <ENTER> there appears the following
message on the top of window: "Enter one additional point(s)".
The user must position the cursor at the other end of "peer" and
press <ENTER>. The straight line defining this part of "peer" is
drawn and the other part of "peer" can be defined similarly. By
this the process of generating the user's file with data on
geometry is finished and we can close the file. By pressing <Esc>
the menu is switched to the first one. By pressing <S> the file
TEST.BAY is closed and saved in the directory \DOC to the working
directory.
 After pressing <S> there appears a new screen (see the next
page). If any of the possibilities described in the box are of
interest, a user has to choose the option <Continue the
processing>. We are interested in representation of data in
TEST.BAT. Therefore, the user must choose this option. There
appears the screen with a window and list of 3 files as in the
figure on the left hand side of next page. By moving the cursor
vertically the user should select MANUAL and press <ENTER>. 0  *        p-++ "_	   0  However, at this point we switch to the file MANUAL.BAY which is
installed from the installation diskettes.

                  1                                ""              1             a                   !b                   @  d d >  BUCO.LST                                                                             IN THE FOLLOWING:
 1. Files in the subdirectory \DOC can be illustrated by
drawing their boundaries.
 2. Their bottom topography can be illustrated by using
isolines or/and by using colours.
 3. Domains Dh for current modelling can be defined and the
     processing can be continued, later on, by applying
                  CURRMOD or ANCOPOL$  ""X""!"$   ""              1             !                                   1                                  A `		                    d d 1                                                    `		          files: 
 	            	
 	   ISLAND   	
 	  COMPLEX   	
 	>> MANUAL <<	
 	    TEST    	
 	            	
 &(
 	            	
 	      	
 ! $  ""
""  A$ 
 A The coastal and island boundaries of chart
 A in Figure 3.7. appear in the next screen. To
 A continue the processing the user must define
   C   A Dh. From Section 3.2. we know that Dh is
 A defined by cutting the chart of Figure 3.7.
 A with a rectangle. Precisely this procedure
 A must be carried out on the screen. This
 A rectangle is oriented arbitrarily as
 A illustrated in Figure 4.1. The rectangle is
 A defined by moving the cursor and marking the
 A lowerleft, lowerright and upperleft
 A corners of the rectangle. Therefore, in the
   ?    """"   case of available only arrow keys the user must:

 (1) Move the cursor to the point on screen that is denoted
by A in Figure 4.1.,
 (2) press <M> in order to mark the lowerleft corner of the
rectangle.
 (3) Move the cursor to the point B (see Figure 4.1.) and
press <M>,
 (4) move the cursor to the point C (see Figure 4.1.) and
press <M>.
 (5) Move the cursor to the point M, representing a middle
location of defined rectangle and press <F> to fill  the chosen
part of chart and
 (6) press <C> to continue the processing.

   ?   If the mouse is available then additionally to the functions
described above the user can use mouse where "press <M>" means 
a `	`	'                    d d 1                       P	                             `	`	        XX 1/9speed
XX Mmark
XX Ffill
XX Rrestore
XX Bborder
XX Lload
XX Pprint
XX Eexit
XX Ccontinue$  ""d"  a"$ can use mouse where "press <M>" means "press
 a" the mouse left button" and "press <F>" means
 a" "press the mouse right button". The result
 a" of filling is as in Figure 4.2. If some of
 a" these operations is not defined correctly
 a" the user can interrupt the procedure and
 a" start from the beginning by pressing <R>
 a" (restore). The "Rrestore" option is only
 a" one of 9 possible options listed in the box
 a" on the right margin of screen. The box has
 a" the form as illustrated in figure on the
 a" right hand side of this page. The meaning of P  *        p-++1 "  ! w  A '"s0  a P      ""   option "Mmark" and "Ffill" is clear from the procedure in
defining the rectangle. The other options in the box have the
following meaning. The option "1/9speed" is already explained.
It defines the cursor speed. The option "Bborder" is used to
zoom the screen. By pressing <B> there appears the screen (see
the figure on the right) containing several data. The numbers in
this window are coordinates of corners of the chart from the
previous screen. The coordinates are in the user's coordinate
system. The numbers in the first two rows are the xcoordinates
of lowerleft and lower B                    d d 1                       
                                     
 Define window 
	                                	
	   Min X:  0.04       	
	   Max X: 12.66       	
	   Min Y:  0.93       	
	   Max Y: 11.43       	
	                                	
! right corners. The ycoordinate of these
$  ""BB  B"$ two corners is given in
 B" the third row. The fourth
 B" row contains the y B" coordinate of upper
 B" corners. This coordinate
 B" is defined automatically.
 B" By defining new
 B" coordinates we can
 B" diminish the whole chart
 B" on the previous screen or
  BB""   zoom any of its part. For instance, to zoom, it suffices to enter
   C h new coordinates X1, X2 and Y1 into the first three rows such that

  bX                     d d 1                       $       Q                      X           C          Min X < X1,      Max X > X2,     Min Y < Y1. $  """"X"$                       Figure 1      A                                   Figure 1                             a       {              ?6  d d     SLIKA.WPG                                             
 b    ?    Figure 4.1. Cutting the domain
   C        Dh from the chart.  $  ""T""  a$ 
 a 
 a 
 a    
`	O\                   !n @d d     GRAB.WPG                                             `	  E 


   ? X Figure 4.2. A result of
 filling the domain.  ,  """"a", Let us turn back to the previous screen by pressing <ENTER> three
times. In this way no change of the chart on the screen is
caused. If your printer is connected to your PC and the printer
test has passed successfully during the installation, by pressing
<P> the drawing on screen is printed on your printer. If a user
wishes to abort the processing then <E> must be pressed. The
usefulness of the "Loption" can be experienced after a
successful completion of the present processing. When a user `  *        p-++A B"   "   )  a \")   `  starts to process data from some user's file all the auxiliary
files created during the previous processing are erased. In
principle, the definitions of rectangles of previous processing,
   C X cutting Dh from chart, would be also lost. Sometimes, it is very
important to process the same set of data, or a slightly changed
   C  set of data, with a configuration of Dh from some of previous
processing. To enable a user such possibility for each user's
   C  file the previously used configurations of Dh are saved. If more
than 5 processing has been executed with the same user's file
then only last 5 configurations, ordered chronologically, are
saved and can be used. The saved configurations can be used to
   C  define Dh by pressing <L>. To get a feeling about this option,
there are supplied three saved configurations for the user's file
MANUAL.BAY. Therefore, the only way to demonstrate the function
<L> is to postpone it until we process currents in Chapter 5.
 The remaining part of processing consists of defining the
   C  sets Dh and Mh of Section 3.2. and an interpolation of H(x) from
   C \
 data. In the course of defining Dh and Mh there appear gradually
the messages as follow.

Reading data from DOC\TEST.BAY.
Defining the region.
A part of your boundary is outside the chosen frame.
Press ENTER to continue
Optimizing the region

On the next screen there appears the massage:                  1                                                    1                                

 b                         d d   BUCO1.LST                                                    
                         WARNING!                        
  In this version of CURRMOD and ANCOPOL bottom is flat  
  and its depth is the average values of data on depth.  

$  """""$ In the continuation of processing the next few messages are:

reading data on the bottom topography

Data No:      9  is far from the frame. Skipped

and so on until the user is informed. Some data on depth are
   C    outside the frame which defines the domain Dh. Such data are not
   ?   used in the course of interpolation of H(x) and the user is
informed about the skipped data.

 b'                          d d   BUCO1.LST                                                     
There have been accepted 176 data on depth inside the frame.
   The corresponding sampling points can be illustrated.    
$  ""D#"""$ and the user can get a figure of basin with marked sampling
points. The figure is simple. It represents the basin with its
boundary. There is a folder on the right margin of figure giving
the user opportunity to view the figure or continue the
processing. In the first case there appears another folder with
5 options. The options are selfunderstanding and we can proceed @  +        p-++! "W   '"+   @  with the description of processing. After the figure is inspected
the next message is

 b                          d d   BUCO1.LST                                                     
  There are 176 data on depth. There must not be more than  
     150 data after the collecting has been carried out.    
$  ""X"""$  In the case of more than 150 data on depth the reduction of
data must be carried out before executing the interpolation of
   ?  H(x). The user is informed about this fact. Therefore, in the
present case the user has to choose the option "Reduction of
data" and press <ENTER>. In the next screen there are four
possibilities to choose the moving square for filtering:

   1 grid-step  = 00.00 km
   2 grid-steps = 00.00 km
   3 grid-steps = 00.00 km
   4 grid-steps = 00.00 km

Let us assume that the user chooses the first possibility. The
result is displayed. The reduced number of data is 14, and the
processing can be continued. The next task is an interpolation
of the chosen data on depth.
   ?   The interpolation of H(x) from data is the last phase of
processing. The user is informed about the method to be used in
interpolation by a message. More details can be found in HELP
which can be executed by <F1>. For instance, in order to choose
one of two options, "Compute the gradients" or "Do not compute
the gradients", the user can consult HELP. In the present case
   C p the data on depth are distributed uniformly over Dh so that the
former option is recommended by HELP. The calculation can take
some time so that the user is informed gradually about results.
First the gradients are calculated. The user is asked wether to
list their values. The listing includes the coordinates of
sampling stations and values of gradient components are listed
   ? $ on the screen. In the next part of processing H(x) is
interpolated at gridknots. When this last part of interpolation
is accomplished the user can compare the values of data on depth
at sampling stations with interpolated values at the nearest
gridknots. Finally, the user is asked wether to smooth the
   ?   interpolated field H(x). Let us suppose that the user wants to
smooth the interpolated field. At the end the user is informed
about some geometrical properties of basin:

   ? ,# !  b'                x        d d                                                             
The internal area of the basin:         .56E+02 km^2
The total volume of the basin:          .59E+09 m^3
The min. and max. values of the depth:  .20E+01  .23E+02 m.$  "",#""!"$ The function H(x) is going to be illustrated by using isolines
and in colours. In the three codes, MAPBASIN, CURRMOD and
ANCOPOL, the presentations of various fields such as topography
of bottom, concentration etc. is performed always in the same
way. The description that follows is valid for illustrating any @  *        p-++! "
   '",  ! @  of such fields. By the first message the user is informed about
the minimal and maximal value of the field (topography of
bottom). Immediately there appears a question asking the user
wether to define the levels of isolines automatically or one
after the other by entering values of isolines:

A b`	                         d d                                                                 
   The minimal and maximal values of the bottom depth (m):  
                 0.20E+01,      0.23E+02                    
$  """"A"$ We assume that the user's choice is "by default.". The interval
from 2.1 m to 20.91 m is divided automatically into 10 equal subintervals by 9 values. These values define 9 isolines. After this
procedure finishes there appears a message
ba @Yh                      (
  d d   POINT.AUX                                            @        Interpretation of isolines:

    Code   Field values

      1         4.1
      2         6.2
      3         8.3
      4        10.4
      5        12.5
      6        14.6
      7        16.7
      8        18.8
      9        20.9b$  ""YY  aYh$ 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
 aYh 
  YYp""   
a$ Press ENTER to continue

Now we see that the values of neighbouring isolines differ by 2.1
m. This is expected because the interval [2,23] is divided into
10 equal subintervals. All the data for illustration are
prepared and the user is informed that an illustration will be
displayed. The figure is similar to the previous one. Now, one
option is available which could not be used in the previous case.
Since the field (topography of bottom) is created it can be
scanned. So the user can read field values of bottom topography
by moving over gridknots. At first, only one isoline is drawn.
The next isoline appears after pressing <ENTER> once (or arrow
key, or a mouse button). The last isoline is drawn after <ENTER>
is pressed the ninth time. The illustration of topography of
bottom is finished. The possibility to draw isolines in a
sequence of ascending values is very convenient when the
illustrated field has more than one local minimum and maximum.
By pressing <ENTER> we can draw at once only those isolines which
have the same value. Even this presentation may not be
satisfactory. Therefore an illustration in colours is also
available. After inspecting the figure and pressing <Continue>,
the user is informed about a possibility of colour presentation
of the previous figure. The method is simple. There are 10
   C h) colours, and the kth colour is used to fill the subset of Dh
between the kth and (k+1)th isolines, k = 0,1,...,9. After
choosing <Make the colour presentation> the user has to wait a @  *        p-++! `	"
  A Yhh  a @  little until the data are prepared. The colour illustration can
be saved (see Figure 4.3). There can be made its TIFFfile as
explained later in the Section 5.2. To make a photography of the
illustration it is more convenient to have a white background.
By pressing <AltI> the background colour is changed.

    `	     w              	*	   d     AAA.TIF                                                 o    ?    Figure 4.3. The coloured (greyscale) figure of bottom
p topography                $  """"*"$ At the end of processing the user is asked wether to create an
ASCII file of the obtained figures. Typical illustrations which
                  Figure 1                                         Figure 1                               	      ?              ?)  d d     AAA.WPG                                               
 wP 
   ?   Figure 4.4. The cut part of
basin with isolines on depth.  $  "" ((""  ($ 
 (    P
`	!     w              ?*/  d d     BBB.WPG                                              P
`	  fA    ?    Figure 4.5. Isolines
and stations on depth.  ,  ((""((  (", 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
 (" 
  ((h)""    could be obtained from such files are given in Figures 4.4. and
4.5. We will describe details of this possibility later with
regard to plotting various concentration fields. Therefore we P  *        p-++1 *`	"    (-   !"n-   P  assume that the user's answer is negative.


   ? X  4.2. Adding data to an existing user's file
 It has been mentioned that MAPBASIN can be used to add data
to an existing user's file which is generated by using MAPBASIN
in one of previous sessions. Our intention is to describe this
additional function of MAPBASIN by adding data on currents to
TEST.BAY.
 Data on currents are not exposed on the chart in Figure 3.7.
For the sake of description of the additional function of
MAPBASIN we use the chart in Figure 3.9. representing the same
basin, with clearly indicated data on currents. The residual
current is defined by two flowpoints and four mooring stations.
The flowpoints are denoted by the symbols F and the
corresponding values of flows (inflows) are written close to the
symbols "F". The mooring stations are denote by G, C1 and C2.
Hence, the second, third and fourth measured velocities are also
used for defining the circulation around the corresponding
islands. Data on winddriven current are also available. The
   ?  direction of wind is defined by the vector d and windvelocities
across the basin are defined by three numbers on the line
   ? 0 crossing the vector d as in Figure 3.8. The coefficients of
bottom friction (dimension m/s) and surface frictions (1/s) are
assumed to be defined automatically by CURRMOD. The Coriolis
parameter is defined. Its value is 0.002.
 We start by typing MAPBASIN and striking <ENTER>. Certain
number of screens at the beginning is already described in the
previous section. The first one is familiar. It is described at
the beginning of this chapter. We choose the option 1). The next
screen is also familiar as described under the title: "Generating
a new user's file". In the present case we choose the option 2).
The user must press <Y> in order to confirm that the keyboard is
used, press <ENTER> once more to skip a brief rehearsal, and then
enter TEST. There appears the question:

Do you wish to append to file DOC\TEST.BAY? (Y/N):

After striking <Y> we enter the first menu.

 When the first menu appears the user must press <D> to
switch to the second menu. All the data on geometry of chart in
Figure 3.7 are displayed immediately. The indicator in the middle
location of the right margin shows the ordinary number of the
last row in TEST.BAY and offers the user to start the digitizing
by inserting points with the Hcode. Of course, the user must
change the code H into F by pressing <F>. Now, the indicator
shows F and the user has to move the cursor to the location on
the coastal boundary where the first inflow is defined. By
selecting the cursor speeds, the user can place the cursor upon
the desired point. After pressing <ENTER> there appears a
question on the top of window illustrating the chart

Enter flux (F):

and the user must enter 500 and press <ENTER>. Let us underline   *         p-++  that the sign must be minus in accordance with definitions of
outflows and inflows. Outflows are defined by positive numbers
and inflows by negative ones. After pressing <ENTER> the
procedure can be repeated with the second flowpoint. Its value
   C   is 250 m3/s. The file MANUAL.BAY contains these two values of
inflows. Now the user has to press <G> in order to enter data on
velocity for the first mooring station. By moving the cursor to
the desired point of screen and pressing <ENTER> there appears
the question

Enter velocity (G):

on the top of window. The user must insert velocity components,
first xcomponent and then ycomponent, one after the other with
a blank or a comma, inbetween, and press <ENTER>. It is clear
now how to proceed to enter data corresponding to the remaining
three mooring station. Data on winddriven current are not
associated with any particular point. After pressing <W><D> and
<ENTER> there appears the question on the top of window and
   ?  coordinates of d must be entered. After pressing <ENTER> the
symbol WD disappears in the middle location of the right margin
because it is assumed that only one WDdata should be inserted.
The same must be done with Wfcode. All data on currents are
defined in TEST.BAY and the user presses <Esc> to switch to the
first menu and then presses <S> to save the data in TEST.BAY.
 After pressing <S> there appears the box with three
questions described already in the first part of this chapter.
The user exit MAPBASIN by choosing <Skip the options>.
 Data on concentration for the chart in Figure 3.7. are
described in Section 7.
 The file TEST.BAY contains all the necessary data for
modelling the currents, winddriven, residual or a combination
of the two. For this purpose CURRMOD must be executed.
