The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early English Alliterative Poems, by Various

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Title: Early English Alliterative Poems
       in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century

Author: Various

Editor: Richard Morris

Release Date: October 19, 2009 [EBook #30282]

Language: English

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[Transcriber's Note:

This e-text is based on the 1869 (second) edition of the _Poems_. A few
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The book has been separated into six independent units, set off by
triple rows of asterisks:

  [1] Introductory Material
  [2] The Pearl
  [3] Cleanness
  [4] Patience
  [5] Glossarial Index (excluding Postscript)
  [6] Collected Sidenotes (section added by transcriber: editor's
    sidenotes can be read as a condensed version of full text)

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  Early English

  Alliterative Poems

  in the

  West-Midland Dialect

  of the

  Fourteenth Century


  Edited From
  The Unique Manuscript
  British Museum MS. Cotton
  Nero A. x

  by

  Richard Morris


  _Published for_
  THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY
  _by the_
  OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
  London  New York  Toronto




  First Published 1864
  Second Edition 1869
  Reprinted (1869 Version) 1965


  Original Series, No. 1

  Originally Printed by Stephen Austin, Hertford
  and now Reprinted Lithographically in Great Britain
  at the University Press, Oxford
  by Vivian Ridler, Printer to the University




CONTENTS

[List added by transcriber. Items in brackets do not have headers in the
body text, but were treated as subsections for grouping footnotes.]

  Preface
    [Introduction to _The Pearl_]
    [Introduction to _Cleanness_]
    [Introduction to _Patience_]
    [General Introduction]
    Remarks Upon the Dialect and Grammar
    Grammatical Details
      I. Nouns
      II. Adjectives
      III. Pronouns
      IV. Verbs
      V. Adverbs
      VI. Prepositions
      VII. Conjunctions
  Description of the Manuscript
  Contractions Used in the Glossary

  The Pearl
  Cleanness
  Patience

  Notes [distributed among the three poems]
  Glossarial Index




PREFACE.


The following poems are taken from a well known manuscript in the
Cottonian collection, marked Nero A. x, which also contains, in the same
handwriting and dialect, a metrical romance,[1] wherein the adventures
of Sir Gawayne with the "Knight in Green," are most ably and
interestingly described.

Unfortunately nothing can be affirmed with any certainty concerning the
authorship of these most valuable and interesting compositions. The
editor of "Syr Gawayn and the Green Knight" considers that Huchowne, a
supposed[2] Scotch _maker_ of the fourteenth century, has the best
claims to be recognised as the author, inasmuch as he is specially
referred to by Wyntown as the writer of the _Gret gest of Arthure_ and
the _Awntyre of Gawayne_.

I do not think that any certain conclusions are to be drawn from the
Scotch historian's assertion. It is well known that more versifiers than
one during the fourteenth century attempted romance composition in the
English language, having for their theme the knightly deeds of Arthur or
Sir Gawayne. These they compiled from French originals, from which they
selected the most striking incidents and those best suited to an
Englishman's taste for the marvellous. We are not surprised, then, at
finding so many romance poems treating of the exploits of the same hero,
and laying claim to be considered as original productions. In Scotland,
Huchowne's works might no doubt have been regarded as the standard
romances of the period, but that they were the only English _gests_ is
indeed very doubtful.

The Early English alliterative romance, entitled the _Morte Arthure_,
published from a manuscript in Lincoln Cathedral by Mr. Halliwell,[3] is
considered by Sir F. Madden to be the veritable _gest of Arthure_
composed by Huchowne. An examination of this romance does not lead me to
the same conclusion, unless Huchowne was a Midland man, for the poem is
not written in the old Scotch dialect,[4] but seems to have been
originally composed in one of the Northumbrian dialects spoken _South_
of the Tweed.[5]

The manuscript from which Mr. Halliwell has taken his text is not the
original copy, nor even a literal transcript of it. It exhibits certain
orthographical and grammatical peculiarities unknown to the Northumbrian
dialect which have been introduced by a Midland transcriber, who has
here and there taken the liberty to adapt the original text to the
dialect of his own locality, probably that one of the North Midland
counties, where many of the Northumbrian forms of speech would be
intelligible.[6]

A comparison of the Arthurian romance with the following poems throws no
light whatever upon the authorship of the poems. The dialect of the two
works is altogether different, although many of the terms employed are
common to both, being well known over the whole of the North of England.
The grammatical forms (the best test we can have) in the poems are quite
distinct from those in the _Morte Arthure_, and of course go far to
prove that they do not proceed from the pen of the same writer.

The Editor of "Syr Gawayn and the Green Knight" acknowledges that the
poems in the present volume, as now preserved to us in the manuscript,
are not in the Scottish dialect, but he says "there is sufficient
internal evidence of their being _Northern_,[7] although the manuscript
containing them appears to have been written by a scribe of the Midland
counties, which will account for the introduction of forms differing
from those used by writers beyond the Tweed."

Now, with regard to this subsequent transcription of the poems from the
Scotch into a Midland dialect,--it cannot be said to be improbable, for
we have abundant instances of the multiplication of copies by scribes of
different localities, so that we are not surprised at finding the works
of some of our popular Early English writers appearing in two or three
forms; but, on the other hand, a comparison of the original copy with
the _adapted transcriptions_, or even the reading of a transcribed copy,
always shows how the author's productions have suffered by the change.
Poetical works, especially those with final rhymes, of course undergo
the greatest amount of transformation and depreciation. The changes
incident upon the kind of transcription referred to are truly
surprising, and most perplexing to those who make the subject of Early
English _dialects_ a matter of investigation.

But, in the present poems, the uniformity and consistency of the
grammatical forms is so entire, that there is indeed no internal
evidence of subsequent transcription into any other dialect than that in
which they were originally written. However, the dialect and grammatical
peculiarities will be considered hereafter.

Again, in the course of transcription into another dialect, any literary
merit that the author's copy may have originally possessed would
certainly be destroyed. But the poems before us are evidently the work
of a man of birth and education; the productions of a true poet, and of
one who had acquired a perfect mastery over that form of the English
tongue spoken in his own immediate locality during the earlier part of
the fourteenth century. Leaving out of consideration their great
philological worth, they possess an intrinsic value of their own as
literary compositions, very different from anything to be found in the
works of Robert of Gloucester, Manning, and many other Early English
authors, which are very important as philological records, but in the
light of poetical productions, cannot be said to hold a very
distinguished place in English literature. The poems in the present
volume contain many passages which, as Sir F. Madden truly remarks, will
bear comparison with any similar ones in the works of Douglas or
Spenser.

I conclude, therefore, that these poems were not transcribed from the
Scotch dialect into any other, but were written in their own
West-Midland speech in which we now have them.

Mr. Donaldson, who is now editing for the Early English Text Society the
Troy Book, translated from Guido di Colonna, puts forward a plea for
Huchowne as its author, to whom he would also assign the _Morte Arthure_
(ed. Perry) and the Pistel of Sweet Susan.[8] But Mr. Donaldson seems to
have been misled by the similarity of vocabulary, which is not at all a
safe criterion in judging of works written in a Northumbrian, West or
East Midland speech. The dialect, I venture to think, is a far safer
test. A careful examination of the Troy Book compels me to differ in
toto from Mr. Donaldson, and, instead of assigning the Troy Book to a
Scotchman, say that it cannot even be claimed, in its present form, by
any Northumbrian south of the Tweed; moreover, it presents no appearance
of having been tampered with by one unacquainted with the dialect,
though it has perhaps been slightly modernised in the course of
transcription.

The work is evidently a genuine West-Midland production,[9] having most
of the peculiarities of vocabulary and inflexions that are found in
these _Alliterative Poems_.[10] I feel greatly inclined to claim this
English Troy Book as the production of the author of the _Alliterative
Poems_; for, leaving out identical and by no means common expressions,
we find the same power of description,[11] and the same tendency to
inculcate moral and religious truths on all occasions where an
opportunity presents itself.[12] Without dwelling upon this topic, which
properly falls to the Editor of the Troy Book, it may not be out of
place to ask the reader to compare the following description of a storm
from the Troy Book, with that selected from the present volume on pp. 14
and 18.


A TEMPEST ON E SEE.

    There a tempest _hom_ toke on e torres hegh:--
    A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in _hor_ saile,
    A myst & a _merkenes_ was mervell to se;
    With a _routond_ rayn ruthe to be-holde,
    Thonr{et}[13] full _throly_ with a thicke haile;
    With a leuenyng light as a _low_ fyre,
    Blas{et} all the brode see as it bren wold.
    The flode with a felle cours flow{et} on hepis,
    Rose uppon rockes as any _ranke_ hylles.
    So wode were the waghes & e wilde _ythes_,
    All was like to be lost at no lond hade
    The ship ay shot furth o e _shire waghes_,
    As qwo clymbe at a clyffe, or a clent[14] hille.
    Eft _dump_ in the depe as all drowne wolde.
    Was no _stightlyng_ with stere ne no stithe ropes,
    Ne no sayle, at might serue for _unsound_ wedur.
  But all the buernes in the bote, as _hom_ best liked,
  Besoght unto sainttes & to sere goddes; (p.65)


A STORME ON THE SE.

  All the company enclin{et} cair{yn} to ship;
  Cach{yn} in cables, knyt up _hor_ ancres,
  Sesit vp _hor_ sailes in a sad hast;
  _Richet_ ere rapes, rapit unto see.
  Hokit out of hauyn, all the hepe somyn,
  _Hade bir at hor bake_, blawen to e depe;
  Sail{yn} forthe _soberly_, somyn but a while,
  Noght fyftene forlong fairly to the end.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  When sodenly the softe aire _unsoberly_ rose;
  The cloudis overcast, _claterrit_ aboute;
  Wyndes full wodely _walt_ up the ythes;
  Wex _merke_ as the mydnighte mystes full thicke:
  Thunret in the _thestur throly_ with all;
  With a _launchant laite_ lightonyd the water;
  And a _ropand_ rayne _raiked_ fro the heuyn.
  The storme was full stithe with mony stout windes,
  Hit _walt_ up the wilde se vppon wan hilles.
  The ffolke was so ferd, that _on flete_ were,
  All drede for to drowne with dryft of the se;
  And in perell were put all the proude kynges. --(p.150.)

    [Footnote 1: Edited by Sir Frederic Madden for the Bannatyne Club,
    under the title of "Syr Gawayn and the Grene Kny[gh]t," and by me
    for the Early English Text Soc., 1865.]

    [Footnote 2: Wyntown nowhere asserts that Huchowne is a
    Scotchman.]

    [Footnote 3: Edited for E. E. T. Soc. by Rev. G. G. Perry, M.A.]

    [Footnote 4: This is evident from the following particulars:--

    I. In old Scotch manuscripts we find the guttural _gh_ (or [gh])
    represented by _ch_; thus, _aght_, _laght_, _saght_, _wight_, are
    the English forms which, in the Scotch orthography, become _aucht_
    (owed), _laucht_ (seized), _saucht_ (peace), _wicht_ (active). It
    is the former orthography, however, that prevails in the Morte
    Arthure.

    II. We miss the Scotch use of (1) _-is_ or _-ys_, for _-es_ or
    _-s_, in the plural number, and of possessive cases of nouns, and
    in the person endings of the present tense indicative mood of
    verbs; (2) _-it_ or _-yt_, for _-ed_ or _-d_, in the preterites or
    passive participles of regular verbs.

    III. There is a total absence of the well-known Scotch forms
    _begouth_ (began), _sa_ (so), _sic_ (such), _throuch_, _thorow_
    (through). Instead of these _bigan_, _so_, _syche_, _thrughe_
    (_thurgh_) are employed. See Preface to Hampole's Pricke of
    Conscience, pp. vii, viii.]

    [Footnote 5: This is shown by the frequent employment of _-es_ as
    the person ending of the verb in the present tense, plural number.
    The corresponding Southern verbal inflexion _-eth_ _never_ occurs;
    while the Midland _-en_ is only occasionally met with in the third
    person plural present, and has been introduced by a later copyist.
    There are other characteristics, such as the predominance of words
    containing the A.S. long _a_; as _hame_ (home), _stane_ (stone),
    _thra_ (bold), _walde_ (would), etc.; the frequent use of _thir_
    (these), _tha_ (the, those), etc.]

    [Footnote 6: The peculiarities referred to do not appear to be
    owing to the copyist of the Lincoln manuscript (Robert de
    Thornton, a native of Oswaldkirk in Yorkshire), who, being a
    Northumbrian, would probably have restored the original readings.
    The non-Northumbrian forms in the Morte Arthure are-- 1.The
    change of _a_ into _o_, as _bolde_ for _balde_, _bote_ for _bate_,
    _one_ for _ane_, _honde_ for _hande_, _londe_ for _lande_;
    2._they_, _theyre_, _them_, _theym_, for _thay_, _thaire_,
    _tham_; 3._gayliche_, _kindliche_, _semlyche_, etc., for _gayly_,
    _kindly_, _seemly_, etc. (the termination _lich_, _liche_, was
    wholly unknown to the Northumbrian dialect, being represented by
    _ly_ or _like_); 4._churle_, _churche_, _iche_, _mache_, _myche_,
    _syche_, _wyrche_, etc., for _carle_, _kirke_, _ilk_, _make_,
    _mykelle_, _swilk_, _wyrk_, etc.; 5.infinitives in _-en_, as
    _drenschen_, _schewenne_, _wacchenne_, etc.; 6.the use of _eke_,
    _thos_, for _als_ (_alswa_), _thas_; 7.the employment of _aye_
    for _egg_. The former word _never_ occurs in any pure Northumbrian
    work, while the latter is seldom met with in any Southern
    production.]

    [Footnote 7: The poems are _Northern_ in contradistinction to
    _Southern_, but they are not Northern or Northumbrian in
    contradistinction to _Midland_.]

    [Footnote 8: Printed by Mr. D. Laing in his "Inedited Pieces,"
    from a MS. of Mr. Heber's. Other copies are in the Vernon MS., and
    Cotton Calig. A. ii.; the latter imperfect.]

    [Footnote 9: Other specimens of this dialect will doubtless turn
    up. Mr. Brock has found a MS. in British Museum (Harl. 3909) with
    most of the peculiarities pointed out by me in the preface to the
    present work, and I believe that this dialect was probably a
    flourishing one in the 13th century. See O.E. Homilies, p.li.]

    [Footnote 10: (1) _en_ as the inflexion of the pres. tense pl.,
    indic. mood of verbs; (2) _s_ in the second and third pers. sing.
    of verbs; (3)_ho_ = she; (4)_hit_ = its; (5)_tow_ = two;
    (6)_de[gh]ter_ = daughters, etc.]

    [Footnote 11: See p. 36, ll. 1052-1066; p.37, ll. 1074-1089; pp.
    161-162, ll. 4956-4975.]

    [Footnote 12: See pp. 25, 26 (Jason's unfaithfulness); pp. 74, 75,
    ll. 2241-2255; p.75, ll. 2256-2263; p.69, ll. 2267-2081; p.158,
    ll. 4839-4850; p.189, ll. 4881-4885; p.165, ll. 5078-5086, etc.]

    [Footnote 13: In the Harl. MS. 3909, nearly all the p.part. and
    preterites end in _-et_ (_-ut_ and _-et_ occur in Romances ed. by
    Robson).]

    [Footnote 14: This seems to furnish an etymology for _Clent_
    Hills, Worcestershire--_brent_ is the term employed in
    Alliterative.]


The poems in the present volume, three in number, seem to have been
written for the purpose of enforcing, by line upon line and precept upon
precept, Resignation to the will of God; Purity of life as manifested in
thought, word, and deed; Obedience to the Divine command; and Patience
under affliction.

In the first poem, entitled by me "_The Pearl_", the author evidently
gives expression to his own sorrow for the loss of his infant child, a
girl of two years old, whom he describes as a

  Perle plesaunte to prynces paye
  _Pearl pleasant to princes' pleasure,_
  To clanly clos in golde so clere
  _Most neatly set in gold so clear._

Of her death he says:

  Allas! I leste hyr in on erbere
  _Alas! I lost her in an arbour,_
  ur[gh] gresse to grounde hit fro me yot
  _Through grass to ground it from me got._ --(p.1.)

The writer then represents himself as visiting his child's grave (or
arbour) in the "high season of August," and giving way to his grief
(p.2). He falls asleep, and in a dream is carried toward a forest,
where he saw rich rocks gleaming gloriously, hill sides decked with
crystal cliffs, and trees the leaves of which were as burnished silver.
The gravel under his feet was "precious pearls of orient," and birds "of
flaming hues" flew about in company, whose notes were far sweeter than
those of the cytole or gittern (guitar) (p.3). The dreamer arrives at
the bank of a stream, which flows over stones (shining like stars in the
welkin on a winter's night) and pebbles of emeralds, sapphires, or other
precious gems, so

  at all the lo[gh]e lemed of ly[gh]t
  _That all the deep gleamed of light,_
  So dere wat[gh] hit adubbement
  _So dear was its adornment._ --(p.4.)

Following the course of the stream, he perceives on the opposite side a
crystal cliff, from which was reflected many a "royal ray" (p.5).

  At e fote er-of er sete a faunt
  _At the foot thereof there sat a child,_
  A mayden of menske, ful debonere
  _A maiden of honour, full debonnair;_
  Blysnande whyt wat[gh] hyr bleaunt
  _Glistening white was her robe,_
  (I knew hyr wel, I hade sen hyr ere)
  _(I knew her well, I had seen her before)_
  At glysnande golde at man con schore
  _As shining gold that man did purify,_
  So schon at schene an-vnder schore
  _So shone that sheen (bright one) on the opposite shore;_
  On lenghe I loked to hyr ere
  _Long I looked to her there,_
  e lenger I knew hyr more & more
  _The longer I knew her, more and more._ --(pp. 6, 7.)

The maiden rises, and, proceeding along the bank of the stream,
approaches him. He tells her that he has done nothing but mourn for the
loss of his Pearl, and has been indeed a "joyless jeweller" (p.8).
However, now that he has found his Pearl, he declares that he is no
longer sorrowful, but would be a "joyful jeweller" were he allowed to
cross the stream (p.8). The maiden blames her father for his rash
speech, tells him that his Pearl is not lost, and that he cannot pass
the stream till after death (p.10). The dreamer is in great grief; he
does not, he says, care what may happen if he is again to lose his
Pearl. The maiden advises him to bear his loss patiently, and to abide
God's doom (p.11). She describes to him her blissful state in heaven,
where she reigns as a queen (p.12). She explains to him that Mary is
the Empress of Heaven, and all others kings and queens (p.13). The
parable of the labourers in the vineyard[15] (pp. 15-18) is then
rehearsed at length, to prove that "innocents" are admitted to the same
privileges as are enjoyed by those who have lived longer upon the earth
(p.18). The maiden then speaks to her father of Christ and his one
hundred and forty thousand brides (p.24), and describes their blissful
state (p.26). She points out to him the heavenly Jerusalem, which was
"all of bright burnished gold, gleaming like glass" (p.29). Then the
dreamer beholds a procession of virgins going to salute the Lamb, among
whom he perceives his "little queen" (p.33). On attempting to cross the
stream to follow her, he is aroused from his dream (p.35), laments his
rash curiosity in seeking to know so much of God's mysteries, and
declares that man ever desires more happiness than he has any right to
expect (p.35).

    [Footnote 15: Matthew, chapter xx.]


The second poem, entitled "_Cleanness_," is a collection of Biblical
stories, in which the writer endeavours to enforce Purity of Life, by
showing how greatly God is displeased at every kind of impurity, and how
sudden and severe is the punishment which falls upon the sinner for
every violation of the Divine law.

After commending cleanness and its "fair forms," the author relates (I.)
The Parable of the Marriage Feast (p.39); (II.) the Fall of the Angels
(p. 43); (III.) The wickedness of the antediluvian world (p.44),

  He wat[gh] famed for fre at fe[gh]t loued best
  _He was famous as free that fight loved best,_
  & ay e bigest in bale e best wat[gh] halden
  _And ever the biggest in sin the best was held;_ (p.45.)

(IV.) The destruction of mankind by the Flood. When all were safely
stowed in the ark,

  Thenne sone com e seuene day, when samned wern alle
  _Then soon came the seventh day when assembled were all,_
  & alle woned in e whichche e wylde & e tame.
  _And all abode in the ark (hutch), the wild and the tame._
  en bolned e abyme & bonke[gh] con ryse
  _Then swelled the abyss and banks did rise,_
  Waltes out vch walle-heued, in ful wode streme[gh]
  _Bursts out each well-head in full wild streams,_
  Wat[gh] no brymme at abod vnbrosten bylyue
  _There was no brim (stream) that abode unburst by then,_
  e mukel lauande loghe to e lyfte rered
  _The much (great) flowing deep (loch) to the loft (sky) reared._
  Mony clustered clowde clef alle in clowte[gh]
  _Many a clustering cloud cleft all in clouts (pieces),_
  To-rent vch a rayn-ryfte & rusched to e vre
  _Rent was each a rain-rift and rushed to the earth;_
  Fon neuer in forty daye[gh], & en e flod ryses
  _Failed never in forty days, and then the flood rises,_
  Ouer-walte[gh] vche a wod and e wyde felde[gh]
  _Over-flows each wood and the wide fields;_
  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  Water wylger ay wax, wone[gh] at stryede
  _Water wildly ever waxed, abodes that destroyed,_
  Hurled in-to vch hous, hent at er dowelled
  _Hurled into each house, seized those that there dwelt._
  Fyrst feng to e fly[gh]t alle at fle my[gh]t
  _First took to flight all that flee might,_
  Vuche burde with her barne e byggyng ay leue[gh]
  _Each bride (woman) with her bairn their abode they leave,_
  & bowed to e hy[gh] bonk er brentest hit wern
  _And hied to the high bank where highest it were,_
  & heterly to e hy[gh]e hille[gh] ay [h]aled on faste
  _And hastily to the high hills they rushed on fast;_
  Bot al wat[gh] nedle[gh] her note, for neuer cowe stynt
  _But all was needless their device, for never could stop_
  e ro[gh]e raynande ryg [&] e raykande wawe[gh]
  _The rough raining shower and the rushing waves,_
  Er vch boom wat[gh] brurd-ful to e bonke[gh] egge[gh]
  _Ere each bottom (valley) was brim-ful to the banks' edges,_
  & vche a dale so depe at demmed at e brynke[gh]
  _And each dale so deep that dammed at the brinks._ --(pp. 47, 48).

The ark is described as "heaved on high with hurling streams."

  Kest to kye[gh] vncoue e clowde[gh] ful nere
  _Cast to kingdoms uncouth the clouds ful near,_
  Hit waltered on the wylde flod, went as hit lyste
  _It tossed on the wild flood, went as it list,_
  Drof vpon e depe dam, in daunger hit semed
  _It drove upon the deep dam, in danger it seemed,_
  With-outen mast, oer myke, oer myry bawe-lyne
  _Without mast, or mike,[16] or merry bow-line,_
  Kable, oer capstan to clyppe to her ankre[gh]
  _Cable or capstan to clip to their anchors,_
  Hurrok, oer hande-helme hasped on roer
  _Oar or hand-helm hooked on rudder,_
  Oer any sweande sayl to seche after hauen
  _Or any swinging sail to seek after haven,_
  Bot flote forthe with e flyt of e felle wynde[gh]
  _But floated forth with the force of the fell winds._
  Wheder-warde so e water wafte, hit rebounde
  _Whither-ward so (as) the water waft, it rebounded,_
  Ofte hit roled on-rounde & rered on ende
  _Oft it rolled around and reared on end,_
  Nyf our lorde hade ben her lode[gh]-mon hem had lumpen harde
  _Had our Lord not been their (pilot) leader hardship had befallen
them._ --(p.49.)

(V.) The Visit of Three Angels to Abraham (p.54).

(VI.) The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (pp. 64, 65), including a
description of the Dead Sea, the tarn (lake) of traitors (p.66).

(VII.) The invasion of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (p.71), and the
captivity of Judah (p.74).

The following is a paraphrase of the fourth and fifth verses in the
twenty-fifth chapter of the second book of Kings.[17]

  enne e kyng of e kyth a counsayl hym takes
  _Then the king of the kingdom a counsel him takes,_
  Wyth e best of his burnes, a blench for to make
  _With the best of his men a device for to make;_
  ay stel out on a stylle ny[gh]t er any steuen rysed
  _They stole out on a still night ere any sound arose,_
  & harde hurles ur[gh] e oste, er enmies hit wyste
  _And hard hurled through the host, ere enemies it wist,_
  Bot er ay at-wappe ne mo[gh]t e wach wyth oute
  _But ere they could escape the watch without,_
  Hi[gh]e skelt wat[gh] e askry e skewes an-vnder
  _High scattered was the cry, the skies there under,_
  Loude alarom vpon launde lulted was enne
  _Loud alarm upon land sounded was then;_
  Ryche, rued of her rest, ran to here wedes,
  _Rich (men) roused from their rest, ran to their weeds,_
  Hard hattes ay hent & on hors lepes
  _Kettle hats they seized, and on horse leap;_
  Cler claryoun crak cryed on-lofte
  _Clear clarion's crack cried aloft._
  By at wat[gh] alle on a hepe hurlande swyee
  _By that (time) was all on a heap, hurling fast,_
  Fol[gh]ande at oer flote, & fonde hem bilyue
  _Following that other fleet (host), and found them soon,_
  Ouer-tok hem, as tyd,[18] tult hem of sadeles
  _Over-took them in a trice, tilted them off saddles,_
  Tyl vche prynce hade his per put to e grounde
  _Till each prince had his peer put to the ground;_
  & er wat[gh] e kyng ka[gh]t wyth calde prynces
  _And there was the king caught with crafty princes,_
  & alle hise gentyle for-iusted on Ierico playnes
  _And all his nobles vanquished on Jericho's plains._ --(pp. 71, 72.)

(VIII.) Belshazzar's impious feast (pp. 76-80), and the handwriting upon
the wall (pp. 80, 81).

  In e palays pryncipale vpon e playn wowe
  _In the palace principal upon the plain wall,_
  In contrary of e candelstik at clerest hit schyned
  _Opposite to the candlestick that clearest there shone._
  er apered a paume, with poyntel in fyngres
  _There appeared a palm with a pointel in its fingers,_
  at wat[gh] grysly & gret, & grymly he wrytes
  _That was grisly and great, and grimly it writes,_
  None oer forme bot a fust faylaynde e wryst
  _None other form but a fist failing the wrist_
  Pared on e parget, purtrayed lettres
  _Pared on the plaister, pourtrayed letters._
  When at bolde Balta[gh]ar blusched to at neue
  _When that bold Belshazzar looked to that fist,_
  Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert
  _Such a dazzling dread dashed to his heart._
  at al falewed his face & fayled e chere
  _That all paled his face and failed the cheer;_
  e stronge strok of e stonde strayned his ioyntes
  _The strong stroke of the blow strained his joints,_
  His cnes cachche[gh] to close & cluchches his hommes
  _His knees catch to close, and he clutches his hams,_
  & he with plat-tyng his paumes displayes his lers[19]
  _And he with striking his palms displays his fears,_
  & romyes as a rad ryth at rore[gh] for drede
  _And howls as a frightened hound that roars for dread,_
  Ay biholdand e honde til hit hade al grauen,
  _Ever beholding the hand till it had all graven,_
  & rasped on e ro[gh] wo[gh]e runisch saue[gh]
  _And rasped on the rough wall uncouth saws (words)._

(IX.) The story of Nebuchadnezzar's pride and its punishment (pp. 84,
85), and the interpretation of the handwriting by Daniel (p.86).

(X.) The invasion of Babylon by the Medes (pp. 87, 88).

  Balta[gh]ar in his bed wat[gh] beten to dee
  _Belshazzar in his bed was beaten to death,_
  at boe his blood & his brayn blende on e cloes
  _That both his blood and his brains blended on the clothes;_
  e kyng in his cortyn wat[gh] ka[gh]t by e heles
  _The king in his curtain was caught by the heels,_
  Feryed out bi e fete & fowle dispysed
  _Ferried out by the feet and foully despised;_
  at wat[gh] so do[gh]ty at day & drank of e vessayl
  _He that was so doughty that day and drank of the vessels,_
  Now is a dogge also dere at in a dych lygges
  _Now is as dear (valuable) as a dog that in a ditch lies._ --(p.88.)

    [Footnote 16: See Glossary.]

    [Footnote 17: "4. And the city was broken up, and all the men of
    war fled by night by the way of the gate between two walls, which
    is by the king's garden: (now the Chaldees were against the city
    round about:) and the king went the way toward the plain.

    "5. And the army of the Chaldees pursued after the king, and
    overtook him in the plains of Jericho: and all his army were
    scattered from him."]

    [Footnote 18: Immediately.]

    [Footnote 19: ? feres.]


The third poem, entitled "_Patience_," is a paraphrase of the book of
Jonah. The writer prefaces it with a few remarks of his own in order to
show that "patience is a noble point though it displease oft."

The following extract contains a description of the sea-storm which
overtook Jonah:--

  Anon out of e nor est e noys bigynes
  _Anon out of the north east the noise begins,_
  When boe brees[20] con blowe vpon blo watteres
  _When both breezes did blow upon blue waters:_
  Ro[gh] rakkes er ros with rudnyng an-vnder
  _Rough clouds there arose with lightning there under,_
  e see sou[gh]ed ful sore, gret selly to here
  _The sea sobbed full sore, great marvel to hear;_
  e wyndes on e wonne water so wrastel togeder,
  _The winds on the wan water so wrestle together,_
  at e wawes ful wode waltered so hi[gh]e
  _That the waves full wild rolled so high,_
  & efte busched to e abyme at breed fyssches
  _And again bent to the abyss that bred fishes;_
  Durst nowhere for ro[gh] arest at e bothem.
  _Durst it nowhere for roughness rest at the bottom._
  When e breth & e brok & e bote metten
  _When the breeze and the brook and the boat met,_
  Hit wat[gh] a ioyles gyn at Ionas wat[gh] inne
  _It was a joyless engine that Jonah was in,_
  For hit reled on round vpon e ro[gh]e yes
  _For it reeled around upon the rough waves._
  e bur ber to hit baft at braste alle her gere
  _The bore (wave) bear to it abaft that burst all her gear,_
  en hurled on a hepe e helme & e sterne
  _Then hurled on a heap the helm and the stern,_
  Furste to murte[21] mony rop & e mast after
  _First marred[21] many a rope and the mast after._
  e sayl sweyed on e see, enne suppe bihoued
  _The sail swung on the sea, then sup behoved_
  e coge of e colde water, & enne e cry ryses
  _The boat of the cold water, and then the cry rises;_
  [Gh]et coruen ay e cordes & kest al er-oute
  _Yet cut they the cords and cast all there-out._
  Mony ladde er forth-lep to laue & to kest
  _Many a lad there forth leapt to lave and to cast,_
  Scopen out e scael water, at fayn scape wolde
  _To scoop out the scathful water that fain escape would;_
  For be monnes lode neuer so luer, e lyf is ay swete
  _For be man's lot never so bad, the life is aye sweet._ --(p.93.)

The writer, in concluding the story of Jonah, exhorts his readers to be
"patient in pain and in joy."

  For he at is to rakel to renden his cloe[gh],
  Mot efte sitte with more vn-sounde to sewe hem togeder.
  _For he that is too rash to rend his clothes,
  Must afterwards sit with more unsound (worse ones)
      to sew them together._ (p.104.)

    [Footnote 20: Eurus and Aquilo.]

    [Footnote 21: ? = to-marte.]


This brief outline of the poems, together with the short extracts from
them, will, it is hoped, give the reader stomach to digest the whole. It
is true that they contain many "uncouth" terms; but this will be their
highest merit with the student of language, as is shown, by Dr. Guest's
testimony, that they are "for several reasons curious, and especially so
to the philologist."[22] To those readers who do not appreciate the
importance of such a very large addition to the vocabulary of our Early
Language as is made by these treatises, let Sir Frederic Madden's
opinion of their literary merit suffice. That distinguished editor says,
of the author's "poetical talent, the pieces contained in the MS. afford
unquestionable proofs; and the description of the change of the seasons,
the bitter aspect of winter, the tempest which preceded the destruction
of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the sea storm occasioned by the wickedness of
Jonas, _are equal to any similar passages_ in Douglas or Spenser."[23]
Moreover, as to the hardness of the language--inasmuch as the subject
matter of the poem will be familiar to all who may take up the present
volume, the difficulty on the word-point will not be such as to deter
the reader from understanding and appreciating the production of an old
English poet, who--though his very name, unfortunately, has yet to be
discovered--may claim to stand in the foremost rank of England's early
bards.

The Editor of the present volume has endeavoured to do justice to his
author by giving the text, with some few exceptions, as it stands in the
manuscript.[24] The contractions of the scribe have been expanded and
printed in italics, a plan which he hopes to see adopted in every future
edition of an early English author.

The Glossary has been compiled not only for the benefit of the reader,
but for the convenience of those who are studying the older forms of our
language, and who know how valuable a mere index of words and references
sometimes proves.

In conclusion, I take the present opportunity of acknowledging the kind
assistance of Sir Frederic Madden and E.A. Bond, Esq., of the British
Museum, who, on every occasion, were most ready to render me any help in
deciphering the manuscript, in parts almost illegible, from which the
poems in the present volume are printed.

    [Footnote 22: History of English Rhythms, vol. i. p.159.]

    [Footnote 23: Syr Gawayn, ed. Madden, p. 302.]

    [Footnote 24: Wherever the Text has been altered, the reading of
    the MS. will be found in a foot-note.]


REMARKS UPON THE DIALECT AND GRAMMAR.

Higden, writing about the year A.D. 1350, affirms, distinctly, the
existence of three different forms of speech or dialects, namely,
Southern, Midland, and Northern;[25] or, as they are sometimes
designated, West-Saxon, Mercian, and Northumbrian. Garnett objects to
Higden's classification, and considers it certain "that there were in
his (Higden's) time, and probably long before, five distinctly marked
forms, which may be classed as follows:-- 1.Southern or standard
English, which in the fourteenth century was perhaps best spoken in Kent
and Surrey by the body of the inhabitants. 2.Western English, of which
traces may be found from Hampshire to Devonshire, and northward as far
as the Avon. 3.Mercian, vestiges of which appear in Shropshire,
Staffordshire, and South and West Derbyshire, becoming distinctly marked
in Cheshire, and still more so in South Lancashire. 4.Anglian, of which
there are three sub-divisions--the East Anglian of Norfolk and Suffolk;
the Middle Anglian of Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and East Derbyshire;
and the North Anglian of the West Riding of Yorkshire--spoken most
purely in the central part of the mountainous district of Craven.
5.Northumbrian," spoken throughout the Lowlands of Scotland,
Northumberland, Durham, and nearly the whole of Yorkshire.

Garnett's division is based upon peculiarities of pronunciation, which
will be found well marked in the _modern_ provincial dialects, and not
upon any essential differences of inflexion that are to be found in our
Early English manuscripts.[26]

The distinction between Southern and Western English was not at all
required, as the Kentish Ayenbite of Inwyt (A.D. 1340) exhibits most of
the peculiarities that mark the Chronicles of Robert of Gloucester
(Cottonian MS. Calig. A. xi.) as a Southern (or West-Saxon) production.
The Anglian of Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire may be
referred to one group with the Mercian of Lancashire, as varieties of
the Midland dialect.

A careful examination of our early literature leads us to adopt Higden's
classification as not only a convenient but a correct one.

There is, perhaps, no better test for distinguishing these dialects from
one another than the verbal inflexions of the plural number in the
present tense, indicative mood.

To state this test in the briefest manner, we may say that the Southern
dialect employs _-eth_, the Midland _-en_, and the Northumbrian _-es_ as
the inflexion for all persons of the plural present indicative:[27]--

              Southern.   Midland.   Northern.

  1st pers.   Hop-_eth_.  Hop-_en_.  Hop-_es_.  (we) hope.
  2nd  "      Hop-_eth_.  Hop-_en_.  Hop-_es_.  (ye) hope.
  3rd  "      Hop-_eth_.  Hop-_en_.  Hop-_es_.  (they) hope.

It is the constant and systematic employment of these inflexions, and
not their occasional use that must be taken as the criterion of
dialectical varieties.

In a pure specimen of the Southern dialect, we never find the
Northumbrian _-es_. We do occasionally meet with the Midland _-en_, but
only in those works written in localities where, from their geographical
position, Southern and Midland forms would be intelligible.[28] We might
look in vain for the Southern plural _-eth_ in a pure Northumbrian
production, but might be more successful in finding the Midland _-en_ in
the third person plural; as, "thay _arn_" for "they _ar_", or "thay
_er_."

In a work composed in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, or Lancashire, we
should be sure to find the occasional use of the Northumbrian plural
_-es_.[29]

The inflexions of the verb in the singular are of value in enabling us
to discriminate between the several varieties of the Midland
dialect.[30] The Southern and Midland idioms (with the exception of the
West-Midland of Lancashire, Cheshire, etc.) conjugated the verb in the
singular present indicative, as follows:--

  1st pers.  hope            (I) hope.
  2nd  "     hop-_est_  (thou) hopest.
  3rd  "     hop-_eth_  (he) hopes.

The West-Midland, corresponding to Garnett's Mercian, instead of _-est_
and _-eth_ employs the inflexions that are so common in the so-called
Northumbrian documents of the ninth and tenth centuries:--

  1st pers.  hope      (I) hope.
  2nd  "     hop-_es_  (thou) hopest.
  3rd  "     hop-_es_  (he) hopes.

The Northumbrian dialect takes _-es_ in all three persons; but mostly
drops it in the first person.

The peasantry of Cheshire and Lancashire still preserve the verbal
inflexions which prevailed in the fourteenth century, and conjugate
their verbs in the present indicative according to the following
model:--

             Singular.  Plural.
  1st pers.  hope       hopen.
  2nd  "     hopes      hopen.
  3rd  "     hopes      hopen.

Inasmuch as the poems in the present volume exhibit the systematic use
of these forms, we cannot but believe that they were originally composed
in one of those counties where these verbal inflexions were well known
and extensively used. We have to choose between several localities, but
if we assign the poems to Lancashire we are enabled to account for the
large number of Norse terms employed. It is true that the ancient
examples of the Lancashire dialect contained in Mr. Robson's Metrical
Romances,[31] the Boke of Curtasye,[32] and Liber Cure Cocorum,[33]
present us with much broader forms, as _-us_ for _-es_ in the plural
number and possessive case of nouns, _-un_ for _-en_ in the plural
present indicative mood, in passive participles of irregular (or strong)
verbs, _-ud_ (_-ut_) for _-ed_ in the past tense and passive participle
of regular (or weak) verbs, and the pronominal forms _hor_ (their),
_hom_ (them), for _her_ and _hem_.[34]

These forms are evidence of a broad pronunciation which, at the present
time, is said to be a characteristic of the northwestern division of
Lancashire, but I think that there is good evidence for asserting that
this strong provincialism was not confined, formerly, to the
West-Midland dialect, much less to a division of any particular county.
We find traces of it in Audelay's Poems (Shropshire), the Romance of
William and the Werwolf,[35] and even in the Wickliffite version of the
Scriptures.

Formerly, being influenced by these broad forms, I was led to select
Cheshire or Staffordshire as the probable locality where the poems were
written; but I do not, now, think that either of these counties ever
employed a vocabulary containing so many Norse terms as are to be found
in the Lancashire dialect. But although we may not be able to fix, with
certainty, upon any one county in particular, the fact of the present
poems being composed in the West-Midland dialect cannot be denied. Much
may be said in favour of their Lancashire origin, and there are one or
two points of resemblance between our poems, the Lancashire Romances,
and Liber Cure Cocorum, that deserve especial notice.

I. In Sir Amadace,[36] lxviii. 9, there occurs the curious form
_mi[gh]tus_ = _mi[gh]tes_ = _mightst_.[37] As it appears only once
throughout the Romances we might conclude that it is an error of the
scribe for _mi[gh]test_, but when we find in the poems before us not
only _my[gh]te[gh]_ = _my[gh]tes_ (mightst), but _wolde[gh]_ = _woldes_
(wouldst), _couthe[gh]_ = _couthes_ (couldst), _dippte[gh]_ (dippedest),
_travaylede[gh]_ (travelledst), etc., we are bound to consider
_mi[gh]tus_ as a genuine form.[38] In no other Early English works of
the fourteenth century have I been able to find this peculiarity. It is
very common in _the Wohunge of Ure Lauerd_ (xiiith cent.). See O.E.
Homilies, p.51. The Northumbrian dialect at this period rejected the
inflexion in the second person preterite singular, of regular verbs,[39]
and in our poems we find the _-es_ often dropped, so that we get two
conjugations, which may be called the inflected and the uninflected
form.

             Inflected.  Uninflected.
  1st pers.  hopede      hoped         (I) hoped.
  2nd  "     hoped_es_   hoped         (thou) hopedest.
  3rd  "     hopede      hoped         (he) hoped.

Originally the inflected form may have prevailed over the whole of the
North of England, but have gradually become confined to the West-Midland
dialect.

II. The next point of resemblance is the use of the verb SCHIN or SCHUN
= schal = shall. It is still preserved in the modern dialect of
Lancashire in combination with the adverb _not_, as schunnot[40] = shall
not. The following examples will serve to illustrate the use of this
curious form:--

  "---- ay _schin_ knawe sone,
  ere is no bount in burne lyk Balta[gh]ar ewes."[41] --(B. l.1435.)

  "& ose at seme arn & swete _schyn_ se his face."[42]
      --(_Ibid._ l.1810.)

  "Pekokys and pertrikys perboylyd _schyn_ be."[43]
      --(Liber Cure Cocorum, p.29.)

  "For er bene bestes at _schyn_ be rost."[44] --(_Ibid._ p.34.)

  "Alle _schun_ be dra[gh]un, Syr, at o syde."[45] --(_Ibid._ p.35.)

  "Seche ferlies _schyn_ falle."[46]
      --(Robson's Met. Rom. p.12, l.4.)

III. Nothing is more common in the present poems than the use of _hit_
as a genitive = its, which is also found in the Lancashire romances.

  "Fory e derk dede see hit is demed ever more,
  For _hit_ dede[gh] of dee duren ere [gh]et."[47]
    --(Patience, l.1021.)

  "And, as hit is corsed of kynde & _hit_ cooste[gh] als,
  e clay at clenges er-by arn corsyes strong."[48]
      --(_Ibid._ l.1033.)

  "For I wille speke with the sprete,
  And of _hit_ woe wille I wete,
  Gif that I may _hit_ bales bete."[49]
      --(Robson's Met. Romances, p.5, ll. 3, 4.)

The present dialect of Lancashire still retains the uninflected
genitive:--

  "So I geet up be strike o' dey, on seet eawt; on went ogreath tilly
  welly coom within two mile oth' teawn; when, os tha dule woud
  height, o tit wur stonning ot an ale heawse dur; on me kawve (the
  dule bore eawt _it_ een for me) took th' tit for _it_ mother, on
  woud seawk her."[50] (Tummus and Meary).

Thus much for the dialectical peculiarities of our author. The scanty
material at our disposal must be a sufficient excuse for the very meagre
outline which is here presented to the reader. As our materials
increase, the whole question of Early English dialects will no doubt
receive that attention from English philologists which the subject
really demands, and editors of old English works will then be enabled to
speak with greater confidence as to the language and peculiarities of
their authors. Something might surely be done to help the student by a
proper classification of our manuscripts both as to date and place of
composition. We are sadly in want of unadulterated specimens of the
Northumbrian and East-Midland idioms during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries. There must surely be some records of these dialects in our
university libraries which would well repay editing.[51]

    [Footnote 25: Polychronicon R. Higdeni, ap. Gale, p.210, 211. See
    Garnett's Philological Essays, p.43, and Specimens of Early
    English, p.338.]

    [Footnote 26: It is to be regretted that Garnett did not enter
    upon details, and give his readers some tests by which to
    distinguish the "five distinctly marked forms."]

    [Footnote 27: In English works of the fourteenth century the _-en_
    of the Midland, and the _-es_ of the Northumbrian is frequently
    dropped, thus gradually approximating to our modern conjugation.]

    [Footnote 28: We are here speaking of works written in the
    thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.]

    [Footnote 29: Robert of Brunne, in his "Handlyng Synne," often
    employs it instead of _-en_, but only for the sake of the rhyme.]

    [Footnote 30: The Midland dialect is a very difficult one to deal
    with, as it presents us with no uniform type; and, moreover, works
    written in this idiom are marked by Northern or Southern
    peculiarities, which have led many of our editors altogether
    astray in determining the locality of their composition.]

    [Footnote 31: Published by the Camden Society, 1842.]

    [Footnote 32: Edited by Mr. Halliwell for the Percy Society.]

    [Footnote 33: Edited by me for the Philological Society, 1862.]

    [Footnote 34: _-us_ and _-ud_ for _-es_ and _-ed_, as well as
    _hom_, _hor_, do occasionally occur in the MS. containing our
    poems.]

    [Footnote 35: The Romance of William and the Werwolf is written in
    the West-Midland dialect as spoken probably in Shropshire.]

    [Footnote 36: Robson's Metrical Romances, p.54, l.9.]

    [Footnote 37: _Woldus_ = _woldes_ = _wouldst_, appears in
    Audelay's poems (in the Shropshire dialect of the fifteenth
    century), p.32, l.6.]

    [Footnote 38: The so-called Northumbrian records of the ninth and
    tenth centuries frequently use _-es_ instead of _-est_, in the 2nd
    pers. preterite of regular verbs, _e.g._,

    _u forcerdes usic on-bec_ = Thou turnedst us hindward.
        --(Ps.xliii. 11.)
    _u saldes usic_ = Thou gavest us. --(Ps. xliii. 12.)
    _u bi-bohtes folc in butan weore_ = Thou soldest thy folk
        without price. --(Ps.xliii. 12.)
    u _ge-hiowades_ me & _settes_ ofer me hond ine = Thou madest me
        and settest over me thy hand. --(Ps.cxxxviii. 5.)
    u _reades a_ ofer-hygdan = Thou hast rebuked the proud.
        --(Ps.cxviii. 21.)

    Ic ondeto e fader drihten heofnes foron u _gedeigeldes_ as
    ilco from snotrum & hogum & _deaudes_ a m lytlum = I thank
    thee, O father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid
    these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them
    unto babes. --(Matt. xi. 25).]

    [Footnote 39: ou _torned_ us hindward. --(Early English Nn.
    Psalter, xliii. 11.)

    ou _salde_ i folk. --(_Ibid._ xliii. 12.)
    ou _meked_ us. --(_Ibid._ xliii. 20.)
    ou _made_ me and set i hand over me. --(_Ibid._ cxxxviii. 5.)
    ou _snibbed_ proude. --(_Ibid._ cxviii. 21.)]

    [Footnote 40: I am informed by a Shropshire friend that it
    prevails in his county under the form _shinneh_.

    _Win_ = will, in _winnot_, _wunnot_ = will not, is still heard in
    the West-Midland districts. It is found in Robson's Romances and
    in Liber Cure Cocorum.]

    [Footnote 41: They _shall_ know soon there is no goodness in man
    like Belshazzar's virtues.]

    [Footnote 42: And those that seemly are and sweet _shall_ see His
    (God's) face.]

    [Footnote 43: Peacocks and partriches parboiled _shall_ be.]

    [Footnote 44: For er are beasts at _shall_ be roasted.]

    [Footnote 45: All _shall_ be drawn (have the entrails removed),
    Sir, at the side.]

    [Footnote 46: Such marvels _shall_ happen.]

    [Footnote 47:
      Wherefore the dark dead sea it is called ever more.
      For _its_ deeds of death endure there yet.]

    [Footnote 48:
      And as it is cursed of kind and _its_ properties also,
      The clay that clings thereby are corrosives strong.]

    [Footnote 49:
      I will speak with the spirit,
      And of _its_ woe will I wit (know),
      If that I may _its_ bales (grief) abate.]

    [Footnote 50: So I got up by break of day and set out; and went
    straight till I well nigh came within two miles of the town, when,
    as the devil would have it, a horse was standing at an ale-house
    door; and my calf (the devil bore out _its_ eyes for me) took the
    horse for _its_ mother, and would suck her.]

    [Footnote 51: Three specimens of the East-Midland dialect have
    come to light since writing the above. Harl. MS. 3909; Troy Book,
    ed. Donaldson, E.E.T.Soc.; The Lay-folks Mass-Book, ed.
    Simpson, E.E.T.Soc.]


GRAMMATICAL DETAILS.

I. +Nouns.+

(1) _Number._--The plurals generally end in _-es_ (_e[gh]_), _-s_.
_Y[gh]en_ (eyes), _trumpen_ (trumpets), are the only plurals in _-en_
that occur in the poems. In Robson's Metrical Romances we find _fellun_
(fells, hills,), _dellun_ (dells), and _eyren_ (eggs), in Liber Cure
Cocorum. The plurals of _brother_, _child_, _cow_, _do[gh]ter_
(daughter), are _brether_, _childer_, _kuy_, and _de[gh]ter_.

(2) _Gender._--The names of inanimate things are in the neuter gender,
as in modern English. The exceptions are _deep_ (fem.), _gladnes_
(fem.), and _wind_ (masc.).

(3) _Case._--The genitive singular (masc. and fem.) ends in _-es_
(_-e[gh]_), _-s_, but occasionally the inflexion is dropped; as,
"Balta[gh]ar thewes," the virtues of Balshazzar.[52] If "_honde_
my[gh]t," "_honde_ werk," "_hellen_ wombe," are not compounds, we have
instances of the final _-e_ (_en_) which formed the genitive case of
_feminine_ nouns in the Southern English of the fourteenth century.

In the phrases "_besten_ blod" (blood of beasts), "_blonkken_ bak" (back
of horses), "_chyldryn_ fader" (father of children), "_nakeryn_ noyse"
(noise of nakers), we have a trace of the genitive plural _-ene_ (A.S.
_-ena_).

    [Footnote 52: In the romance of "Syr Gawayn and the Grene Kny[gh]t"
    we find "_blonk_ (horse) sadele," "_fox_ felle" (skin). In _blonk_
    an _e_ has probably been dropped.]


II. +Adjectives.+

(1) _Number._--The final _e_, as a sign of the plural, is very
frequently dropped. _Pover_ (poor), _sturn_ (strong), make the
plurals _poveren_ and _sturnen_. In the phrase, "o sy[gh]te[gh] so
_quyke[gh]_"[53] (those sights so living), the _-e[gh]_ (= _-es_) is a
mark of the plural, very common in Southern writers of the fourteenth
century, and employed as a plural inflexion of the adjective until a
very late period in our literature.

The Article exhibits the following forms:

  SINGULAR.        PLURAL.
  Masc.  Fem.
  The.   tho.[54]  tho.

_This_ forms the plural _thise_ and _thes_ (_these_). _That_ is always
used as a demonstrative, and never as the neuter of the article; its
plural is _thos_ (those).[55] The older form, _theos_ = _these_, shows
that the _e_ is not a sign of the plural, as many English grammarians
have asserted.

(2) _Degrees of Comparison._--The comparative degree ends in _-er_, and
the superlative in _-est_.

Adjectives and adverbs terminating in the syllable _-lyche_ form the
comparative in _-loker_ and the superlative in _-lokest_; as, positive
_uglyche_ (= ugly), comp. _ugloker_, superl. _uglokest_. The long vowel
of the positive is often shortened in the comp. and superl., as in the
modern English _late_, _latter_, _last_.

  Positive.             Comparative.    Superlative.
  Brade (broad),        bradder,        braddest.
  Dere (dear),          derrer,         derrest.
  Lyke (like),          lykker,         lykkest.
  Swete (sweet),        swetter,        swettest.
  Wayke (weak),         wakker,         wakkest.
  Wode (mad),           wodder,         woddest.

The following irregular forms are occasionally met with:

  Positive.             Comparative.    Superlative.
  Fer (far),            ferre (fyrre),  ferrest.
  He[gh]e (high),       herre,          he[gh]est (hest).
  Ne[gh]e (nigh, near)  nerre,          nerrest (nest).
  Sare (sore),          sarre,          sarrest.
  Forme (first),                        formast.
  Mikelle (great),      mo              most.
  Yvel, ill (bad),      wers (worre),   werst.

_Numerals._--_Twinne_ and _thrinne_ occur for two and three. The ordinal
numbers are--

  first (fyrste), the forme,
  secunde, that other, tother,
  thryd,   }
  thrydde, }
  fure,
  fyfe,
  sexte,
  sevene,
  a[gh]te,
  nente,
  tene, }
  tye.  }

The Northumbrian numerals corresponding to _sevene_, _a[gh]te_,
_nente_, _tene_, are _sevend_, _aghtend_, _neghend_, _tend_. The
Southern forms end in _-the_, as _sevene_, _ei[gh]teoe_, _nye_,
_teoe_ (_tye_).

    [Footnote 53: The feminine form is seldom employed.]

    [Footnote 54: The Northumbrian plural article is _tha_.]

    [Footnote 55: The Northumbrian corresponding form is _thas_.]


III. +Pronouns.+

In the following poems we find the pronoun _ho_, she, still keeping its
ground against the Northumbrian _scho_.[56] _Ho_ is identical with the
modern Lancashire _hoo_ (or _huh_ as it is sometimes written), which in
some parts of England has nearly the same pronunciation as the
accusative _her_.

The Northumbrian _thay_ (they) has displaced the older Midland _he_,
corresponding to the Southern pronoun _hii_, _hi_ (A.S. _h_). _Hores_
and _thayre[gh]_ (theirs) occasionally occur for _here_.[57] The
genitives in _-es_, due no doubt to Scandinavian influence, are very
common in Northumbrian writers of the fourteenth century, but are never
found in any Southern work of the same period.

_Hit_ is frequently employed as an indefinite pronoun of all genders,
and is plural as well as singular. It is, as has been previously shown,
uninflected in the genitive or possessive case.

_Me_ in Southern writers is used as an indefinite pronoun of the _third_
person, and represents our _one_, but in the present poems it is of all
persons, and seems to be placed in apposition with the subject of the
sentence corresponding to our use of myself, thyself, himself, etc.; as,

  "_He_ swenges _me_ ys," etc. = He himself sends this, etc.[58]
  "Now swe[gh]e _me_ ider swyftly" = Now go (thou) thyself thither
      swiftly.[59]
  "_He_ mete[gh] _me_ is good man" = He himself meets this
      good man.[60]

Sturzen-Becker ("Some Notes on the leading Grammatical Characteristics
of the Principal Early English Dialects, Copenhagen, 1868") thinks that
I have been led astray with regard to this use of _me_, which he says is
nothing more than the _dativus ethicus_.

The _me_ in these examples may be merely an expletive, having arisen out
of the general use of the dative ethicus, but the context does not
satisfy me that it has the force of a dative. Dr. Guest (Proceedings of
Philolog. Soc., vol. i. p.151-153, 1842-1844) has discussed this
construction at some length, and he carefully distinguishes the dative
of the 1st person from the indeterminate (or indefinite) pronoun _me_ =
Fr. one. He says that in Old Frisian the indefinite pronoun has two
forms, _min_ and _me_, "the latter of which seems to be always used as a
suffix to the verb, as _momme_, one may; _somme_, one should," etc. The
same construction was occasionally used in our own language, and it no
doubt gave rise to those curious idioms which are noticed by Pegge in
his "Anecdotes of the Eng. Lang.," p.217. This writer, whose evidence
to a _fact_ we may avail ourselves of, whatever we think of his
criticism or his scholarship, quotes the following as forms of speech
then prevalent among the Londoners: "and so says _me_ I;" "well what
does _me_ I;" "so says _me_ she;" "then away goes _me_ he;" "what does
_me_ they?" Here it is obvious that _me_ is the indeterminate pronoun,
and represents the _subject_, while the personal pronoun is put in
apposition to it, so that "says _me_ I" is equivalent to "_one says,
that is I_,"[61]. These idioms are not unknown to our literature.

  (1) 'But as he was by diverse principall young gentlemen, to his no
  small glorie, lifted up on horseback, _comes me a page_ of
  Amphialus, etc.' Pembr. Arcad. B. iii.

Other idioms, which have generally been confounded with those last
mentioned, have the indeterminate pronoun preceded by a nominative
absolute.

  (2) '_I_, having been acquainted with the smell before, knew it was
  Crab, and--_goes me_ to the fellow, who whips the dogs,' etc. Two
  Gent. of Verona, 4. 4.

  (3) '_He thrusts me_ himself into the company of three or four
  gentlemanlike dogs under the Duke's Table.' _Ib._ See B.Jons. Ev.
  Man in his Humour, 3, 1.

Johnson considers the _me_ in examples 2 and 3 to be the oblique case of
the first pers. pron., and treats it as "a ludicrous expletive." It is
difficult to say how he would have parsed example 2 on such a
hypothesis.

With these instances of the use of _me_ (indef. or reflexive), the
reader may compare the following:

  (1) "Suche a touche in that tyde, _he_ ta[gh]te (Gauan) hym in tene
      And _gurdes me_, Sir Gallerun, evyn grovelonges on grounde."
        (The Anturs of Arther at the Tarnewathelan, p.22.)

  (2) There at the dore he (the Fox) cast _me_ downe hys pack.
        Spenser's Shep. Cal. ed. Morris, p. 460, l.243.

Cp. _Cut me_, i. Hen. IV. Act 4. Sc. 4; _steps me_, Ib. Act 4, Sc. 3;
_comes me, runs me_, Ib. Act 3, Sc. 1.

  (3) "Juno enraged, and fretting thus,
      _Runs me_ unto one olus." --(Virgile Travestie, 1664.)

The indefinite _me_ = one is not uncommon in Elizabethan writers. Cf.
"_touch me_ his hat;" "_touch me_ hir with a pint of sack," etc.; "and
_stop me_ his dice you are a villaine" (Lodge's Wit's Miserie).

The following table exhibits the declension of the personal and relative
pronouns:--

  SINGULAR.
  Nom. I,            thou,        he,   ho,         hit.
  Gen. My, myn,      thy, thyn,   his,  hir, her,   hit.
  Dat. Me,           the,         him,  hir, her,   hit.
  Acc. Me,           the,         him,  hir, her,   hit.

  PLURAL.
  Nom. We,           [gh]e,       thay,             hit.
  Gen. Oure,         yor, youre,  her (here), hor,  hit.
  Dat. Vus (= uus),  yow, you,    hem, hom,         hit.
  Acc. Vus (= uus),  yow, you,    hem, hom,         hit.

  Nom. Who (quo).
  Gen. Whose (quos).
  Dat. { Whom, Wham } (quom).
  Acc. { Whom, Wham } (quom).

    [Footnote 56: _Scho_ occurs _once_ in the present poems.]

    [Footnote 57: _Yowre[gh]_ (yours) sometimes takes the place of
    _youre_ in the romance of "Sir Gawayne and the Grene Kny[gh]t."]

    [Footnote 58: Page 92, l. 108.]

    [Footnote 59: Page 91, l. 72.]

    [Footnote 60: Syr Gawayn, l. 1932.]

    [Footnote 61: I would say that _says me I_ = I myself say. --R.M.]


IV. +Verbs.+

_Infinitive Mood._--The _-en_ of the infinitive is frequently dropped,
without even a final _-e_ to mark its omission. Infinitives in _-y_, as
_louy_ (love), _schony_ (shun), _spotty_ (spot, defile), _styry_ (stir),
_wony_ (dwell), occasionally occur, and probably owe their appearance to
the author's acquaintance with Southern literature.[62]

_Indicative Mood._--The final _e_ often disappears in the first and
third persons of the preterite tense, as I _loved_, he _loved_, instead
of I _lovede_, he _lovede_.

The _-en_ in the plural of the present and preterite tenses is
frequently dropped. The pl. present in _-e[gh]_ occasionally occurs.

_Imperative Mood._--The imperative plural ends in _-es_ (_e[gh]_), and
not in _-eth_ as in the Southern and ordinary Midland dialects.

_Participles._--The active or imperfect participle ends in _-ande_[63]
and never in _-ing_.

The participle passive or perfect of regular verbs terminates in _-ed_;
of irregular verbs in _-en_. Occasionally we find the _n_ disappearing,
as _bigonn-e_, _fund-e_, _runn-e_, _wonn-e_, where perhaps it is
represented by the final _-e_.

The prefix _-i_ or _-y_ (A.S. _-ge_) occurs twice only in the poems, in
_i-chose_ (chosen), and _i-brad_ (extended); but, while common enough in
the Southern and Midland dialects, it seems to be wholly unknown to the
Northumbrian speech.

The verb in the West-Midland dialect is conjugated according to the
following model:--

  I.--+Conjugation of Regular Verbs.+

  INDICATIVE MOOD.

    PRESENT TENSE.
  Singular.                 Plural.
  (I) hope,                 (We) hopen.
  (Thou) hopes,             ([Gh]e) hopen.
  (He) hopes,               (Thay) hopen.

    PRETERITE TENSE.
  (I) hopede[64] (hoped),   (We) hopeden.
  (Thou) hopedes (hoped),   ([Gh]e) hopeden.
  (He) hopede[64] (hoped),  (Thay) hopeden.

  IMPERATIVE MOOD.

  Hope (thou).              Hopes ([gh]e).

  PARTICIPLES.

  Imperfect or Active.      Perfect or Passive.
  Hopande.                  Hoped.

  II.--+Conjugation of Irregular Verbs.+

  INDICATIVE MOOD.

    PRESENT TENSE.

  Singular.
  (I) kerve,      renne,   smite,   stonde.
  (Thou) kerves,  rennes,  smites,  stondes.
  (He) kerves,    rennes,  smites,  stondes.

  Plural.
  (We)    kerven,    rennen,  smiten,  stonden.
  ([Gh]e)    "         "         "        "
  (Thay)     "         "         "        "

    PRETERITE TENSE.

  Singular.
  (I) carf,       ran,     smot,    stod.
  (Thou) carve,   ranne,   smote,   stode.
  (He) carf,      ran,     smot,    stod.

Very frequently the _e_ in the second person is dropped,[65] as in the
Northumbrian dialect, but we never meet with such forms as carves
(=carvedest), rannes (=ranst), smotes (=smotest), etc.

  Plural.
  (We)    corven,    runnen,  smiten,  stonden.
  ([Gh]e)    "          "       "         "
  (Thay)     "          "       "         "

  PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.

  Corven,         runnen,  smiten,  stonden.

The Northumbrian dialect does not preserve any separate form for the
preterite plural, and this distinction is not always observed in the
present poems.

+Table of Verbs.+

A.--SIMPLE ORDER.

    Present.            Preterite.     Passive Participle.

  Class I.
    Hate,               hatede,        hated.

  Class II. (_a_)
    Bede (offer),       bedde,         bed.
    Dype (dip),         dypte,         dypt.
    Kythe (show),       kydde,         kyd.
    Lende,              lende,         lent.
    Rende,              rende,         rent.
    Sende,              sende,         sent.
  (_b_)
    Clothe,             cladde,        clad.
    Dele (deal),        dalte,         dalt.
    Lede,               ladde,         lad.
    Leve,               lafte,         laft.
    Rede (advise),      radde,         rad.
    Sprede (spread),    spradde,       sprad.
    Swelt (die),        swalte,        ----
    Swette (sweat),     swatte,        ----
    Threte (threaten),  thratte,       thrat.

  Class III.
    Byye (buy),         bo[gh]te,      bo[gh]t
    Bringe,             bro[gh]te,     bro[gh]t.
    Cache (catch),      ca[gh]te,      ca[gh]t.
    Lache (seize),      la[gh]te,      la[gh]t.
    Reche (reck),       ro[gh]te,      ----
    Reche (reach),      ra[gh]te,      ----
    Selle,              solde,         sold.
    Worche (work),      wro[gh]te,     wro[gh]t.

B.--COMPLEX ORDER.

    Present.              Preterite.        Passive Participle.

+Division I.+

  Class I.
    Bere (bear),          ber,              born.
    Bete (beat),          bet,              beten.
    Breke (break),        brek,             broken.
    Chese (choose),       ches (chos),      chosen.
    Cleve (cleave),       clef,             cloven.
    Ete (eat),            ette (_for_ et),  eten.
    For[gh]ete (forget),  for[gh]et,        for[gh]eten.
    Frese (freeze),       fres,             frosen.
    Gife (give),          gef,              given, geven.
    Heve (heave),         hef,              hoven.
    Ligge (lie),          le[gh],           leyen, le[gh]en.
    Lepe (leap),          lep,              lopen.
    Nemme } (take),       nem (nam),        nomen.
    Nimme }
    Schere (shear),       scher,            schorn.
    Slepe (sleep),        slep,             slepen.
    Speke (speak),        spek,             spoken.
    Stele (steal),        stel,             stolen.
    Swere (swear),        swer,             sworen.
    Wepe (weep),          wep,              wopen.
    Wreke (avenge),       wrek,             wroken.

  Class II.
    Falle,                fell,             fallen.
    Fonge (take),         feng,             fongen.
    Growe,                grew,             growen.
    Hange, honge,         heng,             hangen, hongen.
    Knowe, knawe,         knew,             knawen, knowen.
    Schape (make),        schep,            schapen.
    Walke,                welk,             walken.
    Wasche,               wesch,            waschen.

  Class III.
    Drawe, dra[gh]e,      dro[gh],          drawen.
    Fare (go),            for,              faren.
    La[gh]e (laugh),      lo[gh],           la[gh]en.
    Stande, stonde,       stod,             standen.
    Slaye,                slow, slew,       slayn.
    Take,                 tok,              tane, tone.
    Wake,                 wok,              waken.

+Division II.+

    Present.           Preterite.          Passive Participle.

  Class I.
    Biginne,           bigon,              bigonnen, bigunnen.
    Breste,            brast, borst,       brusten, bursten.
    Climbe,            clamb, clomb,       clumben.
    Drinke,            dronk, drank,       drunken, dronken.
    Finde,             fand, fond,         funden.
    Fi[gh]te,          fa[gh]t, fe[gh]t,   fo[gh]ten.
    Helpe,             halp,               holpen.
    Kerve (cut),       carf,               corven.
    Melte,             malt,               molten.
    Renne (run),       ran,                runnen.
    Ringe,             rong,               rungen, rongen.
    Singe,             song, sang,         sungen.
    Steke,             stac,               stoken.
    Sterve (die),      starf,              storven.
    Werpe (throw),     warp,               worpen.
    Win,               wan, won,           wonnen, wunnen.
    [Gh]elde (yield),  [gh]ald,            [gh]olden.

  Class II.
    Bide (abide),      bod,                biden.
    Bite,              bot,                biten.
    Drive,             drof,               driven.
    Fine (cease),      fon,                ----
    Glide,             glod,               gliden.
    Ride,              rod,                riden.
    Rise,              ros,                risen.
    Schine,            schon,              ----
    Slide,             slod,               sliden.
    Smite,             smot,               smiten.
    Trine (go),        tron,               ----

  Class III.
    Fly,               fle[gh],
                         flegh, fla[gh],   flowen.
    See,               se[gh],
                         segh, sy[gh],     seen.
    Sti[gh]e,
      ste[gh]e,        ste[gh]                ----

+Anomalous Verbs.+

    Can,          pret. couthe.
    Dare,          "    dorste.
    May,           "    mi[gh]te.
    Mot,           "    moste.
    O[gh]e (owe),  "    o[gh]te.
    Schal,         "    scholde, schulde.
    Thar,          "    thurte.
    Wote,          "    wiste.
    Wille,         "    wolde.

_Schal_ (shall) in the second person singular is _schal_ or _schalt_;
so, too, we occasionally find _wyl_ for _wylt_.

The present plural of _schal_ is _schul_, _schulen_, or _schyn_.

The verb _to be_ is thus conjugated:--

  INDICATIVE MOOD.

  PRESENT TENSE.           PAST TENSE.

  Singular.
  (I) am.                  (I) was, wat[gh].
  (Thou) art.              (Thou) was, wat[gh].
  (He) is, bes, bet[gh].   (He) was, wat[gh].

  Plural.
  (We) arn, are, ar.       (We) wern, were.
  ([Gh]e) arn, are, ar.    ([Gh]e) wern, were.
  (Thay) arn, are, ar.     (Thay) wern, were.

The verbs _be_, _have_, _wille_, have negative forms; as, _nam_ = am
not; _nar_ = are not; _nas_ = was not; _naf_ = have not; _nade_ = had
not; _nyl_ = will not.

The following contractions are occasionally met with: _bos_ = behoves;
_byhod_ = behoved; _ha_ = have; _ma_ = make; _man_ = make (pl.)
_mat[gh]_ (_mas_) = makes; _ta_ = take; _tat[gh]_ (= _tas_) = takes;
_tane_, _tone_ = taken.

    [Footnote 62: _Schonied_ occurs for _schoned_. No Southern writer
    would retain, I think, the _i_ in the preterite.]

    [Footnote 63: Garnett asserts that the present participle in
    _-ande_ is "a _certain criterion_ of a Northern dialect subsequent
    to the thirteenth century." It is never found in any Southern
    writer, but is common to many Midland dialects. Capgrave employs
    it frequently in his Chronicles. It is, however, no safe criterion
    by itself.]

    [Footnote 64: The final _e_ is often dropped.]

    [Footnote 65: In _The Wohunge of Ure Lauerd_ the _e_ is constantly
    omitted.]


V. +Adverbs.+

The Norse forms _hethen_, _quethen_ (_whethen_),[66] and _thethen_, seem
to have been known to the West-Midland dialect as well as the Saxon
forms _hence_ (_hennes_, _henne_), _whence_ (_whennes_), _thence_
(_thennes_), etc. The adverbs _in-blande_ (together), _in-lyche_
(alike), _in-mydde_ (amidst), _in-monge_ (amongst), are due, perhaps, to
Scandinavian influence.

    [Footnote 66: "Syr Gawayn and the Grene Kny[gh]t."]


VI. +Prepositions.+

The preposition _from_ never occurs in the following poems; it is
replaced by _fro_, _fra_ (Northumbrian), O.N. _fr_.


VII. +Conjunctions.+

The conjunction _if_ takes a negative form; as, _nif_ = if not, unless.




DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT USED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.[67]


+Cotton MS. Nero A. x.+ A small quarto volume, consisting of three
different MSS. bound together, which originally had no connection with
each other. Prefixed is an imperfect list of contents in the
hand-writing of James, the Bodley Librarian.

The first portion consists of a panegyrical oration in Latin by Justus
de Justis, on John Chedworth, archdeacon of Lincoln, dated at Verona
16th July, 1468. It occupies thirty-six folios, written on vellum, and
is the original copy presented by the author.

The second portion is that we are more immediately concerned with. It is
described by James as "_Vetus poema Anglicanum, in quo sub insomnii
figmento multa ad religionem et mores spectantia explicantur_," and this
account, with some slight changes, is adopted by Smith and Planta, in
their catalogues; both of whom assign it to the fifteenth century. It
will appear, by what follows, that no less than four distinct poems have
been confounded together by these writers.

This portion of the volume extends from fol. 37 to fol. 126, inclusive,
and is written by one and the same hand, in a small, sharp, irregular
character, which is often, from the paleness of the ink, and the
contractions used, difficult to read. There are no titles or rubrics,
but the divisions are marked by large initial letters of blue,
flourished with red, and several illuminations, coarsely executed, serve
by way of illustration, each of which occupies a page.

  1. Four of these are prefixed to the first poem. In the first the
  Author is represented slumbering in a meadow, by the side of a
  streamlet, clad in a long red gown, having falling sleeves, turned
  up with white, and a blue hood attached round the neck.

  In the second the same person appears, drawn on a larger scale, and
  standing by the stream. In the third he occurs nearly in the same
  position, with his hands raised, and on the opposite side a lady
  dressed in white, in the costume of Richard the Second's and Henry
  the Fourth's time, buttoned tight up to the neck, with long hanging
  sleeves. Her hair is plaited on each side, and on her head is a
  crown. In the fourth we see the author kneeling by the water, and
  beyond the stream is depicted a castle or palace, on the embattled
  wall of which appears the same lady, with her arm extended towards
  him.

The poem commences on fol. 39, and consists of one hundred and one
twelve-line stanzas,[68] every five of which conclude with the same
line, and are connected by the iteration of a leading expression. It
concludes on fol. 55b.

  2. Then follow two more illuminations; in the first of which Noah
  and his family are represented in the ark; in the second the prophet
  Daniel expounding the writing on the wall to the affrighted
  Belshazzar and his queen. These serve as illustrations to the second
  poem, which begins at fol. 57, and is written in long alliterative
  lines. It concludes on fol. 82.

  3. Two illuminations precede, as before; one of which represents the
  sailors throwing the prophet Jonas into the sea, the other depicts
  the prophet in the attitude of preaching to the people of Nineveh.
  The poem is in the same metre as the last, and commences at fol. 83.

It is occupied wholly with the story of Jonas, as applicable to the
praise of meekness and patience; and ends on fol. 90.

  4. The Romance intitled _Sir Gawayne and the Grene Kny[gh]t_ follows,
  fol. 91. Prefixed is an illumination of a headless knight on
  horseback, carrying his head by its hair in his right hand, and
  looking benignly at an odd-eyed bill-man before him; while from a
  raised structure above, a king armed with a knife, his queen, an
  attendant with a sabre, and another bill-man scowling looks on. Here
  and elsewhere the only colours used are green, red, blue, and
  yellow. It ends on fol. 124b., and at the conclusion, in a later
  hand, is written "Hony soit [-q] mal penc," which may, perhaps, allude
  to the illumination on the opposite page, fol. 125, representing the
  stolen interview between the wife of the Grene Kny[gh]t and Sir
  Gawayne. Above the lady's head is written:

    Mi mind is mukel on on, {a}t wil me no[gh]t amende,
    Sum time was trewe as ston, & fro schame cou{e} hir defende.

It does not appear very clearly how these lines apply to the painting.
Two additional illuminations follow; in the first of which Gawayne is
seen approaching the _Grene Chapel_, whilst his enemy appears above,
wielding his huge axe; and in the second Sir Gawayne, fully equipped in
armour, is represented in the presence of king Arthur and queen
Guenever, after his return to the court.

The third and concluding portion of the Cotton volume extends from fol.
127 to fol. 140b, inclusive, and consists of theological excerpts, in
Latin, written in a hand of the end of the thirteenth century. At the
conclusion is added _Epitaphium de Ranulfo, abbate Ramesiensi_, who was
abbot from the year 1231 to 1253, and who is erroneously called _Ralph_
in the _Monasticon_, vol. ii. p. 548, new ed.

    [Footnote 67: Taken with some few alterations from Sir F. Madden's
    "Syr Gawayn."]

    [Footnote 68: A line, however, is missing from the MS. on fol.
    55b. See page 15.]




CONTRACTIONS USED IN THE GLOSSARY.


The letters A. B. C. refer severally to the poems, entitled by me, "The
Pearl," "Cleanness," and "Patience."

  A.S.          Anglo-Saxon.
  Dan.          Danish.
  Du.           Dutch.
  E.            English.
  O.E.          Old English.
  Prov.E.       Provincial English.
  N.Prov.E. }   North Provincial English.
  N.P.E.    }
  Fr.           French.
  O.Fr.         Old French.
  Prov.         Fr. Provincial French.
  Fris.         Frisian.
  G. Doug.      Gawin Douglas's neid, published by the
                    Bannatyne Club, 2 vols.
  Ger.          German.
  Goth.         Gothic.
  Icel.         Icelandic.
  Jam.          Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary.
  K. Alex.      King Alexander, Romance of (Ed. Stevenson).
  Met. Hom.     Metrical Homilies (Ed. Small).
  O.N.          Old Norse.
  O.S.          Old Saxon.
  Prompt. Parv. Promptorium Parvulorum (Ed. Way).
  Sc.           Scotch.
  O.Sc.         Old Scotch.
  S.Sax.        Semi-Saxon.
  Sw.           Swedish.
  O.Sw.         Old Swedish.
  Town. Myst.   Townley Mysteries.
  T. B.         Troy Book (Ed. Donaldson).




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

  PREFACE:
  [Footnote 4.III]
  ... for _-ed_ or _-d_  [or _d_]
  ... pp. vii, viii.  [vii. viii.]
  [Footnote 5]
  ... verbal inflexion _-eth_ _never_ occurs  [_-eth_. _never_]
  [Footnote 9]
  ... See O.E. Homilies, p.li.  [O.E]
  [Footnote 10]
  ... (5) _tow_ = two;  [two:]
  their blissful state (p.26).  [(p.26),]
  (IX.) ... by Daniel (p. 86).  [p, 86]
  _First marred[21] many a rope and the mast after._
    [_footnote number misprinted "2"; shared note is 1_]

  DIALECT AND GRAMMAR:
  "For er bene bestes at _schyn_ be rost."[44]  [""For er bene]

  GRAMMATICAL DETAILS: Pronouns
  [Footnote 59]
  ... Page 91, l. 72.  [l, 72.]
  _hi_ (A.S. _h_)  [_closing ) missing_]
  The same construction  ["The same]
  ----: Verbs
  _comes me, runs me_, Ib. Act 3, Sc. 1.  [me_. Ib.]
  Nom. I, thou, he, ho, hit.  [he ho]
  PRETERITE TENSE.  [_. missing_]
  (I) hopede[64] (hoped), (We) hopeden.  [hopeden,]
  Wreke (avenge), wrek, wroken.  [(avenge) wrek,]
  Class III. Drawe, dra[gh]e, dro[gh], drawen.  [drawen,]
  Helpe, halp, holpen.  [holpen,]
  Sterve (die), starf, storven. [storveu]
  Schal, " scholde, schulde.  [_. missing_]
  ----: Adverbs
  The Norse forms _hethen_, _quethen_  [Ths Norse]
  _thence_, (_thennes_), etc.
    [_opening ( missing; "etc{t}" with italic {t} for ._]

  CONTRACTIONS:
  Ger.  [_the abbreviations O.H.G. and M.H.G. are not listed_]
  N.P.E.  [_note that this abbreviation is never used_]
  Prompt. Parv.  Promptorium Parvulorum  [Prampt.]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


THE PEARL.


  [Headnotes:
  A FATHER VISITS HIS CHILD'S GRAVE, AND THERE FALLING ASLEEP,
    HE DREAMS.
  HE SEES A BEAUTIFUL FOREST, WHICH CAUSES HIS GRIEF TO ABATE.
  THE FATHER SEES HIS LOST CHILD DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES.
  THE MAIDEN ADDRESSES HER FATHER.
  SHE TELLS HIM OF HER BLISS.
  DEATH IS THE ROAD TO PARADISE.
  ALL MUST ABIDE GOD'S DOOM.
  THE BEREAVED PARENT ASKS HIS CHILD'S PITY.
  SHE DESCRIBES HER MODE OF LIFE.
  MARY IS THE EMPRESS OF HEAVEN.
  THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD.
  THE PAYMENT OF THE LABOURERS.
  THE APPLICATION OF THE PARABLE.
  GOD IS NO NIGGARD.
  PARADISE WAS LOST THROUGH AN APPLE.
  INNOCENTS ARE SAVED BY RIGHT.
  CHRIST BLESSED LITTLE CHILDREN.
  FORSAKE THE MAD WORLD.
  THE LAMB AND HIS BRIDES.
  THE LAMB WAS SLAIN IN JERUSALEM.
  THE VISION OF SAINT JOHN.
  THE ABODE OF CHRIST'S BRIDES.
  THE OLD AND NEW JERUSALEM.
  A DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERUSALEM.
  NO SUN NOR MOON IN HEAVEN.
  NO CHURCH IN HEAVEN.
  A PROCESSION OF VIRGINS.
  HE WISHES TO CROSS THE STREAM.
  THE FATHER OF THE MAIDEN AWAKES.
  GOD GIVE US GRACE TO SERVE HIM.]


[Headnote: A FATHER VISITS HIS CHILD'S GRAVE, AND THERE FALLING
ASLEEP, HE DREAMS.]

I.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 39a.]]
    [Sidenote: Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child).
    The father laments the loss of his pearl.]
    Perle plesau{n}te to prynces paye,
  To clanly clos in golde so clere,
  Oute of oryent I hardyly saye,
  Ne proued I neu{er} her precios pere,                                4
  So rou{n}de, so reken in vche araye,
  So smal, so smoe her syde[gh] were.
  Quere-so-eu{er} I Iugged ge{m}me[gh] gaye,
  I sette hyr sengeley i{n} synglure;                                  8
  Allas! I leste hyr i{n} on erbere,
  ur[gh] gresse to grou{n}de hit fro me yot;[1]
  I dewyne for-dolked of luf daungere,
  Of at pryuy perle w{i}t{h}-outen spot.                             12

    [Sidenote 1: ? _got._]

    [Sidenote: He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared,
    and hears a sweet song.]
    Syen i{n} at spote hit fro me sprange,
  Ofte haf I wayted wyschande at wele,
  at wont wat[gh] whyle deuoyde my wrange,
  & heuen my happe & al my hele,                                      16
  {a}t dot[gh] bot rych my hert range,
  My breste in bale bot bolne & bele.
  [Gh]et o[gh]t me neu{er} so swete a sange,
  As stylle stou{n}de let to me stele,                                20
  For-soe {er} fleten to me fele,
  To enke hir color so clad i{n} clot;
  O moul[2] {o}u marre[gh] a myry mele.
  My p{r}iuy perle w{i}t{h}-outen spotte,                             24

    [Sidenote 2: ? _mould._]

    [Sidenote: Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely
    flowers. Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain.]
    at spot of spyse[gh] my[gh]t nede[gh] sprede,
  er such ryche[gh] to rot[3] is ru{n}nen;
  Blome[gh] blayke & blwe & rede,
  er schyne[gh] ful schyr agayn e su{n}ne.                          28
  Flor & fryte may not be fede,
  er hit dou{n} drof i{n} molde[gh] du{n}ne,
  For vch gresse mot grow of grayne[gh] dede,
  No whete were elle[gh] to wone[gh] wo{n}ne;                         32
  Of goud vche goude is ay by-go{n}ne.
  So semly a sede mo[gh]t fayly not,
  {a}t spry{n}gande[4] spyce[gh] vp ne spo{n}ne,
  Of at p{re}cios perle wyth-outen spotte.                           36

    [Sidenote 3: ? _rote._]
    [Sidenote 4: The MS. reads _sprygande_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 39b.]]
    [Sidenote: In the high season of August the parent visits the
    grave of his lost child. Beautiful flowers covered the grave.
    From them came a delicious odour.]
    To at spot at I in speche expou{n}
  I entred in at erber grene,
  In augoste in a hy[gh] seysou{n},
  Quen corne is coruen wyth croke[gh] kene.                           40
  On huyle er perle hit trendeled dou{n},
  Schadowed is worte[gh] ful schyre & schene
  Gilofre, gyngure & gromylyou{n},
  & pyonys powdered ay by-twene.                                      44
  [Gh]if hit wat[gh] semly on to sene,
  A fayr reflayr [gh]et fro hit flot,
  er wonys at woryly I wot & wene,
  My p{re}cio{us} perle, wyth-outen spot.                             48

    [Sidenote: The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow,
    falls asleep upon the flowery plot, and dreams.]
    Bifore at spot my honde I spe{n}n[e]d,
  For care ful colde at to me ca[gh]t[e];
  A denely dele in my hert de{n}ned,
  a[gh] resou{n} sette my seluen sa[gh]t[e].                         52
  I playned my perle {a}t {er} wat[gh] spe{n}ned
  Wyth fyrte skylle[gh] at faste fa[gh]t[e],
  a[gh] kynde of kryst me comfort ke{n}ned,
  My wreched wylle i{n} wo ay wra[gh]te.                              56
  I felle vpon at flo{ur}y fla[gh]t[e],
  Suche odo{ur} to my herne[gh] schot;
  I slode vpon a slepy{n}g sla[gh]te,
  On at p{re}c[i]os perle w{i}t{h}-outen spot.                       60


[Headnote: HE SEES A BEAUTIFUL FOREST, WHICH CAUSES HIS GRIEF
TO ABATE.]

II.

    [Sidenote: In spirit he is carried to an unknown region,
    where the rocks and cliffs gleamed gloriously.]
    Fro spot my spyryt er sprang i{n} space,
  My body on balke er bod i{n} sweuen,
  My goste is gon in gode[gh] grace,
  In auenture {er} meruayle[gh] meuen;                               64
  I ne wyste in is worlde quere {a}t hit wace,
  Bot I knew me keste {er} klyfe[gh] cleuen;
  Towarde a foreste I bere e face,
  Where rych rokke[gh] wer to dyscreuen;                              68
  e ly[gh]t of hem my[gh]t no mon leuen,
  e glemande glory at of hem gle{n}t;
  For wern neu{er} webbe[gh] at wy[gh]e[gh] weuen,
  Of half so dere adubmente.                                          72

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 40a.]]
    [Sidenote: The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs.
    The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver. The gravel
    consisted of precious pearls.]
    Dubbed wern alle o downe[gh] syde[gh]
  W{i}t{h} crystal klyffe[gh] so cler of kynde,
  Holte-wode[gh] bry[gh]t aboute hem byde[gh];
  Of bolle[gh] as blwe as ble of ynde,                                76
  As bornyst syluer e lef onslyde[gh],
  at ike con trylle on vch a tynde,
  Quen glem of glode[gh] agayn[gh] hem glyde[gh],
  Wyth schym{er}y{n}g schene ful schrylle ay schynde.                80
  e grauayl at on grou{n}de con grynde
  Wern p{re}cio{us} perle[gh] of oryente;
  e su{n}ne beme[gh] bot blo & blynde,
  In respecte of at adubbement.                                      84

    [Sidenote: The father forgets his sorrow. He sees birds of the
    most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody.]
    The adubbemente of o downe[gh] dere
  Garten my goste al greffe for-[gh]ete
  So frech flauore[gh] of fryte[gh] were,
  As fode hit con me fayre refete.                                    88
  Fowle[gh] {er} flowen i{n} fryth i{n} fere,
  Of flau{m}bande hwe[gh],[5] boe smale & grete,
  Bot sytole stry{n}g & gyt{er}nere,
  Her reken myre mo[gh]t not retrete,                                92
  For quen ose brydde[gh] her wynge[gh] bete
  ay songen wyth a swete asent;
  So grac[i]os gle coue no mon gete
  As here & se her adubbement.                                        96

    [Sidenote 5: Or _hiwe[gh]_.]

    [Sidenote: No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest.
    All shone like gold. The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river,
    which gave forth sweet sounds.]
    So al wat[gh] dubbet on dere asyse;
  at fryth er fortwne forth me fere[gh],
  e dere er-of for to deuyse
  Nis no wy[gh] wore at tonge bere[gh].                            100
  I welke ay forth i{n} wely wyse,
  No bonk so byg {a}t did me dere[gh],
  e fyrre i{n} e fryth e feier con ryse,
  e playn, e plontte[gh], e spyse, e pere[gh],                   104
  & rawe[gh] & rande[gh] & rych reuere[gh],
  As fyldor fyn her b[o]nkes brent.
  I wan to a water by schore at schere[gh],
  Lorde! dere wat[gh] hit adubbement!                                108

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 40b.]]
    [Sidenote: In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a
    winter night.]
    The dubbemente of o derworth depe
  Wern bonke[gh] bene of beryl bry[gh]t;
  Swangeande swete e water con swepe
  Wyth a rownande rourde raykande ary[gh]t;                          112
  I{n} e fou{n}ce {er} stonden stone[gh] stepe,
  As glente ur[gh] glas at glowed & gly[gh]t,
  A[6] stremande sterne[gh] quen stroe me{n} slepe,
  Staren i{n} welkyn i{n} wynt{er} ny[gh]t;                          116
  For vche a pobbel i{n} pole er py[gh]t
  Wat[gh] Emerad, saffer, o{er} ge{m}me gente,
  at alle e lo[gh]e lemed of ly[gh]t,
  So dere wat[gh] hit adubbeme{n}t.                                  120

    [Sidenote 6: ? _As._]


III.

    [Sidenote: His grief abates, and he follows the course of the
    stream.]
    The dubbeme{n}t dere of dou{n} & dale[gh],
  Of wod & wat{er} & wlonk playne[gh],
  Bylde in me blys, abated my bale[gh],
  For-didden my [dis]tresse, dystryed my payne[gh].                  124
  Dou{n} after a strem at dry[gh]ly hale[gh],
  I bowed in blys, bred ful my brayne[gh];
  e fyrre I fol[gh]ed ose floty vale[gh],
  e more strenghe of ioye myn herte strayne[gh],                   128
  As fortune fares {er} as ho frayne[gh],
  Whe{er} solace ho sende o{er} elle[gh] sore,
  e wy[gh], to wham her wylle ho wayne[gh],
  Hytte[gh] to haue ay more & more.                                  132

    [Sidenote: No one could describe his great joy. He thought that
    Paradise was on the opposite bank. The stream was not fordable.]
    More of wele wat[gh] i{n} at wyse
  e{n} I cowe telle a[gh] I tom hade,
  For vrely herte my[gh]t not suffyse
  To e tene dole of o gladne[gh] glade;                           136
  For-y I o[gh]t {a}t paradyse
  Wat[gh] er o{er} gayn o bonke[gh] brade;
  I hoped e water were a deuyse
  By-twene myre[gh] by mere[gh] made,                               140
  By-[gh]onde e broke by slente o{er} slade,
  I hope[de] {a}t mote merked wore.
  Bot e water wat[gh] depe I dorst not wade
  & eu{er} me longed a more & more.                                  144

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 41a.]]
    [Sidenote: More and more he desires to see what is beyond the
    brook. But the way seemed difficult. The dreamer finds new
    marvels.]
    More & more, & [gh]et wel mare,
  Me lyste to se e broke by-[gh]onde,
  For if hit wat[gh] fayr {er} I con fare,
  Wel loueloker wat[gh] e fyrre londe.                              148
  Abowte me con I stote & stare
  To fynde a fore, faste con I fonde,
  Bot woe[gh] mo i-wysse {er} ware,
  e fyrre I stalked by e stronde,                                  152
  & euer me o[gh]t I schulde not wonde
  For wo, er wele[gh] so wy{n}ne wore.
  e{n}ne nwe note me com on honde
  at meued my mynde ay more & more,                                 156

[Headnote: THE FATHER SEES HIS LOST CHILD DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES.]

    [Sidenote: He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits
    a maiden clothed in glistening white. He knows that he has seen
    her before.]
    More meruayle con my dom adau{n}t;
  I se[gh] by-[gh]onde at myry mere,
  A crystal clyffe ful relusau{n}t,
  Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere;                                    160
  At e fote {er}-of {er} sete a fau{n}t,
  A mayden of menske, ful debonere;
  Blysnande whyt wat[gh] hyr bleau{n}t,
  (I knew hyr wel, I hade sen hyr ere)                               164
  As glysnande golde at man con schere,
  So schon at schene an vnder schore;
  On lengh{e} I loked to hyr ere,
  e lenger I knew hyr more & more                                   168

    [Sidenote: He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her
    in such a strange place.]
    The more I frayste hyr fayre face.
  Her fygure fyn, quen I had fonte,
  Suche gladande glory con to me glace,
  As lyttel byfore erto wat[gh] wonte;                              172
  To calle hyr lyste con me enchace,
  Bot baysme{n}t gef myn hert a bru{n}t,
  I se[gh] hyr in so strange a place,
  Such a burre my[gh]t make my{n} herte blu{n}t                      176
  e{n}ne vere[gh] ho vp her fayre frou{n}t,
  Hyr vysayge whyt as playn yuore,
  at stonge my{n} hert ful stray atou{n}t,
  & eu{er} e lenger, e more & more.                                180


IV.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 41b.]]
    [Sidenote: So he stands still, like a well trained hawk.
    He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her.
    His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with
    precious pearls.]
    More en me lyste my drede aros,
  I stod ful stylle & dorste not calle,
  Wyth y[gh]en open & mouth ful clos,
  I stod as hende as hawk i{n} halle;                                184
  I hope {a}t gostly wat[gh] {a}t porpose,
  I dred on ende quat schulde byfalle,
  Lest ho me eschaped at I {er} chos,
  Er I at steuen hir mo[gh]t stalle.                                 188
  at gracios gay w{i}t{h}-outen galle,
  So smoe, so smal, so seme sly[gh]t,
  Ryse[gh] vp i{n} hir araye ryalle,
  A p{re}c[i]os pyece[7] i{n} perle[gh] py[gh]t.                     192

    [Sidenote 7: MS. looks like _pyete_.]

    [Sidenote: She comes along the stream towards him.
    Her kirtle is composed of 'sute,' ornamented with pearls.]
    Perle[gh] py[gh]te of ryal prys,
  ere mo[gh]t mon by grace haf sene,
  Quen at frech as flor-de-lys,
  Dou{n} e bonke con bo[gh]e by-dene.                               196
  Al blysnande whyt wat[gh] hir beau uiys,
  Vpon at syde[gh] & bou{n}den bene
  Wyth e myryeste margarys at my deuyse,
  at eu{er} I se[gh] [gh]et with myn y[gh]en;                       200
  Wyth lappe[gh] large I wot & I wene,
  Dubbed with double perle & dy[gh]te,
  Her cortel of self sute schene,
  W{i}t{h} p{re}cios perle[gh] al vmbe-py[gh]te.                     204

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 42a.]]
    [Sidenote: She wore a crown of pearls. Her hair hung down
    about her. Her colour was whiter than whalebone. Her hair
    shone as gold.]
    A py[gh]t coroune [gh]et wer at gyrle,
  Of mariorys & non o{er} ston,
  Hi[gh]e pynakled of cler quyt perle,
  Wyth flurted flowre[gh] perfet vpon;                               208
  To hed hade ho non o{er} werle,
  Her here heke[8] al hyr vmbe-gon;
  Her semblau{n}t sade, for doc o{er} erle,
  Her ble more bla[gh]t en whalle[gh] bon;                          212
  As schorne golde schyr her fax e{n}ne schon,
  On schyldere[gh] at legh{e} vnlapped ly[gh]te;
  Her depe colo{ur} [gh]et wonted non,
  Of p{re}cios perle i{n} porfyl py[gh]te,                           216

    [Sidenote 8: In the MS. it is _lere leke_.]

    [Sidenote: The trimming of her robe consisted of precious
    pearls. A wonderful pearl was set in her breast.]
    Py[gh]t wat[gh] poyned & vche a he{m}me,
  At honde, at syde[gh], at ouerture,
  Wyth whyte perle & non o{er} ge{m}me,
  & bornyste quyte wat[gh] hyr uesture.                              220
  Bot a wonder perle w{i}t{h}-outen we{m}me,
  In mydde[gh] hyr breste wat[gh] sette so sure;
  A ma{n}ne[gh] dom mo[gh]t dry[gh]ly de{m}me,
  Er mynde mo[gh]t malte i{n} hit mesure;                            224
  I hope no tong mo[gh]t endure
  No sau{er}ly saghe say of {a}t sy[gh]t,
  So wat[gh] hit clene & cler & pure,
  at p{re}cios perle {er} hit wat[gh] py[gh]t,                     228

    [Sidenote: No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father,
    when he saw his pearl on the bank of the stream. The maiden
    salutes him.]
    Py[gh]t in perle at p{re}cios p[r]yse.
  On wy{er} half wat{er} com dou{n} e schore,
  No gladder gome heen i{n} to grece,
  e{n} I, quen ho on bry{m}me wore;                                 232
  Ho wat[gh] me nerre en au{n}te or nece,
  My Ioy for-y wat[gh] much e more.
  Ho p{ro}fered me speche {a}t special spyce,
  Enclynande lowe i{n} wo{m}mon lore,                                236
  Ca[gh]te of her corou{n} of grete tresore,
  & haylsed me wyth a lote ly[gh]te.
  Wel wat[gh] me {a}t eu{er} I wat[gh] bore,
  To sware at swete i{n} perle[gh] py[gh]te!                        240


[Headnote: THE MAIDEN ADDRESSES HER FATHER.]

V.

    [Sidenote: The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his
    long-lost pearl, and longs to know who has deprived him of his
    treasure.]
    "O perle," q{uod} I, "in perle[gh] py[gh]t,
  Art {o}u my perle at I haf playned,
  Regretted by my{n} one, on ny[gh]te?
  Much longey{n}g haf I for e layned,                               244
  Syen into gresse {o}u me agly[gh]te;
  Pensyf, payred, I am for-payned,
  & {o}u i{n} a lyf of lyky{n}g ly[gh]te
  In paradys erde, of stryf vnstrayned.                              248
  What wyrde hat[gh] hyder my iuel vayned,
  & don me in ys del & gret dau{n}ger?
  Fro we i{n} twy{n}ne wern towen & twayned,
  I haf ben a Ioyle[gh] Iuelere."                                    252

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 42b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really
    lost. She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning
    are unknown.]
    That Iuel e{n}ne in ge{m}my[gh] gente,
  Vered vp her vyse w{i}t{h} y[gh]en graye,
  Set on hyr corou{n} of perle orie{n}t,
  & soberly after e{n}ne con ho say:                                256
  "Si{r} [gh]e haf yo{ur} tale myse-tente,
  To say yo{ur} perle is al awaye,
  at is i{n} cofer, so comly clente,
  As i{n} is gardyn gracios gaye,                                   260
  Here-i{n}ne to lenge for eu{er} & play.
  er mys nee morny{n}g com neu{er} here,
  Her were a forser for e i{n} faye,
  If {o}u were a gentyl Iueler.                                     264

[Headnote: SHE TELLS HIM OF HER BLISS.]

    [Sidenote: The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price.
    The pearl blames his rash speech.]
    Bot Iueler gente if {o}u schal lose
  y ioy for a ge{m}me at e wat[gh] lef,
  Me ynk e put i{n} a mad porpose,
  & busye[gh][9] e aboute a raysou{n} bref,                         268
  For at {o}u leste[gh] wat[gh] bot a rose,
  at flowred & fayled as kynde hyt gef;
  Now ur[gh] kynde of e kyste {a}t hyt con close,
  To a perle of prys hit is put i{n} pref;                           272
  & {o}u hat[gh] called y wyrde a ef,
  at o[gh]t of no[gh]t hat[gh] mad e cler;
  {o}u blame[gh] e bote of y meschef,
  {o}u art no kynde Iueler."                                        276

    [Sidenote 9: Looks like _husye[gh]_ in MS.]

    [Sidenote: The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for
    he really thought his pearl was wholly lost to him.]
    A Iuel to me en wat[gh] ys geste,
  & iuele[gh] wern hyr ge{n}tyl sawe[gh],
  "I-wyse," q{uod} I, "my blysfol beste,
  My grete dystresse {o}u al to-drawe[gh],                          280
  To be excused I make requeste;
  I trawed my perle don out of dawe[gh],
  Now haf I fonde hyt I schal ma feste,
  & wony w{i}t{h} hyt i{n} schyr wod schawe[gh],                     284
  & loue my lorde & al his lawe[gh],
  at hat[gh] me bro[gh][t] ys blys ner;
  Now were I at yow by-[gh]onde ise wawe[gh],
  I were a ioyfol Iueler."                                           288

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 43a.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden tells her father that he has spoken
    three words without knowing the meaning of one. The first word.
    The second. The third.]
    "Iueler," sayde at ge{m}me clene,
  "Wy borde [gh]e men, so madde [gh]e be?
  re worde[gh] hat[gh] {o}u spoken at ene,
  Vn-avysed, for soe, wern alle re,                                292
  ou ne woste in worlde quat on dot[gh] mene,
  y worde byfore y wytte con fle.
  ou says {o}u trawe[gh] me i{n} is dene,
  By cawse {o}u may w{i}t{h} y[gh]en me se;                         296
  Ano{er} {o}u says, i{n} ys cou{n}tre
  y self schal won w{i}t{h} me ry[gh]t here;
  e rydde, to passe ys wat{er} fre,
  at may no ioyfol Iueler.                                          300


[Headnote: DEATH IS THE ROAD TO PARADISE.]

VI.

    [Sidenote: He is little to be praised who loves what he sees.
    To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption.]
    I halde at iueler lyttel to prayse.
  at loue[gh] wel {a}t he se[gh] wyth y[gh]e,
  & much to blame & vn-cortoyse,
  at loue[gh][10] oure lorde wolde make a ly[gh]e,                  304
  at lelly hy[gh]te yo{ur} lyf to rayse,
  a[gh] fortune dyd yo{ur} flesch to dy[gh]e;
  [Gh]e setten hys worde[gh] ful westernays
  at loue[gh][11] no y{n}k bot [gh]e hit sy[gh]e,                  308
  & at is[12] a poy{n}t o sorquydry[gh]e,
  at vche god mon may euel byseme
  To leue no tale be t{ru}e to try[gh]e,
  Bot at hys one skyl may dem[e].                                   312

    [Sidenote 10: Looks at first sight like _lyue[gh]_--MS. rubbed, but
    read _leue[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 11: Read _leue[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 12: The MS. reads _[-i]s_.]

    [Sidenote: To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be
    asked. This stream must be passed over by death.]
    Deme now y-self, if {o}u con, dayly
  As man to god worde[gh] schulde heue.
  {o}u sayt[gh] {o}u schal won i{n} is bayly;
  Me ynk e burde fyrst aske leue,                                  316
  & [gh]et of grau{n}t {o}u my[gh]te[gh] fayle;
  {o}u wylne[gh] ou{er} ys water to weue,
  Er moste {o}u ceuer to o{er} cou{n}sayl,
  y corse i{n} clot mot calder keue,                                320
  For hit wat[gh] for-garte, at paradys greue
  Oure [gh]ore fader hit con mysse[gh]eme;
  ur[gh] drwry deth bo[gh] vch ma dreue,
  Er ou{er} ys dam hy{m} dry[gh]ty{n} deme."                        324

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 43b.]]
    [Sidenote: The father asks his pearl whether she is about to
    doom him to sorrow again. If he loses his pearl he does not care
    what happens to him.]
    "Deme[gh] {o}u me," q{uod} I, "my swete
  To dol agayn, e{n}ne I dowyne;
  Now haf I fonte at I for-lete
  Schal I efte for-go hit er eu{er} I fyne?                          328
  Why schal I hit boe mysse & mete?
  My p{re}cios perle dot[gh] me gret pyne,
  What serue[gh] tresor, bot gare[gh] men grete
  When he hit schal efte w{i}t{h} tene[gh] tyne?                     332
  Now rech I neu{er} forto declyne,
  Ne how fer of folde at man me fleme,
  When I am partle[gh] of perle[gh] myne.
  Bot durande doel what may men deme?"                               336

[Headnote: ALL MUST ABIDE GOD'S DOOM.]

    [Sidenote: The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently.
    Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God's doom.]
    "Thow deme[gh] no[gh]t bot doel dystresse,"
  enne sayde at wy[gh]t "why dot[gh] {o}u so?
  For dyne of doel, of lure[gh] lesse,
  Ofte mony mon for-gos e mo;                                       340
  e o[gh]te better y seluen blesse,
  & loue ay god &[13] wele & wo,
  For anger gayne[gh] e not a cresse.
  Who nede[gh] schal ole be not so ro;                             344
  For o[gh] {o}u dau{n}ce as any do
  Brau{n}dysch & bray y brae[gh] breme,
  When {o}u no fyrre may, to ne fro,
  {o}u moste abyde at he schal deme.                               348

    [Sidenote 13: _in_ or _an_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: He must cease to strive. All lies in God's power
    to make men joyful or sad.]
    Deme dry[gh]tyn, euer hy{m} adyte,
  Of e way a fote ne wyl he wrye,
  y mende[gh] mou{n}te[gh] not a myte,
  a[gh] {o}u for sor[gh]e be neu{er} blye;                        352
  Sty{n}st of y strot & fyne to flyte,
  & sech hys blye ful swefte[14] & swye,
  y prayer may hys pyte byte,
  at mercy schal hyr crafte[gh] kye;                               356
  Hys comforte may y lango{ur} lye,
  & y lure[gh] of ly[gh]tly leme,
  For marre o{er} madde, morne & mye,
  Al lys i{n} hym to dy[gh]t & deme."                                360

    [Sidenote 14: MS. _sweste_.]


[Headnote: THE BEREAVED PARENT ASKS HIS CHILD'S PITY.]

VII.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 44a.]]
    [Sidenote: The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him.]
    Thenne demed I to at damyselle,
  Ne wore no wrath e vnto my lorde,
  If rapely raue[15] spornande i{n} spelle.
  My herte wat[gh] al w{i}t{h} mysse remorde,                        364
  As wallande water got[gh] out of welle;
  I do me ay i{n} hys myserecorde.
  Rebuke me neu{er} w{i}t{h} worde[gh] felle,
  a[gh] I forloyne my dere endorde,                                 368
  Bot lye[gh] me kyndely yo{ur} cou{m}forde,
  Pytosly enkande vpon ysse;
  Of care & me [gh]e made acorde,
  at er wat[gh] grou{n}de of alle my blysse;                        372

    [Sidenote 15: _rane_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: He says that she has been both his bale and bliss.
    And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her.]
    My blysse, my bale [gh]e han ben boe,
  Bot much e bygger [gh]et wat[gh] my mon,
  Fro {o}u wat[gh] wroken fro vch a woe.
  I wyste neu{er} quere my perle wat[gh] gon;                        376
  Now I hit se, now lee[gh] my loe,
  & quen we departed we wern at on,
  God forbede we be now wroe,
  We meten so selden by stok o{er} ston;                            380
  a[gh] cortaysly [gh]e carp con,
  I am bot mol & marere[gh] mysse,
  Bot crystes mersy & mary & Ion,
  ise arn e grou{n}de of alle my blysse.                           384

    [Sidenote: And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little
    heed of his sorrow. He desires to know what life she leads.]
    In blysse I se e blyely blent
  & I a man al mornyf mate,
  [Gh]e take {er}-on ful lyttel tente,
  a[gh] I hente ofte harme[gh] hate.                                388
  Bot now I am here i{n} yo{ur} p{re}sente,
  I wolde bysech wythouten debate,
  [Gh]e wolde me say i{n} sobre asente,
  What lyf [gh]e lede, erly & late,                                  392
  For I am ful fayn at yo{ur} astate
  Is woren to worschyp & wele I wysse,
  Of alle my Ioy e hy[gh]e gate
  Hit is i{n} grou{n}de of allemyblysse."                          396

[Headnote: SHE DESCRIBES HER MODE OF LIFE.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 44b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide
    with her, now that he is humble. All are meek that dwell
    in the abode of bliss.]
    "Now blysse burne mot e bytyde;"
  en sayde at lufsou{m} of lyth & lere,
  "& welcu{m} here to walk & byde,
  For now y speche is to me dere;                                   400
  Maysterful mod & hy[gh]e pryde
  I hete e arn heterly hated here;
  My lorde ne loue[gh] not forto chyde,
  For meke arn alle {a}t wone[gh] hy{m} nere,                       404
  & when i{n} hys place {o}u schal apere,
  Be dep deuote i{n} hol mekenesse;
  My lorde e lamb, loue[gh] ay such chere,
  at is e grou{n}de of alle my blysse.                             408

    [Sidenote: All lead a blissful life. She reminds her father
    that she was very young when she died. Now she is crowned
    a queen in heaven.]
    A blysful lyf {o}u says I lede,
  ou wolde[gh] knaw {er}-of e stage;
  ow wost wel when y perle con schede,
  I wat[gh] ful [gh]ong & tender of age,                             412
  Bot my lorde e lombe, ur[gh] hys god-hede,
  He toke my self to hys maryage,
  Corou{n}de me quene i{n} blysse to brede,
  I{n} lengh{e} of daye[gh] at eu{er} schal wage,                   416
  & sesed i{n} alle hys herytage
  Hys lef is, I am holy hysse;
  Hys prese, hys prys & hys parage,
  Is rote & grou{n}de of alle my blysse."                            420


[Headnote: MARY IS THE EMPRESS OF HEAVEN.]

VIII.

    [Sidenote: The father of the maiden does not fully understand
    her. Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven. No one is able
    to remove the crown from her.]
    "Blysful," q{uod} I, "may ys be trwe,
  Dysplese[gh] not if I speke erro{ur};
  Art ou e quene of heuene[gh] blwe,
  {a}t al ys worlde schal do hono{ur}?                             424
  We leuen on marye at grace of grewe,
  at ber a barne of vyrgyn flo{ur},
  e croune fro hyr quo mo[gh]t remwe,
  Bot ho hir passed i{n} su{m} fauo{ur}?                             428
  Now for synglerty o hyr douso{ur},
  We calle hyr fenyx of arraby,
  at freles fle[gh]e of hyr fasor,
  Lyk to e quen of cortaysye."                                      432

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 45a.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden addresses the Virgin. She then explains
    to her father that each has his place in heaven.]
    "Cortayse quen" e{n}ne s[a]yde at gaye,
  Knelande to grou{n}de, folde vp hyr face,
  "Makele[gh] moder & myryest may,
  Blessed bygy{n}ner[16] of vch a grace!"                            436
  e{n}ne ros ho vp & con restay,
  & speke me towarde i{n} at space:
  "S{ir} fele here porchase[gh] & fonge[gh] pray
  Bot supplantore[gh] none w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne ys place;                440
  at emp{er}ise al heue{n}[gh] hat[gh],
  & vre & helle i{n} her bayly;
  Of erytage [gh]et non wyl ho chace,
  For ho is quen of cortaysye.                                       444

    [Sidenote 16: MS. reads _b[-y]gyner_.]

    [Sidenote: The court of God has a property in its own being.
    Each one in it is a king or queen. The mother of Christ holds
    the chief place.]
    The co{ur}t of e kyndom of god alyue,
  Hat[gh] a p{ro}perty i{n} hyt self bey{n}g;
  Alle at may er-i{n}ne aryue
  Of alle e reme is quen o{er} ky{n}g,                             448
  & neu{er} o{er} [gh]et schal depryue,
  Bot vchon fayn of o{er}e[gh] hafy{n}g,
  & wolde her corou{n}e[gh] wern wore o fyue,
  If possyble were her mendy{n}g.                                    452
  Bot my lady of quom Iesu con spry{n}g,
  Ho halde[gh] e empyre ou{er} v{us} ful hy[gh]e,
  & at dysplese[gh] non of oure gy{n}g,
  For ho is quene of cortaysye.                                      456

    [Sidenote: We are all members of Christ's body. Look that
    each limb be perfect.]
    Of co{ur}taysye, as sayt[gh] say{n}t poule,
  Al arn we me{m}bre[gh] of ih{es}u kryst,
  As heued & arme & legg & naule,
  Temen to hys body ful trwe & t[r]yste;                             460
  Ry[gh]t so is vch a krysten sawle,
  A longande lym to e mayster of myste;
  e{n}ne loke what hate o{er} any gawle,
  Is tached o{er} ty[gh]ed y ly{m}me[gh] by-twyste,                464
  y heued hat[gh] nauer greme ne gryste,
  On arme o{er} fynger, a[gh] {o}u ber by[gh]e;
  So fare we alle wyth luf & lyste,
  To ky{n}g & quene by cortaysye."                                   468

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 45b.]]
    [Sidenote: The father replies that he cannot understand how
    his pearl can be a queen. He desires to know what greater
    honour she can have.]
    "Cortayse," q{uod} I, "I leue
  & charyte grete be yow amo{n}g,
  Bot my speche at yow ne greue,
      .    .    .    .    .                                          472
  y self in heuen ou{er} hy[gh] {o}u heue,
  To make e quen at wat[gh] so [gh]onge,
  What more-hond mo[gh]te he acheue
  at hade endured i{n} worlde stronge,                              476
  & lyued i{n} penau{n}ce hys lyue[gh] longe,
  W{i}t{h} bodyly bale hy{m} blysse to byye?
  What more worschyp mo[gh]t ho fonge,
  en corou{n}de be ky{n}g by cortayse?                              480


[Headnote: THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD.]

IX.

    [Sidenote: She was only two years old when she died,
    and could do nothing to please God. She might be a countess
    or some great lady but not a queen.]
    That cortayse is to fre of dede,
  [Gh]yf hyt be soth at {o}u cone[gh] saye,
  {o}u lyfed not two [gh]er i{n} oure ede,
  {o}u cowe[gh] neu{er} god nau{er} plese ne pray,                484
  Ne neu{er} nawer pater ne crede,
  & quen mad on e fyrst day!
  I may not traw, so god me spede,
  at god wolde wrye so wrange away;                                488
  Of cou{n}tes damysel, par ma fay,
  Wer fayr i{n} heuen to halde asstate
  A{er} elle[gh] a lady of lasse aray,
  Bot a quene, hit is to dere a date."                               492

    [Sidenote: The maiden informs her father that there is no limit
    to God's power. The parable of the labourers in the vineyard.]
    "er is no date of hys god-nesse,"
  en sayde to me at wory wy[gh]te,
  "For al is trawe at he con dresse,
  & he may do no ynk bot ry[gh]t,                                   496
  As mathew mele[gh] i{n} yo{ur} messe,
  I{n} sothfol gospel of god al-my[gh]t
  I{n} sample he can ful grayely gesse,
  & lykne[gh] hit to heuen ly[gh]te."                                500
  "My regne, he sayt[gh], is lyk on hy[gh]t,
  To a lorde at hade a uyne I wate,
  Of tyme of [gh]ere e terme wat[gh] ty[gh]t,
  To labor vyne wat[gh] dere e date,                                504

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 46a.]]
    [Sidenote: The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a
    day. At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the
    market place.]
    at date of [gh]ere wel knawe ys hyne;
  e lorde ful erly vp he ros,
  To hyre werkmen to hys vyne,
  & fynde[gh] {er} su{m}me to hys porpos,                           508
  Into acorde ay con de-clyne,
  For a pen on a day & forth ay got[gh],
  Wryen & worchen & don gret pyne,
  Keruen & caggen & man hit clos;                                    512
  Aboute vnder, e lorde to marked tot[gh]
  & ydel men stande he fynde[gh] er-ate,
  "Why stande [gh]e ydel" he sayde to os,
  Ne knawe [gh]e of is day no date?                                 516

    [Sidenote: He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will
    give them what is right.]
    "Er date of daye hider arn we won{n}e,"
  So wat[gh] al samen her answar so[gh]t;
  "We haf standen her syn ros e su{n}ne,
  & no mo{n} bydde[gh] v{us} do, ry[gh]t no[gh]t."                   520
  "Gos i{n}-to my vyne, dot[gh] at [gh]e co{n}ne."
  So sayde e lorde & made hit to[gh]t.
  "What resonabele hyre be na[gh]t be ru{n}ne,
  I yow pray i{n} dede & o[gh]te."                                  524
  ay wente i{n} to e vyne & wro[gh]te,
  & al day e lorde {us} [gh]ede his gate,
  & nw men to hys vyne he bro[gh]te;
  Wel ne[gh] wyl day wat[gh] passed date,                            528

    [Sidenote: At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees
    other men standing idle. Tells them to go into the vineyard.]
    At e day of date of euen-songe,
  On oure byfore e so{n}ne go dou{n}
  He se[gh] er ydel men ful stronge
  & sa[y]de to hem[17] w{i}t{h} sobre sou{n};                        532
  "Wy stonde [gh]e ydel ise daye[gh] longe."
  ay sayden her hyre wat[gh] nawhere bou{n}.
  "Got[gh] to my vyne [gh]emen [gh]onge
  & wyrke[gh] & dot[gh] {a}t at [gh]e mou{n}."                      536
  Sone e worlde by-com wel brou{n},
  e su{n}ne wat[gh] doun &[18] hit wex late;
  To take her hyre he mad su{m}ou{n};
  e day wat[gh] al apassed date.                                    540

    [Sidenote 17: MS. _hen_.]
    [Sidenote 18: MS. & &.]


[Headnote: THE PAYMENT OF THE LABOURERS.]

X.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 46b.]]
    [Sidenote: As soon as the sun was gone down the "reeve" was told
    to pay the workmen. To give each a penny. The first began to
    complain.]
    The date of e daye e lorde con knaw,
  Called to e reue "lede pay e meyny,
  Gyf hem e hyre at I hem owe,
  & fyrre, at non me may repreue,                                   544
  Set hem alle vpon a rawe,
  & gyf vchon i{n}-lyche a peny.
  Bygyn at e laste at sta{n}de[gh] lowe,
  Tyl to e fyrste at {o}u atteny;"                                548
  & e{n}ne e fyrst by-go{n}netopleny
  & sayden at ay hade trauayled sore,
  ese bot an [h]oure hem con streny,
  V{us} y{n}k v{us} o[gh]e totake more.                            552

    [Sidenote: Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he
    deserves more. The lord tells him that he agreed only to give
    him a penny.]
    More haf we serued v{us} y{n}k so,
  at suffred han e daye[gh] hete,
  e{n}n yse at wro[gh]t[e] not houre[gh] two,
  & {o}u dot[gh] hem v{us} to cou{n}terfete.                        556
  e{n}ne sayde e lorde to on of o,
  "Frende no wrang[19] I wyl e [gh]ete,
  Take at is yn owne & go;
  & I hyred e for a peny a grete,                                   560
  Quy bygy{n}ne[gh] {o}u now to rete;
  Wat[gh] not a pen y couenau{n}t ore?
  Fyrre e{n} couenau{n}de is no[gh]ttoplete,
  Wy schalte ou e{n}ne ask more?                                   564

    [Sidenote 19: MS. _wanig_.]

[Headnote: THE APPLICATION OF THE PARABLE.]

    [Sidenote: The last shall be first, and the first last.
    The maiden applies the parable to herself.]
    More we{er} louyly is me my gyfte
  To do wyth myn quat so me lyke[gh]?
  O{er} elle[gh] yn y[gh]e to ly{er} islyfte,
  For I am goude & no{n} by-swyke[gh]."                              568
  "{us} schal I," q{uod} kryste, "hit skyfte,
  e laste schal be e fyrst at stryke[gh],
  & e fyrst e laste, be he neu{er}soswyft,
  For mony ben calle[d] a[gh] fewe be myke[gh]."                    572
  {us} pore men her part ay pyke[gh],
  a[gh] ay com late & lyttel wore,
  & a[gh] her sweng wyth lyttel at-slyke[gh],
  e merci of god is much e more.                                   576

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 47a.]]
    [Sidenote: She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received
    more than others who had lived longer.]
    "More haf I of ioye & blysse here-i{n}ne,
  Of ladyschyp gret & lyue[gh] blom,
  en alle e wy[gh]e[gh] i{n} e worlde my[gh]t wy{n}ne
  By e way of ry[gh]t to aske dome.                                 580
  Wheer wel nygh[t] now I con bygy{n}ne,
  In euentyde in-to e vyne I come,
  Fyrst of my hyre my lorde con my{n}ne,
  I wat[gh] payed anon of al & sum;                                  584
  [Gh]et o{er} er werne {a}t toke more tom,
  at swange & swat for long [gh]ore,
  at [gh]et of hyre no ynk ay nom,
  Parau{n}t{er} no[gh]t schal to [gh]ere more."                      588

    [Sidenote: The father says that his daughter's tale is
    unreasonable.]
    Then more I meled & sayde apert,
  "Me ynk y tale vnresou{n}able,
  Godde[gh] ry[gh]t is redy & eu{er} more rert,[20]
  O{er} holy wryt is bot a fable;                                   592
  I{n} sauter is sayd a verce ouerte
  at speke[gh] a poy{n}t determynable,
  '{o}u quyte[gh] vchon as hys desserte,
  {o}u hy[gh]e ky{n}g ay p{re}termynable,'[21]                      596
  Now he at stod e long day stable,
  & {o}u to payment com hym byfore,
  e{n}ne e lasse i{n} werke to take more able,
  & eu{er} e lenger e lasse e more."                              600

    [Sidenote 20: _ert_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 21: MS. p{er}termynable.]


[Headnote: GOD IS NO NIGGARD.]

XI.

    [Sidenote: In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike.
    God is no niggard. The grace of God is sufficient for all.]
    "Of more & lasse in gode[gh] ryche,"
  at gentyl sayde "lys no Ioparde,
  For er is vch mon payed inliche,
  Wheer lyttel o{er} much be hys rewarde,                          604
  For e gentyl cheuentayn is no chyche,
  Que{er}-so-eu{er} he dele nesch o{er} harde,
  He laue[gh] hys gyfte[gh][22] as wat{er} of dyche,
  O{er} gote[gh] of golf at neu{er} charde;                        608
  Hys frau{n}chyse is large {a}t eu{er} dard,
  To hy{m} at mat[gh] i{n} sy{n}ne no scogh{e}[23]
  No blysse bet[gh] fro hem reparde,
  For e grace of god is gret I-nogh{e}.                             612

    [Sidenote 22: MS. _gyste[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 23: In the MS. it looks like _rescoghe_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 47b.]]
    [Sidenote: Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven
    by sinning.]
    Bot now {o}u mote[gh] me for to mate
  at I my peny haf wrang tan here,
  {o}u say[gh] at I at com to late,
  Am not wory so gret lere.                                         616
  Where wyste[gh] {o}u eu{er} any bourne abate
  Euer so holy i{n} hys prayere,
  at he ne forfeted by su{m}kyn gate,
  e mede su{m}-tyme of heuene[gh] clere;                            620
  & ay e ofter, e alder ay were,
  ay laften ry[gh]t & wro[gh]ten wogh{e}
  Mercy & g{ra}ce moste hem e{n} stere,
  For e g{ra}ce of god is gret i{n}-no[gh]e.                        624

    [Sidenote: Innocents are saved by baptism. Why should not
    God allow their labour.]
    Bot i{n}-nogh{e} of grace hat[gh] i{n}nocent,
  As sone as ay arn borne by lyne
  I{n} e water of babtem ay dyssente,
  {en} arne ay boro[gh]t i{n}-to e vyne,                          628
  Anon e day w{i}t{h} derk endente,
  e my[gh]t of deth dot[gh] to en-clyne
  at wro[gh]t neuer wrang er e{n}ne ay wente;
  e gentyle lorde e{n}ne paye[gh] hys hyne,                        632
  ay dyden hys heste, ay wern ere-ine,
  Why schulde he not her labo{ur} alow,
  [Gh]y[rd] & pay hem[24] at e fyrst fyne
  For e grace of god is gret i{n}-nogh{e}?                          636

    [Sidenote 24: MS. _hym_.]

[Headnote: PARADISE WAS LOST THROUGH AN APPLE.]

    [Sidenote: Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple.
    And all are damned for the sin of Adam. But there came one
    who paid the penalty of our sins.]
    Ino[gh]e is knawen {a}t man-kyn grete,
  Fyrste wat[gh] wro[gh]t to blysse parfyt;
  Oure forme-fader hit con forfete,
  ur[gh] an apple at he vpon con byte;                             640
  Al wer we dampned for at mete,
  To dy[gh]e i{n} doel out of delyt,
  & syen wende to helle hete,
  {er}-i{n}ne to won w{i}t{h}-oute respyt;                          644
  Bot er on com a bote as-tyt.
  Ryche blod ran on rode so rogh{e},
  & wy{n}ne [&] wat{er}, e{n} at at plyt
  e g{ra}ce of god wex gret i{n}-nogh{e}.                           648

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 48a.]]
    [Sidenote: The water that came from the pierced side of Christ
    was baptism.]
    Innogh{e} er wax out[25] of at welle,
  Blod & wat{er} of brode wou{n}de;
  e blod v{us} bo[gh]t fro bale of helle,
  & delyu{er}ed v{us} of e deth secou{n}de;                         652
  e water is baptem e soe to telle;
  at fol[gh]ed e glayue so gry{m}ly grou{n}de,
  at wasche[gh] away e gylte[gh] felle,
  at adam wyth i{n}ne deth v{us} drou{n}de.                         656
  Now is {er} no[gh]t i{n} e worlde rou{n}de
  Bytwene v{us} & blysse bot at he w{i}t{h}-dro[gh]
  & at is restored i{n} sely stou{n}de,
  & e grace of god is gret i{n}-nogh.                               660

    [Sidenote 25: MS. _out out_.]


XII.

    [Sidenote: Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and
    affliction. The guilty may be saved by contrition.]
    Grace i{n}-nogh e mon may haue,
  at sy{n}ne[gh] e{n}ne new, [gh]if hy{m} repente,
  Bot w{i}t{h} sor[gh] & syt he mot hit craue,
  & byde e payne er-to is bent,                                    664
  Bot resou{n} of ry[gh]t at con not raue,
  Saue[gh] eu{er} more e i{n}nosse{n}t;
  Hit is a dom {a}t neu{er} god gaue,
  at eu{er} e gyltle[gh] schulde be schente.                       668
  e gyltyf may contryssyou{n} hente
  & be ur[gh] mercy to grace ry[gh]t;
  Bot he to gyle at neu{er} glente,
  At i{n}-oscente is saf & ry[gh]te.                                 672

[Headnote: INNOCENTS ARE SAVED BY RIGHT.]

    [Sidenote: Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and
    the _innocent_. The words of David. The innocent is saved by
    right.]
    Ry[gh]t {us}[26] I knaw wel i{n} is cas,
  Two men to saue is god by skylle;
  e ry[gh]t-wys man schal se hys face,[27]
  e harmle[gh] hael schal com hym tylle,                           676
  e saut{er} hyt sat[gh] {us} i{n} a pace:
  "Lorde quo schal klymbe y hy[gh] hylle[gh]
  O{er} rest w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne y holy place?"
  Hymself to on-sware he is not dylle;                               680
  "Hondely{n}ge[gh] harme at dyt not ille,
  at is of hert boe clene & ly[gh]t,
  er schal hys step stable stylle,"
  e i{n}nosent is ay saf by ry[gh]t.                                684

    [Sidenote 26: MS. {us} {us}.]
    [Sidenote 27: MS. _fate_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 48b.]]
    [Sidenote: The words of Solomon.]
    The ry[gh]twys man also sertayn
  Aproche he schal {a}t proper pyle,
  at take[gh] not her lyf in vayne
  Ne glauere[gh] her nie[gh]bor wyth no gyle;                        688
  Of ys ry[gh]t-wys sa[gh][28] salamon playn,
  How kyntly oure con aquyle
  By waye[gh] ful stre[gh]t he con hym strayn,
  & scheued hy{m} e rengne of god a whyle,                          692
  As quo says "lo [gh]on louely yle,
  {o}u may hit wy{n}ne if {o}u be wy[gh]te,"
  Bot hardyly w{i}t{h}-oute peryle,
  e i{n}nosent is ay saue by ry[gh]te!                              696

    [Sidenote 28: _sat[gh]_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: David says no man living is justified.
    Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right.]
    An-ende ry[gh]twys men, [gh]et sayt[gh] a gome
  Dauid in sauter, if eu{er} [gh]e se[gh] hit,
  "Lorde y seruau{n}t dra[gh] neuer to dome,
  For[29] non lyuyunde to e is Iustyfyet."                          700
  For-y to corte quen {o}u schal com,
  er alle oure cause[gh] schal be tryed,
  Alegge e ry[gh]t {o}u may be i{n}-nome,
  By ys ilke spech I haue asspyed;                                  704
  Bot he on rode at blody dyed,
  Delfully ur[gh] honde[gh] ry[gh]t
  Gyue e to passe when {o}u arte tryed
  By in{n}ocens & not by ry[gh]te.                                   708

    [Sidenote 29: MS. _sor._]

[Headnote: CHRIST BLESSED LITTLE CHILDREN.]

    [Sidenote: When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought
    unto him. The disciples rebuked the parents. Christ said,
    "Suffer little children to come unto me," etc.]
    Ry[gh]t-wysly quo con rede,
  He loke on bok & be awayed
  How Ih{esu}c hy{m} welke in are ede,
  & burne[gh] her barne[gh] vnto hy{m} brayde,                       712
  For happe & hele at fro hy{m} [gh]ede,
  To touch[30] her chylder ay fayr hym prayed.
  His dessypele[gh] w{i}t{h} blame let be hy{m} bede,
  & wyth her resou{n}e[gh] ful fele restayed;                        716
  Ih{esu}c e{n}ne hem swetely sayde,
  "Do way, let chylder vnto me ty[gh]t.
  To suche is heuen-ryche arayed,"
  e i{n}nocent is ay saf by ry[gh]t.                                720

    [Sidenote 30: MS. _touth_.]


XIII.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 49a.]]
    [Sidenote: No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child.]
    Ih{esu}c con calle to hy{m} hys mylde
  & sayde hys ryche no wy[gh] my[gh]t wy{n}ne.
  Bot he com yder ry[gh]t as a chylde,
  O{er} elle[gh] neu{er} more com er-i{n}ne,                       724
  Harmle[gh], trwe & vnde-fylde,
  W{i}t{h}-outen mote o{er} mascle of sulpande sy{n}ne;
  Quen such er cnoken on e bylde,
  Tyt schal hem men e [gh]ate vnpy{n}ne,                            728
  er is e blys at con not bly{n}ne,
  at e Iueler so[gh]te ur[gh] perre pres
  & solde alle hys goud boe wolen & ly{n}ne,
  To bye hy{m} a perle [at] wat[gh] mascelle[gh].                   732

[Headnote: FORSAKE THE MAD WORLD.]

    [Sidenote: The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven,
    pure and clean. Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless
    pearl.]
    This makelle[gh] perle at bo[gh]t is dere,
  e Ioueler gef fore alle hys god,
  Is lyke e reme of heuenesse clere
  So sayde e fader of folde & flode,                                736
  For hit is we{m}le[gh], clene & clere,
  & endele[gh] rou{n}de & blye of mode,
  & co{m}mune to alle at ry[gh]twys[31] were,
  Lo! euen i{n} mydde[gh] my breste hit stode;                       740
  My lorde e lombe at schede hys blode,
  He py[gh]t hit ere i{n} token of pes;
  I rede e forsake e worlde wode,
  & porchace y perle maskelles."                                    744

    [Sidenote 31: MS. _ry[gh]tywys_.]

    [Sidenote: The father of the maiden desires to know who formed
    her figure and wrought her garments. Her beauty, he says,
    is not natural. Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis.]
    "O maskele[gh] perle i{n} perle[gh] pure
  at bere[gh]," q{uod} I, "e perle of prys,
  Quo formed e y fayre fygure?
  at wro[gh]t y wede, he wat[gh] ful wys;                          748
  y beaute com neu{er} of nature,
  Pymalyon paynted neu{er} y vys,
  Ne arystotel naw{er} by hys lettrure
  Of carpe e kynde ese p{ro}perte[gh].                             752
  y colo{ur} passe[gh] e flo{ur}-de-lys,
  yn angel hauy{n}g so clene corte[gh]
  Breue me bry[gh]t, quat-kyn of p{r}iys[32]
  Bere[gh] e perle so maskelle[gh]."                                756

    [Sidenote 32: The MS. has _triys_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 49b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride
    of Christ. She is without spot or blemish. Her weeds are washed
    in the blood of Christ.]
    "My makele[gh] lambe at al may bete,"
  Q{uod} scho, "my dere destyn
  Me ches to hys make al-a[gh] vnmete,
  Su{m} tyme semed {a}t assembl                                    760
  When I wente fro yor worlde wete.
  He calde me to hys bon{er}t,
  'Cu{m} hyder to me my le{m}man swete,
  For mote ne spot is non i{n} e:'                                  764
  He gef me my[gh]t & als bewt.
  I{n} hys blod he wesch my wede on dese,
  & coronde clene i{n} v{er}gynt,
  & py[gh]t me i{n} perle[gh] maskelle[gh]."                         768

    [Sidenote: The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has
    chosen his daughter, and why she is selected as a bride.]
    "Why maskelle[gh] bryd at bry[gh]t con flambe
  at reiate[gh] hat[gh] so ryche & ryf,
  Quat-kyn y{n}g may be at lambe,
  at e wolde wedde vnto hys vyf?                                   772
  Ou{er} alle o{er} so hy[gh] {o}u clambe,
  To lede w{i}t{h} hy{m} so ladyly lyf
  So mony a cumly on v{n}der cambe,
  For kryst han lyued i{n} much stryf,                               776
  & {o}u con alle o dere out-dryf,
  & fro at maryag al o{er} depres,
  Al only yself so stout & styf,
  A makele[gh] may & maskelle[gh]."                                  780


[Headnote: THE LAMB AND HIS BRIDES.]

XIV.

    [Sidenote: The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides.
    St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new
    city of Jerusalem.]
    "Maskelles," q{uod} at myry quene,
  "Vnblemyst I am wyth-outen blot,
  & at may I w{i}t{h} mensk me{n}teene;
  Bot makele[gh] quene e{n}ne sade I not,                           784
  e lambes vyue[gh] i{n} blysse we bene,
  A hondred & forty owsande flot
  As i{n} e apocalyppe[gh] hit is sene;
  Sant Ioh{a}n hem sy[gh] al i{n} a knot,                            788
  On e hyl of syon at semly clot.
  e apostel hem segh i{n} gostly drem
  Arayed to e weddy{n}g i{n} {a}t hyl coppe,
  e nwe cyte u I{e}r{usa}l{e}m.                                     792

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 50a.]]
    [Sidenote: Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb. He says that
    He was led as a lamb to the slaughter.]
    Of I{e}r{usa}l{e}m I in speche spelle.
  If {o}u wyl knaw what-kyn he be,
  My lombe, my lorde, my dere Iuelle,
  My ioy, my blys, my le{m}man fre,                                  796
  e p{ro}fete ysaye of hy{m} con melle,
  Pitously of hys debonert
  at gloryo{us} gyltle[gh][33] {a}t mon con quelle,
  W{i}t{h}-outen any sake of felonye,                                800
  As a schep to e sla[gh]t {er} lad wat[gh] he
  & as lombe at clypper i{n} lande nem,[34]
  So closed he hys mouth fro vch query,
  Quen Iue[gh] hy{m} iugged i{n} Ih{erusal}em.                       804

    [Sidenote 33: MS. reads _gystle[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 34: MS. _men_.]

    [Sidenote: In Jerusalem was Christ slain. With buffets
    was His face flayed. He endured all patiently as a lamb.
    For us He died in Jerusalem.]
    In I{e}r{usa}l{e}m wat[gh] my le{m}man slayn
  & rent on rode w{i}t{h} boye[gh] bolde;
  Al oure bale[gh] to bere ful bayn,
  He toke on hy{m} self oure care[gh] colde,                         808
  W{i}t{h} boffete[gh] wat[gh] hys face flayn,
  at wat[gh] so fayr on to byholde;
  For sy{n}ne he set hy{m} self i{n} vayn,
  at neu{er} hade non hym self to wolde,                            812
  For v{us} he lette hy{m} fly[gh]e & folde
  & brede vpon a bostwys bem,
  As meke as lomb[35] at no playnt tolde.
  For v{us} he swalt i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m:                           816

    [Sidenote 35: The MS. reads _lomp_.]

[Headnote: THE LAMB WAS SLAIN IN JERUSALEM.]

    [Sidenote: The declaration of St. John, "Behold the Lamb
    of God," etc. Who can reckon His generation, that died
    in Jerusalem?]
    I{e}r{usa}l{e}m, Iordan & galalye,
  er as baptysed e goude say{n}t Ion,
  His worde[gh] acorded to ysaye;
  When Ih{esu}c con to hy{m} warde gon                               820
  He sayde of hy{m} ys p{ro}fessye,
  "Lo gode[gh] lombe as trwe as ston,
  at dot[gh] away e sy{n}ne[gh] dry[gh]e!"
  at alle ys worlde hat[gh] wro[gh]t vpon,                         824
  Hy{m} self ne wro[gh]t neu{er} [gh]et non,
  Whe{er} on hym self he con al clem,
  Hys generacyou{n} quo recen con,
  at dy[gh]ed for v{us} i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m?                       828

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 50b.]]
    [Sidenote: In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting
    upon the throne.]
    In I{e}r{usa}l{e}m {us} my le{m}man swatte,
  Twye[gh], for lombe wat[gh] taken ere,
  By trw recorde of ay{er} p{ro}phete,
  For mode so meke & al hys fare,                                    832
  e ryde tyme is {er}-to ful mete
  In apokalype[gh] wryten ful [gh]are.
  In myde[gh] e trone ere saynte[gh] sete,
  e apostel ioh{a}n hy{m} sayt[gh] as bare,                         836
  Lesande e boke with leue[gh] sware,
  ere seuen sy{n}gnette[gh] wern sette i{n}-seme
  & at {a}t sy[gh]t vche douth con dare,
  In helle, i{n} ere & I{e}r{usa}l{e}m.                             840


XV.

    [Sidenote: The Lamb is without blemish. Every spotless soul
    is a worthy bride for the Lamb. No strife or envy among
    the brides.]
    Thys I{e}r{usa}l{e}m lombe hade neu{er} pechche
  Of o{er} huee bot quyt Iolyf
  at mot ne masklle mo[gh]t on streche
  For wolle quyte so ronk & ryf,                                     844
  For-y vche saule at hade neu{er} teche,[36]
  Is to at lombe a worthyly wyf;
  And a[gh] vch day a store he feche,
  Among v{us} co{m}me[gh] non o{er} strot ne stryf,                 848
  Bot vchon enle[37] we wolde were fyf,
  e mo e myryer so god me blesse.
  I{n} compayny gret our luf con ryf
  In hono{ur} more & neu{er} e lesse.                               852

    [Sidenote 36: MS. _tethe_.]
    [Sidenote 37: _vch onlepi_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: None can have less bliss than another.
    Our death leads us to bliss.]
    Lasse of blysse may non v{us} bry{n}g
  at beren ys perle vpon oure bereste,
  For ay of mote coue neu{er} my{n}ge,
  Of spotle[gh] perle[gh] a[y] beren e creste,                     856
  Al-a[gh] oure corses i{n} clotte[gh] cly{n}ge,
  & [gh]e remen for raue wyth-outen reste,
  We ur[gh]-outly hauen cnawy{n}g;
  Of [o]n dethe ful oure hope is drest,                              860
  e lonbe v{us} glade[gh], oure care is kest;
  He myre[gh] v{us} alle at vch a mes,
  Vchone[gh] blysse is breme & beste,
  & neu{er} one[gh] hono{ur} [gh]et neu{er} e les.                  864

[Headnote: THE VISION OF SAINT JOHN.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 51a.]]
    [Sidenote: What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion.
    About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens.
    He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods.]
    Lest les {o}u leue my tale[38] farande,
  I{n} appocalyppece is wryten i{n} wro
  I segh{e}, says Ioh{a}n, e lou{m}be hy{m} stande,
  On e mou{n}t of syon ful ryuen & ro,                            868
  & wyth hym mayde{n}ne[gh] an hu{n}dree owsande
  & fowre & forty owsande mo
  On alle her forhede[gh] wryten I fande,
  e lombe[gh] nome, hys fadere[gh] also.                            872
  A hue fro heuen I herde oo,
  Lyk flode[gh] fele laden, ru{n}ne{n} on resse,
  & as u{n}der rowe[gh] i{n} torre[gh] blo,
  at lote I leue wat[gh] neu{er} e les.                            876

    [Sidenote 38: MS. _talle_, but _tale_ in the catchwords.]

    [Sidenote: He heard the maiden sing a new song. So did
    the four beasts and the elders "so sad of cheer."]
    Naueles a[gh] hit schowted scharpe,
  & ledden loude al-a[gh] hit were.
  A note ful nwe I herde hem warpe,
  To lysten at wat[gh] ful lufly dere,                              880
  As harpore[gh] harpen in her harpe,
  at nwe songe ay so{n}gen ful cler.
  In sou{n}ande note[gh] a gentyl carpe,
  Ful fayre e mode[gh] ay fonge i{n} fere                          884
  Ry[gh]t byfore gode[gh] chayere,
  & e fowre beste[gh] at hy{m} obes,
  & e alder-men so sadde of chere,
  Her songe ay songen neu{er} e les;                               888

    [Sidenote: This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure.]
    Nowe-lese non wat[gh] neu{er} so quoy{n}t,
  For alle e crafte[gh] at eu{er} ay knewe.
  at of at songe my[gh]t sy{n}ge a poy{n}t,
  Bot at meyny e lombe ay swe,                                    892
  For ay arn bo[gh]t fro e vre aloynte.
  As newe fryt to god ful due
  & to e gentyl lombe hit arn amoy{n}t,
  As lyk to hym self of lote & hwe,                                  896
  For neu{er} lesy{n}g ne tale vn-trwe,
  Ne towched her tonge for no dysstresse.
  at moteles meyny may neu{er} remwe,
  Fro at maskele[gh] mayster neu{er} e les."                       900

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 51b.]]
    [Sidenote: The father replies to the maiden. He says he is
    but dust and ashes. He wishes to ask one question,]
    "Neuer e les let be my onc,"
  Q{uod} I, "my perle a[gh] I appose,
  I schulde not tempte y wyt so wlonc,
  To kryste[gh] chambre at art Ichose,                              904
  I am bot mokke & mul amo{n}g,
  & {o}u so ryche a reken rose,
  & byde[gh] here by ys blysful bonc
  er lyue[gh] lyste may neu{er} lose,                               908
  Now hynde at sympelnesse co{n}e[gh] enclose,
  I wolde e aske a y{n}ge expresse,
  & a[gh] I be bustwys as a blose
  Let my bone vayl neu{er} e lese.                                  912


[Headnote: THE ABODE OF CHRIST'S BRIDES.]

XVI.

    [Sidenote: whether the brides have their abode in castle-walls
    or in manor. Jerusalem, he says, in Judea. But the dwelling
    of the brides should be perfect.]
    Neuer e lese cler I yow by-calle
  If [gh]e con se hyt be to done,
  As {o}u art gloryo{u}s w{i}t{h}-outen galle,
  W{i}t{h}-nay {o}u neu{er} my ruful bone.                          916
  Haf [gh]e no wone[gh] i{n} castel walle,
  Ne man{er} er [gh]e may mete & won?
  {o}u telle[gh] me of I{e}r{usa}l{e}m e ryche ryalle,
  er dauid dere wat[gh] dy[gh]t on trone,                           920
  Bot by yse holte[gh] hit con not hone
  Bot in Iudee hit is {a}t noble note;
  As [gh]e ar maskele[gh] vnder mone,
  Yo{ur} wone[gh] schulde by wyth-outen mote.                        924

    [Sidenote: For such "a comely pack" a great castle would be
    required.]
    ys motele[gh] meyny {o}u cone[gh] ofmele,
  Of ousande[gh] ry[gh]t so gret a route,
  A gret cete, for [gh]e arn fele,
  Yow by-hod haue w{i}t{h}-outen doute;                              928
  So cu{m}ly a pakke of Ioly Iuele,
  Wer euel don schulde ly[gh] {er}-oute;
  & by yse bonke[gh] er I con gele
  & I se no bygy{n}g nawhere aboute,                                 932
  I trowe al-one [gh]e lenge & loute,
  To loke on e glory of ys g{ra}c[i]o{us} gote;
  If {o}u hat[gh] oer lygy{n}ge[gh] stoute,
  Now tech me to at myry mote.                                      936

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 52a.]]
    [Sidenote: The city in Juda, answers the maiden, is where
    Christ suffered, and is the Old Jerusalem. The New Jerusalem is
    where the Lamb has assembled his brides.]
    "That mote {o}u mene[gh] in Iudy londe,"
  at specyal spyce en to me spakk,
  "at is e cyte at e lombe con fonde
  To soffer i{n}ne sor for mane[gh] sake,                            940
  e olde I{e}r{usa}l{e}m tovnder-stonde,
  For ere e olde gulte wat[gh] don to slake,
  Bot e nwe at ly[gh]t of gode[gh] sonde,
  e apostel in apocalyppce i{n} theme con take.                     944
  e lombe[39] {er}, w{i}t{h}-outen spotte[gh] blake,
  Hat[gh] feryed yder hys fayre flote,
  & as hys flok is w{i}t{h}-outen flake,
  So is hys mote w{i}t{h}-outen moote.                               948

    [Sidenote 39: The MS. reads _lompe_.]

[Headnote: THE OLD AND NEW JERUSALEM.]

    [Sidenote: Jerusalem means the city of God. In the Old city
    our peace was made at one. In the New city is eternal peace.]
    Of motes two to carpe clene
  & I{e}r{usa}l{e}m hy[gh]t boe naweles,
  at nys to yow no more to mene,
  Bot cete of god o{er} sy[gh]t of pes.                             952
  I{n} at on oure pes wat[gh] mad at ene,
  W{i}t{h} payne to suffer e lombe hit chese,
  In at o{er} is no[gh]t bot pes to glene,
  at ay schal laste w{i}t{h}-outen reles,                           956
  at is e bor[gh] at we to pres,
  Fro {a}t oure flesch[40] be layd torote;
  er glory & blysse schal eu{er} encres,
  To e meyny {a}t is w{i}t{h}-outen mote.                          960

    [Sidenote 40: MS. _fresth_.]


XVII.

    [Sidenote: The father prays his daughter to bring him to the
    blissful bower. His daughter tells him that he shall see
    the outside, but not a foot may he put in the city.]
    "Motele[gh] may so meke & mylde,"
  en sayde I to at lufly flor,
  "Bry{n}g me to at bygly bylde,
  & let me se y blysful bor."                                       964
  at schene sayde, at god wyl schylde,
  "{o}u may not enter w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne hys tor,
  Bot of e lombe I haue e aquylde
  For a sy[gh]t er-of ur[gh] gret fauor.                           968
  Vt-wyth to se at clene cloystor,
  {o}u may, bot i{n}wyth not afote,
  To strech in e strete {o}u hat[gh] novygo{ur},
  Bot {o}u wer clene w{i}t{h}-outen mote.                           972


[Headnote: A DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERUSALEM.]

XVIII.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 52b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank
    till he comes to a hill. He reaches the hill, and beholds the
    heavenly city.]
    If I is mote e schal vn-hyde,
  Bow vp to-warde ys borne[gh] heued,
  & I an-ende[gh] e on is syde
  Schal sve, tyl {o}u to a hil be veued,                            976
  e{n} wolde [I] no lenger byde,
  Bot lurked by lau{n}ce[gh] so lufly leued,
  Tyl on a hyl at I asspyed
  & blusched on e burgh{e}, as I forth dreued,                      980
  By-[gh]onde e brok fro me warde keued,
  at schyrrer en su{n}ne w{i}t{h} schafte[gh] schon;
  I{n} e apokalypce is e fasou{n} preued,
  As deuyse[gh] hit e apostel Iho.                                 984

    [Sidenote: As St. John saw it, so he beheld it. The city was
    of burnished gold. Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed
    of twelve stones.]
    As Ioh{a}n e apostel hit sy[gh] w{i}t{h} sy[gh]t
  I sy[gh]e at cyty of gret renou{n},
  I{e}r{usa}l{e}m so nwe &ryally dy[gh]t,
  As hit wat[gh] ly[gh]t fro e heuen adou{n}.                       988
  e bor[gh] wat[gh] al of brende golde bry[gh]t,
  As glemande glas burnist brou{n},
  W{i}t{h} gentyl ge{m}me[gh] an-vnder py[gh]t;
  W{i}t{h} bantele[gh] twelue on basy{n}g boun,                      992
  e fou{n}demente[gh] twelue of riche tenou{n};
  Vch tabelment wat[gh] a serlype[gh] ston,
  As derely deuyse[gh] is ilk tou{n},
  I{n} apocalyppe[gh] e apostel Ioh{a}n.                            996

    [Sidenote: The names of the precious stones.]
    [Sidenote: i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony.
    iv. Emerald. v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby.]
    As ise stone[gh] i{n} writ con ne{m}me
  I knew e name aft{er} his tale;
  Iasper hy[gh]t e fyrst ge{m}me,
  at I on e fyrst basse con wale,                                 1000
  He glente grene i{n} e lowest he{m}me.
  Saffer helde e secou{n}de stale,
  e calsydoyne e{n}ne w{i}t{h}-outen we{m}me,
  I{n} e ryd table con purly pale;                                1004
  e emerade e fure so grene of scale;
  e sardonyse e fyfe ston;
  e sexte e rybe he con hit wale,
  I{n} e apocalyppce e apostel Ioh{a}n.                           1008

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 53a.]]
    [Sidenote: vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl. ix. Topaz.
    x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst.]
    [Gh]et Ioyned Ioh{a}n e crysolyt,
  e seuene ge{m}me i{n} fundament;
  e a[gh]te e beryl cler & quyt
  e topasye twy{n}ne how e ne{n}te endent;                        1012
  e crysopase e tene is ty[gh]t;
  e Iacy{n}gh[41] e enleuene gent;
  e twelfe e gentyleste i{n} veh a plyt,
  e amatyst purpre w{i}t{h} ynde blente;                           1016
  e wal abof e bantels bent,
  Masporye as glas at glysnande schon,
  I knew hit by his deuysement,
  I{n} e apocalyppe[gh] e apostel I{o}h{a}n.                      1020

    [Sidenote 41: _Iacynth_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: The city was square. The wall was of jasper.
    Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth.]
    As Ioh{a}n deuysed [gh]et sa[gh] I are.
  ise twelue de-gres wern brode & stayre,
  e cyte stod abof ful sware,
  As longe as brode as hy[gh]e ful fayre;                           1024
  e strete[gh] of golde as glasse al bare,
  e wal of Iasper at glent as glayre;
  e wone[gh] w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne enurned ware
  Wyth alle ky{n}ne[gh] perre at mo[gh]t repayre,                  1028
  e{n}ne helde vch sware of is manayre,
  Twelue forlonge space er eu{er} hit fon,
  Of he[gh]t, of brede, of lene to cayre,
  For meten hit sy[gh] e apostel Ioh{a}n.                          1032


[Headnote: NO SUN NOR MOON IN HEAVEN.]

XIX.

    [Sidenote: Each "pane" had three gates. Each gate adorned with
    a pearl. Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there
    was no need of the sun or moon.]
    As Ioh{a}n hy{m} wryte[gh] [gh]et more I sy[gh]e
  Vch pane of at place had re [gh]ate[gh],
  So twelue i{n} po{ur}sent I con asspye
  e portale[gh] pyked of rych plate[gh]                            1036
  & vch [gh]ate of a margyrye,
  A parfyt perle at neu{er} fate[gh];
  Vchon i{n} scrypture a name con plye,
  Of isr{ae}l barne[gh] folewande her date[gh],                     1040
  at is to say as her byr whate[gh];
  e aldest ay fyrst {er}-on wat[gh] done.
  Such ly[gh]t er lemed i{n} alle e strate[gh]
  Hem nedde naw{er} su{n}ne ne mone.                               1044

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 53b.]]
    [Sidenote: God was the light of those in the city.
    The high throne might be seen, upon which the "high God" sat.
    A river ran out of the throne;]
    Of su{n}ne ne mone had ay no nede
  e self god wat[gh] her lompe[42] ly[gh]t,
  e lombe her lantyrne w{i}t{h}-outen drede,
  ur[gh] hy{m} blysned e bor[gh] al bry[gh]t.                     1048
  ur[gh] wo[gh]e & won my loky{n}g [gh]ede,
  For sotyle cler mo[gh]t[43] lette no ly[gh]t;
  e hy[gh]e trone er mo[gh]t [gh]e hede
  W{i}t{h} alle e apparaylmente vmbe-py[gh]te,                     1052
  As Ioh{a}n e appostel in terme[gh] ty[gh]te;
  e hy[gh]e gode[gh] self hit set vpone.
  A reu{er} of e trone er ran out-ry[gh]te
  Wat[gh] bry[gh]ter en boe e su{n}ne & mone.                    1056

    [Sidenote 42: MS. _lombe_.]
    [Sidenote 43: MS. _no[gh]t_.]

[Headnote: NO CHURCH IN HEAVEN.]

    [Sidenote: it flowed through each street. No church was seen.
    God was the church; Christ the sacrifice. The gates were
    ever open.]
    Su{n}ne ne mone schon neu{er} so swete;
  A! at foysou{n} flode out of at flet,
  Swye hit swange ur[gh] vch a strete,
  W{i}t{h}-outen fyle o{er} galle o{er} glet.                    1060
  Kyrk er-i{n}ne wat[gh] non [gh]ete,
  Chapel ne temple at eu{er} wat[gh] set,
  e al-my[gh]ty wat[gh] her mynyster mete,
  e lombe e saker-fyse er to reget;                              1064
  e [gh]ates stoken wat[gh] neu{er} [gh]et,
  Bot eu{er} more vpen at vche a lone;
  er entre[gh] non to take reset,
  at bere[gh] any spot an-vnder[44] mone.                          1068

    [Sidenote: There is no night in the city. The planets,
    and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light.
    Trees there renew their fruit every month.]
    The mone may er-of acroche no my[gh]te
  To spotty, ho is of body to grym,
  & al-so {er} ne is neu{er} ny[gh]t.
  What schulde e mone er compas clym                              1072
  & to euen wyth at worly ly[gh]t[45],
  at schyne[gh] vpon e broke[gh] brym?
  e planete[gh] arn i{n} to pou{er} a ply[gh]t,
  & e self su{n}ne ful fer to dym.                                 1076
  Aboute at wat{er} arn tres ful schym,
  at twelue fryte[gh] of lyf con bere ful sone;
  Twelue sye[gh] on [gh]er ay beren ful frym
  & re-nowle[gh] nwe i{n} vche a mone.                              1080

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 54a.]]
    [Sidenote: The beholder of this fair city stood still as a
    "dased quail."]
    An-vnder mone so gret m{er}wayle
  No fleschly hert ne my[gh]t endeure,
  As quen I blusched vpon at baly,
  So ferly {er}-of wat[gh] e falure.                              1084
  I stod as stylle as dased quayle,
  For ferly of at french[46] fygure,
  at felde I naw{er} reste ne t{ra}uayle,
  So wat[gh] I rauyste wyth gly{m}me pure;                          1088
  For I dar say, w{i}t{h} conciens sure,
  Hade bodyly burne abiden at bone,
  a[gh] alle clerke[gh] hy{m} hade i{n} cure,
  His lyf wer loste an-vnder mone.                                  1092

    [Sidenote 44: MS. _an-vnde[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 45: Or _sy[gh]t_.]
    [Sidenote 46: _fresch_ (?).]


[Headnote: A PROCESSION OF VIRGINS.]

XX.

    [Sidenote: As the moon began to rise he was aware of a
    procession of virgins crowned with pearls, in white robes,
    with a pearl in their breast.]
    Ry[gh]t as e maynful mone con rys,
  Er e{n}ne e day-glem dryue al dou{n},
  So sodanly on a wonder wyse,
  I wat[gh] war of a prosessyou{n},                                 1096
  is noble cite of ryche enpresse
  Wat[gh] sodanly ful w{i}t{h}-outen so{m}mou{n}
  Of such v{er}gyne[gh] i{n} e same gyse
  at wat[gh] my blysful an-vnder crou{n},                          1100
  & coronde wern alle of e same fasou{n}
  Depaynt i{n} perle[gh] & wede[gh] qwyte,
  I{n} vchone[gh] breste wat[gh] bou{n}den bou{n},
  e blysful perle w{i}t{h} gret[47] delyt.                         1104

    [Sidenote 47: MS. _with outen_.]

    [Sidenote: As they went along they shone as glass.
    The Lamb went before them. There was no pressing.]
    W{i}t{h} gret delyt ay glod i{n} fere,
  On golden gate[gh] at glent as glasse;
  Hu{n}dreth owsande[gh] I wot er were,
  & alle in sute her liure[gh] wasse,                               1108
  Tor to knaw e gladdest chere.
  e lombe byfore con proudly passe,
  Wyth horne[gh] seuen of red golde[48] cler,
  As praysed perle[gh] his wede[gh] wasse;                          1112
  Towarde e throne ay trone a tras.
  a[gh] ay wern fele no pres i{n} plyt,
  Bot mylde as maydene[gh] seme at mas,
  So dro[gh] ay forth w{i}t{h} gret delyt.                         1116

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 54b.]]
    [Sidenote: The "alder men" fell groveling at the feet of the
    Lamb. All sang in praise of the Lamb.]
    Delyt {a}t hys come encroched,
  To much hit were of for to melle;
  ise alder men quen he aproched,
  Grouely{n}g to his fete ay felle;                                1120
  Legyou{n}es of au{n}gele[gh] togeder uoched,
  er kesten ensens of swete smelle,
  en glory & gle wat[gh] nwe abroched.
  Al songe to loue at gay Iuelle,                                  1124
  e steuen mo[gh]t stryke ur[gh] e vre to helle,
  at e v{er}tues of heuen of Ioye endyte,
  To loue e lombe his meyny in melle,
  I-wysse I la[gh]t a gret delyt;                                   1128

    [Sidenote 48: MS. _glode_.]

    [Sidenote: The Lamb wore white weeds. A wide wound was seen
    near his breast.]
    Delit e lo{m}be forto deuise,
  W{i}t{h} much meruayle in mynde went.
  Best wat[gh] he, blyest & moste to pryse,
  at eu{er} I herde of speche spent,                               1132
  So worly whyt wern wede[gh] hys;
  His loke[gh] symple, hy{m} self so gent,
  Bot a wou{n}de ful wyde & weete con wyse
  An-ende hys hert ur[gh] hyde to-rente;                           1136
  Of his quyte syde his blod out-sprent,
  A-las! o[gh]t I, who did at spyt?
  Ani breste for bale a[gh]t haf for-brent,
  Er he er-to hade had delyt,                                      1140

    [Sidenote: Joy was in his looks. The father perceives
    his little queen.]
    The lombe delyt non lyste to wene,
  a[gh] he were hurt & wou{n}de hade,
  I{n} his sembelau{n}t wat[gh] neu{er} sene,
  So wern his glente[gh] gloryo{us} glade.                          1144
  I loked amo{n}g his meyny schene,
  How ay wyth lyf wern laste & lade,
  e{n} sa[gh] I er my lyttel quene,
  at I wende had standen by me i{n} sclade;                        1148
  Lorde! much of mire wat[gh] at ho made,
  Amo{n}g her fere[gh] at wat[gh] so quyt!
  at sy[gh]t me gart to enk to wade,
  For luf longy{n}g i{n} gret delyt.                                1152


[Headnote: HE WISHES TO CROSS THE STREAM.]

XXI.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 55a.]]
    [Sidenote: Great delight takes possession of his mind.
    He attempts to cross the stream. It was not pleasing to the Lord.]
    Delyt me drof i{n} y[gh]e & ere,
  My mane[gh] mynde to maddy{n}g malte;
  Quen I se[gh] my frely I wolde be ere,
  By[gh]onde e water, a[gh] ho were walte,                        1156
  I o[gh]t at no y{n}g my[gh]t me dere
  To fech me bur & take me halte;
  & to start in e strem schulde non me stere,
  To swy{m}me e remnau{n}t, a[gh] I er swalte,                   1160
  Bot of at mu{n}t I wat[gh] bi-talt;
  When I schulde start i{n} e strem astraye,
  Out of at caste I wat[gh] by-calt;
  Hit wat[gh] not at my prynce[gh] paye,                            1164

[Headnote: THE FATHER OF THE MAIDEN AWAKES.]

    [Sidenote: The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow.]
    Hit payed hym not at I so flonc,
  Ou{er} meruelo{us} mere[gh] so mad arayde,
  Of raas a[gh] I were rasch & ronk,
  [Gh]et rapely er-i{n}ne I wat[gh] restayed;                      1168
  For ry[gh]t as I sparred vn-to e bonc,
  at brathe out of my drem me brayde;
  en wakned I i{n} at erber wlonk,
  My hede vpon at hylle wat[gh] layde,                             1172
  er as my perle to grou{n}de strayd;
  I raxled & fel i{n} gret affray,
  & syky{n}g to my self I sayd:
  "Now al be to at prynce[gh] paye."                               1176

    [Sidenote: He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity.]
    Me payed ful ille to be out-fleme,
  So sodenly of at fayre regiou{n},
  Fro alle o sy[gh]te[gh] so quyke[gh] & queme.
  A longey{n}g heuy me strok i{n} swone,                            1180
  & rewfully e{n}ne I con to reme;
  "O perle," q{uod} I, "of rych renou{n},
  So wat[gh] hit me dere {a}t {o}u con deme,
  I{n} ys v{er}ay avysyou{n};                                      1184
  If[49] hit be ueray & soth sermou{n},
  at {o}u so styke[gh] i{n} garlande gay,
  So wel is me i{n} ys doel dou{n}gou{n},
  at {o}u art to at prynse[gh] paye."                            1188

    [Sidenote 49: MS. _inf_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 55b.]]
    [Sidenote: Men desire more than they have any right to expect.]
    To at prynce[gh] paye hade I ay bente,
  & [gh]erned no more en wat[gh] me geuen,
  & halden me er in trwe entent,
  As e perle me prayed at wat[gh] so ryuen,                      1192
  As helde drawen to godde[gh] p{re}sent,
  To mo of his mysterys I hade ben dryuen.
  Bot ay wolde man of happe more hente
  en mo[gh]ten by ry[gh]t vpon hem clyuen;                         1196
  er-fore my ioye wat[gh] sone to-riuen,
  & I kaste of kythe[gh] at laste[gh] aye.
  Lorde! mad hit arn at agayn e stryuen,
  O{er} proferen e o[gh]t agayn y paye;                          1200

[Headnote: GOD GIVE US GRACE TO SERVE HIM.]

    [Sidenote: The good Christian knows how to make peace
    with God. God give us grace to be his servants!]
    To pay e p{r}ince o{er} sete sa[gh]te,
  Hit is ful ee to e god krystyin;
  For I haf fou{n}den hym boe day & na[gh]te,
  A god, a lorde, a frende ful fyin.                                1204
  Ou{er} is hyl[50] is lote I la[gh]te,
  For pyty of my perle enclyin,
  & syen to god I hit by-ta[gh]te,
  In kryste[gh] dere blessy{n}g & myn,                              1208
  at in e forme of bred & wyn,
  e preste v{us} schewe[gh] vch a daye;
  He gef v{us} to be his homly hyne,
  Ande precio{us} perle[gh] vnto his pay. Amen. Amen.               1212

    [Sidenote 50: MS. _hyi[i]l_.]
    [[Second "i" appears to be printed without dot.]]




NOTES: _The Pearl_.


Page 1.

  l. 2, _to_, very.
  8 _sengeley in synglure_, ever in singleness (uniqueness).
    Now is Susan in sale _sengeliche_ arayed.
      Pistel of Susan, Vernon MS., fol. 317.
  11 _dewyne_, pine; _for-dolked_, for-wounded (severely hurt).
  16 _heuen my happe_, increase my happiness.
  17 _rych my hert range_, through my heart pierce.
  20 _stylle stounde_, a secret sorrow.
  23
    _O moul ou marre[gh] a myry mele_,
    O mould (earth) thou spoilest a merry discourse.

P. 2.

  l. 27
    _Blome[gh] blayke & blwe & rede_,
    Flowers yellow, blue, and red.
  49 _spenned_, wrung.
  51, 52
    A secret grief in my heart dinned (resounded),
    Though reason set myself at peace.
  53 _spenned_, allured, enticed away.
  54
    _Wyth fyrte skylle[gh] at faste fa[gh]t_,
    With trembling doubts that fast fought (struggled).

P. 3.

  l. 76 bolle[gh] = _bole[gh]_, trunks of trees.
  78 _on vch a tynde_, on each branch.
  92 _reken myre_, pleasant, joyous mirth.

P. 4.

  l. 99 _e dere er-of_, the value (preciousness) thereof.
  101 _in wely wyse_, in joyful mood.
  102 _dere[gh]_, injuries, harms.
  103 _fyrre_, farther.
  105 _rawe[gh] & rande[gh]_, borders and paths.
  107 _I wan to_, I reached. _Winne_ in O.E. was used much in the same
      way as we now employ the word _get_.
  112
    _Wyth a rownande rourde raykande ary[gh]t_,
    With a murmuring (whispering) sound flowing aright.
  113 _founce_, bottom; _stepe_, bright.
  114 _glente_, shone; _gly[gh]t_, glistened.
  115 _A[s] stremande sterne[gh]_, as glittering stars; _stroe_, stout,
      brave.
  119 _lo[gh]e_, deep.
  125 _dry[gh]ly hale[gh]_, strongly (_or_ deeply) flows.
  126 _bred ful_ = _bred-ful_ = _bretful_ (?), full to the brim.

P. 5.

  l. 131 _wayne[gh]_, grants.
  132 _hitte[gh]_, seeks.
  138 _gayn_, opposite.
  142
    _I hopede at mote merked wore_,
    I supposed that building was devised.
  149 _stote & stare_, stand (loiter) and gape.
  150-1
    _To fynde a fore, faste con I fonde,
    Bot woe[gh] mo I-wysse er ware,_
    To find a way fast did I go,
    But paths more indeed there were.
  153 _wonde_, cease, abstain (from fear).
  155 _nwe note_, a new matter.
  163 _blysnande whyt_, glistening white. See 197.

P. 6.

  l. 165 _schere_, purify, refine.
  169
    _e more I frayste hyr fayre face._
    The more I examined her fair face.
  _frayst_ (_fraist_) usually signifies to try, tempt.
  170 _fonte_, tried, examined, _found_.
  176
    _Such a burre my[gh]t make myn herte blunt_,
    Such a blow might make mine heart faint.
  179
    _at stonge myn hert ful stray atount_,
  Should we not read--at stonge myn hert ful stray a stount (?),
      "full stray a stount" = a blow full stray.
  187 _chos_, was following, was seeking.
  188
    _Er I at steuen hir mo[gh]t stalle_,
    Before I could place her within reach of discourse.
  190 _seme_ = _semely_, seemly.

P. 7.

  l. 208 _flurted_, figured. Cf. _flurt_-silk, figured-silk.
  210
    _Her here heke al hyr vmbe-gon_,
    Her hair eke (also) all her about gone.
  212 _Her ble more bla[gh]t_, her complexion whiter.
  213 _schorne golde schyr_, refined gold pure.
  216 _porfyl_, hem of a dress, or rather an embroidered hem.
  217 _poyned_, ornamented, trimmed.
  223-4 _A manne[gh] dom my[gh]t dry[gh]ly demme,_
    _Er mynde mo[gh]t malte in hit mesure,_
    A man's judgment might greatly dim,
    Before (his) mind could discourse of it in sufficient terms
      of praise.
  226 _No_ = _ne_ (nor) would be a better reading.
  230 _wyer half_, opposite side.

P. 8.

  l. 243 _myn one_, myself.
  244 _layned_, kept secret, hidden.
  251 _Fro_, from the time that.
  _towen & twayned_, made two and separated.

P. 9.

  l. 272 _is put in pref_, has been proved.
  275 _bote of y meschef_, the remedy of thy misfortune (misery).
  290 _Wy borde [gh]e men so madde [gh]e be?_
    Why should you talk, so foolish you are?

P. 10.

  l. 307 _westernays_, wrongly, in vain? It may be another form of
      westernways, from the A.Sax. _wste_, barren, empty; _wstern_,
      a desert place. Or is it connected with A.Sax. _winstre_, the
      left hand?
  320
    _y corse in clot mot colder keue_,
    Thy body in earth (clods) must colder plunge.
  321 _for-garte_ forfeited.
  322 _[gh]ore fader_ for _form-fader_, first-father.
  323 _drwry_ = _drery_, dreary (?). _bo[gh]_ (= _bos_ = _bus_ ?) _vch
      ma_ (_man_ ?) _dreue_, behoves each man to drive (go). See
      B. l.687.
  327-8
    _Now haf I fonte at I for-lete
    Schal I efte forgo hit er euer I fyne?_
    Now I have found what I have lost.
    Shall I again forego it ere ever I die?

P. 11.

  l. 336 _durande doel_, lasting grief.
  343
    _For anger gayne[gh] e not a cresse_,
    For anger avails the not a cress, (_i.e._ not a mite).
  Cf. the following passage from "Piers Ploughman," p.174, l.5629:
    "Wisdom and wit now
    Is noght worth a _kerse_."
  353
    _Stynst (stynt?) of y strot & fyne to flyte_,
    Leave off thy complaining and cease to chide.
  354 _blye_ is here used as a substantive in the sense of bliss, joy.
  _swefte_ = swift.
  356 _hyr crafte[gh] kye_, manifest her powers.
  359-60
    _For marre oer madde, morne & mye,
    Al lys in him to dy[gh]t & deme._
    For to ruin, or make foolish, grieve or to soothe,
    All lies in him to order and doom.
  363 _If rapely raue_, etc. = _If rapely I raue_, etc. (?)
  368 Though I go astray, my dear, adored one.

P. 12.

  l. 369 _lye[gh]_, grant.
  374
    _Bot much e bygger [gh]et wat[gh] my mon,
    Fro ou wat[gh] wroken fro vch a woe._
    But much the greater yet was my moan (sorrow),
    From (the time) thou wast banished from every path.
  377 _now lee[gh] my loe_, now my sorrow ceases (is softened).
  382 _marere[gh]_ = _mare[gh]_ (?).
  386 _mate_, dejected.
  402 _I hete e_, I promise the.

P. 14.

  l. 446 _in hyt self beyng_, in its very being.
  455 _gyng_, company.
  460 _Temen_, are united, joined.
  _tryste_, trusty, faithful, firm.

P. 16.

  l. 511 _wryen_, toil, literally to turn, twist.
  512 _keruen_, dig.
  _caggen_, draw.
  _man_ = _maken_, make. Cf. _ma_ = make, _ta_ = take, _tan_ = taken.
  522 _to[gh]t_, binding, firm.
  524 _pray_ (so in MS.), read _pay_.
  536 _at [gh]e moun_, that ye are able.

P. 17.

  l. 560 _a grete_, in the gross, a head.
  563 _plete_, plead, ask for.
  572 _be_ = _he_ (?).

P. 18.

  l. 575
    _a[gh] her sweng wyth lyttel at-slyke[gh]_,
    Though their labour (blow) with little falls off (fails to
      accomplish much).
  605 _chyche_, niggard.
  608 _gote[gh]_, streams; _charde_, past tense of _charre_, to turn,
      deviate.

P. 19.

  l. 617 _bourne abate_ = _burne abade_, man continued.
  626 _by lyne_, by lineage descent.

P. 20.

  l. 645
    _Bot er on com a bote as-tyt_,
    But there came one as a remedy at once.
  659 _in sely stounde_, in a happy moment.
  671 _glente_, fell, slided.

P. 21.

  l. 680 _dylle_, slow, sluggish.
  681 _dyt_ = _dyde_, did (?), or _dot[gh]_, does (?).
  690 _oure_, prayer.

P. 22.

  l. 726 _sulpande synne_, defiling, polluting, sin.
  727 _bylde_, building.
  735 _reme_, realm.

P. 23.

  l. 752 _Of carpe_, discourse of.
  754 _hauyng_, condition, behaviour.
  757 _bete_, save, ransom.
  759 _make_, wife.
  775 _vnder cambe_ = _under-cam_, came under, took an inferior
      position (?).

P. 24.

  l. 802
    _& as a lombe at clypper in lande nem_,
    And as a lamb that a _shearer_ has taken, etc.
  813-4 For us he let himself be scourged and buffetted, and stretched
      upon a rough tree (_i.e._ nailed to the cross).

P. 25.

  l. 836 _as bare_, (?) _al bare_, openly. See 1025.
  837
    _Lesande e boke with leue[gh] sware_,
    Opening the book with leaves square.
  839
    _& at at sy[gh]t vche douth con dare_,
    And at that sight each doughty (one) did tremble (with fear).
  849 enle = _eneli_ = onely or _onlepi_ (?) = singly, alone.

P. 26.

  l. 865 _talle farande_ = _tale farande_, pleasing story.
  873 _hue_, cry, voice.
  876 _lote_, sound.

P. 27.

  l. 896 _lote_, features.
  909 _hynde_ = _hende_, gentle, courteous (one).
  911 _bustwys as a blose_, boisterous (wild) as a blaze (flame).
  916
    _With nay ou neuer my ruful bone_,
    Do thou never refuse my mournful request.

P. 28.

  l. 948
    _So is hys mote with-outen moote_,
    So is his building without mote (blemish).

P. 29.

  ll. 975-6 _& I an-ende[gh] e on his syde
    Schal sve, tyl ou to a hil be veued,_
    And I opposite thee on this side
    Shall go, till thou to a hill be passed.
  980-81
    _& blusched on e burghe, as I forth dreued,
    By[gh]onde e brok fro me warde keued,_
    And looked on the city, as I forth drove (urged),
    Beyond the brook that cut me off from (the object of my desire).

P. 30.

  l. 1018 _Masporye_ = _was pure_ (?).
  1022 _brode & stayre_, broad and steep (high).
  1026 _at glent as glayre_, that shone as amber.

P. 31.

  l. 1030 _fon_, ceased, the preterite of _fine_.
  1038 _fate[gh]_ = _fade[gh]_, fades.
  1041 _whate[gh]_ = _wat[gh]_, was.

P. 32.

  ll. 1065-66 _e [gh]ates stoken wat[gh] neuer [gh]et,
    Bot euer more vpen at vche a lone._
    The gates shut were never yet,
    But ever more open at every lane.
  1073 _to euen with_, to equal with, to match with.
  1084 _falure_ = _fasure_, form (?).

P. 33.

  l. 1124 _to loue_, to praise.
  1127 _in melle_ = _in-melle_ = _i-melle_, among. Cf. _in-lyche_ and
      _i-lyche_, etc.

P. 34.

  l. 1141
    _e lombe delyt non lyste to wene_,
    The lamb's delight none desired to doubt.
  1146 _laste and lade_, followed and preceded (?).
  1161
    _Bot of at munt I wat[gh] bi-talt_,
    But from that purpose I was aroused (shaken).
  1163 _bi-calt_ = _bi-called_ (?), called away.

P. 35.

  l. 1165 _flonc_ = _flong_ (?), flung.
  1193 _helde_, willingly (inclined).




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final "e"-- between
the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

  [61 Sidenote] ... where the rocks and cliffs ...  [Where]
  [278] & iuele[gh] wern hyr ge{n}tyl sawe[gh],  [sawe[gh]"]
  [373 Sidenote] ... his bale and bliss.  [bliss,]
  [775] So mony a cumly on v{n}der cambe,  [vu{n}der]
    [_spelling changed to agree with Note_]
  [993 Sidenote] the foundation composed of twelve stones.  [The]
  [1059 Sidenote] it flowed through each street.  [It]
  [1205] Ou{er} is hyl[50] is lote I la[gh]te,
  [Sidenote 50] MS. _hyiil_.
    [_1864 edition had "hyiil" in the body text,
    with note "_hye-hil_ or _hyul_?"]

  ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS
  [396] Hit is i{n} grou{n}de of allemyblysse."
  [501] "My regne, he sayt[gh], is lyk on hy[gh]t,
  [602] at gentyl sayde "lys no Ioparde,
  [744] & porchace y perle maskelles."
  [902] Q{uod} I, "my perle a[gh] I appose,
  [939] "at is e cyte at e lombe con fonde
  [966] "{o}u may not enter w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne hys tor,

  NOTES
  78 _on vch a tynde_, on each branch.  [vcha]
  213 _schorne golde schyr_, refined gold pure.  [_, missing_]
  223-4 _A manne[gh] dom my[gh]t dry[gh]ly demme,  [_. for ,_]
  343 For anger avails the not a cress
      [_modern text unchanged: error for "thee"?_]
    Cf. the following passage from "Piers Ploughman,"  [Piers']
  536  [535]
  865  [864]
  1026  [1025]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


CLEANNESS.


  [Headnotes:
  THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST.
  THOSE INVITED TO THE FEAST REFUSE TO COME.
  THE HALT AND THE BLIND ARE INVITED.
  THE MAN WITHOUT A WEDDING GARMENT.
  GOD IS DISPLEASED WITH THE WICKED.
  THE FALL OF THE ANGELS.
  THE WICKEDNESS OF THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.
  GOD DETERMINES TO DESTROY ALL FLESH.
  NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD AN ARK.
  THE RAIN DESCENDS.
  ALL ROT IN THE MUD.
  THE ARK RESTS ON MOUNT ARARAT.
  NOAH SENDS FORTH A DOVE.
  NOAH LEAVES THE ARK.
  THE BEASTS ARE DISPERSED.
  GOD'S HATRED OF WICKEDNESS.
  ABRAHAM RECEIVES THREE GUESTS, AND ENTERTAINS THEM.
  GOD DISCLOSES HIS PURPOSE TO ABRAHAM.
  THE FILTHINESS OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.
  ABRAHAM PLEADS FOR THE CITIES.
  MESSENGERS ARE SENT TO LOT.
  LOT ENTERTAINS THE MESSENGERS.
  LOT'S HOUSE IS BESET.
  THE MEN OF SODOM SMITTEN WITH BLINDNESS.
  LOT IS SENT OUT OF THE CITY.
  THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITIES.
  LOT'S WIFE BECOMES A STIFF STONE.
  THE DEAD SEA COVERS THE FIVE CITIES.
  IT IS A TOKEN OF WICKEDNESS AND VENGEANCE.
  CHRIST WAS EVER PURE.
  PENANCE MAKES MAN PURE AS A PEARL.
  GOD PUNISHES IMPURITY.
  NEBUCHADNEZZAR BESIEGES JERUSALEM.
  THE KING OF JUDAH IS MADE PRISONER.
  NEBUZARDAN PILLAGES THE TEMPLE.
  NEBUCHADNEZZAR IS PLEASED WITH THE SPOIL.
  HE PRIZES GREATLY THE SACRED JEWELRY.
  BELSHAZZAR PROCLAIMS A FEAST, TO WHICH KINGS AND EMPERORS
    ARE INVITED.
  BELSHAZZAR BRINGS OUT THE SACRED VESSELS TO DECK THE FESTIVE HALL.
  THE SACRED VESSELS ARE DEFILED.
  THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL.
  THE KING CONSULTS HIS DIVINERS.
  DANIEL IS SENT FOR.
  DANIEL DESCRIBES HOW NEBUCHADNEZZAR WAS PUNISHED FOR HIS PRIDE.
  THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HANDWRITING.
  DARIUS LAYS SIEGE TO BABYLON.
  BELSHAZZAR IS BEATEN TO DEATH.]


I.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 57a.]]
    [Sidenote: Cleanness discloses fair forms.]
  Cla{n}nesse who-so kyndly cowe co{m}ende,
  & rekken vp alle e resou{n}[gh] {a}t ho by ri[gh]t aske[gh],
  Fayre forme[gh] my[gh]t he fy{n}de i{n} foreri{n}g his speche,
  & in e co{n}trar, kark & co{m}brau{n}ce huge;                      4
    [Sidenote: God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with
    false priests.]
  For wonder wroth is e wy[gh] {a}t wro[gh]t alle i{n}g{es},
  Wyth e freke at i{n} fyle fol[gh]es hy{m} aft{er},
  As renke[gh] of relygiou{n} at reden & sy{n}gen,
  & aprochen to hys presens, & preste[gh] arn called;                  8
  Thay teen vnto his te{m}mple & teme{n} to hy{m} seluen,
  Reken w{i}t{h} reu{er}ence ay r[ec]hen his auter,
  ay hondel er his aune body & vsen hit boe.
    [Sidenote: The pure worshipper receives great reward.]
  If ay in cla{n}nes be clos ay cleche gret mede,                   12
  Bot if ay conterfete crafte, & cortaysye wont,
    [Sidenote: The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who
    is pure and holy.]
  As be honest vtwyth, & i{n}-with alle fyle[gh],
  en ar ay synful hemself & sulped altogeder,
  Boe god & his gere, & hy{m} to greme cachen.                       16
  He is so clene in his co{ur}te, e ky{n}g {a}t al welde[gh],
  & honeste in his ho{us}-holde & hagherlych serued,
  With angele[gh] eno{ur}led in alle at is clene,
    [Sidenote: It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil.]
  Boe w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne & w{i}t{h}-outen, i{n} wede[gh] ful bry[gh]t.  20
  Nif he nere scoym{us} & skyg & non scae louied,
  Hit were a meruayl to much, hit mo[gh]t not falle;
    [Sidenote: Christ showed us that himself.]
  Kryst kydde hit hym self i{n} a carp one[gh],
  er as he heuened a[gh]t happe[gh] & hy[gh]t hem her mede[gh];      24
    [Sidenote: St. Matthew records the discourse.]
  Me myne[gh] on one amo{n}ge o{er}, as maew recorde[gh],
  at {us} of clannesse vn-close[gh] a ful cler speche.
    [Sidenote: The clean of heart shall look on our Lord.]
  e hael clene of his hert hapene[gh] ful fayre,
  For he schal loke on oure lorde w{i}t{h} a bone chere,              28
  As so sayt[gh], to at sy[gh]t seche schal he neu{er},
  at any vncla{n}nesse hat[gh] on, anwhere[1] abowte:
  For he {a}t flem{us} vch fyle fer fro his hert,
  May not byde at burne[2] at hit his body ne[gh]en;                32
  For-y hy[gh] not to heuen i{n} hatere[gh] to-torne,
  Ne i{n} e harlote[gh] hod & hande[gh] vnwaschen;
    [Sidenote: What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes,
    would like to see a lad badly attired approach the table with
    "rent cockers," his coat torn and his toes out?]
  For what vrly hael at hy[gh] hono{ur} halde[gh]
  Wolde lyke, if a ladde com ly{er}ly attyred,                       36
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 57b.]]
  When he were sette solempnely i{n} a sete ryche,
  Abof dukes on dece, w{i}t{h} dayntys serued,
  en e harlot w{i}t{h} haste helded to e table
  W{i}t{h} rent cokre[gh] at e kne & his clutte trasches,            40
  & his tabarde to-torne & his tote[gh] oute;
    [Sidenote: For any one of these he would be turned out with a
    "big buffet," and be forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined
    through his vile clothes.]
  O{er} ani on of alle yse he schulde be halden vtt{er},
  With mony blame ful bygge, a boffet, p{er}au{n}t{er},
  Hurled to e halle dore & harde {er}-oute schowued,                44
  & be forboden at bor[gh]e to bowe ider neu{er},
  On payne of enprysonment & putty{n}g i{n} stokke[gh];
  & {us} schal he be schent for his schrowde feble,
  a[gh] neu{er} i{n} talle ne in tuch he trespas more.               48

[Headnote: THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST.]

    [Sidenote: The parable of the "Marriage of the King's Son."]
  & if vnwelcu{m} he were to a worlych prynce
  [Gh]et hy{m} is e hy[gh]e ky{n}g harder i{n} her euen,
  As maew mele[gh] in his masse of at man ryche,
  at made e mukel mangerye to marie his here dere,                  52
  & sende his sonde en to say at ay samne schulde,
  & in comly quoyntis to com to his feste;
    [Sidenote: The king's invitation.]
  "For my boles & my bore[gh] arn bayted & slayne,
  & my fedde foule[gh] fatted w{i}t{h} scla[gh]t,                     56
  My polyle at is pe{n}ne-fed & partrykes boe,
  Wyth schelde[gh] of wylde swyn, swane[gh] & crone[gh];
  Al is roeled & rosted ry[gh]t to e sete,
  Come[gh] cof to my corte, er hit colde wore."                      60

[Headnote: THOSE INVITED TO THE FEAST REFUSE TO COME.]

    [Sidenote: Those invited begin to make excuses.]
  When ay knewen his cal {a}t ider com schulde,
  Alle ex-cused hem by e skyly he scape by mo[gh]t:
    [Sidenote: One had bought an estate and must go to see it.]
  On hade bo[gh]t hym a bor[gh] he sayde by hys t{ra}we,
  Now t[ur]ne I eder als tyd, e tou{n} to by-holde;                 64
    [Sidenote: Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see
    them "pull in the plough."]
  An o{er} nayed also & nurned is cawse:
  I haf [gh]erned & [gh]at [gh]okke[gh] of oxen,
  & for my hy[gh]e[gh] hem bo[gh]t, to bowe haf I mest{er},
  To see hem pulle in e plow aproche me byhoue[gh];                  68
    [A third had married a wife and could not come.]
  & I haf wedded a wyf, sower[3] hy{m} e ryd,
  Excuse me at e co{ur}t, I may not com ere;
  {us} ay dro[gh] hem adre[gh] w{i}t{h} dau{n}g{er} vchone,
  at non passed to e place[4] a[gh] he prayed were.                72
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 58a.]]
    [Sidenote: The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his
    servants to invite the wayfaring, both men and women, the better
    and the worse, that his palace might be full.]
  The{n}ne e ludych lorde lyked ful ille
  & hade dedayn of at dede, ful dry[gh]ly he carpe[gh]:
  He sayt[gh] "now for her owne sor[gh]e ay for-saken habbe[gh],
  More to wyte is her wrange, en any wylle gentyl;                   76
  e{n}ne got[gh] forth my gome[gh] to e grete streete[gh],
  & forsette[gh] on vche a syde e cete aboute;
  e wayferande freke[gh], on fote & on hors,
  Boe burne[gh] & burde[gh], e bett{er} & e wers,                  80
  Lae[gh] hem alle luflyly to lenge at my fest,
  & bry{n}ge[gh] hem blyly to bor[gh]e as barou{n}e[gh] ay were,
  So at my palays plat-ful be py[gh]t al aboute,
  ise o{er} wreche[gh] I-wysse wory no[gh]t wern."                 84
    [Sidenote: The servants brought in bachelors and squires.]
  e{n} ay cayred & com at e cost waked,
  Bro[gh]ten bachlere[gh] hem wyth at ay by bonke[gh] metten,
  Swyere[gh] at swyftly swyed on blonke[gh],
  & also fele vpon fote, of fre & of bonde.                           88
    [Sidenote: When they came to the court they were well
    entertained.]
  When ay com to e co{ur}te keppte wern ay fayre,
  Sty[gh]tled w{i}t{h} e stewarde, stad i{n} e halle,
  Ful man{er}ly w{i}t{h} marchal mad forto sitte,
  As he wat[gh] dere of de-gre dressed his seete.                     92
    [Sidenote: The servants tell their lord that they have done his
    behest, and there is still room for more guests.]
  e{n}ne segge[gh] to e souerayn sayden er-aft{er},
  "Lo! lorde w{i}t{h} yo{ur} leue at yo{ur} lege heste,
  & at i ba{n}ne we haf bro[gh]t, as {o}u beden habbe[gh],
  Mony renischche renke[gh] & [gh]et is rou{m} more."                 96

[Headnote: THE HALT AND THE BLIND ARE INVITED.]

    [Sidenote: The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and
    bring in the halt, blind, and "one-eyed."]
  Sayde e lorde to o lede[gh], "layte[gh] [gh]et ferre,
  Ferre out i{n} e felde, & feche[gh] mo geste[gh],
  Wayte[gh] gorste[gh] & greue[gh], if ani gome[gh] lygge[gh],
  What-kyn folk so er fare, feche[gh] hem hider,                    100
  Be ay fers, be ay feble for-lote[gh][5] none,
  Be ay hol, be ay halt, be ay ony[gh]ed,
  & a[gh] ay ben boe blynde & balt{er}ande cruppele[gh],
    [Sidenote: For those who denied shall not taste "one sup" to
    save them from death.]
  at my ho{us} may holly by halkes by fylled;                       104
  For certe[gh] yse ilk renke[gh] at me renayed habbe
  & de-nou{n}ced me, no[gh]t now at is tyme,
  Schul neu{er} sitte in my sale my sop{er} to fele,
  Ne suppe on sope of my seve, a[gh][6] ay swelt schulde."         108
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 58b.]]
    [Sidenote: The palace soon became full of "people of all
    plights."]
  The{n}ne e sergau{n}te[gh], at at sawe, swengen {er}-oute,
  & diden e dede at [is] demed, as he deuised hade,
  & w{i}t{h} peple of alle plyte[gh] e palays ay fyllen;
    [Sidenote: They were not all one wife's sons, nor had they all
    one father.]
  Hit weren not alle on wyue[gh] su{n}e[gh], wonen w{i}t{h} on fader;112
  Whe{er} ay wern wory, o{er} wers, wel wern ay stowed,
    [Sidenote: The "brightest attired" had the best place.]
  Ay e best byfore & bry[gh]test atyred,
  e derrest at e hy[gh]e dese at dubbed wer fayrest;
    [Sidenote: Below sat those with "poor weeds."]
  & syen on lene biloogh{e} lede[gh] inogh,                        116
  & ay a segge soerly[7] semed by her wede[gh];
  So with marschal at her mete mensked ay were,
  Clene men i{n} compaynye for-knowen wern lyte,
    [Sidenote: All are well entertained "with meat and minstrelsy."]
  & [gh]et e symplest in {a}t sale wat[gh] serued to e fulle,     120
  Boe with menske, & w{i}t{h} mete & mynstrasy noble,
  & alle e layke[gh] at a lorde a[gh]t i{n} londe schewe.
    [Sidenote: Each with his "mate" made him at ease.]
  & ay bigo{n}ne to be glad at god dri{n}k haden,
  & vch mon w{i}t{h} his mach made hy{m} at ese.                     124

    [Sidenote 1: _aywhere_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 2: Looks like _burre_ in MS.]
    [Sidenote 3: _swer_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 4: MS. _plate_.]
    [Sidenote 5: _forlete[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 6: MS. a[gh] a[gh].]
    [Sidenote 7: _soberly_ (?).]


[Headnote: THE MAN WITHOUT A WEDDING GARMENT.]

II.

    [Sidenote: The lord of the feast goes among his guests.]
  Now i{n}-mydde[gh] e mete e mayst{er} hym bio[gh]t,
  at he wolde se e sembl {a}t samned was {er}e,
  & re-hayte rekenly e riche & e pou{er}en,[8]
  & cherisch hem alle w{i}t{h} his cher, & chaufen her Ioye,         128
  en he bowe[gh] fro his bour i{n} to e brode halle,
    [Sidenote: Bids them be merry.]
  & to e best on e bench, & bede hy{m} be myry,
  Solased hem w{i}t{h} semblau{n}t & syled fyrre;
  Tron fro table to table & talkede ay myre,                        132
    [Sidenote: On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday.]
  Bot as he ferked ou{er} e flor he fande w{i}t{h} his y[gh]e,
  Hit wat[gh] not for a haly day honestly arayed,
  A ral ry[gh]t i{n} e rong vnryuandely cloed,
  Ne no festiual frok, bot fyled with werkke[gh].                    136
  e gome wat[gh] vn-garnyst w{i}t{h} god me{n} to dele,
  & gremed {er}-w{i}t{h} e grete lord & greue hy{m} he o[gh]t;
    [Sidenote: Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so
    bold as to appear in such rags.]
  "Say me, frende," q{uod} e freke w{i}t{h} a felle chere,
  "Hov wan {o}u into is won i{n} wede[gh] so fowle?                140
  e abyt at {o}u hat[gh] vpon, no haly day hit menske[gh];
  {o}u burne for no brydale art busked i{n} wede[gh]!
  How wat[gh] {o}u hardy is ho{us} for yn vnhap [to] ne[gh]e,
  I{n} on so ratted a robe & rent at e syde[gh]?                    144
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 59a.]]
  ow art a gome vn-goderly i{n} at gou{n} febele;
  {o}u praysed me & my place ful pou{er} & ful [g]nede,
    [Sidenote: Does he take him to be a harlot?]
  at wat[gh] so prest to aproche my p{re}sens here-i{n}ne;
  Hope[gh] {o}u I be a harlot i erigant to prayse?"                148
  at o{er} burne wat[gh] abayst of his broe worde[gh],
    [Sidenote: The man becomes discomfited.]
  & hurkele[gh] dou{n} with his hede, e vre he bi-holde[gh];
  He wat[gh] so scou{m}fit of his scylle, lest he skae hent,
    [Sidenote: He is unable to reply.]
  at he ne wyst on worde what he warp schulde.                      152
    [Sidenote: The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a
    deep dungeon.]
  e{n} e lorde wonder loude laled & cryed,
  & talke[gh] to his tormentto{ur}e[gh]: "take[gh] hym," he bidde[gh],
  "Bynde[gh] byhynde, at his bak, boe two his hande[gh],
  & felle fett{er}e[gh] to his fete festene[gh] bylyue;              156
  Stik hym stifly i{n} stoke[gh], & steke[gh] hy{m} {er}-aft{er}
  Depe i{n} my dou{n}gou{n} {er} doel eu{er} dwelle[gh],
  Greui{n}g, & grety{n}g, & gryspy{n}g harde
  Of tee tenfully to-geder, to teche hy{m} be quoy{n}t."            160
    [Sidenote: This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to
    which all are invited.]
  Thus comparisu{n}e[gh] kryst e kyndom of heue,
  To is frelych feste at fele arn to called,
  For alle arn laed luflyly, e lu{er} & e bett{er},
  at eu{er} wern ful[gh]ed i{n} font at fest to haue.              164
    [Sidenote: See that thy weeds are clean.]
  Bot war e wel, if {o}u wylt, y wede[gh] ben clene,
  & honest for e haly day, lest {o}u harme lache,
  For aproch {o}u to at prynce of parage noble.
  He hat{es} helle no more e{n} hem at ar sowle.[9]                168

[Headnote: GOD IS DISPLEASED WITH THE WICKED.]

    [Sidenote: Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought.]
  Wich arn e{n}ne y wede[gh] {o}u wrappe[gh] e i{n}ne,
  at schal schewe he{m} so schene schrowde of e best?
  Hit arn y werke[gh] wyt{er}ly, {a}t {o}u wro[gh]t haue[gh],
  & lyued w{i}t{h} e lyky{n}g {a}t ly[gh]e in y{n} hert,          172
  at o be frely & fresch fonde i{n} y lyue,
  & fetyse of a fayr forme, to fote & to honde,
  & sye{n} alle y{n} o{er} lyme[gh] lapped ful clene,
    [Sidenote: For many faults may a man forfeit bliss.]
  e{n}ne may {o}u se y sauior & his sete ryche.                   176
  For fele faute[gh] may a freke forfete his blysse,
    [Sidenote: For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil's
    throat.]
  at he e sou{er}ayn ne se en, for slaue one,
  As for bobau{n}ce & bost & bolnande p{r}iyde,
  roly i{n}-to e deuele[gh] rote man ry{n}ge[gh] bylyue,         180
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 59b.]]
    [Sidenote: He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft,
    and strife.]
  For couetyse, & colwarde & croked dede[gh],
  For mon-sworne, & men-scla[gh]t, & to much drynk,
  For efte, & for repy{n}g, vn-onk may mon haue;
    [Sidenote: For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages,
    and supporting the wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny,
    man may lose eternal bliss.]
  For roborrye, & riboudrye & resou{n}e[gh] vntrwe,                  184
  & dysheriete & depryue dowrie of wydoe[gh],
  For marry{n}g of maryage[gh] & may{n}tnau{n}ce of schrewe[gh],
  For traysou{n}, & trichcherye, & tyrau{n}tyr boe,[10]
  & for fals famacions & fayned lawe[gh];                            188
  Man may mysse e myre, at much is to prayse,
  For such vnewe[gh] as ise & ole much payne,
  & i{n} e creatores cort com neu{er} more,
  Ne neu{er} see hym with sy[gh]t for such sour to{ur}ne[gh].        192

    [Sidenote 8: MS. poueu{er}.]
    [Sidenote 9: _fowle_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 10: loe (?).]


[Headnote: THE FALL OF THE ANGELS.]

III.

  Bot I haue herkned & herde of mony hy[gh]e clerke[gh],
  & als i{n} resou{n}e[gh] of ry[gh]t red hit my seluen,
    [Sidenote: The high Prince of all is displeased with those who
    work wickedly.]
  {a}t at ilk prop{er} prynce at paradys welde[gh]
  Is displesed at vch a poy{n}t at plyes to scae.                  196
  Bot neu{er} [gh]et i{n} no boke breued I herde
  at eu{er} he wrek so wy{er}ly on werk at he made,
  Ne venged for no vilt of vice ne sy{n}ne,
  Ne so hastyfly wat[gh] hot for hatel of his wylle,                 200
  Ne neu{er} so sodenly so[gh]t vn-sou{n}dely to weng,
  As for fyle of e flesch at foles han vsed;
  For as I fynde {er} he for[gh]et alle his fre ewes,
    [Sidenote: For the first fault the devil committed, he felt
    God's vengeance.]
  & wex wod to e wrache, for wrath at his hert,                     204
  For e fyrste felonye e falce fende wro[gh]t.
  Whyl he wat[gh] hy[gh]e i{n} e heuen houen vpon lofte,
  Of alle yse ael au{n}gele[gh] attled e fayrest,
    [Sidenote: He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign,
    and boasted that his throne should be as high as God's.]
  & he vnkyndely as a karle kydde areward,                           208
  He se[gh] no[gh]t bot hym self how semly he were,
  Bot his sou{er}ayn he forsoke & sade yse worde[gh]:
  "I schal telde vp my trone i{n} e tra mou{n}tayne
  & by lyke to at lorde at e lyft made.                           212
  With is worde at he warp, e wrake on hy{m} ly[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: For these words he was cast down to hell.]
      Dry[gh]tyn w{i}t{h} his dere dom hym drof to e abyme,
  I{n} e mesure of his mode, his met[gh] neu{er} e lasse,
  Bot er he tynt e tye dool of his to{ur} ryche,                  216
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 60a.]]
  a[gh] e felou{n} were so fers for his fayre wede[gh]
  & his glorio{us} glem at glent so bry[gh]t;
  As sone as dry[gh]tyne[gh] dome drof to hy{m} seluen,
  [i]kke owsande[gh] ro rwen er-oute                            220
    [Sidenote: The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for
    forty days.]
  Fellen fro e fyrmame{n}t, fende[gh] ful blake
  Weued[11] at e fyrst swap as e snaw ikke,
  Hurled i{n}-to helle-hole as e hyue swarme[gh];
  Fyltyr fenden folk forty daye[gh] lence,                          224
  Er at styngande storme stynt ne my[gh]t;
  Bot as smylt mele vnder smal siue smokes for-ikke,
    [Sidenote: From heaven to hell the shower lasted.]
  So fro heuen to helle at hatel schor laste,
  On vche syde of e worlde aywhere ilyche.                          228
  is[12] hit wat[gh] a brem brest & a byge wrache,
    [Sidenote: The devil would not make peace with God.]
  & [gh]et wrathed not e wy[gh], ne e wrech sa[gh]tled,
  Ne neu{er} wolde, for wylnesful, his wory god knawe,
  Ne pray hym for no pit, so proud wat[gh] his wylle,               232
    [Sidenote: Affliction makes him none the better.]
  For-y a[gh] e rape were rank, e rawe wat[gh] lyttel;[13]
  a[gh] he be kest into kare he kepes no bett{er}.
    [Sidenote: For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men.]
  Bot at o{er} wrake at wex on wy[gh]e[gh], hit ly[gh]t
  ur[gh] e faut of a freke at fayled i{n} trawe.                 236
    [Sidenote: Adam was ordained to live in bliss.]
  A{da}m i{n} obedyent[14] ordaynt to blysse,
  er pryuely i{n} paradys his place wat[gh] de-vised,
  To lyue er i{n} lyky{n}g e lene of a terme,
  & e{n}ne en-herite at home at au{n}gele[gh] for-gart,           240
    [Sidenote: Through Eve he ate an apple.]
  Bot ur[gh] e eggy{n}g of eue he ete of an apple
  at en-poysened alle peple[gh] at parted fro hem boe,
    [Sidenote: Thus all his descendants became poisoned.]
  For a defence at wat[gh] dy[gh]t of dry[gh]tyn seluen,
  & a payne er-on put & pertly halden;                              244
  e defence wat[gh] e fryt at e freke towched,
  & e dom is e dee at drepe[gh] v{us} alle.
    [Sidenote: A maiden brought a remedy for mankind.]
  Al i{n} mesure & mee wat[gh] mad e vengiau{n}ce,
  & efte amended w{i}t{h} a mayden at make hade neu{er}.            248

    [Sidenote 11: _wened_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 12: _[gh]is_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 13: MS. _lyttlel_.]
    [Sidenote 14: _obedience_ (?).]


[Headnote: THE WICKEDNESS OF THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.]

IV.

  Bot in e ryd wat[gh] forrast al at ryue schuld,
    [Sidenote: Malice was merciless.]
  er wat[gh] malys mercyles & mawgre much scheued,
  at wat[gh] for fyle vpon folde {a}t e folk vsed,
    [Sidenote: A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the
    merriest, and the strongest that ever were created.]
  []at en wonyed i{n} e worlde w{i}t{h}-outen any mayst{er}[gh];  252
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 60b.]]
  Hit wern e fayrest of forme & of face als,
  e most & e myriest at maked wern euer,
  e styfest, e stalworest at stod eu{er} on fete;
  & lengest lyf i{n} hem lent of lede[gh] alle o{er},               256
  For hit was e forme-foster at e folde bred,
    [Sidenote: They were sons of Adam.]
  e ael au{n}cetere[gh] su{n}e[gh] at ad{a}m wat[gh] called,
  To wham god hade geuen alle at gayn were,
  Alle e blysse boute blame at bodi my[gh]t haue,                  260
  & ose lykkest to e lede at lyued next aft{er},
  For-y so semly to see sye{n} wern none.
    [Sidenote: No law was laid upon them.]
  er wat[gh] no law to hem layd bot loke to kynde,
  & kepe to hit, & alle hit cors clanly ful-fylle;                   264
    [Sidenote: Nevertheless they acted unnaturally.]
  & e{n}ne fou{n}den ay fyle i{n} fleschlych dede[gh]
  & controeued agayn kynde contrar werke[gh],
  & vsed hem vn-ryftyly vchon on o{er},
  & als with o{er}, wylsfully, vpon a wrange wyse.                  268
    [Sidenote: The "_fiends_" beheld how fair were the daughters of
    these mighty men, and made fellowship with them and begat a race
    of giants.]
  So ferly fowled her flesch at e fende loked,
  How e de[gh]t{er} of e doue wern dere-lych fayre,
  & fallen i{n} fela[gh]schyp w{i}t{h} hem on folken wyse
  & en-gendered on hem ieau{n}te[gh] w{i}t{h} her Iape[gh] ille.     272
  ose wern men meele[gh] & ma[gh]ty on vre,
  at for her lodlych layke[gh] alosed ay were.
  He wat[gh] famed[15] for fre at fe[gh]t loued best,
    [Sidenote: The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous.]
  & ay e bigest i{n} bale e best wat[gh] halden;                   276
  & e{n}ne euele[gh] on ere ernestly grewen
  & multyplyed mony-folde i{n}-monge[gh] mankynde,
    [Sidenote: The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth.]
  For at e ma[gh]ty on molde so marre ise o{er}.
  at e wy[gh]e at al wro[gh]t ful wroly bygy{n}ne[gh].           280

[Headnote: GOD DETERMINES TO DESTROY ALL FLESH.]

  When he knew vche contre corupte i{n} hit seluen,
  & vch freke forloyned fro e ry[gh]t waye[gh],
    [Sidenote: Fell anger touches His heart.]
  Felle temptande tene towched his hert;
  As wy[gh]e, wo hy{m} with-i{n}ne werp to hy{m} seluen:             284
    [Sidenote: It repents Him that He has made man.]
  "Me for-y{n}ke[gh] ful much at eu{er} I mon made,
  Bot I schal delyu{er} & do away at doten on is molde,
    [Sidenote: He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both
    man and beast.]
  & fleme out of e folde al at flesch were[gh],
  Fro e burne to e best, fro brydde[gh] to fysche[gh];             288
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 61a.]]
  Al schal dou{n} & be ded & dryuen out of ere,
  at eu{er} I sette saule i{n}ne; & sore hit me rwe[gh]
  at eu{er} I made hem my self; bot if I may her-aft{er},
  I schal wayte to be war her wrenche[gh] to kepe."                  292
    [Sidenote: There was at this time living on the earth a very
    righteous man: Noah was his name.]
  e{n}ne i{n} worlde wat[gh] a wy[gh]e wonyande on lyue,
  Ful redy & ful ry[gh]twys, & rewled hy{m} fayre;
  In e drede of dry[gh]tyn his daye[gh] he vse[gh],
  & ay glydande wyth his god his g{ra}ce wat[gh] e more.            296
  Hy{m} wat[gh] e nome Noe, as is i{n}noghe knawen,
    [Sidenote: Three bold sons he had.]
  He had re ryuen su{n}e[gh] & ay re wyue[gh];
  Sem soly at on, at o{er} hy[gh]t cam
  & e Iolef Iapheth wat[gh] gendered e ryd.                       300
    [Sidenote: God in great anger speaks to Noah.]
  Now god i{n} nwy to Noe co{n} speke,
  Wylde wrakful worde[gh] i{n} his wylle greued:
  "e ende of alle-kyne[gh] flesch at on vre meue[gh],
  Is fallen for wyth my face & for{er} hit I enk,                 304
  W{i}t{h} her vn-worelych werk me wlate[gh] w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  e gore {er}-of me hat[gh] greued & e glette nwyed;
    [Sidenote: Declares that He will destroy all "that life has."]
  I schal strenkle my distresse & strye al to-geder,
  Boe lede[gh] & londe & alle at lyf habbe[gh].                    308

[Headnote: NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD AN ARK.]

    [Sidenote: Commands him to make "a mansion" with dwellings for
    wild and tame.]
  Bot make to e a manciou{n} & at is my wylle,
  A cofer closed of tres, clanlych planed;
  Wyrk wone[gh] {er}i{n}ne for wylde & for tame,
  & e{n}ne cleme hit w{i}t{h} clay comly w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne[16]        312
  & alle e endentur dryuen daube w{i}t{h}-outen.
    [Sidenote: To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length,
    and fifty in breadth, and thirty in height, and a window in it a
    cubit square.]
  & {us} of lene & of large at lome {o}u make,
  re hundred of cupyde[gh] {o}u holde to e lene,
  Of fyfty fayre ou{er}-wert forme e brede;                        316
  & loke euen at yn ark haue of he[gh]e rett,
  & a wyndow wyd vpon, wro[gh]t vpon lofte,
  In e compas of a cubit kyndely sware,
    [Sidenote: Also a good shutting door in the side, together with
    halls, recesses, bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens.]
  A wel dutande dor, don on e syde;                                 320
  Haf halle[gh] er-i{n}ne & halke[gh] ful mony,
  Boe boske[gh] & bo{ur}e[gh] & wel bou{n}den pene[gh];
  For I schal waken vp a wat{er} to wasch alle e worlde,
  & quelle alle at is quik w{i}t{h} quauende flode[gh].             324
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 61b.]]
    [Sidenote: For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his
    family.]
  Alle at glyde[gh] & got[gh], & gost of lyf habbe[gh],
  I schal wast with my wrath at wons vpon vre;
  Bot my forwarde w{i}t{h} e I festen on is wyse,
  For {o}u in reysou{n} hat[gh] rengned & ry[gh]twys ben eu{er};    328
  {o}u schal ent{er} is ark w{i}t{h} yn ael barne[gh]
  & y wedded wyf; with e {o}u take
  e make[gh] of y myry su{n}e[gh]; is meyny of a[gh]te
    [Sidenote: Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of
    every clean beast, and one of unclean kind, and to furnish the
    ark with proper food.]
  I schal saue of mo{n}ne[gh] saule[gh], & swelt ose o{er}.        332
  Of vche best at bere[gh] lyf busk e a cupple,
  Of vche clene comly kynde enclose seuen make[gh],
  Of vche horwed, i{n} ark halde bot a payre,
  For to saue me e sede of alle ser kynde[gh];                      336
  & ay {o}u meng w{i}t{h} e male[gh] e mete ho-beste[gh],
  Vche payre by payre to plese ay{er} o{er};
  W{i}t{h} alle e fode at may be fou{n}de frette y cofer,
  For sustnau{n}ce to yow self & also ose o{er}."                  340
    [Sidenote: Noah fills the ark.]
  Ful grayely got[gh] is god ma{n} & dos gode[gh] hestes,
  In dry[gh] dred & dau{n}ger, at durst do non oer.
  Wen hit wat[gh] fettled & forged & to e fulle grayed,
  e{n}n con dry[gh]ttyn hym dele dry[gh]ly yse worde[gh]:          344

    [Sidenote 15: _fained_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 16: MS. w{i}t{h}i{n}me]


[Headnote: THE RAIN DESCENDS.]

V.

    [Sidenote: God asks Noah whether all is ready.]
  "Now Noe," q{uod} oure lorde, "art {o}u al redy?
  Hat[gh] {o}u closed y kyst w{i}t{h} clay alle aboute?"
    [Sidenote: Noah replies that all is fully prepared.]
  "[Gh]e lorde w{i}t{h} y leue," sayde e lede e{n}ne,
  "Al is wro[gh]t at i worde, as {o}u me wyt lante[gh]."           348
    [Sidenote: He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him
    that he will send a rain to destroy all flesh.]
  "Enter in e{n}n," q{uod} he, "& haf i wyf w{i}t{h} e,
  y re su{n}e[gh] w{i}t{h}-outen rep & her re wyue[gh];
  Beste[gh], as I bedene haue, bosk {er}-i{n}ne als,
  & when [gh]e arn staued, styfly steke[gh] yow {er}i{n}ne;         352
  Fro seuen daye[gh] ben seyed I sende out by-lyue,
  Such a rowtande ryge at rayne schal swye,
  at schal wasch alle e worlde of werke[gh] of fyle;
  Schal no flesch vpon folde by fonden onlyue;                       356
    [Sidenote: Noah stows all safely in the ark.]
  Out-taken yow a[gh]t i{n} is ark staued,
  & sed at I wyl saue of yse ser beste[gh]."
  Now Noe neu{er} styste[gh][17] (at niy[gh][t] he bygy{n}ne[gh]),
  Er al wer stawed & stoken, as e steuen wolde.                     360
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 62a.]]
    [Sidenote: Seven days are passed.]
  The{n}ne sone com e seuene day, when samned wern alle,
  & alle woned i{n} e whichche e wylde & e tame.
    [Sidenote: The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and
    the clouds burst.]
  e{n} bolned e abyme & bonke[gh] con ryse,
  Walt{es} out vch walle-heued, i{n} ful wode streme[gh],            364
  Wat[gh] no bry{m}me at abod vnbrosten bylyue,
  e mukel lauande logh{e} to e lyfte rered.
  Mony clust{er}ed clowde clef alle i{n} clowte[gh],
  To-rent vch a rayn-ryfte & rusched to e vre;                     368
    [Sidenote: It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and
    flows over the woods and fields.]
  Fon neu{er} i{n} forty daye[gh], & e{n} e flod ryses,
  Ou{er}-walte[gh] vche a wod & e wyde felde[gh];
  For when e wat{er} of e welkyn w{i}t{h} e worlde mette,
  Alle at deth mo[gh]t dry[gh]e drowned er-i{n}ne;                 372
  er wat[gh] moon forto make when meschef was cnowen,
    [Sidenote: All must drown.]
  at no[gh]t dowed bot e deth in e depe streme[gh].
  Wat{er} wylger ay wax, wone[gh] at stryede,
  Hurled i{n}-to vch ho{us}, hent at er dowelled.                  376
    [Sidenote: The water enters the houses.]
  Fyrst feng to e fly[gh]t alle at fle my[gh]t,
  Vuche burde w{i}t{h} her barne e byggy{n}g ay leue[gh],
    [Sidenote: Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills.]
  & bowed to e hy[gh] bonk er brentest hit wern,
  & het{er}ly to e hy[gh]e hylle[gh] ay [h]aled on faste;          380
    [Sidenote: The rain never ceases.]
  Bot al wat[gh] nedle[gh] her note, for neu{er} cowe stynt
  e ro[gh]e raynande ryg [&] e raykande wawe[gh],
    [Sidenote: The valleys are filled.]
  Er vch boom wat[gh] brurd-ful to e bonke[gh] egge[gh],
  & vche a dale so depe at de{m}med at e brynke[gh].               384
  e moste mou{n}tay{n}e[gh] on mor e{n}ne wat[gh] no more dry[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: People flock to the mountains.]
  & {er}-on flokked e folke, for ferde of e wrake,
  Syen e wylde of e wode on e wat{er} flette;
    [Sidenote: Some swim for their lives.]
  Su{m}me swy{m}med {er}-on at saue hemself trawed,                388
  Su{m}me sty[gh]e to a stud & stared to e heuen,
    [Sidenote: Others roar for fear.]
  Rwly wyth a loud rurd rored for drede.
    [Sidenote: Animals of all kinds run to the hills.]
  Hare[gh], hertte[gh] also, to e hy[gh]e ru{n}nen,
  Bukke[gh], bausene[gh] & bule[gh] to e bonkke[gh] hy[gh]ed,       392
    [Sidenote: All pray for mercy.]
  & alle cryed for care to e ky{n}g of heuen,
  Re-cou{er}er of e creator, ay cryed vchone,
    [Sidenote: God's mercy is passed from them.]
  at amou{n}ted e masse, e mase his mercy wat[gh] passed,
  & alle his pyte departed fro peple at he hated.                   396
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 62b.]]
  Bi at e flod to her fete flo[gh]ed & waxed,
    [Sidenote: Each sees that he must sink.]
  en vche a segge se[gh] wel at synk hy{m} byhoued;
  Frende[gh] fellen i{n} fere & famed togeder
  To dry[gh] her delful deystyn & dy[gh]en alle samen;              400
    [Sidenote: Friends take leave of one another.]
  Luf loke[gh] to luf & his leue take[gh],
  For to ende alle at one[gh] & for eu{er} twy{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed.]
  By forty daye[gh] wern faren, on folde no flesch styryed,
  at e flod nade al freten w{i}t{h} fe[gh]tande wa[gh]e[gh][18],   404
  For hit clam vche a clyffe cubit{es} fyftene,
  Ou{er} e hy[gh]est hylle at hurkled on ere.

[Headnote: ALL ROT IN THE MUD.]

    [Sidenote: All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who
    are safe in the ark.]
  e{n}ne mo{ur}kne i{n} e mudde most ful nede
  Alle at spyrakle i{n}-spranc,[19] no sprawly{n}g awayled,         408
  Saue e hael vnder hach & his here strau{n}ge,
  Noe at ofte neuened e name of oure lorde,
  Hy{m} a[gh]t-su{m} i{n} at ark as ael god lyked,
  er alle lede[gh] i{n} lome lenged druye,                          412
    [Sidenote: The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is
    driven about, without mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to
    guide its course.]
  e arc houen wat[gh] on hy[gh]e w{i}t{h} hurlande gote[gh],
  Kest to kythe[gh] vncoue e clowde[gh] ful nere.
  Hit walt{er}ed on e wylde flod, went as hit lyste,
  Drof vpon e depe dam, i{n} dau{n}g{er} hit semed,                 416
  With-oute{n} mast, o{er} myke, o{er} myry bawelyne,
  Kable, o{er} capstan to clyppe to he{r} ankre[gh],
  Hurrok, o{er} hande-helme hasped on ro{er},
  O{er} any sweande sayl to seche aft{er} hauen,                    420
    [Sidenote: At the mercy of the winds.]
  Bot flote forthe w{i}t{h} e flyt of e felle wynde[gh];
  Wheder-warde so e wat{er} wafte, hit rebou{n}de.
    [Sidenote: Oft it rolled around and reared on end.]
  Ofte hit roled on-rou{n}de & rered on ende,
  Nyf oure lorde hade ben her lode[gh]-mon he{m} had lu{m}pen harde. 424
    [Sidenote: The age of the patriarch Noah.]
  Of e lene of noe lyf to lay a lel date,
  e sex hundreth of his age & none odde [gh]ere[gh],
  Of seco{n}de monyth, e seue{n}e day ry[gh]te[gh],
    [Sidenote: Duration of the flood.]
  To-walten alle yse welle-hede[gh] & e wat{er} flowed,            428
  & rye[gh] fyfty e flod of folwande daye[gh],
  Vche hille wat[gh] er hidde w{i}t{h} yre[gh][20] ful graye;
    [Sidenote: The completeness of the destruction.]
  Al wat[gh] wasted at er wonyed e worlde w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  er eu{er} flote, o{er} flwe, o{er} on fote [gh]ede,             432
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 63a.]]
  That ro[gh]ly wat[gh] e remnau{n}t at e rac dryue[gh],
  at alle gendre[gh] so ioyst wern ioyned wyth-i{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: God remembers those in the ark.]
  Bot quen e lorde of e lyfte lyked hymseluen
  For to my{n}ne on his mon his meth at abyde[gh],                  436
    [Sidenote: He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and
    wells, and the great deep.]
  e{n} he wakened a wynde on watt{er}e[gh] to blowe;
  e{n}ne lasned e llak[21] at large wat[gh] are,
  en he stac vp e stange[gh], stoped o welle[gh],
  Bed bly{n}ne of e rayn, hit batede as fast,                       440
  e{n}ne lasned e lo[gh] lowkande to-geder.
  Aft{er} harde daye[gh] wern out an hundreth & fyft,
  As at lyftande lome luged aboute,
  Where e wynde & e weder warpen hit wolde,                        444
  Hit sa[gh]tled on a softe day synkande to grou{n}de.

[Headnote: THE ARK RESTS ON MOUNT ARARAT.]

    [Sidenote: The ark settles on Mount Ararat.]
  On a rasse of a rok, hit rest at e laste,
  On e mou{n}te of mararach of armene hilles,
  at o{er}-waye[gh] on ebrv hit hat e thanes.                     448
  Bot a[gh] e kyste in e crage[gh] wern closed to byde,
  [Gh]et fyned not e flod ne fel to e boeme[gh],
    [Sidenote: Noah beholds the bare earth.]
  Bot e hy[gh]est of e egge[gh] vnhuled wern a lyttel,
  at e burne by{n}ne borde byhelde e bare ere;                   452
    [Sidenote: He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek
    dry land.]
  e{n}ne wafte he vpon his wyndowe, & wysed {er}-oute
  A message fro at meyny hem molde[gh] to seche,
  at wat[gh] e rauen so ronk at rebel wat[gh] eu{er};
  He wat[gh] colored as e cole, corbyal vn-trwe.                    456
  & he fonge[gh] to e fly[gh]t, & fa{n}ne[gh] on e wynde[gh],
  Houe[gh] hy[gh]e upon hy[gh]t to herken tyy{n}ges.
    [Sidenote: The raven "croaks for comfort" on finding carrion.]
  He crouke[gh] for comfort when carayne he fynde[gh];
  Kast vp on a clyffe er costese lay drye,                          460
  He hade e smelle of e smach & smolt{es} eder sone,
    [Sidenote: He fills his belly with the foul flesh.]
  Falle[gh] on e foule flesch & fylle[gh] his wombe,
  & sone [gh]ederly for-[gh]ete [gh]ister-day steuen,
  How e cheuetayn hy{m} charged {a}t e kyst [gh]emed.             464
  e rauen rayke[gh] hy{m} forth at reches ful lyttel
  How alle fode[gh] er fare, elle[gh] he fynde mete;

[Headnote: NOAH SENDS FORTH A DOVE.]

    [Sidenote: The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out
    the dove.]
  Bot e burne by{n}ne borde[22] at bod to hys come,
  Ba{n}ned hy{m} ful bytt{er}ly w{i}t{h} best{es} alle samen,        468
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 63b.]]
  He seche[gh] an o{er} sonde[gh]mon & sette[gh] on e dou{n}e;[23]
  Bry{n}ge[gh] at bry[gh]t vpon borde blessed & sayde,
  "Wende worelych wy[gh]t v{us} wone[gh] to seche,
  Dryf ou{er} is dy{m}me wat{er}; if {o}u druye fynde[gh]          472
  Bry{n}g bodworde to bot blysse to v{us} alle;
  a[gh] at fowle be false, fre be {o}u euer."
    [Sidenote: The bird wanders about the whole day.]
  Ho wyrl{e} out on e weder o{n} wy{n}ge[gh] ful scharpe,
  Dre[gh]ly alle a longe day {a}t dorst neu{er} ly[gh]t;            476
    [Sidenote: Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah.]
  & when ho fynde[gh] no folde her fote on to pyche,
  Ho vmbe-keste[gh] e coste & e kyst seche[gh],
  Ho hitte[gh] on e euentyde & on e ark sitte[gh];
  Noe ny{m}mes hir anon & naytly hir staue[gh].                      480
    [Sidenote: Noah again sends out the dove.]
  Noe on ano{er} day ny{m}me[gh] efte e dovene,
  & bydde[gh] hir bowe ou{er} e borne efte bonke[gh] to seche;
  & ho skyrme[gh] vnder skwe & skowte[gh] aboute,
  Tyl hit wat[gh] ny[gh]e at e na[gh]t & noe e{n} seche[gh].       484

    [Sidenote 17: _stynte[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 18: _wawe[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 19: _in-sprang_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 20: _ye[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 21: So in MS.]
    [Sidenote 22: MS. _lorde_.]
    [Sidenote 23: _douue_ or _douene_ (?).]


[Headnote: NOAH LEAVES THE ARK.]

VI.

    [Sidenote: The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak.]
  On ark on an euentyde houe[gh] e downe,
  On stamyn ho stod & stylle hy{m} abyde[gh];
  What! ho bro[gh]t i{n} hir beke a bronch of olyue,
  G{ra}cyo{us}ly vmbe-grouen al w{i}t{h} grene leue[gh];             488
    [Sidenote: This was a token of peace and reconciliation.]
  at wat[gh] e sy{n}gne of sauyt {a}t sende he{m} oure lorde,
  & e sa[gh]tly{n}g of hy{m}-self w{i}t{h} o sely beste[gh].
    [Sidenote: Joy reigns in the ark.]
  e{n} wat[gh] er ioy i{n} pat gyn where Iu{m}pred er dry[gh]ed,
  & much comfort i{n} at cofer at wat[gh] clay-daubed.             492
    [Sidenote: The people therein laugh and look thereout.]
  Myryly on a fayr morn, monyth e fyrst,
  at falle[gh] formast i{n} e [gh]er, & e fyrst day,
  Lede[gh] lo[gh]en i{n} at lome & loked {er}-oute,
  How at watt{er}e[gh] wern woned & e worlde dryed.                496
  Vchon loued oure lorde, bot lenged ay stylle,
  Tyl ay had tyy{n}g fro e tolke at tyned he{m} {er}-i{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark.]
  e{n} gode[gh] glam to hem glod at gladed hem alle,
  Bede hem drawe to e dor, delyu{er} hem he wolde;                  500
  e{n} went ay to e wykket, hit walt vpon sone,
  Boe e burne & his barne[gh] bowed {er}-oute;
  Her wyue[gh] walke[gh] hem wyth & e wylde aft{er},
  roly rublande i{n} ronge, rowen ful ykke;                     504
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 64a.]]
    [Sidenote: Noah offers sacrifice to God.]
  Bot Noe of vche honest kynde nem out an odde
  & heuened vp an auter & hal[gh]ed hit fayre,
  & sette a sakerfyse {er}-on of vch a ser kynde,
  at wat[gh] comly & clene, god kepe[gh] non o{er}.                508
  When bremly brened ose beste[gh], & e bree rysed,
    [Sidenote: It is pleasing to Him that "all speeds or spoils."]
  e sauo{ur} of his sacrafyse so[gh]t to hym euen
  at al spede[gh] & spylle[gh]; he spek{es} w{i}t{h} at ilke
  I{n} comly comfort ful clos & cortays worde[gh]:                   512
    [Sidenote: God declares that He will never destroy the world for
    the sin of man.]
  "Now noe no more nel I neu{er} wary,
  Alle e mukel mayny [on] molde for no ma{n}ne[gh] sy{n}ne[gh],
  For I se wel at hit is sothe, at alle ma{n}ne[gh] wytte[gh]
  To vn-ryfte arn alle rawen w{i}t{h} o[gh]t of her hertte[gh],   516
  & ay hat[gh] ben & wyl be [gh]et fro her barnage;
  Al is e mynde of e man to malyce enclyned,
  For-y schal I neu{er} schende so schortly at ones,
  As dysstrye al for mane[gh] sy{n}ne [in] daye[gh] of is ere.     520
  Bot waxe[gh] now & wende[gh] forth & wore[gh] to monye,
  Multyplye[gh] on is molde & menske yow by-tyde.
    [Sidenote: That summer and winter shall never cease.]
  Sesou{n}e[gh] schal yow neu{er} sese of sede ne of heruest,
  Ne hete, ne no harde forst, vmbre ne dro[gh]e,                    524
  Ne e swetnesse of somer, ne e sadde wynt{er},
    [Sidenote: Nor night nor day, nor the new years.]
  Ne e ny[gh]t, ne e day, ne e newe [gh]ere[gh],
  Bot eu{er} re{n}ne restle[gh] rengne[gh] [gh]e {er}-i{n}ne."
    [Sidenote: God blesses every beast.]
  {er}wyth he blesse[gh] vch a best, & byta[gh]t hem is ere.      528

[Headnote: THE BEASTS ARE DISPERSED.]

  e{n} wat[gh] a skylly skyualde, quen scaped alle e wylde;
    [Sidenote: Each fowl takes its flight.]
  Vche fowle to e fly[gh]t at fyere[gh] my[gh]t serue,
    [Sidenote: Each fish goes to the flood.]
  Vche fysch to e flod at fy{n}ne coue nayte,
    [Sidenote: Each beast makes for the plain.]
  Vche beste to e bent at[24] byt{es} on erbe[gh];                 532
    [Sidenote: Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth.]
  Wylde worme[gh] to her won wrye[gh] i{n} e ere,
    [Sidenote: The fox goes to the woods.]
  e fox & e folmarde to e fryth wynde[gh],
    [Sidenote: Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse.]
  Hertt{es} to hy[gh]e hee, hare[gh] to gorste[gh],
    [Sidenote: Lions and leopards go to the lakes.]
  & lyou{n}e[gh] & lebarde[gh] to e lake ryft{es},                  536
    [Sidenote: Eagles and hawks to the high rocks.]
  Herne[gh] & haueke[gh] to e hy[gh]e roche[gh];
  e hole-foted fowle to e flod hy[gh]e[gh],
  & vche best at a brayde er hy{m} best lyke[gh];
    [Sidenote: The four 'frekes' take the empire.]
  e fowre freke[gh] of e folde fonge[gh] e empyre.                540
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 64b.]]
    [Sidenote: Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their
    hateful deeds!]
  Lo! suche a wrakful wo for wlatsu{m} dede[gh]
  Parformed e hy[gh]e fader on folke at he made;
  at he chysly hade cherisched he chastysed ful hardee,
  I{n} de-voydy{n}ge e vylanye {a}t venkquyst his ewe[gh].        544
  For-y war e now, wy[gh]e, at worschyp desyres,
  I{n} his comlych co{ur}te at ky{n}g is of blysse,
    [Sidenote: Beware of the filth of the flesh.]
  I{n} e fyle of e flesch at {o}u be fou{n}den neu{er},
  Tyl any wat{er} i{n} e worlde to wasche e fayly,                 548
  For is no segge vnder su{n}ne so seme of his crafte[gh],
  If he be sulped i{n} sy{n}ne, at [ne] sytte[gh] vnclene.
    [Sidenote: "One speck of a spot" will ruin us in the sight of
    God.]
  On spec of a spote may spede to mysse
  Of e sy[gh]te of e sou{er}ayn at sytte[gh] so hy[gh]e,          552
  For at schewe me schale i{n} o schyre howse[gh],
    [Sidenote: The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam.]
  As e beryl bornyst byhoue[gh] be clene,
  at is sou{n}de on vche a syde & no sem habes,
  W{i}t{h}-outen maskle o{er} mote as margerye p{er}le.             556

    [Sidenote 24: MS. _at at_.]


[Headnote: GOD'S HATRED OF WICKEDNESS.]

VII.

    [Sidenote: When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed
    all flesh.]
  Sye{n} e sou{er}ayn i{n} sete so sore for-o[gh]t
  at eu{er} he man vpon molde merked to lyuy,
  For he i{n} fyle wat[gh] fallen, felly he uenged,
  Quen fo{ur}ferde[25] alle e flesch at he formed hade,            560
    [Sidenote: But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with
    mankind that He would not again destroy all the living.]
  Hy{m} rwed at he hem vp-rerde & ra[gh]t hem lyflode,
  & efte at he he{m} vndyd, hard hit hym o[gh]t;
  For quen e swemande sor[gh]e so[gh]t to his hert,
  He knyt a couenau{n}de cortaysly w{i}t{h} monkynde {er}e,         564
  In e mesure of his mode & mee of his wylle,
  at he schulde neu{er} for no syt smyte al at one[gh],
  As to quelle alle quyke[gh] for qued at my[gh]t falle,
  Whyl of e lene of e londe laste[gh] e t{er}me.                 568
  at ilke skyl for no scae ascaped hy{m} neu{er},
  Wheder wonderly he wrak on wykked men aft{er};
    [Sidenote: For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city.]
  Ful felly for at ilk faute forferde a kyth ryche,
  I{n} e anger of his ire at ar[gh]ed mony;                        572
  & al wat[gh] for is ilk euel, at vn-happen glette,
  e venym & e vylanye & e vycios fyle,
  at by-sulpe[gh] ma{n}ne[gh] saule i{n} vnsou{n}de hert,
  at he his saueour ne see w{i}t{h} sy[gh]t of his y[gh]en,         576
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 65a.]]
    [Sidenote: God hates the wicked as "hell that stinks."]
  at alle ille[gh] he hates as helle at stynkke[gh];
  Bot non nuye[gh] hy{m}, on na[gh]t ne neu{er} vpon daye[gh],
    [Sidenote: Especially harlotry and blasphemy.]
  As harlottrye vn-honest, hey{n}g of seluen;
  at schame[gh] for no schrewedschyp schent mot he wore!           580
  Bot sauyo{ur} mon i{n} y self, a[gh] {o}u a sotte lyuie,
  a[gh] {o}u bere y self babel, by-enk e su{m}-tyme,
  Wheer he at stykked vche a stare i{n} vche steppe y[gh]e,
  [Gh]if hy{m} self[26] be bore blynd{e} hit is a brod wonder;       584
  & he at fetly i{n} face fettled alle eres
  If he[27] hat[gh] losed e lysten hit lyfte[gh] meruayle;
    [Sidenote: Nothing is hidden from God.]
  Trave {o}u neu{er} at tale, vn-trwe {o}u hit fynde[gh],
  er is no dede so derne at ditte[gh] his y[gh]en;                 588
  er is no wy[gh]e i{n} his werk so war ne so stylle
  at hit ne rawe[gh] to hym re[28] er he hit o[gh]t haue;
    [Sidenote: God is the ground of all deeds.]
  For he is e gropande god, e grou{n}de of alle dede[gh],
  Rypande of vche a ri{n}g[29] e reynye[gh] & hert;                 592
    [Sidenote: He honours the man that is honest and whole.]
  & ere he fynde[gh] al fayre a freke wyth-i{n}ne
  at hert honest & hol, at hael he hono{ur}e[gh],
  Sende[gh] hy{m} a sad sy[gh]t to se his auen face,
  & harde honyse[gh] ise o{er} & of his erde fleme[gh].            596
    [Sidenote: But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones.]
  Bot of e dome of e doue for dede[gh] of schame
  He is so skoymos of at skae, he scarre[gh] bylyue,
  He may not dry[gh]e to draw allyt, bot drepe[gh] i{n} hast
  & at wat[gh] schewed schortly by a scae one[gh].                 600

    [Sidenote 25: _for-ferde_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 26: MS. _sele._]
    [Sidenote 27: MS. _he he._]
    [Sidenote 28: _er_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 29: _rink_ or _renk_ (?).]


[Headnote: ABRAHAM RECEIVES THREE GUESTS, AND ENTERTAINS THEM.]

VIII.

    [Sidenote: Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a
    green oak.]
  Olde Abraham i{n} erde one[gh] he sytte[gh]
  Euen byfore his ho{us}-dore vnder an oke grene;
  Bry[gh]t blykked e bem of e brode heuen,
  I{n} e hy[gh]e hete {er}-of Abraham bide[gh],                    604
  He wat[gh] schu{n}t to e schadow vnder schyre leue[gh];
    [Sidenote: He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them.]
  e{n}ne wat[gh] he war on e waye of wlonk wy[gh]e[gh] ry{n}ne.
  If ay wer farande & fre & fayre to beholde,
  Hit is ee to leue by e last ende;                                608
  For e lede at er laye e leue[gh] an-vnder,
  When he hade of hem sy[gh]t he hy[gh]e[gh] bylyue,
  & as to god e good mon gos hem agayne[gh]
  & haylsed hem i{n} onhede & sayde, "hende lorde                    612
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 65b.]]
  [Gh]if eu{er} y mon vpon molde merit disserued,
    [Sidenote: He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash
    their feet, and bring them a morsel of bread.]
  Lenge a lyttel with y lede I lo[gh]ly bi-seche;
  Passe neu{er} fro i pou{er}e, [gh]if I hit pray durst,
  Er {o}u haf biden with i burne & vnder bo[gh]e restted;          616
  & I schal wy{n}ne yow wy[gh]t of wat{er} a lyttel,
  & fast aboute schal I fare yo{ur} fette wer waschene;
  Restte[gh] here on is rote & I schal rachche aft{er}
  & bry{n}ge a morsel of bred to banne yo{ur} hertte."               620
  "Fare forthe," q{uod} e freke[gh], "& fech as {o}u segge[gh];
  By bole of is brode tre we byde e here."
    [Sidenote: Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly,
    and tells his servant to seethe a tender kid.]
  e{n}ne orppedly i{n}-to his ho{us} he hy[gh]ed to Sar
  Comau{n}ded hir to be cof & quyk at is one[gh];                   624
  "re mette[gh] of mele menge & ma kake[gh],
  Vnder aske[gh] ful hote happe hem byliue;
  Quyl I fete su{m}quat fat {o}u e fyr bete,
  Prestly at is ilke poynte su{m} polment to make."                 628
  He cached to his cobho{us}[30] & a calf bry{n}ge[gh]
  at wat[gh] tender & not to[gh]e; bed tyrne of e hyde,
  & sayde to his seruau{n}t {a}t he hit see faste
  & he deruely at his dome dy[gh]t hit bylyue.                       632
    [Sidenote: Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests.]
  e burne to be bare-heued buske[gh] hy{m} e{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before
    them cakes, butter, milk, and pottage.]
  Cleche[gh] to a clene cloe & keste[gh] on e grene,
  rwe ryftyly {er}-on o re erue kake[gh],
  & bry{n}ge[gh] butt{er} wyth-al, & by e bred sette[gh]            636
  Mete; messe[gh] of mylke he merkke[gh] bytwene,
  Sye{n} potage & polment i{n} plater honest;
  As sewer i{n} a god assyse he serued hem fayre,
  Wyth sadde semblau{n}t & swete of such as he hade,                 640

[Headnote: GOD DISCLOSES HIS PURPOSE TO ABRAHAM.]

    [Sidenote: God praises his friend's feast, and after the meat is
    removed, He tells Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son.]
  & god as a glad gest mad god chere,
  at wat[gh] fayn of his frende & his fest praysed.
  Abraham, al hodle[gh] w{i}t{h} arme[gh] vp-folden,
  Mynystred mete byfore o men at my[gh]tes al welde[gh];           644
  e{n}ne ay sayden, as ay sete same{n} alle ry{n}ne,
  When e mete wat[gh] remued & ay of mensk speken,
  "I schal efte here away abram," ay sayden,
  "[Gh]et er y lyue[gh] ly[gh]t lee vpon ere,                     648
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 66a.]]
  & e{n}ne schal sar consayue & a su{n} bere,
  at schal be abrahame[gh] ayre, & aft{er} hy{m} wy{n}ne
  W{i}t{h} wele & wyth worschyp e worely peple
  at schal halde i{n} heritage, at I haf men [gh]ark."             652
    [Sidenote: Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief.]
  e{n}ne e burde byhynde e dor for busmar la[gh]ed;
  & sayde sothly[31] to hir-self sar e madde:
  "May {o}u traw for tykle at {o}u to{n}ne mo[gh]te[gh],
  & I so hy[gh]e out of age & also my lorde,"                        656
  For soely, as says e wryt, he wern of sadde elde,
  Boe e wy[gh]e & his wyf, such werk wat[gh] hem fayled,
  Fro mony a brod day by-fore ho barayn ay byene,[32]
  at selue sar w{i}t{h}-outen sede i{n}-to at same tyme.          660
    [Sidenote: God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words.]
  e{n}ne sayde oure syre er he sete "se! so sar la[gh]es,
  Not trawande e tale at I e to schewed;
  Hope[gh] ho o[gh]t may be harde my honde[gh] to work?
  & [gh]et I a-vow v{er}ayly e avau{n}t at I made,                 664
  I schal [gh]eply a[gh]ayn & [gh]elde at I hy[gh]t,
  & sothely sende to sar a so & an hayre."
    [Sidenote: Sarah denies that she laughed.]
  e{n}ne swenged forth sar & swer by hir trawe,
  at for lot at ay lansed[33] ho la[gh]ed neu{er}.                668
  "Now i{n}nogh{e} hit is not so" e{n}ne n{ur}ned e dry[gh]tyn,
  "For {o}u la[gh]ed alo[gh], bot let we hit one."
    [Sidenote: Abraham's guests set out towards Sodom, two miles
    from Mamre.]
  With at ay ros vp radly as ay rayke schulde,
  & setten toward sodamas her sy[gh]t alle at-one[gh];               672
  For at Cite {er} bysyde wat[gh] sette i{n} a vale,
  No myle[gh] fro mambre mo e{n} tweyne,
  Where-so wonyed is ilke wy[gh] at wende[gh] w{i}t{h} oure lorde,
  For to tent hy{m} w{i}t{h} tale & teche hy{m} e gate,             676
    [Sidenote: The patriarch accompanies them.]
  en glyde[gh] forth god, e godmo{n} hy{m} fol[gh]e[gh].
  Abraham helde[gh] hem wyth, he{m} to co{n}ueye,
  I{n} towarde e Cety of sodamas at sy{n}ned had e{n}ne
  I{n} e faute of is fyle; e fader hem retes,                   680
  & sayde {us} to e segg at sued hy{m} aft{er}:
    [Sidenote: God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret
    purposes.]
  "How my[gh]t I hyde myn hert fro habraham e trwe,
  at I ne dyscou{er}ed to his corse my cou{n}sayl so dere.
  Syen he is chosen to be chef chyldryn fader,                      684
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 66b.]]
  at so folk schal falle fro, to flete alle e worlde,
  & vche blod i{n} at burne blessed schal wore.
  Me bos telle to at tolk e tene of my wylle
  & alle myn atly{n}g to abraham vn-haspe bilyue.                    688

    [Sidenote 30: _cov-hous_ = cow-house (?).]
    [Sidenote 31: ? _softly_ or _sotly_ = foolishly]
    [Sidenote 32: ? _bycame_.]
    [Sidenote 33: _laused_ (?).]


[Headnote: THE FILTHINESS OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.]

IX.

    [Sidenote: He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon
    the cities of the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing
    the gifts bestowed upon them.]
  "The grete sou{n} of sodamas synkke[gh] i{n} my{n} ere[gh],
  & e gult of gomorre gare[gh] me to wrath;
  I schal ly[gh]t i{n}-to at led & loke my seluen,
  If[34] ay haf don as e dyne dryue[gh] on-lofte,                  692
  ay han lerned a lyst at lyke[gh] me ille,
  at ay han fou{n}den i{n} her flesch of faute[gh] e werst,
  Vch male mat[gh] his mach a man as hy{m} seluen,
  & fylt{er} folyly i{n} fere, on fe{m}male[gh] wyse.                696
  I compast hem a kynde crafte & kende hit hem derne,
    [Sidenote: The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but
    they foully set it at nought.]
  & amed hit i{n} my{n} ordenau{n}ce oddely dere,
  & dy[gh]t drwry er-i{n}ne, doole al{er}-swettest,
  & e play of paramore[gh] I portrayed my seluen;                   700
  & made er-to a man{er} myriest of o{er},
  When two true togeder had ty[gh]ed hem seluen,
  By-twene a male & his make such m{er}e schulde conne;[35]
  Wel ny[gh]e pure paradys mo[gh]t preue no bett{er},                704
  Elle[gh] ay mo[gh]t honestly ay{er} o{er} welde.
  At a stylle stollen steuen, vnstered wyth sy[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: The flame of love.]
  Luf lowe hem bytwene lasched so hote,
  at alle e meschefe[gh] on mold mo[gh]t hit not sleke;            708
  Now haf ay skyfted my skyl & scorned natwre,
    [Sidenote: Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to
    all men for ever.]
  & hentte[gh] hem i{n} hey{n}g an vsage vn-clene;
  Hem to smyte for at smod smartly I enk
  at wy[gh]e[gh] schal be by hem war, worlde w{i}t{h}-outen ende."  712

[Headnote: ABRAHAM PLEADS FOR THE CITIES.]

    [Sidenote: Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the
    "sinful and the sinless" are to suffer together.]
  e{n}ne ar[gh]ed abraham & alle his mod chau{n}ge[d],
  For hope of e harde hate at hy[gh]t hat[gh] oure lorde;
  Al sykande he sayde "s{ir} w{i}t{h} yor leue,
  Schal synful & sakle[gh] suffer al on payne;                       716
  We{er} eu{er} hit lyke my lorde to lyfte such dome[gh],
  at e wykked & e wory schal on wrake suffer,
  & weye vpon e worre half at wrathed e neu{er}?
  at wat[gh] neu{er} y won at wro[gh]te[gh] v{us} alle.           720
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 67a.]]
    [Sidenote: Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty
    righteous are found in them?]
  Now fyfty fyn frende[gh] wer fou{n}de i{n} [gh]onde toune
  In e Cety of Sodamas & also gomorr
  at neu{er} lakked y laue, bot loued ay traue,
  & re[gh]t-ful wern & resou{n}able & redy e to serue,              724
  Schal ay falle i{n} e faute at o{er} freke[gh] wro[gh]t
  & ioyne to her iuggement her iuise to haue?
  at nas neu{er} yn note, vnneuened hit wore,
  at art so gaynly a god & of goste mylde!"                         728
    [Sidenote: For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared.]
  "Nay for fyfty," q{uod} e fader, "& y fayre speche,
  &[36] ay be fou{n}den i{n} at folk of her fyle clene,
  I schal for-gyue alle e gylt ur[gh] my g{ra}ce one,
  & let hem smolt al unsmyten smoely atone[gh]."                    732
    [Sidenote: The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the
    sake of forty-five righteous.]
  "AA! blessed be ow," q{uod} e burne, "so boner & ewed,
  & al halde[gh] i{n} y honde, e heuen & e ere,
  Bot for I haf is talke tat[gh] to non ille,
  [Gh]if I mele a lyttel more at mul am & aske[gh];                 736
  What if fyue faylen of fyfty e nou{m}bre,
  & e remnau{n}t be reken, how restes y wylle?"
    [Sidenote: For the lack of five the cities shall not be
    destroyed.]
  "And fyue wont of fyfty," q{uod} god, "I schal for[gh]ete alle
  & wyth-halde my honde for horty{n}g on lede."                      740
  "& quat if faurty be fre & fauty yse o{er}
  Schalt ow schortly al schende & schape non o{er}."
    [Sidenote: For forty the cities shall be spared.]
  "Nay a[gh] faurty forfete [gh]et fryst I a whyle,
  & voyde away my vengau{n}ce, a[gh] me vyl ynk."                  744
  e{n} abraham obeched hym & lo[gh]ly hi{m} onkke[gh],
  "Now sayned be ou sauio{ur}, so symple i{n} y wrath!
  I am bot ere ful euel & vsle so blake,
    [Sidenote: Abraham entreats God's forbearance for his speech.]
  Forto mele wyth such a mayst{er} as my[gh]te[gh] hat[gh] alle,     748
  Bot I haue by-go{n}nen wyth my god, & he hit gay{n} ynke[gh],
  [Gh]if I for-loyne as a fol y frau{n}chyse may serue;
  What if retty ryuande be rad i{n} [gh]on tou{n}e[gh],
  What schal I leue if my lorde, if he hem lee wolde?"              752
  e{n}ne e godlych god gef hy{m} onsware,
    [Sidenote: Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save
    them from destruction.]
  "[Gh]et for retty i{n} rong I schal my ro steke,
  & spare spakly of spyt i{n} space of my ewe[gh],
  & my rankor refrayne fo{ur} y reken worde[gh]."                   756
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 67b.]]
  "What for twenty," q{uod} e tolke, "vntwyne[gh] {o}u hem e{n}ne?"
  "Nay, [gh]if {o}u [gh]erne[gh] hit, [gh]et [gh]ark I hem g{ra}ce;
    [Sidenote: For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will
    release the rest.]
  If at twenty be trwe I tene hem no more,
  Bot relece alle at regiou{n} of her ronk werkke[gh]."             760
  "Now ael lorde," q{uod} Abraham, "one[gh] a speche
  & I schal schape no more o schalkke[gh] to helpe;
  If ten trysty i{n} toune be tan i{n} i werkke[gh]
    [Sidenote: Or if ten only should be found pure.]
  Wylt {o}u mese y mode & menddy{n}g abyde?"                       764
  "I grau{n}t," q{uod} e grete god, "grau{n}t mercy," {a}t o{er}.
  & e{n}ne arest e renk & ra[gh]t no fyrre;
  & godde glyde[gh] his gate by ose grene waye[gh]
  & he co{n}ueyen hy{m} con w{i}t{h} cast of his y[gh]e,             768
    [Sidenote: The patriarch intercedes for Lot.]
  & als he loked along ere as oure lorde passed,
  [Gh]et he cryed hy{m} aft{er} w{i}t{h} careful steuen:
  "Meke mayst{er} on y mon to my{n}ne if e lyked,
  Loth lenge[gh] i{n} [gh]on leede at is my lef bro{er},           772
  He sytte[gh] er i{n} sodomis, y seruau{n}t so pou{er}e
  Among o mansed men at han e much g{r}eued;
    [Sidenote: Beseeches Him to "temper His ire," and then departs
    weeping for sorrow.]
  [Gh]if {o}u tyne[gh] at tou{n}, te{m}pre yn yre
  As y mersy may malte y meke to spare."                           776
  e{n} he wende[gh], wende[gh] his way wepande for care
  To-warde e mere of mambre wepande for so[r[gh]e,][37]
  & ere i{n} longy{n}g al ny[gh]t he lenge[gh] i{n} wones,
  Whyl e sou{er}ayn to sodamas sende to spye.                       780

    [Sidenote 34: MS. i{n}f.]
    [Sidenote 35: _come_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 36: _An_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 37: _sorewe_ is written by a late hand over the
    original word.]


[Headnote: MESSENGERS ARE SENT TO LOT.]

X.

    [Sidenote: God's messengers go to Sodom.]
  His sondes i{n}-to sodamas wat[gh] sende i{n} at tyme,
  I{n} at ilk euentyde, by au{n}gels tweyne,
  Meuand meuande[38] mekely togeder as myry me{n} [gh]onge,
    [Sidenote: Lot is sitting alone at the "door of his lodge."]
  As loot i{n} a loge dor lened hy{m} alone,                         784
  I{n} a porche of at place py[gh]t to e [gh]at{es},
  at wat[gh] ryal & ryche, so wat[gh] e renk{es} seluen.
    [Sidenote: Staring into the street he sees two men.]
  As he stared i{n}-to e strete {er} stout men played
  He sy[gh]e er swey i{n} asent swete men tweyne;                   788
    [Sidenote: Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk.]
  Bolde burne[gh] wer ay boe w{i}t{h} berdles chy{n}ne[gh],
  Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke,
  Of ble as e brere flo{ur} where-so e bare scheweed,
  Ful clene wat[gh] e cou{n}tenau{n}ce of her cler y[gh]en;         792
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 68a.]]
    [Sidenote: Beautifully white were their weeds.]
  Wlonk whit wat[gh] her wede & wel hit hem semed.
  Of alle feture[gh] ful fyn & fautle[gh] boe;
  Wat[gh] non autly i{n} ou{er}, for aungels hit wern,
  & at e [gh]ep vnder-[gh]ede at i{n} e [gh]ate sytte[gh].       796

[Headnote: LOT ENTERTAINS THE MESSENGERS.]

    [Sidenote: Lot runs to meet them.]
  He ros vp ful radly & ran hem to mete
  & lo[gh]e he loute[gh] hem to, loth, to e grou{n}de,
  & syen soberly [sat[gh]] "syre[gh] I yow by-seche,
    [Sidenote: Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in
    the morning they may take their way.]
  at [gh]e wolde ly[gh]t at my loge & lenge {er}-i{n}ne,           800
  Come[gh] to yo{ur} knaues kote I craue at is one[gh];
  I schal fette yow a fatte yo{ur} fette forto wasche;
  I norne yow bot for on ny[gh]t ne[gh]e me to lenge,
  & i{n} e myry morny{n}g [gh]e may yo{ur} waye take."              804
  & ay nay at ay nolde ne[gh] no howse[gh],
  Bot stylly er i{n} e strete as ay stadde wern,
  ay wolde lenge e long na[gh]t & logge {er}-oute;
  Hit wat[gh] ho{us} inno[gh]e to hem e heuen vpon lofte.           808
    [Sidenote: Lot invites them so long that at last they comply.]
  Loth laed so longe wyth luflych worde[gh],
  at ay hy{m} grau{n}ted to go & gru[gh]t no leng{er}.
  e bolde to his byggy{n}g brynge[gh] hem bylyue,
    [Sidenote: The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors.]
  at ryally [wat[gh]] arayed, for he wat[gh] ryche eu{er}.          812
  e wy[gh]e[gh] wern welcom as e wyf coue,
  His two dere do[gh]t{er}e[gh] deuoutly he{m} haylsed,
  at wer maydene[gh] ful meke, maryed not [gh]et,
  & ay wer semly & swete, & swye wel arayed.                       816
    [Sidenote: Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to
    serve no salt with it.]
  Loth e{n}ne ful ly[gh]tly loke[gh] hy{m} aboute,
  & his me{n} amonest{es} mete forto dy[gh]t,
  Bot enkke[gh] on hit be refte what ynk[39] so [gh]e make,
  For wyth no so{ur}[40] ne no salt serue[gh] hy{m} neu{er}.         820
  Bot [gh]et I wene at e wyf hit wroth[41] to dyspyt,
  & sayde softely to hir self "is vn-sau{er}e[42] hyne
  Loue[gh] no salt i{n} her sauce [gh]et hit no skyl were
  at o{er} burne be boute a[gh] boe be nyse."                    824
    [Sidenote: Lot's wife disregards the injunction.]
  e{n}ne ho sau{er}e[gh] w{i}t{h} salt her seue[gh] vchone
  Agayne e bone of e burne at hit forboden hade,
  & als ho scelt he{m} i{n} scorne at wel her skyl knewen.
  Why wat[gh] ho wrech so wod, ho wrathed oure lorde!                828
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 68b.]]
    [Sidenote: The guests are well entertained.]
  e{n}ne seten ay at e soper, wern serued by-lyue,
  e gest{es} gay & ful glad, of glam debonere,
  Welawy{n}nely wlonk tyl ay waschen hade,
  e trest{es} tylt to e wo[gh]e & e table boe.                   832

[Headnote: LOT'S HOUSE IS BESET.]

    [Sidenote: But before they go to rest the city is up in arms.]
  Fro e segge[gh] haden souped & seten bot a whyle,
  Er eu{er} ay bosked to bedde e bor[gh] wat[gh] al vp;
  Alle at weppen my[gh]t welde, e wakker & e stronger,
  To vmbe-ly[gh]e lothe[gh] ho{us} e lede[gh] to take,              836
  In grete flokke[gh] of folk, ay fallen to his [gh]ate[gh],
  As a scowte-wach scarred, so e asscry rysed;
    [Sidenote: With "keen clubs" the folk clatter on the walls, and
    demand that Lot should deliver up his guests.]
  W{i}t{h} kene clobbe[gh] of at clos ay clat[gh] on e wowe[gh],
  & wyth a schrylle scharp schout ay schewe yse worde:             840
  "If {o}u louye[gh] y lyf loth i{n} yse wone[gh]
  [Gh]ete v{us} out ose [gh]ong men at [gh]ore-whyle here entred,
  at we may lere hym[43] of lof, as oure lyst bidde[gh],
  As is e asyse of Sodomas to segge[gh] {a}t passen."              844
  Whatt! ay sputen & speken of so spito{us} fyle,
  What! ay [gh]e[gh]ed & [gh]olped of [gh]estande sor[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech.]
  at [gh]et e wynd, & e weder, & e worlde stynk{es}
  Of e brych at vp-brayde[gh] ose broelych worde[gh].            848
  e god man glyfte w{i}t{h} {a}t glam & gloped for noyse,
  So scharpe schame to hy{m} schot, he schrank at e hert,
  For he knew e costou{m} at kyed ose wreche[gh],
  He doted neu{er} for no doel so depe i{n} his my{n}de.             852
    [Sidenote: Lot is in great trouble.]
  Allas! sayd hy{m} e{n}ne loth, & ly[gh]tly he ryse[gh]
  & bowe[gh] forth fro e bench i{n}-to e brode [gh]at{es}.
  What! he wonded no woe of wekked knaue[gh],
  at he ne passed e port e p{er}il[44] to abide.                  856
    [Sidenote: He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites.]
  He went forthe at e wyket & waft hit hy{m} aft{er},
  at a clyket hit cle[gh]t clos hy{m} byhynde.
  e{n}ne he meled to o men mesurable worde[gh],
  For harlote[gh] w{i}t{h} his hendelayk he hoped to chast;          860
  "Oo! my frende[gh] so fre, yo{ur} fare is to strange,
  Dot[gh] away yo{ur} derf dyn & dere[gh] neu{er} my gest{es},
  Avoy! hit is yo{ur} vylaynye, [gh]e vylen yo{ur} seluen;
  &[45] [gh]e ar iolyf gentylmen yo{ur} iapes ar ille.               864
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 69a.]]
  Bot I schal ke{n}ne yow by kynde a crafte at is bett{er};
    [Sidenote: He offers to give up to them his two daughters.]
  I haf a tresor i{n} my telde of tow my fayre de[gh]t{er},
  at ar maydene[gh] vnmard for alle men [gh]ette;
  In sodamas, a[gh] I hit say, non semloker burdes,                 868
  Hit arn ronk, hit arn rype & redy to ma{n}ne;
  To samen wyth o semly e solace is bett{er},
  I schal biteche yow o two at tayt arn & quoy{n}t,
  & layke[gh] wyth hem as yow lyst & lete[gh] my gest{es} one."      872
    [Sidenote: The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him
    a justice to judge their deeds, who was but a boy when he came
    to Sodom.]
  e{n}ne e rebaude[gh] so ronk rerd such a noyse,
  at a[gh]ly hurled i{n} his ere[gh] her harlote[gh] speche;
  "Wost {o}u not wel {a}t {o}u wone[gh] here a wy[gh]e strange,
  An out-comly{n}g, a carle, we kylle of yn heued.                  876
  Who Ioyned e be iostyse oure iape[gh] to blame,
  at com a boy to is bor[gh], a[gh] {o}u be burne ryche?"
  {us} ay robled & rong & rwe vmbe his ere[gh],
  & distresed hy{m} wonder strayt, w{i}t{h} strenke i{n} e prece,  880

[Headnote: THE MEN OF SODOM SMITTEN WITH BLINDNESS.]

    [Sidenote: The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those
    outside with blindness.]
  Bot at e [gh]onge me{n}, so [gh]epe, [gh]ornen {er}-oute,
  Wapped vpon e wyket & wo{n}nen hem tylle,
  & by e honde[gh] hy{m} hent & horyed hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  & steken e [gh]at{es} ston-harde wyth stalworth barre[gh].        884
  ay blwe a boffet i{n} blande at ba{n}ned peple,
  at ay blust{er}ed as blynde as bayard wat[gh] eu{er};
    [Sidenote: In vain they try to find the door of Lot's house.]
  ay lest of lote[gh] loggi{n}g any lysou{n} to fynde,
  Bot nyteled {er} alle e ny[gh]t for no[gh]t at e last;          888
  e{n}ne vch tolke ty[gh]t hem at hade of tayt fayled,
  & vchon roeled to e rest at he reche mo[gh]t;
  Bot ay wern wakned al wrank[46] at {er} i{n} won lenged,
  Of on e vglokest vnhap at eu{er} on erd suffred.                 892

    [Sidenote 38: So in MS.]
    [Sidenote 39: _yng_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 40: savo{ur} (?).]
    [Sidenote 41: _wro[gh]t_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 42: MS. vnfau{er}e.]
    [Sidenote 43: _hem_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 44: MS. _pil_.]
    [Sidenote 45: _And_ = _An_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 46: _wrang_ (?).]


[Headnote: LOT IS SENT OUT OF THE CITY.]

XI.

    [Sidenote: Early in the morning the angels command Lot to
    depart from Sodom, with his wife and two daughters, and to look
    straight before him, for Sodom and Gomorrah shall be destroyed.]
  Ruddon of e day-rawe ros vpon v[gh]ten,
  When merk of e mydny[gh]t mo[gh]t no more last,
  Ful erly ose aungele[gh] is hael ay ruen
  & glopnedly on gode[gh] halue gart hy{m} vpryse,                   896
  Fast e freke ferke[gh] vp ful ferd at his hert;
  ay comau{n}ded hy{m} cof to cach at he hade,
  "Wyth y wyf & y wy[gh]e[gh] & y wlone de[gh]tters,
  For we lae e, s{ir} loth, at {o}u y lyf haue;                 900
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 69b.]]
  Cayre tid of is kythe er combred {o}u wore,
  With alle i here vpon haste, tyl {o}u a hil fynde;
  Fou{n}de[gh] faste on yo{ur} fete, bifore yo{ur} face lokes,
  Bot bes neu{er} so bolde to blusch yow bihynde,                    904
  & loke [gh]e ste{m}me no stepe, bot streche[gh] on faste,
  Til [gh]e reche to a reset, rest [gh]e neu{er};
  For we schal tyne is tou{n} & trayely disstrye,
  Wyth alle ise wy[gh]e[gh] so wykke wy[gh]tly de-voyde             908
  & alle e londe w{i}t{h} ise lede[gh] we losen at one[gh];
  Sodomas schal ful sodenly synk i{n}-to grou{n}de,
  & e grou{n}de of gomorre gorde i{n}-to helle,
  & vche a koste of is kyth{e} clater vpon hepes.                   912
    [Sidenote: Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape.]
  e{n} laled loth, "lorde what is best?
  If I me fele vpon fote at I fle mo[gh]t,
  Hov schulde I huyde me fro hem {a}t hat[gh] his hate ky{n}ned,
  I{n} e brath of his breth at bre{n}ne[gh] alle i{n}ke[gh],[47]  916
  To crepe fro my creato{ur} & know not wheder,
  Ne wheer his fooschip me fol[gh]e[gh] bifore o{er} bihynde?"
  e freke sayde "no foschip oure fader hat[gh] e schewed,
  Bot hi[gh]ly heuened i hele fro hem at arn combred:              920
    [Sidenote: He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall
    be saved from destruction.]
  Nov walle e a wo{n}ny{n}g at e warisch my[gh]t,
  & he schal saue hit for y sake at hat[gh] v{us} sende hider,
  For {o}u art oddely yn one out of is fyle,
  & als Abraham yn em[48] hit at hi{m} self asked."                 924
  "Lorde, loued he wore," q{uod} loth, "vpon ere!
    [Sidenote: He chooses Zoar.]
  e{n} is a cite herbisyde at segor hit hatte,
  Here vtt{er} on a rou{n}de hil hit houe[gh] hit one,
  I wolde, if his wylle wore, to at won scape."                     928
    [Sidenote: The angels command Lot to depart quickly.]
  "e{n}n fare forth," q{uod} at fre, "& fyne {o}u neu{er}
  W{i}t{h} ose ilk at ow wylt {a}t renge e aft{er},
  & ay goande on yo{ur} gate, wyth-outen agayn-tote,
  For alle is londe schal be lorne, longe er e son{n}e rise."      932
    [Sidenote: He wakes his wife and daughters.]
  e wy[gh]e wakened his wyf & his wlonk de[gh]t{er}es,
  & o{er} two myri men o maydene[gh] schulde wedde;
  & ay token hit as tyt & tented hit lyttel,
  a[gh] fast laed hem loth, ay le[gh]en ful stylle.               936
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 70a.]]
    [Sidenote: All four are hastened on by the angels,
    who "preach to them the peril" of delay.]
  e aungele[gh] hasted ise o{er} & a[gh]ly hem ratten,
  & enforsed alle fawre forth at e [gh]ate[gh],
  o wern loth & his lef, his luflyche de[gh]t{er},
  er so[gh]t no mo to sauement of cities ael fyue.                 940
  ise aungele[gh] hade hem by hande out at e [gh]ate[gh],
  Prechande hem e perile, & beden hem passe fast.
  "Lest [gh]e be taken i{n} e teche of tyrau{n}te[gh] here,
  Loke [gh]e bowe now bi bot, bowe[gh] fast hence!"                  944
    [Sidenote: Before daylight Lot comes to a hill.]
  & ay kayre-ne con & kenely flowen;
  Erly, er any heuen glem, ay to a hil comen.

[Headnote: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITIES.]

    [Sidenote: God aloft raises a storm.]
  e grete god i{n} his greme bygy{n}ne[gh] onlofte;
  To wakan wedere[gh] so wylde e wynde[gh] he calle[gh],            948
  & ay wroely vp-wafte & wrastled togeder,
  Fro fawre half of e folde, flytande loude.
  Clowde[gh] clust{er}ed bytwene kesten vp torres,
  at e ik u{n}der rast irled hem ofte.                         952
    [Sidenote: A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur.]
  e rayn rueled adou{n}, ridlande ikke,
  Of felle flau{n}kes of fyr & flakes of soufre,
  Al in smolderande smoke smachande ful ille,
    [Sidenote: Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all
    folks therein.]
  Swe[49] aboute sodamas & hit syde[gh] alle,                        956
  Gorde to gomorra at e grou{n}de lansed;
  Abdama & syboym, ise ceteis alle faure,
  Al birolled wyth e rayn, rostted & bre{n}ned,
  & ferly flayed at folk at i{n} ose fees lenged;                 960
  For when at e helle herde e hou{n}de[gh] of heuen
  He wat[gh] ferlyly fayn, vnfolded bylyue.
    [Sidenote: The great bars of the abyss do burst.]
  e grete barre[gh] of e abyme he barst vp at one[gh],
  at alle e regiou{n} to-rof i{n} riftes ful grete,                964
    [Sidenote: Cliffs cleave asunder.]
  & clouen alle i{n} lyttel cloutes e clyffe[gh] aywhere,
  As lance leue[gh] of e boke at lepes i{n} twy{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: The cities sink to hell.]
  e brethe of e brynston bi at hit blende were,
  Al o citees & her sydes sunkken to helle.                         968
  Rydelles wern o grete rowtes of renkkes w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  When ay wern war of e wrake {a}t no wy[gh]e achaped,
    [Sidenote: Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again.]
  Such a [gh]om{er}ly [gh]arm of [gh]elly{n}g er rysed;
  er-of clat{er}ed e cloudes at kryst my[gh]t haf rawe.          972
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 70b.]]
  e segge herde at sou{n} to segor at [gh]ede,
  & e wenches hy{m} wyth at by e way fol[gh]ed;
    [Sidenote: Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue
    to follow their face.]
  Ferly ferde wat[gh] her flesch, at flowen ay ilyche,
  Trynande ay a hy[gh]e trot at torne neu{er} dorsten.              976
  Loth & o luly-whit his lefly two de[gh]t{er},
  Ay fol[gh]ed here face, bifore her boe y[gh]en;
  Bot e balleful burde, at neu{er} bode keped,

[Headnote: LOT'S WIFE BECOMES A STIFF STONE.]

    [Sidenote: Lot's wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff
    stone "as salt as any sea."]
  Blusched by-hynden her bak, at bale forto herkken;                980
  Hit wat[gh] lusty lothes wyf at ou{er} he[r] lyfte schulder.
  Ones ho bluschet to e bur[gh]e, bot bod ho no lenger,
  at ho nas stadde a stiffe ston, a stalworth image
  Al so salt as ani se & so ho [gh]et stande[gh].                    984
    [Sidenote: Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar.]
  ay slypped bi & sy[gh]e hir not at wern hir samen feres,
  Tyl ay i{n} segor wern sette, & sayned our lorde;
  Wyth ly[gh]t loue[gh] vplyfte ay loued hy{m} swye,
  at so his seruau{n}tes wolde see & saue of such woe.             988
    [Sidenote: By this time all were drowned.]
  Al wat[gh] dampped & don, & drowned by e{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and
    are destroyed.]
  e lede[gh] of at lyttel tou{n} wern lopen out for drede,
  I{n}-to at malscrande mere, marred bylyue,
  at no[gh]t saued wat[gh] bot segor at sat on a lawe,             992
    [Sidenote: Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters)
    are saved.]
  e re lede[gh] er-i{n}, loth & his de[gh]ter;
  For his make wat[gh] myst, at on e mou{n}t lenged
  In a stonen statue at salt sauor habbes,
    [Sidenote: Lot's wife is an image of salt for two faults:
    1. She served salt before the Lord at supper.
    2. She looked behind her.]
  For two fautes at e fol wat[gh] fou{n}de i{n} mistraue;         996
  On, ho serued at e soper salt bifore dry[gh]tyn
  & syen, ho blusched hir bihynde, a[gh] hir forboden were;
  For on ho standes a ston, & salt for at o{er},
  & alle lyst on hir lik at arn on launde bestes.                  1000
    [Sidenote: Abraham is up full early on the morn.]
  Abraham ful erly wat[gh] vp on e morne,
  at alle na[gh]t [so] much niye hade no mon i{n} his hert,
  Al i{n} longi{n}g for loth leyen i{n} a wache,
  er he lafte hade oure lorde, he is on lofte wo{n}nen;            1004
    [Sidenote: He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with
    pitch, from which rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a
    furnace.]
  He sende toward sodomas e sy[gh]t of his y[gh]en,
  at eu{er} hade ben an erde of ere e swettest
  As aparau{n}t to paradis at plantted e dry[gh]tyn,
  Nov is hit plu{n}ged i{n} a pit like of pich fylled.              1008
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 71a.]]
  Suche a rou{n} of a reche ros fro e blake,
  Aske[gh] vpe i{n} e ayre & vselle[gh] er flowen,
  As a fornes ful of flot at vpon fyr boyles,
  When bry[gh]t bre{n}nande bronde[gh] ar bet {er} an-vnder.       1012
  is wat[gh] a uengau{n}ce violent at voyded ise places,
  at fou{n}dered hat[gh] so fayr a folk & e folde sonkken.

[Headnote: THE DEAD SEA COVERS THE FIVE CITIES.]

    [Sidenote: A sea now occupies the place of the four cities.]
  er faur{e} citees wern set, nov is a see called,
  at ay is drouy & dym, & ded i{n} hit kynde,                      1016
  Blo, blubrande, & blak, vnblye to ne[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea.]
  As a stynkande stanc at stryed sy{n}ne,
  at eu{er} of sy{n}ne & of smach, smart is to fele;
  For-y e derk dede see hit is demed eu{er} more,                 1020
  For hit dede[gh] of dee duren ere [gh]et.
  For hit is brod & boe{m}le[gh], & bitter as e galle,
    [Sidenote: Nothing may live in it.]
  & no[gh]t may lenge i{n} at lake at any lyf bere[gh],
  & alle e coste[gh] of kynde hit combre[gh] vchone;               1024
    [Sidenote: Lead floats on its surface.]
  For lay {er}-on a lump of led & hit on loft flete[gh],
    [Sidenote: A feather sinks to the bottom of it.]
  & folde {er}-on a ly[gh]t fy{er} & hit to fou{n}s synkke[gh].
    [Sidenote: Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed.]
  & {er} wat{er} may walt{er} to wete any ere,
  Schal neu{er} grene {er}-on growe, gresse ne wod naw{er}.       1028
  If any schalke to be schent wer schowued {er}-i{n}ne,
  a[gh] he bode i{n} at boe{m} broely a monyth,
    [Sidenote: A man cannot be drowned in it.]
  He most ay lyue i{n} at lo[gh]e i{n} losy{n}g eu{er}-more,
  & neu{er} dry[gh]e no dethe, to dayes of ende;                    1032
  & as hit is corsed of kynde & hit cooste[gh] als,
    [Sidenote: The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum,
    alkaran, sulphur, etc., which fret the flesh and fester the
    bones.]
  e clay at clenges {er}-by arn corsyes strong,
  As alu{m} & alkaran,[50] at angr[51] arn boe,
  Soufre so{ur}, & sau{n}dyu{er}, & o{er} such mony;               1036
  & er walte[gh] of at wat{er} i{n} waxlokes grete,
  e spuniande[52] aspaltou{n} at spysere[gh] sellen;
  & suche is alle e soyle by at se halues,
  at fel fretes e flesch & festred[53] bones.                     1040
    [Sidenote: On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair
    fruits, which, when broken or bitten, taste like ashes.]
  & er ar tres by at terne of trayto{ur}es;
  & ay borgou{n}e[gh] & beres blome[gh] ful fayre,
  & e fayrest fryt at may on folde growe,
  As orenge & o{er} fryt & apple garnade                           1044
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 71b.]]
  Also red & so ripe & rychely hwed,
  As any dom my[gh]t deuice of dayntye[gh] oute;
  Bot quen hit is brused o{er} broken, o{er} byten i{n} twy{n}ne,
  No worlde[gh] goud hit wyth-i{n}ne, bot wydowande[54] askes;      1048

[Headnote: IT IS A TOKEN OF WICKEDNESS AND VENGEANCE.]

    [Sidenote: All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance.]
  Alle yse ar teches & tokenes to trow vpon [gh]et,
  & wittnesse of at wykked werk & e wrake aft{er},
  at oure fader forferde for fyle of ose ledes.
    [Sidenote: God loves the pure in heart.]
  e{n}ne vch wy[gh]e may wel wyt at he e wlonk louies,           1052
  & if he louyes clene layk at is oure lorde ryche,
    [Sidenote: Strive to be clean.]
  & to be coue i{n} his co{ur}te {o}u coueytes e{n}ne
  To se at semly i{n} sete & his swete face,
  Clerrer cou{n}seyl, cou{n}sayl con I non,
        bot at {o}u clene wore.                                  1056
    [Sidenote: Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved.]
  For clopy{n}gnel i{n} e compas of his clene rose,
  er he expoune[gh] a speche, to hy{m} at spede wolde,
  Of a lady to be loued, loke to hir sone,
    [Sidenote: By doing what pleases her best.]
  Of wich bery{n}g at ho be, & wych ho best louyes,                1060
  & be ry[gh]t such i{n} vch a bor[gh]e of body & of dedes,
  & fol[gh] e fet of at fere at {o}u fre haldes.
  & if {o}u wyrkkes on is wyse, a[gh] ho wyk were,
  Hir schal lyke at layk at lyknes hir tylle.                     1064
  If {o}u wyl dele drwrye wyth dry[gh]tyn e{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: Love thy Lord!]
  & lelly louy y lorde & his leef wore.
    [Sidenote: Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl.]
  e{n}ne co{n}fo{ur}me e to kryst, & e clene make,
  at eu{er} is polyced als playn as e p{er}le seluen.             1068
  For loke fro fyrst at he ly[gh]t w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne e lel mayden!
    [Sidenote: By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of
    the virgin!]
  By how comly a kest he wat[gh] clos ere,
  When venkkyst wat[gh] no v{er}gynyt, ne vyole{n}ce maked,
  Bot much clener wat[gh] hir corse, god ky{n}ned eri{n}ne;        1072
    [Sidenote: In what purity did he part from her!]
  & efte when he borne wat[gh] i{n} beelen e ryche,
  I{n} wych puryt ay dep{ar}ted; a[gh] ay pou{er} were,
  Wat[gh] neu{er} so blysful a bo{ur} as wat[gh] abos[55] e{n}ne
    [Sidenote: No abode was better than his.]
  Ne no schroude ho{us} so schene as a schepon are,                1076
  Ne non so glad vnder god as ho at grone schulde;
    [Sidenote: The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy.]
  For er wat[gh] seknesse al sou{n}de at sarrest is halden,
  & er wat[gh] rose reflayr where rote hat[gh] ben eu{er},
  & er wat[gh] solace & songe wher sor[gh] hat[gh] ay cryed;       1080
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 72a.]]
    [Sidenote: Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes.]
  For au{n}gelles w{i}t{h} i{n}strumentes of organes & pypes,
  & rial ry{n}gande rotes & e reken fyel,
  & alle hende at honestly mo[gh]t an hert glade,
  Aboutte my lady wat[gh] lent, quen ho delyu{er} were.             1084

[Headnote: CHRIST WAS EVER PURE.]

    [Sidenote: The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass
    worshipped him.]
  e{n}ne wat[gh] her blye barne burnyst so clene,
  at boe e ox & e asse hym hered at-ones;
  ay knewe hy{m} by his clannes for ky{n}g of nature,
  For non so clene of such a clos com neu{er} er e{n}ne;           1088
  & [gh]if clanly he e{n}ne com, ful cortays {er}-aft{er},
    [Sidenote: He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that
    was vile.]
  at alle at longed to lu{er} ful lodly he hated;
  By nobleye of his norture he nolde neu{er} towche
  O[gh]t at wat[gh] vngoderly o{er} ordure wat[gh] i{n}ne.        1092
    [Sidenote: Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and
    blind.]
  [Gh]et comen lodly to at lede, as la[gh]ares monye,
  Su{m}me lepre, su{m}me lome, & lom{er}ande blynde,
  Poysened & parlatyk & pyned i{n} fyres,
    [Sidenote: Dry and dropsical folk.]
  Drye folk & ydropike, & dede at e laste;                         1096
  Alle called on at cortayse & claymed his g{ra}ce.
    [Sidenote: He healed all with kind speech.]
  He heled hem wyth hynde speche of at ay ask aft{er},
  For what-so he towched also-tyd to{ur}ned to hele,
  Wel cla{n}ner en any crafte cowe devyse;                        1100
  So clene wat[gh] his hondely{n}g vche ordure hit schonied,
    [Sidenote: His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to
    cut or carve with.]
  & e gropy{n}g so goud of god & man boe,
  at for fetys of his fyngeres fonded he neu{er}
  Nau{er} to cout[56] ne to kerue, w{i}t{h} knyf ne wyth egge,     1104
  For-y brek he e bred blades wyth-outen;
    [Sidenote: The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the
    tools of Toulouse.]
  For hit ferde freloker i{n} fete i{n} his fayre honde,
  Displayed more pryuyly when he hit part schulde,
  e{n}ne alle e toles of tolowse mo[gh]t ty[gh]t hit to kerue,    1108
    [Sidenote: How can we approach his court except we be clean?]
  {us} is he kyryo{us} & clene at {o}u his cort askes;
  Hov schulde {o}u com to his kyth bot if {o}u clene were?
  Nov ar we sore & synful & sov[_er_]ly[57] vch one,
  How schulde we se, e{n} may we say, {a}t syre vpon throne?      1112
    [Sidenote: God is merciful.]
  [Gh]is, at mayst{er} is mercyable; a[gh] {o}u be man fe{n}ny,
  & al to-marred i{n} myre whyl {o}u on molde lyuyes,
  {o}u may schyne ur[gh] schryfte, a[gh] {o}u haf schome serued,

[Headnote: PENANCE MAKES MAN PURE AS A PEARL.]

    [Sidenote: Through penance we may shine as a pearl.]
  & pure e with penau{n}ce tyl {o}u a perle wore.                1116
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 72b.]]
    [Sidenote: Why is the pearl so prized?]
  Perle praysed is prys, {er} perre is schewed,
  a[gh] hy{m} not derrest be demed to dele for penies,
  Quat may e cause be called, bot for hir clene hwes,
  at wy{n}nes worschyp, abof alle whyte stones?                    1120
  For ho schynes so schyr at is of schap rou{n}de,
  Wyth-outen faut o{er} fyle [gh]if ho fyn were;
    [Sidenote: She becomes none the worse for wear.]
  & wax eu{er} i{n} e worlde i{n} wery{n}g so olde,
  [Gh]et e perle payres not whyle ho i{n} pyese lasttes            1124
    [Sidenote: If she should become dim, wash her in wine.]
  & if hit cheue e chau{n}ce vncheryst ho wore,
  at ho blyndes of ble i{n} bo{ur} {er} ho lygges,
  No-bot wasch hir wyth wo{ur}chyp i{n} wyn as ho askes,
    [Sidenote: She then becomes clearer than before.]
  Ho by kynde schal be-com clerer en are;                          1128
  So if folk be defowled by vnfre chau{n}ce,
    [Sidenote: So may the sinner polish him by penance.]
  at he be sulped i{n} sawle, seche to schryfte
  & he may polyce hym at e prest, by penau{n}ce taken,
  Wel bry[gh]t{er} en e beryl o{er} browden perles.              1132
    [Sidenote: Beware of returning to sin.]
  Bot war e wel, if {o}u be waschen wyth wat{er} of schryfte,
  & polysed als playn as parchmen schauen,
  Sulp no more e{n}ne i{n} sy{n}ne y saule {er}-aft{er},
    [Sidenote: For then God is more displeased than ever.]
  For e{n}ne {o}u dry[gh]tyn dyspleses w{i}t{h} dedes ful sore,   1136
  & entyses hy{m} to tene more trayly e{n} eu{er}
  & wel hatt{er} to hate e{n} hade {o}u not waschen;
    [Sidenote: The reconciled soul God holds as His own.]
  For when a sawele is sa[gh]tled & sakred to dry[gh]tyn,
  He holly haldes hit his & haue hit he wolde,                      1140
  e{n}ne efte lastes hit likkes, he loses hit ille,
    [Sidenote: Ill deeds rob Him of it.]
  As hit were rafte wyth vn-ry[gh]t & robbed wyth ewes.[58]
  War e e{n}ne for e wrake, his wrath is achaufed,

[Headnote: GOD PUNISHES IMPURITY.]

    [Sidenote: God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His
    service.]
  For at at ones wat[gh] his schulde efte be vn-clene,            1144
  a[gh] hit be bot a bassy{n}, a bolle, o{er} a scole,
  A dysche o{er} a dobler {a}t dry[gh]tyn one[gh] serued,
  To defowle hit eu{er} vpon folde fast he for-bedes,
  So is he scoym{us} of scae at scylful is eu{er}.                1148
    [Sidenote: In Belshazzar's time, the defiling of God's vessels
    brought wrath upon the king.]
  & at wat[gh] bared i{n} babyloyn i{n} Balta[gh]ar tyme,
  Hov harde vnhap er hy{m} hent & hastyly sone,
  For he e vesselles avyled at vayled i{n} e temple
  I{n} seruyse of e sou{er}ayn su{m} tyme byfore.                  1152
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 73a.]]
  [Gh]if [gh]e wolde ty[gh]t me a tom telle hit I wolde,
  Hov charged more wat[gh] his chau{n}ce at he{m} cherych nolde
  en his fader forloyne at feched he{m} wyth strene,
  & robbed e relygiou{n} of relykes alle.                          1156

    [Sidenote 47: i{n}ge[gh].]
    [Sidenote 48: _broer_ is written over in a later hand.]
    [Sidenote 49: _Sweyed_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 50: _alkatran_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 51: _augre_ = _aigre_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 52: _spinnande_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 53: _festres_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 54: MS. wy{n}dowande.]
    [Sidenote 55: _abof_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 56: _cut_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 57: MS. _sovly_.]
    [Sidenote 58: _eues_. (?).]


XII.

    [Sidenote: Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of
    the Jews.]
  Danyel i{n} his dialoke[gh] de-vysed su{m} tyme,
  As [gh]et is proued ex-presse i{n} his p{ro}fecies,
  Hov e gentryse of Iuise & Ih{e}r{usa}l{e}m e ryche
  Wat[gh] disstryed wyth distres, & drawen to e ere,              1160
    [Sidenote: For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God
    allowed the heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah,
    who practised idolatry.]
  For at folke i{n} her fayth wat[gh] fou{n}den vntrwe,
  at haden hy[gh]t e hy[gh]e god to halde of hy{m} eu{er};
  & he hem hal[gh]ed for his & help at her nede
  In mukel meschefes mony, at meruayl [is] to here;                1164
  & ay forloyne her fayth & fol[gh]ed o{er} goddes,
  & at wakned his wrath & wrast hit so hy[gh]e,
  at he fylsened e faythful i{n} e falce lawe
  To for-fare e falce i{n} e faythe trwe;                         1168
  Hit wat[gh] sen i{n} at sye at [gh]edechyas[59] re{n}gned,
  I{n} Iuda, at iustised e iuyne ky{n}ges.
  He sete on Salamones solie, on solemne wyse,
  Bot of leaute he wat[gh] lat to his lorde hende;                  1172
  He vsed abominaciones of idolatrye,
  & lette ly[gh]t bi e lawe at he wat[gh] lege tylle;
  For-i oure fader vpon folde a foman hy{m} wakned,

[Headnote: NEBUCHADNEZZAR BESIEGES JERUSALEM.]

    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe.]
  Nabigo-de-no[gh]ar nuyed hy{m} swye.                             1176
  He pur-sued i{n} to palastyn w{i}t{h} proude men mony,
  & er he wast wyth[60] werre e wones of orpes.
  He her[gh]ed vp alle isr{ae}l & hent of e beste,
    [Sidenote: He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls.]
  & e gentylest of Iudee i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m biseged,             1180
  Vmbe-walt alle e walles wyth wy[gh]es ful stronge,
  At vche a dor a do[gh]ty duk, & dutte hem wyth-i{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: The city is stuffed full of men.]
  For e bor[gh] wat[gh] so bygge baytayled alofte,
  & stoffed wyth-i{n}ne w{i}t{h} stout men
        to stalle hem {er}-oute.                                   1184
  e{n}ne wat[gh] e sege sette e Cete aboute,
    [Sidenote: Brisk is the skirmish.]
  Skete skarmoch skelt, much skae lached;
  At vch brugge a berfray on basteles wyse,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 73b.]]
    [Sidenote: Seven times a day are the gates assailed.]
  at seuen sye vch a day asayled e [gh]ates,                     1188
  Trwe tulkkes i{n} to{ur}es teueled wyth-i{n}ne,
  In bigge brutage of borde, bulde on e walles;
    [Sidenote: For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not
    taken.]
  ay fe[gh]t & ay fende of, & fylt{er} togeder
  Til two [gh]er ou{er}-torned, [gh]et tok ay hit neu{er}.         1192
    [Sidenote: The folk within are in want of food.]
  At e laste vpon longe, o ledes wyth-i{n}ne,
  Faste fayled hem e fode, enfaminied monie;
  e hote hunger wyth-i{n}ne hert hem wel sarre,
  en any dunt of at douthe at dowelled {er}-oute.               1196
  e{n}ne wern o rowtes redles i{n} o ryche wones,
    [Sidenote: Meager they become.]
  Fro at mete wat[gh] myst, megre ay wexen,
    [Sidenote: For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible.]
  & ay stoken so strayt, {a}t ay ne stray my[gh]t
  A fote fro at forselet to forray no goudes.                      1200
  e{n}ne e ky{n}g of e kyth a cou{n}sayl hy{m} takes,
  Wyth e best of his burnes, a blench forto make;
    [Sidenote: But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through
    the host.]
  ay stel out on a stylle ny[gh]t er any steuen rysed,
  & harde hurles ur[gh] e oste, er enmies hit wyste,              1204
  Bot er ay at-wappe ne mo[gh]t e wach wyth-oute,
    [Sidenote: They are discovered by the enemy.]
  Hi[gh]e skelt wat[gh] e askry e skewes an-vnder,
    [Sidenote: A loud alarm is given.]
  Loude alarom vpon lau{n}de lulted wat[gh] e{n}ne;
  Ryche, rued of her rest, ran to here wedes,                      1208
  Hard hattes ay hent & on hors lepes;
  Cler claryou{n} crak cryed onlofte.
    [Sidenote: They are pursued and overtaken.]
  By at wat[gh] alle on a hepe hurlande swyee,
  Fol[gh]ande at o{er} flote, & fonde hem bilyue,                 1212
  Ou{er}-tok hem, as tyd, tult hem of sadeles,
  Tyl vche prynce hade his per put to e grou{n}de;

[Headnote: THE KING OF JUDAH IS MADE PRISONER.]

    [Sidenote: Their king is made prisoner.]
  & er wat[gh] e ky{n}g ka[gh]t wyth calde pry{n}ces,
  & alle hise gentyle for-iusted on ierico playnes,                 1216
    [Sidenote: His chief men are presented as prisoners to
    Nebuchadnezzar.]
  & presented wern as presoneres to e prynce rychest,
  Nabigo-de-no[gh]ar noble i{n} his chayer,
  & he e faynest freke at he his fo hade,
  & speke spito{us}ly hem to & spylt {er}aft{er}.                  1220
    [Sidenote: His sons are slain.]
  e ky{n}g{es} su{n}nes i{n} his sy[gh]t he slow eu{er} vch one,
    [Sidenote: His own eyes are put out.]
  & holkked out his auen y[gh]en het{er}ly boe
    [Sidenote: He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon.]
  & bede e burne to be bro[gh]t to babyloyn e ryche,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 74a.]]
  & ere i{n} dongou{n} be don to dre[gh]e {er} his wyrdes.        1224
  Now se, so e sou{er}ay[n] set hat[gh] his wrake;
  Nas hit not for nabugo ne his noble nau{er},
  at o{er} depryued wat[gh] of pryde with paynes stronge,
    [Sidenote: All for his "bad bearing" against the Lord, who might
    otherwise have been his friend.]
  Bot for his bery{n}g so badde agayn his blye lorde;              1228
  For hade e fader ben his frende at hy{m} bifore keped,
  Ne neu{er} trespast to him i{n} teche of mysseleue.
  To Colde wer alle Calde & kythes of ynde,
  [Gh]et take torkye hem wyth her tene hade ben little;             1232
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed
    Jerusalem.]
  [Gh]et nolde neu{er} nabugo is ilke note leue,
  Er he hade tuyred is tou{n} & torne hit to grou{n}de;
  He ioyned vnto I{e}r{usa}l{e}m a gentyle duc e{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: Nebuzaradan was "chief of the chivalry."]
  His name wat[gh] nabu-[gh]ardan, to noye e iues;                 1236
  He wat[gh] mayster of his men & my[gh]ty hi{m} seluen,
  e chef of his cheualrye his chekkes to make,
  He brek e bareres as bylyue, & e bur[gh] aft{er},
  & enteres i{n} ful ernestly, i{n} yre of his hert.                1240
  What! e maysterry wat[gh] mene, e me{n} wern away,
    [Sidenote: The best men were taken out of the city.]
  e best bo[gh]ed wyth e burne at e bor[gh] [gh]emed;
  & o at byden wer so[61] biten with e bale hunger,
  at on wyf hade ben wore e welgest fo{ur}re;                    1244
    [Sidenote: Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left.]
  Nabi[gh]ardan no[gh]t for-y nolde not spare,
  Bot bede al to e bronde vnder bare egge.
  ay slowen of swettest semlych burdes,
    [Sidenote: Brains of bairns were spilt.]
  Baed barnes i{n} blod & her brayn spylled;                       1248
    [Sidenote: Priests pressed to death.]
  Prestes & prelates ay presed to dee,
    [Sidenote: Wives and wenches foully killed.]
  Wyues & wenches her wombes tocoruen,
  at her boweles out-borst aboute e diches,
    [Sidenote: All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and
    were made to drag the cart or milk the kine.]
  & al wat[gh] carfully kylde at ay cach my[gh]t,                 1252
  & alle [at] swypped vnswol[gh]ed of e sworde kene,
  ay wer cagged & ka[gh]t on capeles al bare,
  Festned fettres to her fete vnder fole wombes,
  & broely bro[gh]t to babyloyn er bale to suffer,                1256
  To sytte i{n} seruage & syte; at su{m}tyme wer ge{n}tyle,
  Now ar chau{n}ged to chorles & charged wyth werkkes,
  Boe to cayre at e kart & e kuy mylke,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 74b.]]
  at su{m}tyme sete i{n} her sale syres & burdes.                  1260

[Headnote: NEBUZARDAN PILLAGES THE TEMPLE.]

    [Sidenote: Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those
    therein.]
  & [gh]et nabu[gh]ardan nyl neu{er} stynt,
  Er he to e tempple tee wyth his tulkkes alle;
  Betes on e barers, brestes vp e [gh]ates,
  Slouen alle at a slyp at serued er-i{n}ne,                      1264
    [Sidenote: Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with
    deacons, clerks, and maidens.]
  Pulden prestes bi e polle & plat of her hedes,
  Di[gh]ten dekenes to dee, dungen dou{n} clerkkes,
  & alle e maydenes of e mu{n}st{er} ma[gh]tyly hokyllen
  Wyth e swayf of e sworde at swol[gh]ed he{m} alle.             1268
    [Sidenote: The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass,
    and the golden candlestick from off the altar.]
  e{n}ne ran ay to e relykes as robbors wylde,
  & pyled alle e apparement at pented to e kyrke,
  e pure pyleres [o]f bras po{ur}trayd i{n} golde,
  & e chef chau{n}deler charged with e ly[gh]t,                   1272
  at ber e lamp vpon lofte, at lemed eu{er} more,
  Bifore [e] sancta s{an}c{t}or{um} er selcouth wat[gh] ofte.
  ay ca[gh]t away at condelstik, & e crowne als,
  at e aut{er} hade vpon, of ael golde ryche;                    1276
    [Sidenote: Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by
    Nebuzaradan, and hampered together.]
  e gredirne & e goblot{es} garnyst of sylu{er},
  e bases of e bry[gh]t postes & bassynes so schyre;
  Dere disches of golde & dubleres fayre,
  e vyoles & e vesselment of v{er}tuo{us} stones.                 1280
  Now hat[gh] nabu[gh]ardan nome{n} alle yse noble y{n}ges,
  & pyled at p{re}cio{us} place & pakked ose godes;
  e golde of e ga[gh]afylace to swye gret nou{m}bre,
  Wyth alle e vrnmentes of at ho{us}, he hamppred to-geder.       1284
  Alle he spoyled spito{us}ly i{n} a sped whyle,
    [Sidenote: Solomon had made them with much labour.]
  at salomon so mony a sadde [gh]er so[gh]t to make,
  Wyth alle e coyntyse at he cowe clene to wyrke;
  De-uised he e vesselment, e vestures clene,                     1288
  Wyth sly[gh]t of his ciences, his sou{er}ayn to loue,
  e ho{us} & e ano{ur}nementes he hy[gh]tled to-gedere.
  Now hat[gh] nabu[gh]ardan nu{m}ne{n}d[62] hit al samen,
    [Sidenote: The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon.]
  & syen bet dou{n} e bur[gh] & brend hit i{n} askes;             1292
  e{n}ne wyth legiou{n}es of ledes ou{er} londes he rydes,
  Her[gh]e[gh] of Israel e hyrne aboute.
  Wyth charged chariotes e cheftayn he fynde[[gh]],
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 75a.]]
    [Sidenote: Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were
    Daniel and his three companions.]
  Bike{n}nes e catel to e ky{n}g, at he ca[gh]t hade,            1296
  P{re}sented him e p{r}isoneres i{n} pray at ay token,
  Moni a worly wy[gh]e whil her worlde laste,
  Moni semly syre son{e}, & swye rych maydenes,
  e pruddest of e p{ro}uince, & p{ro}phetes childer,              1300
  As Ananie & a[gh]arie & als Mi[gh]ael,
  & dere daniel also, at wat[gh] deuine noble,
  With moni a modey moder chylde mo e{n} i{n}-noghe.

[Headnote: NEBUCHADNEZZAR IS PLEASED WITH THE SPOIL.]

    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are
    slain.]
  & nabugo-de-no[gh]ar makes much ioye,                             1304
  Nov he e ky{n}g hat[gh] c{on}quest & e kyth wu{n}nen,
  & dreped alle e do[gh]tyest & derrest i{n} armes,
  & e lederes of her lawe layd to e grou{n}de,
  & e pryce of e p{ro}fecie p{r}isoners maked;                    1308

[Headnote: HE PRIZES GREATLY THE SACRED JEWELRY.]

    [Sidenote: Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry.]
  Bot e ioy of e iuelrye so gentyle & ryche,
  When hit wat[gh] schewed hy{m} so schene, scharp wat[gh] his wonder,
  Of such vessel auayed at vayled so huge,
  Neu{er} [gh]et nas nabugo-de-no[gh]ar er e{n}ne.                 1312
    [Sidenote: He praises the God of Israel.]
  He sesed hem w{i}t{h} solemnet, e sou{er}ayn he praysed,
  at wat[gh] ael ou{er} alle, israel dry[gh]tyn;
    [Sidenote: Such vessels never before came to Chaldea.]
  Such god, such gomes, such gay vesselles
  Comen neu{er} out of kyth, to Caldee reames.                      1316
    [Sidenote: They are thrust into the treasury.]
  He trussed hem i{n} his tresorye i{n} a tryed place
  Rekenly wyth reu{er}ens, as he ry[gh]t hade;
  & {er} he wro[gh]t as e wyse, as [gh]e may wyt here-aft{er},
  For hade he let of hem ly[gh]t, hy{m} mo[gh]t haf lu{m}pen worse. 1320
  at ryche i{n} gret rialt rengned his lyue,
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth,
    through the "doom of Daniel," who gave him good counsel.]
  As {con}quero{ur} of vche a cost he cayser wat[gh] hatte,
  Emp{er}o{ur} of alle e ere & also e saudan,
  & als e god of e grou{n}de wat[gh] grauen his name              1324
  & al ur[gh] dome of daniel, fro[63] he deuised hade,
  at alle goudes com of god, & gef hit hy{m} bi samples,
  at he ful clanly bi-cnv[64] his carp bi e laste,
  & ofte hit mekned his my{n}de, his mayst{er}ful werkkes.          1328
  Bot al drawes to dy[gh]e w{i}t{h} doel vp[o]n ende;
  Bi[65] a hael neu{er} so hy[gh]e he heldes to grou{n}de,
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried.]
  & so nabugo-de-no[gh]ar as he nedes moste;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 75b.]]
  For alle his empire so hi[gh]e i{n} ere is he g{ra}uen.          1332
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar succeeds him.]
  Bot e{n}n e bolde balta[gh]ar, at wat[gh] his barn aldest,
  He wat[gh] stalled i{n} his stud, & stabled e rengne;
    [Sidenote: He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth.]
  I{n} e bur[gh] of babiloyne e biggest he trawed,
  at nau{er} i{n} heuen ne no[66] ere hade no pere;              1336
  For he bigan i{n} alle e glori at hy{m} e gome lafte,
  Nabugo-de-No[gh]ar, at wat[gh] his noble fader;
  So kene a ky{n}g i{n} Caldee com neu{er} er e{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: He honours not God, but worships false phantoms.]
  Bot hono{ur}ed he not hy{m} at in heuen wonies,                  1340
  Bot fals fantu{m}mes of fendes, formed with handes
  Wyth tool out of harde tre, & telded on lofte,
  & of stokkes & stones, he stoute goddes call[gh]
  When ay ar gilde al with golde & gered wyth sylu{er},            1344
  & ere he kneles & calle[gh], & clepes after help.
    [Sidenote: He promises them rewards if good fortune befal.]
  &[67] ay reden hi{m} ry[gh]t rewarde he hem hetes,
  & if ay gruchen hi{m} his grace to gremen his hert,
    [Sidenote: If they vex him he knocks them in pieces.]
  He cleches to a gret klubbe & knokkes hem to peces;               1348
  {us} in pryde & oliprau{n}ce his Empyre he haldes,
  In lust & i{n} lecherye, & loelych werkkes;
    [Sidenote: He has a wife, and many concubines.]
  & hade a wyf forto welde, a worelych quene,
  & mony a le{m}man, neu{er} e lat{er}, at ladis wer called.      1352
  In e clernes of his {con}cubines & curio{us} wede[gh],
    [Sidenote: The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and
    other vain things.]
  In noty{n}g of nwe metes & of nice gettes,
  Al wat[gh] e mynde of at man, o{n} misschapen i{n}ges,
  Til e lorde of e lyfte liste hit abate.                         1356

    [Sidenote 59: MS. _[gh]edethyas_.]
    [Sidenote 60: MS. _wyth with_.]
    [Sidenote 61: The MS. reads _fo._]
    [Sidenote 62: _nummen_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 63: _for_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 64: Looks like bicuv{er} in MS.]
    [Sidenote 65: _be_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 66: _on_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 67: _An_ (?).]


[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR PROCLAIMS A FEAST, TO WHICH KINGS AND EMPERORS
ARE INVITED.]

XIII.

    [Sidenote: Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims
    throughout Babylon, that all the great ones should assemble on a
    set day, at the Sultan's feast.]
  The{n}ne is bolde Balta[gh]ar bienkkes hy{m} ones,
  To vouche on a vayment of his vayne g[l]orie;
  Hit is not i{n}nogh{e} to e nice al no[gh]ty i{n}k[68] vse,
  Bot if alle e worlde wyt his wykked dedes.                       1360
  Balta[gh]ar ur[gh] babiloyn his ba{n}ne gart crye,
  & ur[gh] e cu{n}tre of caldee his cally{n}g con spry{n}g,
  at alle e grete vpon grou{n}de schulde geder hem samen
  & assemble at a set day at e saudans fest.                       1364
    [Sidenote: Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the
    court.]
  Such a mangerie to make e man wat[gh] auised,
  at vche a kythyn ky{n}g schuld com ider;
  Vche duk wyth his duthe & o{er} dere lordes,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 76a.]]
  Schulde com to his co{ur}t to kye hy{m} for lege,                1368
  & to reche hy{m} reu{er}ens & his reuel herkken;
    [Sidenote: To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon.]
  To loke on his lemanes & ladis hem calle,
  To rose hy{m} i{n} his rialty rych me{n} so[gh]tten,
  & mony a barou{n} ful bolde, to babyloyn e noble.                1372
  er bowed toward babiloyn burnes so mony,
  Ky{n}ges, Cayseres ful kene, to e co{ur}t wo{n}nen,
  Mony ludisch lordes at ladies bro[gh]ten,
    [Sidenote: It would take too long to name the number.]
  at to neuen e nou{m}bre to much nye were.                       1376
    [Sidenote: The city of Babylon is broad and big.]
  For e bo{ur}[gh] wat[gh] so brod & so bigge alce,
  Stalled i{n} e fayrest stud e sterre[gh] an-vnder,
    [Sidenote: It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven
    streams, a high wall, and towers.]
  Prudly on a plat playn, plek al{er}-fayrest,
  Vmbe-sweyed on vch a syde w{i}t{h} seuen grete wat{er}es,         1380
  W{i}t{h} a wonder wro[gh]t walle wruxeled ful hi[gh]e,
  W{i}t{h} koy{n}t carneles aboue, coruen ful clene,
  Troched toures bitwene twenty spere lene,
  & iker rowen vmbe o{ur}[69]-w{i}t{h} ou{er}-wert palle.       1384
    [Sidenote: The palace was long and large, each side being seven
    miles in length.]
  e place, at plyed e pursau{n}t wyth-i{n}ne,
  Wat[gh] longe & ful large & eu{er} ilych sware,
  & vch a syde vpon soyle helde seuen myle,
  & e saudans sete sette i{n} e myddes;                           1388
  at wat[gh] a palayce of pryde passande alle o{er},
  Boe of werk & of wu{n}der & walle al aboute;
    [Sidenote: High houses were within the walls.]
  He[gh]e houses w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne e halle to hit med,
  So brod bilde i{n} a bay, {a}t blonkkes my[gh]t re{n}ne.         1392
    [Sidenote: The time of the feast has come.]
  When e terme of e tyde wat[gh] to vsched of e feste,
  Dere dro[gh]en {er}-to & vpon des metten,
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is
    covered with knights.]
  & balta[gh]ar vpon bench was busked to sete,
  Stepe stayred stones of his stoute throne.                        1396
  e{n}ne wat[gh] alle e halle flor hiled w{i}t{h} kny[gh]tes,
  & barou{n}es at e side-bordes bounet ay-where,
  For non wat[gh] dressed vpon dece bot e dere seluen,
  & his clere concubynes i{n} cloes ful bry[gh]t.                  1400
    [Sidenote: When all are seated, service begins.]
  When alle segges were {er} set, e{n} seruyse bygy{n}nes,
    [Sidenote: Trumpets sound everywhere.]
  Sturnen trumpen strake steuen i{n} halle,
  Aywhere by e wowes wrasten krakkes,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 76b.]]
  & brode baneres er-bi blusnande of gold;                         1404
    [Sidenote: Bread is served upon silver dishes.]
  Burnes berande e[70] bredes vpon brode skeles,
  at were of sylu{er}en sy[gh]t & se{er}ved[71] {er}-wyth,
  Lyfte logges er-ou{er} & on lofte coruen,
  Pared out of paper & poynted of golde,[72]                        1408
  Broe baboynes abof, besttes an-vnder,
  Foles i{n} foler flakerande bi-twene,
  & al i{n} asure & ynde enaumayld ryche,
    [Sidenote: All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the
    hall.]
  & al on blonkken bak bere hit on honde.                           1412
  & ay e nakeryn noyse, notes of pipes,
  Ty{m}bres & tabornes, tulket amo{n}g,
  Sy{m}bales & sonete[gh] sware e noyse,
  & bougou{n}[gh] busch bat{er}ed so ikke;                         1416
  So wat[gh] serued fele sye e sale alle aboute,
    [Sidenote: The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously
    of wine.]
  W{i}t{h} solace at e sere course, bifore e self lorde,
  er e lede & alle his loue lenged at e table.
    [Sidenote: It gets into his head and stupifies him.]
  So faste ay we[gh]ed to hi{m} wyne, hit warmed his hert          1420
  & breyed vppe i{n} to his brayn & blemyst his my{n}de,
  & al waykned his wyt, & wel ne[gh]e he foles,
  For he wayte[gh] onwyde, his wenches he byholdes,
  & his bolde baronage, aboute bi e wo[gh]es;                      1424
    [Sidenote: A cursed thought takes possession of him.]
  e{n}ne a dotage ful depe drof to his hert,
  & a caytif cou{n}sayl he ca[gh]t bi hy{m} seluen.

[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR BRINGS OUT THE SACRED VESSELS TO DECK THE
FESTIVE HALL.]

    [Sidenote: He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels
    taken from the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with
    wine.]
  Maynly his marschal e mayst{er} vpon calles,
  & comau{n}des hym cofly coferes to lance,                         1428
  & fech fore vessel {a}t his fader bro[gh]t
  Nabugo-de-no[gh]ar, noble i{n} his strene,
  Conquerd with his kny[gh]tes & of kyrk rafte
  I{n} iude, i{n} i{e}r{usa}l{e}m i{n} gentyle wyse:                1432
  "Bry{n}g hem now to my borde, of beu{er}age he{m} fylles,
  Let ise ladyes of hem lape, I luf he{m} i{n} hert;
  at schal I cortaysly kye & ay schi{n} knawe sone,
  er is no bou{n}t i{n} burne lyk balta[gh]ar ewes."             1436
    [Sidenote: The marshal opens the chests.]
  e{n}ne towched to e treso{ur} is tale wat[gh] sone,
  & he w{i}t{h} keyes vn-closes kystes ful mony;
  Mony buren ful bry[gh]t wat[gh] bro[gh]t i{n}-to halle,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 77a.]]
    [Sidenote: Covers the cupboard with vessels.]
  & cou{er}ed mony a cupborde with cloes ful quite.                1440
  e iueles out of i{e}r{u}s{a}l{e}m[73] w{i}t{h} ge{m}mes ful bry[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall.]
  Bi e syde of e sale were semely arayed;
    [Sidenote: The altar and crown, blessed by bishop's hands, and
    anointed with the blood of beasts, are set before the bold
    Belshazzar.]
  e ael auter of brasse wat[gh] hade i{n}-to place;
  e gay corou{n} of golde gered on lofte,                          1444
  at hade ben blessed bifore wyth bischopes hondes
  & wyth besten blod busily anoynted,
  In e solempne sacrefyce at goud sauor hade,
  Bifore e lorde of e lyfte i{n} louy{n}g hy{m} seluen,           1448
  Now is sette for to serue satanas e blake,
  Bifore e bolde balta[gh]ar wyth bost & wyth pryde.
    [Sidenote: Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved,
    basins of gold, cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and
    towers with lofty pinnacles.]
  Houen vpon is auter wat[gh] ael vessel,
  at wyth so[74] curio{us} a crafte coruen wat[gh] wyly;           1452
  Salamon sete him s[eue]n [gh]ere & a sye more,
  W{i}t{h} alle e syence at hy{m} sende e sou{er}ayn lorde,
  For to compas & kest to haf hem clene wro[gh]t;
  For er wer bassynes ful bry[gh]t of brende golde clere,          1456
  En-aumaylde w{i}t{h} a[gh]er & eweres of sute;
  Cou{er}ed cowpes foul[75] clene, as casteles arayed,
  Enbaned vnder batelment w{i}t{h} bantelles quoy{n}t,
  & fyled out of fygures of ferlyle[76] schappes.                   1460
  e cop{er}ou{n}es of e canacles at on e cuppe reres,
  Wer fetysely formed out i{n} fylyoles longe,
    [Sidenote: Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the
    flowers of which were white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems.]
  Pinacles py[gh]t er apert at p{ro}fert bitwene,
  & al boiled abof w{i}t{h} brau{n}ches & leues,                    1464
  Pyes & papeiayes purtrayed with-i{n}ne,
  As ay prudly hade piked of pomgarnades;
  For alle e blomes of e bo[gh]es wer blyknande perles
  & alle e fruyt i{n} o formes of flau{m}beande ge{m}mes,         1468
  Ande safyres, & sardiners, & semely topace,
  Alabau{n}derynes, & amarau{n}[gh] & amaffised stones,
  Casydoynes, & crysolytes, & clere rubies,
  Penitotes, & pynkardines, ay perles bitwene,                      1472
  So trayled & tryfled a trau{er}ce wer alle,
  Bi vche bekyrande e bolde, e brurdes al vmbe;
  e gobelotes of golde grauen aboute,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 77b.]]
    [Sidenote: The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold.]
  & fyoles fretted w{i}t{h} flores & flee[gh] of golde,             1476
  Vpon at avter wat[gh] al aliche dresset.
    [Sidenote: The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of
    brass, and ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various
    hues.]
  e candelstik bi a cost wat[gh] cayred ider sone,
  [V]pon e pyleres apyked at praysed hit mony,
  Vpon hit base[gh] of brasse at ber vp e werkes,                 1480
  e bo[gh]es bry[gh]t er abof, brayden of golde,
  Brau{n}ches bredande er-on, & bryddes er seten
  Of mony kyndes, of fele-kyn hues,
  As ay w{i}t{h} wy{n}ge vpon wynde hade waged her fy{er}es,      1484
    [Sidenote: Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once
    stood before the "Holy of Holies."]
  In-mo{n}g e leues of e lampes wer grayed;
  & o{er} louelych[77] ly[gh]t at lemed ful fayre,
  As mony mort{er}es of wax merkked w{i}t{h}-oute,
  W{i}t{h} mony a borlych best al of brende golde.                  1488
  Hit wat[gh] not wonte i{n} at wone to wast no serges,
  Bot i{n} te{m}ple of e traue trwly to stonde;
  Bifore e s{an}c{t}a, s{an}c{t}or{um} soefast dry[gh]tyn,
  Expouned his speche sp{irit}ually to special p{ro}phetes.         1492
    [Sidenote: The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing
    to God.]
  Leue {o}u wel at e lorde {a}t e lyfte [gh]emes
  Displesed much, at at play i{n} at plyt stronge,
  at his ineles so gent wyth iaueles wer fouled,
  at p{re}syo{us} i{n} his presens wer proued su{m} whyle.         1496
  Soberly i{n} his sacrafyce su{m}me wer anoynted,
  ur[gh] e somones of him selfe at syttes so hy[gh]e;
    [Sidenote: For "a boaster on bench" drinks from them till he is
    as "drunken as the devil."]
  Now a bost{er} on benche bibbes erof
  Tyl he be dronkken as e deuel, & dotes {er} he syttes;          1500
    [Sidenote: God is very angry.]
  So e worcher of is worlde wlates er-wyth,
  at i{n} e poynt of her play he poruayes a mynde;
    [Sidenote: Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning.]
  Bot er harme hem he wolde i{n} haste of his yre,
  He wayned hem a warny{n}g at wonder hem o[gh]t.                 1504
  Nov is alle is guere geten glotou{n}es to serue;
  Stad i{n} a ryche stal & stared ful bry[gh]t[gh],[78]

[Headnote: THE SACRED VESSELS ARE DEFILED.]

    [Sidenote: Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled
    with wine.]
  Balta[gh]ar i{n} a brayd bede v{us} {er}-of.
  "We[gh]e wyn i{n} is won, wassayl!" he cryes.                    1508
  Swyfte swaynes ful swye swepen {er}-tylle,
    [Sidenote: The cups and bowls are soon filled.]
  Kyppe kowpes i{n} honde ky{n}ge[gh] to serue,
  I{n} bry[gh]t bolle[gh], ful bayn birlen ise o{er},
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 78a.]]
  & vche mon for his mayst{er} machches alone.                      1512
    [Sidenote: Music of all kind is heard in the hall.]
  er wat[gh] ry{n}gi{n}g, on ry[gh]t, of ryche metalles,
  Quen renkkes i{n} at ryche rok re{n}nen hit to cache,
  Clat{er}i{n}g of conacle[gh] at kesten o burdes,
  As sonet out of sau[t]{er}ay songe als myry.                      1516
  en e dotel on dece drank at he my[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are
    merry.]
  & e{n}ne arn dressed duke[gh] & prynces,
  Concubines & kny[gh]tes, bi cause of at m{er}the;
  As vchon hade hy{m} i{n} helde he haled of e cuppe,              1520
    [Sidenote: Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of
    their gods, who, although dumb, are as highly praised "as if
    heaven were theirs."]
  So long likked ise lordes ise lykores swete,
  & gloryed on her falce goddes & her g{ra}ce calles,
  at were of stokkes & stones, stille euer more;
  Neu{er} steuen hem astel, so stoken is[79] hor tonge,             1524
  Alle e goude golden goddes e gaule[gh] [gh]et neuenen,
  Belfagor & belyal & belssabub als,
  Heyred hem as hy[gh]ly as heuen wer ayres,
  Bot hy{m} at alle goudes giues, at god ay for-[gh]eten,        1528
    [Sidenote: A marvel befals the feasters.]
  For er a ferly bifel at fele folk se[gh]en;
    [Sidenote: The king first saw it.]
  Fyrst knew hit e ky{n}g & alle e cort aft{er},

[Headnote: THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL.]

    [Sidenote: Upon the plain wall, "a palm with pointel in fingers"
    is seen writing.]
  I{n} e palays pryncipale vpon e playn wowe,
  I{n} contrary of e candelstik at clerest hit schyned.           1532
  er apered a paume, w{i}t{h} poyntel i{n} fyngres
  at wat[gh] grysly & gret, & grymly he wrytes,
  Non o{er} forme bot a fust faylande e wryste,
  Pared on e parget, purtrayed lettres.                            1536
    [Sidenote: The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened.]
  When at bolde balta[gh]ar blusched to at neue,
  Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert,
  at al falewed his face & fayled e chere;
  e stronge strok of e stonde strayned his ioy{n}tes,             1540
    [Sidenote: His knees knock together.]
  His cnes cachches to close & cluchches his ho{m}mes,
  & he w{i}t{h} plat-ty{n}g his paumes displayes his lers,[80]
    [Sidenote: He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it
    wrote on the rough wall.]
  & romyes as a rad ryth at rore[gh] for drede,
  Ay biholdand e honde til hit hade al g{ra}uen,                   1544
  & rasped on e ro[gh] wo[gh]e runisch saue[gh].
  When hit e scrypture hade scraped wyth a scrof[81] pe{n}ne,
  As a colto{ur} i{n} clay cerues {o} for[gh]es,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 78b.]]
    [Sidenote: The hand vanishes but the letters remain.]
  e{n}ne hit vanist v{er}ayly & voyded of sy[gh]t,                 1548
  Bot e lettres bileued ful large vpon plast{er}.

[Headnote: THE KING CONSULTS HIS DIVINERS.]

    [Sidenote: The king recovers his speech and sends for the
    "book-learned;" but none of the scholars were wise enough to
    read it.]
  Sone so e ky{n}ge for his care carpi{n}g my[gh]t wy{n}ne,
  He bede his burnes bo[gh] to at wer{e} bok lered,
  To wayte e wryt at hit wolde & wyt{er} hym to say,              1552
  "For al hit frayes my flesche e fyngres so gry{m}me."
  Scoleres skelten eratte e skyl forto fynde,
  Bot er wat[gh] neu{er} on so wyse coue on worde rede,
  Ne what ledisch lore ne langage nau{er}                          1556
  What tyy{n}g ne tale tokened o dra[gh]tes.
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar is nearly mad.]
  e{n}ne e bolde balta[gh]ar bred ner wode.
    [Sidenote: Commands the city to be searched throughout for the
    "wise of witchcraft."]
  & ede[82] e Cet to seche segges ur[gh]-out,
  at wer wyse of wyche-crafte & warla[gh]es o{er},                1560
  at con dele wyth dem{er}layk, & deuine lettres:
  "Calle hem alle to my cort o calde clerkkes,
  Vn-folde hem alle is ferly at is bifallen here,
    [Sidenote: He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed
    in "gowns of purple."]
  & calle wyth a hi[gh]e cry; 'he at e ky{n}g wysses,             1564
  In expouny{n}g of speche at spredes i{n} ise lettres,
  & make e mat{er} to malt my mynde wyth-i{n}ne,
  at I may wyt{er}ly wyt what at wryt menes,
  He schal e gered ful gaye i{n} gounes of porpre,                 1568
    [Sidenote: A collar of gold shall encircle his throat.]
  & a coler of cler golde clos vmbe his rote;
    [Sidenote: He shall be the third lord in the realm.]
  He schal be prymate & prynce of pure clergye,
  & of my reuenest lorde[gh] e rydde he schal
  & of my reme e rychest to ryde wyth myseluen,                    1572
  Out-taken bare two & e{n}ne he e rydde.'"
    [Sidenote: As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came
    clerks out of Chaldea, witches and diviners, sorcerers and
    exorcists.]
  is cry wat[gh] vp-caste, & er comen mony
  Clerkes out of caldye at ke{n}nest wer knauen,
  As e sage sathrapas at sorsory coue;                           1576
  Wyche[gh] & walkyries wo{n}nen to at sale,
  Deuinores of demorlaykes at dremes cowe rede,
  Sorsers & exorsism{us} & fele such clerkes;
    [Sidenote: But after looking on the letters they were as
    ignorant as if they had looked into the leather of the left
    boot.]
  & alle at loked on at lett{er} as lewed ay were,               1580
  As ay had loked i{n} e le{er} of my lyft bote.
  e{n}ne cryes e ky{n}g & kerues his wedes;
    [Sidenote: The king curses them all and calls them churls.]
  What! he corsed his clerkes & calde hem chorles,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 79a.]]
    [Sidenote: He orders the harlots to be hanged.]
  To henge e harlotes he he[gh]ed ful ofte,                        1584
  So wat[gh] e wy[gh]e wytles, he wed wel ner.
    [Sidenote: The queen hears the king chide.]
  Ho herde hy{m} chyde to e chambre at wat[gh] e chef quene;
    [Sidenote: She inquires the cause.]
  When ho wat[gh] wyt{er}ed bi wy[gh]es what wat[gh] e cause,
  Suche a chau{n}gande chau{n}ce i{n} e chef halle,                1588
  e lady to lauce[83] at los at e lorde hade,
    [Sidenote: Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he
    has rent his robes for grief, when there is one that has the
    Spirit of God, the counsellor of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter
    of his dreams, through the holy Spirit of God.]
  Glydes dou{n} by e grece & gos to e ky{n}g;
  Ho kneles on e colde ere & carpes to hy{m} seluen,
  Wordes of worchyp wyth a wys speche.                              1592
  "Kene ky{n}g," q{uod} e quene, "kayser of vre,
  Eu{er} laste y lyf i{n} lene of dayes;
  Why hat[gh] ou rended y robe for redles here-i{n}ne,
  a[gh] ose ledes ben lewed lettres to rede,                      1596
  & hat[gh] a hael i{n} y holde, as I haf herde ofte,
  at hat[gh] e gostes of god at gyes alle soes;
  His sawle is ful of syence, sa[gh]es to schawe,
  To open vch a hide y{ng} of aunt{er}es vn-cowe;                 1600
  at is he at ful ofte hat[gh] heuened y fader
  Of mony ang{er} ful hote w{i}t{h} his holy speche.
  When nabugo-de-no[gh]ar wat[gh] nyed i{n} stou{n}des,
  He de-vysed his dremes to e dere trawe,                         1604
  He keu{er}ed hy{m} w{i}t{h} his cou{n}sayl of caytyf wyrdes;
  Alle at he spured hym i{n} space he expowned clene,
  ur[gh] e sped of e spyryt at sprad hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  Of e godelest godde[gh] at gaynes ay-where.                     1608
  For his depe diuinit & his dere sawes,
    [Sidenote: The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a
    captive from Juda.]
  y bolde fader balta[gh]ar bede by[84] his name,
  at now is demed danyel of derne coni{n}ges,
  at ca[gh]t wat[gh] i{n} e captyuid i{n} cu{n}tre of iues;      1612
  Nabu[gh]ardan hy{m} nome & now is he here,
  A prophete of at prouince & pryce of e worlde.

[Headnote: DANIEL IS SENT FOR.]

    [Sidenote: The queen tells the king to send for Daniel.]
  Sende i{n}-to e cet to seche hy{m} bylyue,
  & wy{n}ne hy{m} w{i}t{h} e worchyp to wayne e bote,             1616
  & a[gh] e mat{er} be merk at merked is [gh]ender,
  He schal de-clar hit also, as hit on clay stande."
    [Sidenote: Her counsel is accepted.]
  at gode cou{n}seyl at e quene wat[gh] cached as[85] swye,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 79b.]]
  e burne byfore balta[gh]ar wat[gh] bro[gh]t i{n} a whyle,        1620
    [Sidenote: Daniel comes before Belshazzar.]
  When he com bifore e ky{n}g & clanly had halsed,
  Balta[gh]ar vmbe-brayde hy{m} & "leue s{ir}," he sayde,
    [Sidenote: The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom,
    and his power to discover hidden things, and that he wants to
    know the meaning of the writing on the wall.]
  "Hit is tolde me bi tulkes, at {o}u trwe were
  Profete of at prouynce at prayed my fader,                      1624
  Ande at {o}u hat[gh] i{n} y hert holy co{n}ny{n}g,
  Of sapyence i sawle ful soes to schawe;
  Goddes gost is e geuen at gyes alle y{n}g{es},
  & {o}u vnhyles vch hidde at heuen ky{n}g my{n}tes;              1628
  & here is a ferly byfallen, & I fayn wolde
  Wyt e wytte of e wryt, at on e wowe clyues,
  For alle calde clerkes han cowwardely fayled;
    [Sidenote: Promises him, if he can explain the text of the
    letters and their interpretation, to clothe him in purple and
    pall, and put a ring about his neck, and to make him "a baron
    upon bench."]
  If {o}u w{i}t{h} quay{n}tyse co{n}quere hit,
        I quyte e y mede.                                         1632
  For if {o}u redes hit by ry[gh]t & hit to resou{n} bry{n}ges,
  Fyrst telle me e tyxte of e tede lettres,
  & syen e mat{er} of e mode, mene me {er}-aft{er},
  & I schal halde e e hest at I e hy[gh]t haue;                 1636
  Apyke e i{n} porpre cloe, palle aler-fynest,
  & e by[gh]e of bry[gh]t golde abowte y{n} nekke,
  & e ryd ryuenest at ry{n}ges me aft{er},
  {o}u schal be barou{n} vpon benche, bede I e no lasse."         1640

[Headnote: DANIEL DESCRIBES HOW NEBUCHADNEZZAR WAS PUNISHED FOR
HIS PRIDE.]

    [Sidenote: Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that
    God supported his father, and gave him power to exalt or abase
    whomsoever he pleased.]
  Derfly e{n}ne danyel deles yse wordes:
  "Ryche ky{n}g of is rengne rede e oure lorde,
  Hit is surely soth, e sou{er}ayn of heuen
  Fylsened eu{er} y fader & vpon folde cheryched,                  1644
  Gart hy{m} grattest to be of gou{er}nores alle,
  & alle e worlde i{n} his wylle welde as hy{m} lykes.
  Who-so wolde wel do, wel hy{m} bityde,
  & quos deth so he de[gh]yre he dreped als fast;                   1648
  Who-so hy{m} lyked to lyft, on lofte wat[gh] he sone,
  & quo-so hy{m} lyked to lay, wat[gh] lo[gh]ed bylyue.
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his
    faith in God.]
  So wat[gh] noted e note of nabugo-de-no[gh]ar,
  Styfly stabled e rengne bi e stronge dry[gh]ty{n},              1652
  For of e hy[gh]est he hade a hope i{n} his hert,
  at vche pou{er} past out of []at prynce euen;
    [Sidenote: So long as he remained true, no man was greater.]
  & whyle at wat[gh] cle[gh]t clos i{n} his hert,
  ere wat[gh] no mon vpon molde of my[gh]t as hy{m} selue{n},      1656
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 80a.]]
    [Sidenote: But at last pride touches his heart.]
  Til hit bitide on a tyme, towched hy{m} pryde
  For his lordeschyp so large, & his lyf ryche;
  He hade so huge an insy[gh]t to his aune dedes,
    [Sidenote: He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name.]
  at e power of e hy[gh]e prynce he purely for[gh]etes.          1660
  e{n}ne bly{n}nes he not of blasfemyon to blame e dry[gh]ty{n},
  His my[gh]t mete to goddes he made w{i}t{h} his wordes:
    [Sidenote: He says that he is "god of the ground," and the
    builder of Babylon.]
  "I am god of e grou{n}de, to gye as me lykes,
  As he at hy[gh]e is i{n} heuen his au{n}geles {a}t weldes;      1664
  If he hat[gh] formed e folde & folk {er} vpone,
  I haf bigged babiloyne, bur[gh] al{er}-rychest,
  Stabled er-i{n}ne vche a ston i{n} strenke of my{n} armes,
  Mo[gh]t neu{er} my[gh]t bot myn make such ano{er}."              1668
    [Sidenote: Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God's voice is
    heard, saying, "Thy principality is departed.]
  Wat[gh] not is ilke worde wo{n}nen of his mowe one,
  Er e{n}ne e sou{er}ayn sa[gh]e souned i{n} his eres,
  "Now nabugo-de-no[gh]ar i{n}no[gh]e hat[gh] spoken,
  Now is alle y pryncipalt past at ones,                          1672
    [Sidenote: Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and
    walk with wild beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and
    asses."]
  & {o}u, remued fro mo{n}nes su{n}es, on mor most abide,
  & in wast{ur}ne walk & wyth e wylde dowelle,
  As best, byte on e bent of braken & erbes,
  W{i}t{h} wroe wolfes to won & wyth wylde asses."                 1676
  In mydde e poynt of his pryde de-parted he ere,
  Fro e soly of his solempnet, his solace he leues,
    [Sidenote: For his pride he becomes an outcast.]
  & carfully is out-kast to contr vnknawen,
  Fer i{n}-to a fyr fryth ere frekes neu{er} comen.                1680
    [Sidenote: He believes himself to be a bull or an ox.]
  His hert heldet vnhole, he hoped non o{er}
  Bot a best at he be, a bol o{er} an oxe.
    [Sidenote: Goes "on all fours," like a cow, for seven summers.]
  He fares forth on alle faure, fogge wat[gh] his mete,
  & ete ay as a horce when erbes were fallen,                       1684
  us he cou{n}tes hy{m} a kow, at wat[gh] a ky{n}g ryche,
  Quyle seuen sye[gh] were ou{er}-seyed som{er}es I trawe.
    [Sidenote: His thighs grew thick.]
  By at, mony ik thy[gh]e ry[gh]t vmbe his lyre,
  at alle wat[gh] dubbed & dy[gh]t i{n} e dew of heuen;           1688
    [Sidenote: His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders
    to the toes.]
  Faxe fylt{er}ed, & felt flosed hy{m} vmbe,
  at schad fro his schulderes to his schyre wykes,
  & twenty-folde twyna{n}de hit to his tos ra[gh]t
  er mony clyuy as clyde hit cly[gh]t to-geder.                    1692
    [Sidenote: His beard touched the earth.]
  His berde I-brad alle his brest to e bare vre,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 80b.]]
    [Sidenote: His brows were like briars.]
  His browes bresed as breres aboute his brode chekes;
    [Sidenote: His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite's.]
  Hol[gh]e were his y[gh]en & vnder campe hores,
  & al wat[gh] gray as e glede, w{i}t{h} ful gry{m}me clawres      1696
  at were croked & kene as e kyte paune;[86]
    [Sidenote: Eagle-hued he was.]
  Erne-hwed he wat[gh] & al ou{er}-brawden,
  Til he wyst ful wel who wro[gh]t alle my[gh]tes,
  & cowe vche kyndam tokerue & keu{er} when hy{m} lyked;           1700
    [Sidenote: At last he recovered his "wit," and believed in God.]
  e{n}ne he wayned hy{m} his wyt at hade wo soffered,
  at he com to knawlach & ke{n}ned hy{m} seluen,
  e{n}ne he laued[87] at lorde & leued i{n} trawe,
  Hit wat[gh] non o{er} en he at hade al i{n} honde.             1704
    [Sidenote: Then soon was he restored to his seat.]
  e{n}ne sone wat[gh] he sende agayn, his sete restored;
  His barou{n}es bo[gh]ed hy{m} to, blye of his come,
  Ha[gh]erly i{n} his aune hwe his heued wat[gh] cou{er}ed,
  & so [gh]eply wat[gh] [gh]arked & [gh]olden his state.            1708
    [Sidenote: But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs,
    and hast blasphemed the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them
    with wine for thy wenches, and praising thy lifeless gods.]
  Bot {o}u balta[gh]ar his barne & his bolde ayre,
  Se[gh] ese sy{n}gnes w{i}t{h} sy[gh]t & set hem at lyttel,
  Bot ay hat[gh] hofen y hert agaynes e hy[gh]e dry[gh]t[y]n,
  W{i}t{h} bobau{n}ce & w{i}t{h} blasfamye bost at hy{m} kest,      1712
  & now his vessayles avyled i{n} vanyt vnclene,
  at i{n} his hows hy{m} to hono{ur} were heue{n}ed of fyrst;
  Bifore e barou{n}[gh] hat[gh] hom bro[gh]t, & byrled {er}i{n}ne
  Wale wyne to y wenches i{n} waryed stou{n}des;                   1716
  Bifore y borde hat[gh] {o}u bro[gh]t beu{er}age i{n} ede,
  at blyely were fyrst blest w{i}t{h} bischopes hondes,
  Louande eron lese godde[gh], at lyf haden neu{er},
  Made of stokkes & stone[gh] at neu{er} styry mo[gh]t.            1720
    [Sidenote: For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight,
    the fist with the fingers writing on the wall.]
  & for at froande fyle, e fader of heuen
  Hat[gh] sende[88] i{n}-to is sale ise sy[gh]tes vncowe,
  e fyste w{i}t{h} e fy{n}g{er}es at flayed i hert,
  at rasped renyschly e wo[gh]e w{i}t{h} e ro[gh] pe{n}ne.       1724

[Headnote: THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HANDWRITING.]

    [Sidenote: These are the words: "Mene, Tekel, Peres.]
  ise ar e wordes here wryten w{i}t{h}-oute werk more,
  By vch fygure, as I fynde, as oure fader lykes.
  "Mane, techal, phares, merked i{n} ry{n}ne,
  at retes e of y{n} vnryfte vpon re wyse;                    1728
  Now expowne e is speche spedly I enk.
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 81a.]]
    [Sidenote: Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it.]
  Mane menes als much as, maynful gode
  Hat[gh] cou{n}ted y kyndam bi a clene nou{m}bre,
  & ful-fylled hit i{n} fayth to e fyrre ende.                     1732
    [Sidenote: Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in
    deeds of faith.]
  To teche e of techal, at terme {us} menes,
  y wale rengne is walt i{n} we[gh]tes to heng,
  & is fu{n}de ful fewe of hit fayth dedes.
  & phares fol[gh]es for ose fawtes to frayst e trawe,           1736
    [Sidenote: Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the
    Persians.]
  In phares fynde I forsoe ise felle sa[gh]es;
  De-parted is y pryncipalt, depryued {o}u wores,
  y rengne rafte is e fro, & ra[gh]t is e perses,
    [Sidenote: The Medes shall be masters here."]
  e medes schal be mayst{er}es here, & {o}u of menske schowued."  1740
    [Sidenote: The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of
    fine cloth.]
  e ky{n}g comau{n}ded anon to clee {a}t wyse,
  In frokkes of fyn clo, as forward hit asked;
    [Sidenote: Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his
    neck.]
  e{n}ne sone wat[gh] danyel dubbed i{n} ful dere porpor
  & a coler[89] of cler golde kest vmbe his swyre.                  1744
  e{n} wat[gh] demed a de-cre bi e duk seluen,
    [Sidenote: A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the
    third lord that followed Belshazzar.]
  Bolde balta[gh]a[r] bed at hy{m} bowe schulde
  e comynes a lof calde at to e ky{n}g lo{n}ged,
  As to e prynce pryuyest preued e rydde,                        1748
  He[gh]est of alle o{er}, saf onelych tweyne,
  To bo[gh] aft{er} balta[gh]ar i{n} bor[gh]e & i{n} felde.
    [Sidenote: The decree was made known, and all were glad.]
  ys wat[gh] cryed & knawen i{n} cort als fast,
  & alle e folk er-of fayn at fol[gh]ed hy{m} tylle;             1752
    [Sidenote: The day, however, past.]
  Bot how-so danyel wat[gh] dy[gh]t, at day ou{er}-[gh]ede,
    [Sidenote: Night came on.]
  Ny[gh]t ne[gh]ed ry[gh]t now w{i}t{h} nyes fol mony,
    [Sidenote: Before another day dawned, Daniel's words were
    fulfilled.]
  For da[gh]ed neu{er} an o{er} day at ilk derk aft{er},
  Er dalt were at ilk dome at danyel deuysed,                     1756
    [Sidenote: The feast lasts till the sun falls.]
  e solace of e solempnet i{n} at sale dured
  Of at farand fest, tyl fayled e su{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: The skies become dark.]
  e{n}ne blykned[90] e ble of e bry[gh]t skwes,
  Mo{ur}kenes e mery weder, & e myst dryues                       1760
  or[gh] e lyst of e lyfte, bi e lo[gh] medoes;
    [Sidenote: Each noble hies home to his supper.]
  Vche hael to his home hy[gh]es ful fast,
  Seten at her sop{er} & songen {er}-aft{er},
  en fou{n}de[gh] vch a fela[gh]schyp fyrre at for na[gh]tes.     1764
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it,
    for his foes are seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled
    suddenly.]
  Balta[gh]ar to his bedd with blysse wat[gh] caryed,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 81b.]]
  Reche e rest as hy{m} lyst, he ros neu{er} er-aft{er};
  For his foes i{n} e felde i{n} flokkes ful grete
  at longe hade layted at lede his londes to strye,               1768
  Now ar ay sodenly assembled at e self tyme,
  Of hem wyst no wy[gh]e at i{n} at won dowelled.

[Headnote: DARIUS LAYS SIEGE TO BABYLON.]

    [Sidenote: The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes.]
  Hit wat[gh] e dere daryus e duk of ise medes,
  e prowde prynce of perce & porros of ynde,                       1772
    [Sidenote: He has legions of armed men.]
  W{i}t{h} mony a legiou{n} ful large, w{i}t{h} ledes of armes,
  at now hat[gh] spyed a space to spoyle caldee[gh].
    [Sidenote: Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river.]
  ay rongen eder i{n} e est{er} on rawen hepes,
  Asscaped ou{er} e skyre watt{er}es & scaed e walles,           1776
    [Sidenote: By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and
    within an hour enter the city, without disturbing any of the
    watch.]
  Lyfte laddres ful longe & vpon lofte wonen,
  Stelen stylly e tou{n} er any steue{n} rysed,
  W{i}t{h}-i{n}ne an oure of e ny[gh]t[91] an entr ay hade;
  [Gh]et afrayed ay no freke, fyrre ay passen,                    1780
  & to e palays pry{n}cipal ay aproched ful stylle;
    [Sidenote: They run into the palace, and raise a great cry.]
  e{n}ne ran ay i{n} on a res, on rowtes ful grete,
  Blastes out of bry[gh]t brasse brestes so hy[gh]e,
  Ascry scarred on e scue at scomfyted mony.                      1784
    [Sidenote: Men are slain in their beds.]
  Segges slepande were slayne er ay slyppe my[gh]t,
  Vche ho{us} heyred wat[gh], w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne a honde-whyle;

[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR IS BEATEN TO DEATH.]

    [Sidenote: Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the
    heels, is foully cast into a ditch.]
  Balta[gh]ar i{n} his bed wat[gh] beten to dee,
  at boe his blod & his brayn blende on e cloes;                1788
  The ky{n}g i{n} his cortyn wat[gh] ka[gh]t bi e heles,
  Feryed out bi e fete & fowle dispysed;
  at wat[gh] so do[gh]ty at day & drank of e vessayl,
  Now is a dogge al so dere at in a dych lygges;                   1792
    [Sidenote: Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the
    barons.]
  For e mayst{er} of yse medes on e morne ryses,
  Dere daryo{us} at day dy[gh]t vpon trone,
  at cet seses ful sou{n}de, & sa[gh]tly{n}g makes
  Wyth alle e barou{n}[gh] {er}-aboute, at bowed hy{m} aft{er}.  1796
    [Sidenote: Thus the land was lost for the king's sin.]
  & {us} wat[gh] at londe lost for e lordes sy{n}ne,
  & e fyle of e freke at defowled hade
  e orne-mentes of godde[gh] ho{us} at holy were maked;
    [Sidenote: He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of
    his honour, as well as of the joys of heaven.]
  He wat[gh] corsed for his vn-cla{n}nes, & cached {er}-i{n}ne,    1800
  Done dou{n} of his dy{n}gnet for dede[gh] vnfayre,
  & of yse worldes worchyp wrast out for eu{er},
  & [gh]et of lyky{n}ges on lofte letted, I trowe,
    [Sidenote: Thus in three ways has it been shown, that
    uncleanness makes God angry.]
  To loke on oure lofly lorde late bitydes.                         1804
  us vpon ry{n}ne wyses I haf yow ro schewed,
  at vn-cla{n}nes to-cleues i{n} corage dere
  Of at wy{n}nelych lorde at wonyes i{n} heuen,
  Entyses hy{m} to be tene, telled[92] vp his wrake;                1808
    [Sidenote: Cleanness is His comfort.]
  Ande cla{n}nes is his comfort, & coyntyse he louyes,
    [Sidenote: The seemly shall see his face.]
  & ose at seme arn & swete schy{n} se his face.
    [Sidenote: God give us grace to serve in His sight!]
  at we gon gay i{n} oure gere at g{ra}ce he v{us} sende,
  at we may serue i{n} his sy[gh]t, {er} solace neu{er} bly{n}ne[gh].
        Amen.

    [Sidenote 68: _ing_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 69: _ore_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 70: MS. e e.]
    [Sidenote 71: MS. sev{er}ed.]
    [Sidenote 72: MS. _glolde_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 73: MS. i{e}s{u}r{a}l{e}m.]
    [Sidenote 74: MS. _fo_.]
    [Sidenote 75: _ful_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 76: _ferlyke_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 77: Looks like _louflych_.]
    [Sidenote 78: ? _bry[gh]te_.]
    [Sidenote 79: MS. [-i]s.]
    [Sidenote 80: MS. ler{n}s.]
    [Sidenote 81: MS. _strof_.]
    [Sidenote 82: _bede_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 83: _lance_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 84: _be_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 85: MS. _as as_.]
    [Sidenote 86: ? _panne_.]
    [Sidenote 87: _loued_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 88: MS. _hat[gh] sende hat[gh] sende_.]
    [Sidenote 89: MS. _cloler_.]
    [Sidenote 90: _blaykned_ (?)]
    [Sidenote 91: MS. _my[gh]t_.]
    [Sidenote 92: _telles_ (?).]




NOTES: _Cleanness_.


P. 37.

  l. 3 _forering_ = _for-bering_. (?)
  10 _reken_, reverently, solemnly.
  12 _cleche gret mede_, take great reward.
  16 _& hym to greme cachen_, and him to wrath drive.
  18 _hagherlych_, fitly, decently.
  21 _scoymous & skyg_, scrupulous and particular; _skyg_ implies
      dread, fear, shyness.
  23 _in a carp_, in a discourse.
  24 _heuened a[gh]t happe[gh]_, exhibited eight blessings.
  25 _me myne[gh]_, I remember.

P. 38.

  l. 27 _hapene[gh]_, is happy, blessed.
  29 _as so sayt[gh]_, as one says.
  32 _May not byde at burne_ (? _burre_) _at hit his body ne[gh]en_,
    May not abide (suffer) that man (? blow), that it (? he) should
      approach his body.
  39 _helded_, approached.
  41 _tote[gh]_ = _tot[gh]_ = toes.
  49 _worlych_, worshipful (? _worldlych_, worldly).
  50 _in her_ (? _herin_).
  52 _here dere_, beloved heir.
  54 _comly quoyntis_, comely attire.
  56 _with scla[gh]t_, against (for) slaughter.
  59 _roeled_, ready prepared, literally hastened.
  62 _skyly_, device, excuse.

P. 39.

  l. 65 _nayed_, refused; _nurned_, uttered.
  71 _a-dre[gh]_, aback, aside.
  76
    _More to wyte is her wrange, en any wylle gentyl_,
    More to blame is their fault, than any forlorn gentile.
  _Wylle_ has the significations of wandering, astray; as "_wyl
      dremes_," wandering dreams, "_wylle of wone_," astray from human
      habitations, having lost one's way; and hence _wylle_ is often
      used to denote uncertainty, bewilderment.
  81 _lae[gh]_, invite.
  90 _sty[gh]tled_, established, placed.
  91 _e marchal_, i.e. the marshal of the hall, whose duty it was,
      at public festivals, to place every person according to his rank
      and station.
  95 _at i banne_, at thy command.
  96 _renischche renke[gh]_, strange men.
  97 _layte[gh] [gh]et ferre_, search yet farther.

P. 40.

  l. 99 _wayte[gh]_, watch.
  103 _balterande cruppele[gh]_, limping cripples. _Balter_ signifies to
      jump, skip, hop, etc.
  110 _demed_, decreed.
  112
    _Hit weren not alle on wyue[gh] sune[gh], wonen with on fader_,
    They were not all one wife's sons, begotten with one father.
  127
    _& rehayte rekenly e riche & e poueren_,
    And cheer, prince-like (nobly), the rich and the poor.
  _Rehete_ is the most common form of the word:
    "Him would I comforte and _rehete_." --Rom. Rose, l.6509.
  131 _syled fyrre_, proceeded farther.
  132 _Tron fro table to table_, went from table to table. _Tron_ is
      the pret. of the verb _tryne_, to go, walk.

P. 41.

  l. 134 _Hit wat[gh] not_, there was one (who) was not.
  135 _ry[gh]t_, thrust; _unryuandely_, badly.
  144 _ratted_, rent, torn.
  145 _goun febele_. Cf. _feble wede_, bad or poor clothing.
      --Havelok the Dane, l.418.
  149 _broe worde[gh]_, angry (fierce) words.
  150 _Hurkele_, cower, hang. _Hurkele_ signifies, literally, to squat,
      nestle, rest.
  153 _laled_, spoke (quickly).
  164 _ful[gh]ed_, baptised.
  166 _harme lache_, take hurt.

P. 42.

  l. 179 _As_, also; _bolnande priyde_, swelling pride.
  180
    _roly in-to e deuele[gh] rote man rynge[gh] bylyue_,
    Roughly into the devil's throat man is thrust soon.
  181 _colwarde_, deceitful, treacherous. I have not been able to meet
      with the word _colle_ used as noun or verb in any writer of the
      14th or 15th century. _Col_ occurs, however, as a prefix, in
      _Col-prophet_ (false prophet), _Col-fox_ (crafty fox), used by
      Chaucer; _Col-knyfe_ (treacherous knife), which occurs in the
      "Townley Mysteries."
  200 _hatel of his wylle_, anger of his will.

P. 43.

  l. 207 _attled_, endowed.
  215 _met[gh]_ = _mess_ (?), pity.
  216 _tynt e tye dool_, lost the tenth part.
  222 _weued_, cut off. _swap_, blow.
  230 _e wrech sa[gh]tled_, appeased the vengeance.
  231 _wylnesful_, wilfulness.
  233
    _For-y a[gh] e rape were rank, e rawe wat[gh] lyttel_,
    Wherefore, though the blow were smart, the sorrow was little.
  237 _in obedyent_ = _in-obedyent_ (?), disobedient.

P. 44.

  l. 246 _drepe_, destroy (slay).
  257 _forme-foster_ should be _forme-fostere[gh]_, being in apposition
      with _auncetere[gh]_.
  261 For _lede_ read _lede[gh]_ (?).
  270 _de[gh]ter of e doue_, the daughters of the mighty (doughty)
      ones.
  271 _on folken wyse_, after the manner of men.

P. 45.

  l. 273 _meele[gh]_, immoderate, intemperate.
  274 _alosed_, (? noted).
  298 _ryuen_, grown up, adult.
  306 _nwyed_ = annoyed, _i.e._ displeased.

P. 46.

  l. 320 _dutande_, shutting.
  321 _halke[gh]_, recesses.
  331 _is meyny of a[gh]te_, this company (household) of eight.
  335 _horwed_, unclean.

P. 47.

  l. 350 _with-outen rep_, without contradiction, gainsaying.
  354 _a rowtande ryge_, a rattling shower.
  359 _styste[gh]_ = _stynte[gh]_ stops, ceases.
  362 _& alle woned in e whichche_, and all abode in the ark.
      _Whichche_ is another (and genuine) form of _hutch_.
  364
    _Waltes out vch walle-heued, in ful wode streme[gh]_,
    Bursts out each well-head (spring, fountain) in full wild streams.
  365 _brymme_, stream.
  366 _e mukel lauande loghe_, the great flowing deep.
  369 _fon_, ceased.
  373 _moon_, moan, sorrow.
  374 _dowed_, availed.
  375 _wylger_, wilder, fiercer.
  376 _dowelled_ = _dwelled_.
  377 _feng to e fly[gh]t_, took to flight.
  378 _Vuche burde with her barne_, each woman with her child (bairn).

P. 48.

  l. 379 _bowed_, hastened; _brentest_, highest, steepest.
  380 _heterly_, quickly, (hotly); _haled_, rushed.
  381 _Bot al wat[gh] nedle[gh] her note_, but their device was
      altogether in vain.
  382 _e ro[gh]e raynande ryg_, the rough raining shower; _raykande
      wawe[gh]_, flowing waves.
  383 _boom_, a _bottom_ or valley.
  384 _demmed_, collected, accumulated.
  391 _e hy[gh]e_, the heights, high grounds.
  392 _bausene[gh]_, badgers.
  394 _re-coverer_, succour, refuge.
  395 _at amounted_, etc., read _at amounted e mase_, etc., that
      the astonishment increased. (Professor Child).
  397 _Bi at_, by that time. This phrase is still preserved in the
      North of England.
  399
    _Frende[gh], fellen in fere, famed to-geder_.
    Friends, fallen in company, _embraced_ (fathomed) together.
  The verb _fame_ in Early English also signifies to _grope_.
  400 _dry[gh]_, suffer; _delful_, doleful.
  404 _freten_, devoured; _wa[gh]e[gh]_, waves.
  406 _hurkled_, rested. This word is still preserved in the local
      dialects of the North of England, with the sense of "to cower,"
      "squat."
  407 _mourkne_, rotten.
  409 _here_, company.
  411 _a[gh]t-sum_, in care, sorrowful.
  413 _hurlande gote[gh]_, rushing streams.
  414 _kythe[gh] vncoue_, unknown regions.

P. 49.

  l. 421 _flyt_, current, flitting.
  424 _lumpen_, the passive participle of _lympen_, to befal, happen.
  430 _yre[gh]_ is evidently an error for _ye[gh]_, waves.
  433 _Rac_, moving clouds, mists. Still in provincial use.
  436 _meth_, pity, mercy.
  438 _lasned_, lessened, became smaller.
  439 _stac vp e stange[gh]_, closed up the pools. _Stang_ = _stanc_,
      _stank_, a word still used in the North of England.
  441 _lo[gh]_ = _logh_, deep.
  443 _lome_ = _loom_, i.e., the ark.
  446 _rasse_ = the provincial _raise_, a mound.
  449 _kyste_ = chest (ark); _wern_ = _were_ (?).

P. 50.

  l. 451 _egge[gh]_, _edges_, banks, hills; _vnhuled_, uncovered.
  452 _bynne_, within. Cf. _boute_, without.
  461 _smach_ smack, scent; _smoltes_ (? _smolte_, i.e. smelt).
  463 _[gh]ederly_, quickly, soon; _steuen_, command, literally voice.
  466 _fode[gh]_, persons; _elle[gh]_, provided that.
  469 _doune_ = _dovene_, a female dove (see line 481).
  476 _dre[gh]ly_, drearily, sorrowfully.
  480 _naytly_, dexterously (neatly).
  482 _borne_ = _burne_, stream.
  483 _skwe_, sky, cloud; _skowte[gh]_, looks.

P. 51.

  l. 485 _downe_ = _dovene_ (see ll. 469, 481).
  487 _What!_ lo!
  490 _sa[gh]tlyng_, reconciliation.
  496 _woned_ = _waned_, decreased, gone down.
  498 _tyned_, enclosed.
  499 _gode[gh] glam_, God's message (word); _glod_, came, literally
      glided.
  501 _walt_ _wafte_ (?) (see B. l. 857).
  504 _roly rublande in ronge_, quickly pressing in throng (crowd),
      _i.e._, huddling together.
  509 _bree_, steam, savour.
  511 _spede[gh] & spylle[gh]_, prospers (speeds) and spoils.
  517 _barnage_, childhood.

P. 52.

  l. 525 _sadde_, sharp, bitter.
  529 _en wat[gh] a skylly skyualde_, then was a design (purpose)
      manifested (ordered).
  531 _nayte_, use, employ.
  533 _wrye[gh]_, crawl, creep.
  534 _folmarde_, polecat.
  536 _lake ryftes_, fissures of the lake.
  537 _Herne[gh]_ = _erne[gh]_, eagles.
  539 _at a brayde_, in a moment.

P. 53.

  l. 558 _merked_, ordained.
  561 _ra[gh]t_, extended to, gave.
  566 _syt_, fault.
  567 _quyke[gh]_, living (things); _qued_, wickedness.
  573 _vnhappen glette_, unfortunate filth, unhappy sin.
  579 _heyng of seluen_, contempt of [God's] self.
  583 _steppe y[gh]e_, bright eye; _steppe_ = _stepe_ is often explained
      by steep, deep set; but we often meet with such phrases as
      "_stepe_ stones," bright stones, "_stepe_ starres," bright stars.
  586 _losed e listen_, lost the hearing; _lysten_, in O.E. has
      frequently the meaning of _to hear_.
  587 _trave_ = _trawe_, trow, believe.
  588
    _er is no dede so derne at ditte[gh] his y[gh]en_.
    There is no deed so secret that closes His eyes
      (_i.e._ that He does not see).

P. 54.

  l. 591 _gropande_, searching, examining.
  592
    _Rypande of vche a ring e reynye[gh] & hert_
    Trying (probing) the reins and heart of every man.
  _Rype_ is still used in the North of England in the sense of to
      plunder. Cf. our modern use of the word _ransack_ with its
      earlier meanings of to try, probe, search.
  596 _honyse[gh]_, disgraces, ruins, destroys.
  598 _scarre[gh]_, literally _scares_, is frightened, startled.
  599 _to drawe allyt_ = _to draw a lyte_ = to draw back a little.
  603 _blykked_, shone, glared.
  605 _schunt_, aside, from _schunt_, to slip away, retreat.

P. 55.

  l. 623 _orppedly_, quickly, hastily.
  626 _happe_, cover, still in use in the north provincial dialects.
  627 _som quat fat_, some sort of a vessel; _e fyr bete_, make up the
      fire; _bete_ signifies, literally, to mend.
  632 _deruely_ = _derfely_, quickly.
  635 _erue kake[gh]_ = _therfe_ or _tharfe_ cakes, _i.e._, cakes made
      without leaven.
  646 _mensk_, thanks.
  648 _lee_, cease.
  652 _[gh]ark_, select, chosen.
  653 _for busmar_, in scorn.
  655
    _May ou traw for tykel at ou tonne mo[gh]te[gh]_,
    Mayst thou trow (believe) for the uncertainty (of such a thing)
      that thou mightest conceive;
  _for tykel_, on account of the uncertainty.
  654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_).

P. 56.

  l. 659 _byene_ = _ben_, been or _bycame_. The sense would require
      _hade_ before _byene_, if _byene_ = _ben_.
  668
    _at for lot at ay lansed ho la[gh]ed neuer_,
    That for (any) sound that they uttered, she never laughed;
  _lot_ = late, in the sense of _sound_, is not very common in Old
      English authors.
  670 _a-lo[gh]_ = lowly, softly.
  686 _blod_, child.
  687 _bos_, behoves.
  688 _atlyng_, intention, purpose; _vn-haspe_, disclose.

P. 57.

  l. 696 _fylter_, join.
  698 _amed_, placed; _oddely dere_, singularly dear. _Oddely_ occurs
      in some northern works with the sense of illustriously, nobly.
  699 _drwry_, love; _doole aler-swettest_, the sweetest of all gifts;
      gift the sweetest of all.
  703 _conne_ is probably an error for _come_, but it may signify, be
      kindled, produced, begotten.
  706 _stollen_, stealthy, secret.
  711 _smod_ = the Scotch _smot_, _smad_, stain, filth.
  719 _e worre half_, the weaker portion, literally, the worse half.
  723 _laue_, law.

P. 58.

  l. 732 _smolt_, be at peace.
  740 _for hortyng_, for hurting = for fear of hurting. This sense of
      _for_ is very common in writers of the 16th and 17th centuries.
  743 _fryst_, delay, put off.
  747 _vsle_, ashes, cinders.
  752 _lee_, destroy.
  754 _I schal my ro steke_, I shall moderate (literally, shut up) my
      anger.
  756 _reken_, wise.

P. 59.

  l. 764 _mese y mode_, temper thy wrath.
  778 _mere_, boundary, _meer_.
  784 _lened_ = leaned, reclined; but we may read _leued_ = _beleued_,
      remained.

P. 60.

  l. 796 _vnder-[gh]ede_ = _vnder-[gh]ete_, understood.
  801 _knaue[gh] kote_, servant's house. It looks at first sight like
      _kuchie[gh] kote_.
  802 _fatte_ = _vat_, vessel.
  803 _norne_ = _nurne_, request.
  810 _gru[gh]t_, gruched = begrudged.
  813 _coue_, knew.
  814 _haylsed_, saluted.
  824 _boute_, without.
  830 _of glam debonere_, of pleasant, courteous conversation.
  831 _wela-wynnely_, very joyfully.

P. 61.

  l. 832 _wo[gh]e_ = _wowe_, wall.
  835 _wakker_ comp. _wayk_, weak.
  836 _vmbe-ly[gh]e_, surround.
  838 _scowte-wach_, sentinel; _asscry_, cry, shout, noise.
  846 _[gh]e[gh]ed_ = chattered, gaggled; _[gh]estande sor[gh]e_,
      afflicting (or frothing) sorrow.
  848 _brych_ = what is low, vile, filthy (? _bryth_, breath);
      _vpbrayde[gh]_, raises.
  849 _glyfte with at glam_, was frightened at that speech.
  855 _wonded no woe_, avoided no danger (hurt).
  859 _meled_, spoke.
  860 _hendelayk_, courtesy, civility.

P. 62.

  l. 871 _tayt_ = lively.
  874 _a[gh]ly_ = _awly_, fearfully.
  876 _out-comlyng_, a stranger. In this form it is still known in the
      North of England. _Comlyng_ is the more usual form of the word in
      our early literature; _carle = churl_.
  881 _[gh]ornen_, ran.
  882 _wapped_, beat.
  885 _in blande_ = together (?); _banned_, cursed.
  888 _nyteled_, laboured, toiled.
  889 _of tayt_, from fear. _Teyt_, fear, alarm, occurs in the northern
      romance of Alexander.
  890 _roeled_, hastened.
  892 _vglokest vnhap_, the most dreadful misfortune.
  893
    _Ruddon of e day-rawe ros vpon v[gh]ten_.
    The light of the day-break rose on the morn.
  894 _merk_, darkness.
  895 _ruen_, rouse.
  901 _cayre tid of is kythe_, depart quickly from this land.

P. 63.

  l. 905 _stemme no stepe_, stop (keep back), no step. Cf. our modern
      phrase "_stem_ the tide."
  909 _losen_, destroy.
  911 _gorde_, rush.
  912 _clater_, shatter.
  915 _kynned_, kindled.
  916 _e brath of his breth_, the fierceness of his wrath.
  918 _foo-schip_, enmity.
  921 _walle_ = _wale_, choose; _wonnyng_, dwelling, abode.
  927 _vtter_, without.
  928 _wore_ = _ware_ = were. Cf. _thore_ = _thare_ = there.
  931 _agayn-tote_, looking back; _tote_ (toot) occurs frequently with
      the sense of "to peep," "look," in Early English.

P. 64.

  l. 944 _Loke [gh]e bowe now bi bot_, Look ye go now by (according to)
      command.
  947 _greme_, wrath.
  948 _wakan_, arouse, stir up.
  950 _flytande_, chiding, murmuring.
  955 _smachande_, savouring, smelling.
  964 _riftes_, fissures.
  965 _cloutes_, pieces.
  969 _Rydelles_ = _redeless_ = without counsel, helpless; _rowtes_,
      companies.
  971
    _Such a [gh]omerly [gh]arm of [gh]ellyng er rysed_,
    Such a mournful (pitiful) outcry of yelling there rose.

P. 65.

  l. 976 _Trynande ay a hy[gh]e trot_, going ever (at) a great pace.
  987 _loue[gh]_, not _loaves_, but = the provincial _looves_ = hands.
  989 _dampped_ = _dumped_, beaten down.
  991 _malscrande mere_, accursed lake.
  992 _on a lawe_, on a hill.
  1000 _& alle lyste on hir lik_ (i.e. _lick_) _at arn on launde
      bestes._
    "Als so sco loked hir behind,
    A stan sco standes bi at way
    And sua sal do to domesday;
    In a salt stan men seis hir stand
    at best likes o at land;
    at anes o e wok day,
    an is sco liked al away
    And an ai find hir on e morn,
    Hale als sco was ar beforn."
      (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17b.)
  1002 _niye_, anguish.

P. 66.

  l. 1009 _a roun of a reche_, a rush of smoke, a mass of vapour;
      _blake_, the black (pit).
  1011 _flot_, fat, grease.
  1016 _drouy_, turbid, from _droue_, to trouble.
  1024 _coste[gh] of kynde_ = natural properties.
  1030 _boem broely_, filthy pit.
  1031 _losyng_, perdition.
  1033 _cooste[gh]_ = properties.
  1035 _alkaran_, Mandeville employs the term _alkatran_;
      _angr_ = poisonous or grievous, or _augre_ = _aigre_, sharp.
  1036 _saundyuer_ = _sandiver_, glass-gall.
  1037 _waxlokes_, waves.
  1038 _spuniande_, cleaving, sticky.
  1039 _se halues_, sea coasts.
  1041 _terne_ = _tarne_, lake.
  1044 _apple garnade_ = pomegranate.

P. 67.

  l. 1072 _kynned_, conceived.
  1076 _a schepon_ = a stable.

P. 68.

  l. 1079 _reflayr_, smell, odour; _rote_, decay.
  1082 _e reken fyel_, the merry fiddle.
  1094 _lomerande blynde_, the hesitating (slow, creeping), blind.
      The primitive meaning of _lomerande_ seems to be that of _slow_,
      sluggish.
  1108 _ty[gh]t_, endeavour.

P. 69.

  l. 1113 _fenny_, dirty, filthy, and hence sinful.
  1118 _to dele_, to exchange.
  1123 For "_& wax euer_," etc., the sense seems to require that we
      should read "_& wax ho euer_," etc.
  1124 _in pyese_ = whole.
  1126 _blyndes of ble_, becomes dull of hue, loses its colour.
  1127 _No-bot_, only.
  1141 _lastes_, vices.
  1142 _ewes_ = _eues_ (?), thieves, or _unewes_, vices (?)

P. 70.

  l. 1153 _ty[gh]t me a tom_ = give me an opportunity; _tom_ has the
      sense of _leisure_ and not of _time_.
  1167 _fylsened_, helped, aided.
  1172 _lat_, late, slow.
  1178 _orpes_, cities.

P. 71.

  l. 1186 _skete skarmoch_, _skelt_, brisk skirmish, hastened (came on
      quickly).
  1190 _brutage_ = _bretage_, parapets of a wall.
  1202 _blench_, stratagem.
  1205 _at-wappe_, escape.
  1206 _skelt_, spread.
  1208 _rued_, roused.
  1209 _hard hattes_, (?) hats made of tow; _herd_, _hard_ (_harden_,
      _hards_), in O.English signify cloth made of tow.

P. 72.

  l. 1219 _faynest_, gladdest.
  1224 _dre[gh]e er his wyrdes_, endure there his destiny.
  1246 _to e bronde_, to the sword.

P. 73.

  l. 1254 _on capeles_, on horses.
  1255 _fole wombes_, bellies of foals.
  1259 _to cayre at e kart & e kuy mylke_, to drag at the cart and
      milk the cows.
  1265 _plat of_, strike off.
  1284 _hamppred_ = _hampered_, packed up for removal.

P. 74.

  l. 1290 _hy[gh]tled_, ornamented.
  1303 _modey_ = _moody_, proud.
  1313 _sesed_, took possession of.

P. 75.

  l. 1327 _bi-cnv_ = _bicneu_, acknowledged.
  1330 _heldes_, descends.
  1332 _grauen_, buried.
  1334 _stalled in his stud_, placed in his stead (position).
  1342 _tre_, wood; _telded_, raised.
  1344 _gered_, covered, decked.
  1346 _reden_, advise.
  1354 _notyng_, devising, contriving; _gettes_, devices.

P. 76.

  l. 1358 _avayment_, exhibition.
  1361 _banne_, proclamation.
  1362 _callyng_, decree.
  1366 _vche a kythyn kyng_, every king of countries.
  1375 _ludisch lordes_, lords of nations.
  1379 _plek_, spot (plot of ground).

P. 77.

  l. 1396
    _Stepe stayred_ [_e_] _stones of his stoute throne_,
    Bright shone the stones of his firm throne.
  1397 _hiled_ = covered.
  1398 _bounet_, went about.
  1402 _strake steuen_ = struck up sound.
  1403 _wrasten krakkes_, sounds (notes) are raised.
  1410 _foles_, fowls, birds. _flakerande_, flickering, fluttering.
  1412 _on blonkken bak_, on the back of horses. In lines 1407-1412 we
      have evidently an allusion to the "table subtilties" of the
      fourteenth century.
  1420 _we[gh]ed_, served.
  1425 _dotage_, folly.

P. 78.

  l. 1435 _schin_, shall.
  1446 _besten blod_, blood of beasts; _busily_, laboriously.
  1462 _fylyoles_, round towers.

P. 79.

  l. 1472 Penitotes. So in MS., but read _Peritotes_.
  1478 _cost_, contrivance.
  1495 _iaueles_ = worthless wretches, used by Hall and Spenser.

P. 80.

  l. 1501 _wlates_, is disgusted.
  1504 _wayned_, granted.
  1505 _glotoun_, a general term of reproach.
  1507 _vus_ = _use_, drink.
  1510 _kyppe_, take, seize, catch up.
  1511 _birlen_, pour out.
  1517 _dotel_, fool.
  1520 as each one was disposed so tossed he off the cup.

P. 81.

  l. 1537 _neue_, fist.
  1542 _lers_, features, but (?) _fers_, fears.
  1543 _as a rad ryth_, as a frightened hound (literally mastiff).
  1545 _runisch saue[gh]_, strange words.
  1554 _skelten_, hasten.
  1557 _o dra[gh]tes_, the characters.
  1559 _ede_ = went, but _bede_, bade, commanded.
  1560 _warla[gh]es_, wizards.
  1566 _malt_, to soothe.
  1568 _gered_, clothed.

P. 82.

  l. 1585 _he wed wel ner_, he became nearly mad.
  1603 _in stoundes_, at times.

P. 83.

  l. 1606 _spured_, asked, enquired of.
  1634 _tede_ = _tene_, ten (?)
  1637 _apyke_, adorn, clothe.

P. 84.

  l. 1650 _lo[gh]ed_, made low.
  1654 _pouer_, power.
  1674 _wasterne_, wilderness; _dowelle_, dwelle.
  1675 _braken_, fern.

P. 85.

  l. 1678 _soly_, seat.
  1684 _ay_ (?) = hay.
  1686 _ouer-seyed_, passed over.
  1690 _wykes_, members.
  1692 _clyde_, plaister (?).
  1694 _bresed_, rough, bristly; Sir F. Madden interprets it _broken_.
  1695 _campe hores_, shaggy hairs.
  1697 _glede_, kite.
  1701 _wayned_, recovered.
  1707 _ha[gh]erly_, properly.

P. 86.

  l. 1713 _auyled_, defiled.
  1716 _wale wyne_, choice wine; _in waryed stoundes_, in accursed
      moments.

P. 87.

  l. 1755 _da[gh]ed_, dawned.
  1759 _blykned_ = _blaykned_, became dark, blackened.
  1760 _Mourkenes_, becomes murky.
  1761 _lyst_, path.
  1768 _layted_, sought.
  1773 _ledes of armes_, men of arms.
  1775 _ester_, darkness.

P. 88.

  l. 1785 _slyppe_, escape.
  1786 _honde-whyle_, a moment.
  1788 _blende_, mingled.
  1792 _now is a dogge also dere_, now is as valuable as a dog.
  1808 _telled_ = raised (?) _telles_ = raises.
  1811 _gere_, clothing.




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

  Line 91 text: w{i}t{h} marchal
  Note to line 91: e marchal
    [_Each line printed as shown_]

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final "e"-- between
the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

  [Sidenote 9] _fowle_ (?).  [_fowle_ (?),]
  [65 Sidenote] ... "pull in the plough."  [plough,"]
  [263 Sidenote] No law was laid upon them.]  [them,]
  [320 Sidenote] ... door in the side, together with ...
    [side. together]
  [349 Sidenote] ... to destroy all flesh.  [flesh,]
  [577 Sidenote] [Fol. 65a.]  [Fol. 65.]
  [614 Sidenote] ... wash their feet, and bring ...  [feet. and]
  [667] e{n}ne swenged forth sar & swer by hir trawe,
    [swer hy hir _but 1864 edition has "by"_]
  [721 Sidenote] [Fol. 67a.]  [Fol, 67a]
  [937 Sidenote] [Fol. 70a.]  [Fol. 70a,]
  [937 Sidenote] ... "preach to them the peril" of delay.
    ["preach to them the peril" of delay."]
  [1674] & in wast{er}ne walk
    [wast{ur}ne _corrected from Notes and 1864 edition_]
  [1737 Sidenote] ... divided, and given ...  [divided. and]

  ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS
  [211] "I schal telde vp my trone i{n} e tra mou{n}tayne
  [682] "How my[gh]t I hyde myn hert fro habraham e trwe,
  [899] "Wyth y wyf & y wy[gh]e[gh] & y wlone de[gh]tters,
  [1642] "Ryche ky{n}g of is rengne rede e oure lorde,

  NOTES
  365  [364]
  414 kythe[gh] vncoue  [kythe[gh], vncoue]
  449 ... _wern_ = _were_ (?).
    [_second note numbered 448 and printed on previous line_]
  461 _smach_ smack, scent  [_definition printed in italics_]
  501 ... (see B. l. 857).  [_Printed as shown, with superfluous "B."_]
  654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_).
    [_Note is numbered 655 and printed after longer note for 655. The
    word "sothely" also occurs in 657, but the text note ("sotly...")
    refers to 654._]
  1358 _avayment_, exhibition.  [_body text has two words "a vayment"_]
  1696  [1697]
  1792 _Now is a dogge also dere_  [_body text has two words "al so"_]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


PATIENCE.


  [Headnotes:
  PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED.
  JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH.
  HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH.
  HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST.
  JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD.
  A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH.
  THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT.
  JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE.
  THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH.
  THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH.
  GOD'S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH.
  JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE.
  HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION.
  GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.]


[Headnote: PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED.]

I.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 83a.]]
    [Sidenote: Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy
    hearts, and quenches malice.]
  Pacience is a poynt, a[gh] hit displese ofte,
  When heuy herttes ben hurt wyth hey{n}g o{er} elles,
  Suffrau{n}ce may aswage{n}[1] hem & e swelme lee,
  For ho quelles vche a qued, & quenches malyce;                       4
  For quo-so suffer cowe syt, sele wolde fol[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: Happiness follows sorrow.]
  & quo for ro may no[gh]t ole, e ikker he sufferes;
    [Sidenote: It is better to suffer than to be angry.]
  e{n} is bett{er} to abyde e bur vmbe-stou{n}des,
  en ay row forth my ro, a[gh] me ynk ylle.                       8
  I herde on a halyday at a hy[gh]e masse,
    [Sidenote: Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ:
    Blessed are the poor, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.]
  How mathew melede, at his mayst{er} his meyny con teche,
  A[gh]t happes he hem hy[gh]t & vche on a mede,
  Su{n}derlupes for hit dissert vpon a ser wyse:                      12
  Thay arn happen at han i{n} hert pouert,
  For hores is e heuen-ryche to holde for eu{er};
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the meek, for they shall "wield the
    world."]
  ay ar happen also at hau{n}te mekenesse,
  For ay schal welde is worlde & alle her wylle haue;               16
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted.]
  Thay ar happen also at for her harme wepes,
  For ay schal comfort encroche i{n} kythes ful mony;
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled.]
  ay ar happen also at hungeres aft{er} ry[gh]t,
  For ay schal frely be refete ful of alle gode;                     20
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their
    reward.]
  Thay ar happen also at han i{n} hert raue,
  For mercy i{n} alle man{er}es her mede schal wore;
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see
    the Saviour.]
  ay ar happen also at arn of hert clene,
  For ay her sauyo{ur} in sete schal se w{i}t{h} her y[gh]en;        24
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be
    called God's sons.]
  Thay ar happen also at halden her pese,
  For ay e g{ra}cio{us} godes su{n}es schal godly be called;
    [Sidenote: Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the
    kingdom of heaven.]
  ay ar happen also at con her hert stere,
  For hores is e heuen-ryche, as I er sayde.                         28
    [Sidenote: These blessings are promised to those who follow
    poverty, pity, penance, meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and
    patience.]
  These arn e happes alle a[gh]t at v{us} bihy[gh]t weren,
  If we yse ladyes wolde lof i{n} lykny{n}g of ewes;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 83b.]]
  Dame pouert, Dame pitee, Dame penau{n}ce e rydde,
  Dame Mekenesse, Dame mercy & Miry cla{n}nesse,                      32
  & e{n}ne Dame pes & pacyence put i{n} {er}-aft{er}.
  He were happen at hade one, alle were e bett{er},
  Bot syn[2] I am put to a poy{n}t at pou{er}te hatte,
    [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are to be treated together.]
  I schal me poruay pacyence, & play me w{i}t{h} boe;                36
  For in e tyxte, ere yse two arn i{n} teme layde,
    [Sidenote: They are "fettled in one form," and have one meed.]
  Hit arn fettled in on forme, e forme & e laste,
  & by quest of her quoyntyse enquylen on mede,
  & als i{n} myn vpynyou{n} hit arn of on kynde;                      40
    [Sidenote: Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must
    needs suffer.]
  For er as pouert hir proferes ho nyl be put vtt{er},
  Bot lenge where-so-eu{er} hir lyst, lyke o{er} greme,
  & ere as pouert enpresses, a[gh] mon pyne ynk,
  Much maugre his mun,[3] he mot nede suffer,                         44
    [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are play-fellows.]
  Thus pou{er}te & pacyence arn nedes play-feres.
  Syen I am sette w{i}t{h} he{m} samen, suffer me by-houes,
  e{n}ne is me ly[gh]tloker hit lyke & her lotes prayse,
  e{n}ne wy{er} wyth & be wroth & e wers haue.                     48
    [Sidenote: What avails impatience, if God send affliction?]
  [Gh]if me be dy[gh]t a destyn due to haue,
  What dowes me e dedayn, o{er} dispit make?
  O{er} [gh]if my lege lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde,
  O{er} to ryde, o{er} to re{n}ne, to rome i{n} his ernde,          52
  What grayed me e grychchy{n}g bot grame more seche?
  Much [gh]if he me ne made, maugref my chekes,
    [Sidenote: Patience is best.]
  & e{n}ne rat moste I ole, & vnonk to mede,
  e[t] had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.                       56
    [Sidenote: Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?]
  Did not Ionas i{n} Iude suche Iape su{m}-whyle,
  To sette hy{m} to sewrte, vnsou{n}de he hy{m} feches?
  Wyl [gh]e tary a lyttel tyme[4] & tent me a whyle,
  I schal wysse yow er-wyth as holy wryt telles.                     60

    [Sidenote 1: MS. _aswagend_.]
    [Sidenote 2: MS. _fyn_.]
    [Sidenote 3: _mon_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 4: MS. _tyne_.]


[Headnote: JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH.]

II.

    [Sidenote: Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles.]
  Hit bi-tydde su{m}-tyme i{n} e termes of Iude,
  Ionas ioyned wat[gh] {er}-i{n}ne ientyle p{ro}phete;
    [Sidenote: God's word came to him, saying, "Rise quickly, take
    the way to Nineveh.]
  Goddes glam to hy{m} glod, at hy{m} vnglad made,
  W{i}t{h} a roghlych rurd rowned i{n} his ere;                       64
  "Rys radly," he says, "& rayke forth euen,
  Nym e way to nynyue, wyth-outen o{er} speche,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 84a.]]
  & in at cete my sa[gh]es sogh{e} alle aboute,
    [Sidenote: Say that which I shall put in thine heart.]
  at, i{n} at place at e poy{n}t, I put i{n} i hert;              68
  For Iwysse hit arn so wykke at i{n} at won dowelle[gh],
    [Sidenote: Wickedness dwells in that city.]
  & her malys is so much I may not abide,
  Bot venge me on her vilanye & venym bilyue;
    [Sidenote: Go swiftly and carry my message."]
  Now swe[gh]e me ider swyftly & say me is arende."                 72
  When at steuen wat[gh] stynt, at stowned his my{n}de,
    [Sidenote: Jonah is full of wrath.]
  Al he wrathed i{n} his wyt & wy{er}ly he o[gh]t,
  If I bowe to his bode & bry{n}g he{m} is tale,
    [Sidenote: He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the
    stocks, or put out his eyes.]
  & I be Nu{m}men in Nuniue, my nyes begy{n}es;                       76
  He telles me ose trayto{ur}es arn typped schrewes,
  I com wyth ose tyy{n}ges, ay ta me bylyue,
  Pyne[gh] me i{n} a prysou{n}, put me i{n} stokkes,
  Wrye me i{n} a warlok, wrast out myn y[gh]en.                      80
  is is a m{er}uayl message a man for to preche,
  Amonge enmyes so mony & mansed fendes;
    [Sidenote: He thinks that God desires his death.]
  Bot if my gaynlych god such gref to me wolde,
  For[5] desert of su{m} sake at I slayn were,                       84

[Headnote: HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH.]

    [Sidenote: He determines not to go near the city, but fly to
    Tarshish.]
  At alle peryles, q{uod} e p{ro}phete, I aproche hit no nerre,
  I wyl me su{m} o{er} waye, at he ne wayte aft{er};
  I schal tee i{n}-to tarce, & tary ere a whyle,
  & ly[gh]tly, when I am lest, he letes me alone.                     88
    [Sidenote: Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa.]
  e{n}ne he ryses radly, & raykes bilyue
  Ionas toward port Iaph, ay Ianglande for tene,
  at he nolde ole, for no-y{n}g, non of ose pynes,
    [Sidenote: He says that God will not be able to protect him.]
  a[gh] e fader at hy{m} formed were fale of his hele.             92
  "Oure syre syttes," he says, "on sege so hy[gh]e
  I{n} his g[l]wande glorye, & glou{m}bes ful lyttel,
  a[gh] I be nu{m}men i{n} nuniue & naked dispoyled,
  On rode rwly to-rent, w{i}t{h} rybaudes mony."                      96
    [Sidenote: Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail.]
  {us} he passes to at port, his passage to seche,
  Fyndes he a fayr schyp to e fare redy;
  Maches hy{m} w{i}t{h} e maryneres, makes her paye,
  For to towe hy{m} i{n}-to tarce, as tyd as ay my[gh]t.            100
    [Sidenote: The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables,
    weigh their anchors, and spread sail.]
  Then he tron on o tres & ay her tra{m}me ruchen,
  Cachen vp e crossayl, cables ay fasten,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 84b.]]
  Wi[gh]t at e wyndlas we[gh]en her ankres,
  Sprude spak to e sprete e spare bawe-lyne,                       104
  Gederen to e gyde ropes, e grete clo falles;
  ay layden i{n} on ladde-borde & e lofe wy{n}nes.
    [Sidenote: A gentle wind wafts the ship along.]
  e blye bree at her bak e bosum he fyndes,
  He swenges me ys swete schip swefte fro e hauen.                 108
    [Sidenote: Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then.]
  Wat[gh] neu{er} so Ioyful a Iue, as Ionas wat[gh] e{n}ne,
  at e daunger of dry[gh]tyn so derfly ascaped;
  He wende wel at at wy[gh] {a}t al e world planted,
  Hade no ma[gh]t i{n} at mere no man forto greue.                  112
    [Sidenote: He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing
    from God.]
  Lo! e wytles wrechche, for he wolde no[gh]t suffer,
  Now hat[gh] he put hy{m} i{n} plyt of p{er}il wel more;
  Hit wat[gh] a weny{n}g vn-war at welt i{n} his mynde,
  a[gh] he were so[gh]t fro samarye at god se[gh] no fyrre,        116
  [Gh]ise he blusched ful brode, at burde hy{m} by sure,
    [Sidenote: The words of David.]
  at ofte kyd hy{m} e carpe at ky{n}g sayde,
  Dy{n}gne dauid on des, at demed is speche,
  I{n} a psalme at he set e saut{er} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne;              120
  O Fole[gh] i{n} folk fele[gh] o{er} whyle,
    [Sidenote: Does He not hear, who made all ears?]
  & vnderstondes vmbe-stou{n}de, a[gh] he be stape fole,
  Hope [gh]e at he heres not at eres alle made?
    [Sidenote: He is not blind that formed each eye.]
  Hit may not be at he is blynde {a}t bigged vche y[gh]e.          124
    [Sidenote: Jonah is now in no dread.]
  Bot he dredes no dynt at dotes for elde,
  For he wat[gh] fer i{n} e flod fou{n}dande to tarce;
    [Sidenote: He is, however, soon overtaken.]
  Bot, I trow, ful tyd, ou{er}-tan at he were,
  So at schomely to schort he schote of his ame.                    128
    [Sidenote: The wielder of all things has devices at will.]
  For e welder of wyt, at wot alle y{n}ges,
  at ay wakes & waytes, at wylle hat[gh] he sly[gh]tes;
  He calde on at ilk crafte he carf w{i}t{h} his hondes,
  ay wakened wel e wroeloker, for wroely he cleped:              132

[Headnote: HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST.]

    [Sidenote: He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow.]
  "Ewr{us} & aq{u}ilou{n}, at on est sittes,
  Blowes boe at my bode vpon blo watt{er}es."
    [Sidenote: The winds blow obedient to His word.]
  e{n}ne wat[gh] no tom er bytwene his tale & her dede,
  So bayn wer ay boe two, his bone for to wyrk.                    136
    [Sidenote: Out of the north-east the noise begins.]
  An-on out of e nor est e noys bigynes,
  When boe brees con blowe vpon blo watteres;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 85a.]]
  Ro[gh] rakkes er ros w{i}t{h} rudny{n}g an-vnder,
    [Sidenote: Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves
    rolled high, and never rested.]
  e see sou[gh]ed ful sore, gret selly to here;                     140
  e wyndes on e wo{n}ne wat{er} so wrastel to-geder,
  at e wawes ful wode walt{er}ed so hi[gh]e,
  & efte busched to e abyme at breed fysches;
  Durst nowhere for ro[gh] arest at e bothem.                       144
  When e breth & e brok & e bote metten,
    [Sidenote: Then was Jonah joyless.]
  Hit wat[gh] a ioyles gyn at Ionas wat[gh] i{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: The boat reeled around.]
  For hit reled on rou{n}[d] vpon e ro[gh]e yes.
    [Sidenote: The gear became out of order.]
  e bur ber to hit baft at braste alle her gere,                   148
  en hurled on a hepe e helme & e sterne,
    [Sidenote: Ropes and mast were broken.]
  Furst to murte mony rop & e mast aft{er}.
  e sayl sweyed on e see, e{n}ne suppe bihoued
    [Sidenote: A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten
    the ship.]
  e coge of e colde[6] wat{er}, & e{n}ne e cry ryses;            152
  [Gh]et coruen ay e cordes & kest al {er}-oute.
  Mony ladde er forth-lep to laue & to kest,
  Scopen out e scael wat{er}, at fayn scape wolde;
  For be mo{n}nes lode[7] neu{er} so lu{er}, e lyf is ay swete.    156
    [Sidenote: They throw overboard their bags and feather beds.]
  er wat[gh] busy ou{er}-borde bal{e} to kest
  Her bagges, & her fe{er} beddes, & her bry[gh]t wedes,
  Her kysttes, & her coferes, her caraldes alle,
  & al to ly[gh]ten at lome, [gh]if lee wolde schape;              160
    [Sidenote: But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder.]
  Bot eu{er} wat[gh] ilyche loud e lot of e wy{n}des,
  & eu{er} wro{er} e wat{er}, & wodder e stremes.
  e{n} o wery for-wro[gh]t wyst no bote,
    [Sidenote: Each man calls upon his god.]
  Bot vchon glewed on his god at gayned hy{m} beste;                164
    [Sidenote: Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the
    sun and to the moon.]
  Summe to vernagu {er} vouched a-vowes solemne,
  Summe to diana deuout, & derf nepturne,
  To mahou{n} & to mergot, e mone & e su{n}ne,
  & vche lede as he loued & layde had his hert.                      168
    [Sidenote: Then said one of the sailors: "Some lawless wretch,
    that has grieved his God, is in the ship.]
  e{n}ne bispeke e spakest dispayred wel nere:
  I leue here be su{m} losynger, su{m} lawles wrech,
  at hat[gh] greued his god & got[gh] here amonge v{us};
  Lo al synkes i{n} his sy{n}ne & for his sake marres!               172
    [Sidenote: I advise that we lay lots upon each man.]
  I lovne at we lay lotes on ledes vchone,
  & who-so ly{m}pes e losse, lay hy{m} {er}-oute;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 85b.]]
    [Sidenote: When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease."]
  & quen e gulty is gon what may gome trawe,
  Bot he at rules e rak may rwe on ose o{er}?                    176
    [Sidenote: This is agreed to.]
  is wat[gh] sette i{n} asent, & sembled ay were,
    [Sidenote: All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save
    Jonah the Jew, who had fled into the bottom of the boat.]
  Her[gh]ed out of vche hyrne to hent at falles.
  A lodes-mon ly[gh]tly lep vnder hachches,
  For to layte mo ledes & hem to lote bry{n}g,                       180
  Bot hy{m} fayled no freke at he fynde my[gh]t,
  Saf Ionas e Iwe at Iowked i{n} derne.
  He wat[gh] flowen for ferde of e flode lotes
  I{n}-to e boem of e bot, & on a brede lyggede,                  184
  On helde by e hurrok, for e heuen wrache,
    [Sidenote: There he falls asleep.]
  Slypped vpon a slou{m}be, selepe, & sloberande he routes.
    [Sidenote: Soon he is aroused, and brought on board.]
  e freke hy{m} fru{n}t w{i}t{h} his fot & bede hy{m} ferk vp,
  er ragnel i{n} his rakentes hy{m} rere of his dremes;             188
  Bi e haspede he hentes hy{m} e{n}ne,
  & bro[gh]t hy{m} vp by e brest & vpon borde sette,
    [Sidenote: Full roughly is he questioned.]
  Arayned hy{m} ful runyschly what raysou{n} he hade
  I{n} such sla[gh]tes of sor[gh]e to slepe so faste;                192
  Sone haf ay her sortes sette & serelych deled,

[Headnote: JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD.]

    [Sidenote: The lot falls upon Jonah.]
  & ay e[8] lote, vpon laste, lymped on Ionas.
    [Sidenote: Then quickly they said: "What the devil hast thou
    done, doted wretch?]
  e{n}ne ascryed ay hy{m} sckete, & asked ful loude,
  "What e deuel hat[gh] {o}u don, doted wrech?                     196
    [Sidenote: What seekest thou on the sea?]
  What seches {o}u on see, sy{n}ful schrewe,
  W{i}t{h} y lastes so lu{er} to lose v{us} vchone?
    [Sidenote: Hast thou no God to call upon?]
  Hat[gh] {o}u, gome, no gou{er}no{ur} ne god on to calle,
  at {o}u {us} slydes on slepe when {o}u slayn wores?           200
    [Sidenote: Of what land art thou?]
  Of what londe art {o}u lent, what laytes {o}u here
  Whyder i{n} worlde at {o}u wylt, & what is yn arnde?
    [Sidenote: Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds."]
  Lo y dom is e dy[gh]t, for y dedes ille!
  Do gyf glory to y godde, er {o}u glyde hens."                    204
    [Sidenote: Jonah says: "I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the
    world's Creator.]
  "I am an Ebru," q{uod} he, "of Israyl borne;
  at wy[gh]e I worchyp, Iwysse, at wro[gh]t alle y{n}ges,
  Alle e worlde w{i}t{h} e welkyn, e wynde & e sternes,
  & alle at wone[gh] er w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, at a worde one.           208
    [Sidenote: All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me
    overboard."]
  Alle is meschef for me is made at ys tyme,
  For I haf greued my god & gulty am fou{n}den;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 86a.]]
  For-y bere[gh] me to e borde, & baees[9] me {er}-oute,
  Er gete [gh]e no happe, I hope forsoe."                           212
  He ossed hy{m}[10] by vnny{n}ges at ay vnder-nomen,
    [Sidenote: He proves to them that he was guilty.]
  at he wat[gh] flawen fro e face of frelych dry[gh]tyn;
    [Sidenote: The mariners are exceedingly frightened.]
  e{n}ne such a ferde on hem fel & flayed he{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  at ay ruyt hy{m} to rowwe & letten e ry{n}k one.                216
    [Sidenote: They try to make way with their oars, but their
    endeavours are useless.]
  Haeles hy[gh]ed i{n} haste w{i}t{h} ores ful longe,
  Sy{n} her sayl wat[gh] hem aslypped on syde[gh] to rowe;
  Hef & hale vpon hy[gh]t to helpen hym seluen,
  Bot al wat[gh] nedles note, at nolde not bityde:                  220
  In bluber of e blo flod bursten her ores,
    [Sidenote: Jonah must be doomed to death.]
  e{n}ne hade ay no[gh]t i{n} her honde at hem help my[gh]t;
  e{n}ne nas no cou{m}fort to keu{er}, ne cou{n}sel non oer,
  Bot ionas i{n}-to his Iuis Iugge bylyue.                           224
    [Sidenote: They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent
    blood.]
  Fyrst ay prayen to e prynce {a}t p{ro}phetes seruen,
  at he gef hem e g{ra}ce to greuen hy{m} neu{er},
  at ay i{n} balele[gh] blod er blenden her hande[gh],
  a[gh] at hael wer his, {a}t ay here quelled.                  228
    [Sidenote: Jonah is cast overboard.]
  Tyd by top & bi to ay token hy{m} sy{n}ne,
  I{n}-to at lodlych lo[gh]e ay luche hy{m} sone;
    [Sidenote: The tempest ceases and the sea settles.]
  He wat[gh] no tytter out-tulde[11] at tempest ne sessed,
  e se sa[gh]tled {er}-w{i}t{h}, as sone as ho mo[gh]t.            232
  e{n}ne a[gh] her takel were torne, {a}t tot{er}ed on ye[gh],
    [Sidenote: The stiff streams drive the ship about.]
  Styffe stremes & stre[gh]t hem strayned a whyle,
  at drof hem dry[gh]lych adou{n} e depe to serue,[12]
    [Sidenote: At last they reach a bank.]
  Tyl a swetter ful swye he{m} swe[gh]ed to bonk.                   236
    [Sidenote: The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows.]
  er wat[gh] louy{n}g on lofte, when ay e londe wo{n}nen,
  To oure mercyable god, on moyses wyse,
  W{i}t{h} sacrafyse vp-set, & solempne vowes,
  & grau{n}ted hy{m} vn-to be god & graythly non o{er};             240
    [Sidenote: Jonah is in great dread.]
  a[gh] ay be Iolef for Ioye, Ionas [gh]et dredes,
  a[gh] he nolde suffer no sore, his seele is on ant{er};
  For what-so wored of at wy[gh]e, fro he i{n} wat{er} dipped,
  Hit were a wonder to wene, [gh]if holy wryt nere.                  244

    [Sidenote 5: MS. _fof_.]
    [Sidenote 6: MS. _clolde_.]
    [Sidenote 7: _lote_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 8: MS. _e e_.]
    [Sidenote 9: _baes_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 10: _hem_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 11: _out-tulte_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 12: _sterue_ (?).]


[Headnote: A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH.]

III.

    [Sidenote: Jonah is shoved from the ship.]
  Now is ionas e Iwe Iugged to[13] drowne;
  Of at schended schyp men schowued hy{m} sone.
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 86b.]]
    [Sidenote: A wild whale swims by the boat.]
  A wylde walt{er}ande whal, as wyrde e{n} schaped,
  at wat[gh] beten fro e abyme, bi at bot flotte,                 248
  & wat[gh] war of at wy[gh]e at e wat{er} so[gh]te,
    [Sidenote: He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet.]
  & swyftely swenged hy{m} to swepe & his swol[gh] opened;
  e folk [gh]et haldande his fete e fysch hy{m} tyd hentes,
  W{i}t{h}-outen towche of any tothe he tult i{n} his rote.         252
  The{n}ne he swenge[gh] & swayues[14] to e se boem,
  Bi mony rokke[gh] ful ro[gh]e & rydelande strondes,
  Wyth e mo{n} i{n} his mawe, malskred i{n} drede.
    [Sidenote: It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe.]
  As lyttel wonder hit wat[gh] [gh]if he wo dre[gh]ed,               256
  For nade e hy[gh]e heuen ky{n}g, ur[gh] his honde my[gh]t,
  Warded is wrech man i{n} warlowes gutte[gh],
  What lede mo[gh]t lyue bi lawe of any kynde,
  at any lyf my[gh]t be lent so longe hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne?        260
  Bot he wat[gh] sokored by at syre at syttes so hi[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: The prophet is without hope.]
  a[gh] were waule[gh][15] of wele, i{n} wombe of at fissche,
  & also dryuen ur[gh] e depe, & in derk walt{er}e[gh].
    [Sidenote: Cold was his comfort.]
  Lorde! colde wat[gh] his cu{m}fort & his care huge,                264
  For he knew vche a cace & kark at hy{m} lymped;
  How fro e bot i{n}-to e blober wat[gh] w{i}t{h} a best lachched,
  & rwe[16] i{n} at hit rote, w{i}t{h}-outen ret more,
    [Sidenote: Jonah was only a mote in the whale's jaws.]
  As mote i{n} at a mu{n}ster dor, so mukel wern his chawle[gh],     268
    [Sidenote: He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of
    the intestines of the fish, came into a space as large as a
    hall.]
  He glydes i{n} by e giles, ur[gh] glaymande glette,
  Relande i{n} by a rop, a rode at hy{m} o[gh]t,
  Ay hele ou{er} hed, ho{ur}lande aboute,
  Til he blu{n}t i{n} a blok as brod as a halle;                     272
    [Sidenote: The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the
    whale.]
  & er he festnes e fete & fathme[gh] aboute,
  & stod vp i{n} his stomak, at stank as e deuel;
  {er} in saym & i{n} sor[gh]e at sauo{ur}ed as helle,
  {er} wat[gh] bylded his bour, at wyl no bale suffer;             276
  & e{n}ne he lurkkes & laytes where wat[gh] le best,
    [Sidenote: He searches into every nook of its navel.]
  In vche a nok of his nauel, bot nowhere he fynde[gh]
  No rest ne recou{er}er, bot ramelande myre,
  In wych gut so eu{er} he got[gh]; bot eu{er} is god swete;         280
    [Sidenote: The prophet calls upon God.]
  & er he lenged at e last & to e lede called.
  "Now prynce, of y p{ro}phete pit {o}u haue!
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 87a.]]
  a[gh] I be fol, & fykel, & falce of my hert,
    [Sidenote: He cries for mercy.]
  De-woyde now y vengau{n}ce, ur[gh] v{er}tu of rauthe;            284
  Tha[gh] I be gulty of gyle as gaule of p{ro}phet{es},
  {o}u art god, & alle gowde[gh] ar grayely yn owen;
  Haf now m{er}cy of y man & his mys-dedes,
  & preue e ly[gh]tly a lorde, i{n} londe & i{n} wat{er}."          288
    [Sidenote: He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast,
    for three days and three nights.]
  With at he hitte to a hyrne & helde hy{m} {er}-i{n}ne,
  {er} no de-foule of no fyle wat[gh] fest hy{m} abute;
  er he sete also sou{n}de, saf for merk one,
  As i{n} e bulk of e bote, er he by-fore sleped.                 292
  So in a bouel of at best he bide[gh] on lyue,
  re dayes & [r]e ny[gh]t ay enkande on dry[gh]tyn,
  His my[gh]t & his m{er}ci, his mesure e{n}ne;
  Now he knawe[gh] hy{m} i{n} care at coue not i{n} sele.          296

[Headnote: THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT.]

    [Sidenote: The whale passes through many a rough region.]
  Ande eu{er} walt{er}es is whal bi wyldren depe,
  ur[gh] mony a regiou{n} ful ro[gh]e, ur[gh] ronk of his wylle,
    [Sidenote: Jonah makes the whale feel sick.]
  For at mote i{n} his mawe mad hy{m}, I trowe,
  a[gh] hit lyttel were, hy{m} wyth to wamel at his hert,           300
  Ande assayled e segge; ay sykerly he herde
  e bygge borne on his bak & bete on his sydes;
    [Sidenote: The prophet prays to God in this wise:]
  en a prayer ful prest e p{ro}phete {er} maked
  On is wyse, as I wene, his worde[gh] were mony:                   304

    [Sidenote 13: MS. to to.]
    [Sidenote 14: _swaynes_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 15: _wanle[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 16: _rwen_ (?).]


[Headnote: JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE.]

IV.

    [Sidenote: "Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell's womb.]
  "Lorde to e haf I cleped, i{n} care[gh] ful stronge,
  Out of e hole {o}u me herde, of hellen wombe
  I calde, & {o}u knew myn vncler steuen;
    [Sidenote: Thou dippedst me in the sea.]
  {o}u dipte[gh] me of e depe se, i{n}-to e dy{m}me hert,         308
    [Sidenote: Thy great floods passed over me.]
  e grete flem of y flod folded me vmbe;
  Alle e gote[gh] of y guferes, & grou{n}dele[gh] powle[gh],
    [Sidenote: The streams drive over me.]
  & y stryuande streme[gh] of strynde[gh] so mony,
  I{n} on daschande dam, dryue[gh] me ou{er};                        312
    [Sidenote: I am cast out from thy sight.]
  & [gh]et I say, as I seet i{n} e se boem,
  'Care-ful am I kest out fro y cler y[gh]en
  & deseu{er}ed fro y sy[gh]t; [gh]et surely I hope,
  Efte to trede on y temple & teme to y seluen.'                   316
  I am wrapped i{n} wat{er} to my wo stou{n}de[gh],
    [Sidenote: The abyss binds me.]
  e abyme byndes e body at I byde i{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 87b.]]
    [Sidenote: The rushing waves play on my head.]
  e pure poplande ho{ur}le playes on my heued,
  To laste mere of vche a mou{n}t man am I fallen;                   320
  e barre[gh] of vche a bonk ful bigly me haldes,
    [Sidenote: Thou possessest my life.]
  at I may lachche no lont[17] & {o}u my lyf weldes;
  {o}u schal releue me renk, whil y ry[gh]t slepe[gh],
  ur[gh] my[gh]t of y m{er}cy {a}t mukel is to tryste.            324
    [Sidenote: In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His
    pity.]
  For when acces of anguych wat[gh] hid i{n} my sawle,
  e{n}ne I remembred me ry[gh]t of my rych lorde,
  Prayande hi{m} for pet his prophete to here,
  at in-to his holy ho{us} myn orisou{n} mo[gh]t entre.             328
  I haf meled w{i}t{h} y maystres mony longe day,
  Bot now I wot wyt{er}ly, at ose vnwyse ledes
  at affyen hy{m}[18] i{n} vanyt & i{n} vayne y{n}ges,
  For i{n}k[19] at mou{n}tes to no[gh]t, her mercy forsaken;       332
    [Sidenote: When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy
    commands."]
  Bot I dewoutly awowe at v{er}ray bet[gh] halden,
  Soberly to do e sacrafyse when I schal saue wore,
  & offer e for my hele a ful hol gyfte,
  & halde goud at {o}u me hetes; haf here my trauthe."             336

[Headnote: THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH.]

    [Sidenote: God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out
    the prophet on a dry space.]
  The{n}ne oure fader to e fysch ferslych bidde[gh],
  at he hy{m} sput spakly vpon spare drye;
  e whal wende[gh] at his wylle & a ware fynde[gh],
  & {er} he brake[gh] vp e buyrne, as bede hy{m} oure lorde.       340
    [Sidenote: Jonah has need to wash his clothes.]
  e{n}ne he swepe to e sonde i{n} sluchched cloes,
  Hit may wel be at mest{er} were his mantyle to wasche;
  e bonk at he blosched to & bode hy{m} bisyde,
  Wern of e regiou{n}es ry[gh]t at he renayed hade;                344
    [Sidenote: God's word comes to the prophet.]
  e{n}ne a wynde of godde[gh] worde efte e wy[gh]e bruxle[gh],
  "Nylt {o}u neu{er} to nuniue bi no-ky{n}ne[gh] waye[gh]?"
  "[Gh]isse lorde," q{uod} e lede, "lene me y g{ra}ce
    [Sidenote: He is told to preach in Nineveh.]
  For to go at i gre, me gayne[gh] non[20] o{er}."                 348
  "Ris, aproche e{n} to prech, lo e place here!
  Lo! my lore is i{n} e loke,[21] lance hit er-{in}ne."
  e{n}ne e renk radly ros as he my[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: By night Jonah reaches the city.]
  & to niniue at na[gh]t he ne[gh]ed ful euen;                      352
    [Sidenote: Nineveh was a very great city.]
  Hit wat[gh] a cet ful syde & selly of brede,
  On to renge {er}-ur[gh]e wat[gh] re dayes dede.
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 88a.]]
  at on Io{ur}nay ful Ioynt Ionas hy{m} [gh]ede,
  Er eu{er} he warpped any worde to wy[gh]e {a}t he mette,          356

[Headnote: THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH.]

    [Sidenote: Jonah delivers his message; "Yet forty days and
    Nineveh shall come to an end.]
  & e{n}ne he cryed so cler, at ke{n}ne my[gh]t alle;
  e trwe tenor of his teme he tolde on is wyse:
  "[Gh]et schal forty daye[gh] fully fare to an ende,
  & e{n}ne schal Niniue be nomen & to no[gh]t wore;                360
  Truly is ilk tou{n} schal tylte to grou{n}de,
    [Sidenote: It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly
    by the black earth."]
  Vp-so-dou{n} schal [gh]e du{m}pe depe to e abyme,
  To be swol[gh]ed swyftly wyth e swart ere,
  & alle at lyuyes here-i{n}ne lose e swete."                      364
    [Sidenote: This speech spreads throughout the city.]
  is speche sprang i{n} at space & spradde alle aboute,
  To borges & to bacheleres, at i{n} at bur[gh] lenged;
    [Sidenote: Great fear seizes all.]
  Such a hidor hem bent & a hatel drede,
  at al chau{n}ged her chere & chylled at e hert.                  368
  e segge sesed not [gh]et, bot sayde eu{er} ilyche
  "e verray vengau{n}ce of god schal voyde is place."
    [Sidenote: The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in
    sackcloth, and cast ashes upon their heads.]
  e{n}ne e peple pitosly pleyned ful stylle,
  & for e drede of dry[gh]tyn doured i{n} hert;                     372
  Het{er} hayre[gh] ay hent at asperly bited,
  & ose ay bou{n}den to her bak & to her bare syde[gh],
  Dropped dust on her hede & dy{m}ly biso[gh]ten,
  at at penau{n}ce plesed hi{m} {a}t playne[gh] on her wronge.    376
    [Sidenote: The message reaches the ears of the king.]
  & ay he cryes i{n} {a}t kyth tyl e ky{n}g herde;
  & he radly vp-ros & ran fro his chayer,
    [Sidenote: He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and
    mourns in the dust.]
  His ryche robe he to-rof of his rigge naked,
  & of a hep of askes he hitte i{n} e mydde[gh];                    380
  He aske[gh] heterly a hayre & hasped hy{m} vmbe,
  Sewed a sekke er abof, & syked ful colde;
  er he dased i{n} at duste, w{i}t{h} droppande teres,
  Wepande ful wonderly alle his wrange dedes.                        384
    [Sidenote: He issues a decree, that all in the city, men,
    beasts, women and children, prince, priest, and prelates,
    should fast for their sins.]
  e{n}ne sayde he to his seriau{n}tes, "samnes yow bilyue,
  Do dryue out a decre demed of my seluen,
  at alle e bodyes at ben w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne is bor[gh] quyk,
  Boe burnes & bestes, burde[gh] & childer,                         388
  Vch prynce, vche prest & prelates alle,
  Alle faste frely for her falce werkes;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 88b.]]
    [Sidenote: Children are to be weaned from the breast.]
  Sese[gh] childer of her sok, sogh{e} hem so neu{er},
  Ne best bite on no brom, ne no bent nau{er},                      392
  Passe to no pasture, ne pike non erbes,
    [Sidenote: The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water.]
  Ne non oxe to no hay, ne no horse to wat{er};
  Al schal crye for-cle{m}med, w{i}t{h} alle oure clere strene,
  e rurd schal ryse to hy{m} at rawe schal haue;                  396
    [Sidenote: Who can tell if God will have mercy?]
  What wote oer wyte may [gh]if e wy[gh]e lykes,
  at is hende i{n} e hy[gh]t of his gentryse?
    [Sidenote: Though He is mighty, He is merciful,
    and may forgive us our guilt.]
  I wot his my[gh]t is so much, a[gh] he be mysse-payed,
  at i{n} his mylde amesy{n}g he m{er}cy may fynde;                 400
  & if we leuen e layk of oure layth sy{n}nes,
  & stylle steppen i{n} e sty[gh]e he sty[gh]tle[gh] hy{m} seluen,
  He wyl wende of his wodschip, & his wrath leue,
  & for-gif v{us} is gult [gh]if we hy{m} god leuen."               404
    [Sidenote: All believed and repented.]
  e{n}ne al leued on his lawe & laften her sy{n}nes,
  Par-formed alle e penau{n}ce at e prynce radde;
    [Sidenote: God forgave them through his goodness.]
  & god ur[gh] his godnesse forgef as he sayde,
  a[gh] he o{er} bihy[gh]t, [&] w{i}t{h}-helde his vengau{n}ce.    408

    [Sidenote 17: _lond_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 18: _hem_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 19: _ing_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 20: MS. _mon_.]
    [Sidenote 21: _loken_ (?).]


[Headnote: GOD'S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH.]

V.

    [Sidenote: Much sorrow settles upon Jonah.]
  Muche sor[gh]e e{n}ne satteled vpon segge Ionas,
  He wex as wroth as e wynde towarde oure lorde,
    [Sidenote: He becomes very angry.]
  So hat[gh] ang{er} onhit his hert; he calle[gh]
    [Sidenote: He prays to God and says: "Was not this my saying,
    when Thy message reached me in my own country?]
  A prayer to e hy[gh]e prynce, for pyne, on ys wyse:              412
  "I biseche e syre now {o}u self iugge,
  Wat[gh] not is ilk my worde at woren is noue,
  at I kest i{n} my cu{n}tre, when {o}u y carp sende[gh],
  at I schulde tee to ys tou{n}, i talent to preche?              416
    [Sidenote: I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering,
    and Thy mercy.]
  Wel knew I i cortaysye, y quoy{n}t soffrau{n}ce.
  y bou{n}t of debonert & y bene g{ra}ce,
  y longe abydy{n}g wyth lur, y late vengau{n}ce,
  & ay y mercy is mete, be mysse neu{er} so huge.                   420
  I wyst wel when I hade worded quatsoeu{er} I cowe,
    [Sidenote: I knew these men might make their peace with Thee,
    therefore I fled unto Tarshish.]
  To manace alle ise mody men at i{n} is mote dowelle[gh],
  Wyth a prayer & a pyne ay my[gh]t her pese gete,
  & er-fore I wolde haf flowen fer i{n}-to tarce.                   424
    [Sidenote: Take my life from me, O Lord!]
  Now lorde lach out my lyf, hit lastes to longe,
  Bed me bilyue my bale sto{ur}, & bry{n}g me on ende,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]]
    [Sidenote: It is better for me to die than live."]
  For me were swett{er} to swelt, as swye as me ynk,
  e{n} lede lenger i lore, at {us} me les make[gh]."             428
    [Sidenote: God upbraids Jonah, saying: "Is this right to be so
    wroth?"]
  e sou{n} of oure sou{er}ayn en swey i{n} his ere,
  at vpbraydes is burne vpon a breme wyse:
  "Herk renk! is is ry[gh]t so ronkly to wrath,
  For any dede at I haf don o{er} demed e [gh]et?"                432
    [Sidenote: Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower,
    of hay and ever-fern, to shield him from the sun.]
  Ionas al Ioyles & Ianglande vp-ryses
  & halde[gh] out on est half of e hy[gh]e place,
  & farandely on a felde he fettele[gh] hy{m} to bide,
  For to wayte on at won what schulde wore aft{er}.                436
  er he busked hy{m} a bo{ur}, e best at he my[gh]t,
  Of hay & of eu{er}-ferne & erbe[gh] a fewe,
  For hit wat[gh] playn i{n} at place for plyande greue[gh],
  For to schylde fro e schene, o{er} any schade keste.             440
  He bowed vnder his lyttel boe, his bak to e su{n}ne,

[Headnote: JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE.]

    [Sidenote: He slept heavily all night.]
  & er he swowed & slept sadly al ny[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: God prepared a woodbine.]
  e whyle god of his grace ded growe of at soyle,
  e fayrest bynde hy{m} abof at eu{er} burne wyste.                444
  When e dawande day dry[gh]tyn con sende,
    [Sidenote: Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower.]
  e{n}ne wakened e wy[gh] vnder wodbynde,
  Loked alofte on e lef at lylled grene;
  Such a lefsel of lof neu{er} lede hade,                            448
  For hit wat[gh] brod at e boem, bo[gh]ted onlofte,
  Happed vpon ay{er} half a ho{us} as hit were,
  A nos on e nor syde & nowhere non elle[gh],
  Bot al schet i{n} a scha[gh]e at schaded ful cole.                452
    [Sidenote: The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected
    from the sun's rays.]
  e gome gly[gh]t on e grene g{ra}ciouse leues,
  at eu{er} wayued a wynde so wye & so cole;
  e schyre su{n}ne hit vmbe-schon, a[gh] no schafte my[gh]t
  e mou{n}tau{n}ce of a lyttel mote, vpon at man schyne,           456
  e{n}ne wat[gh] e gome so glad of his gay logge,
  Lys loltrande er-i{n}ne, lokande to toune,
  So blye of his wodbynde he balt{er}es er vnde[r],
  at of no diete at day e[22] deuel haf, he ro[gh]t;              460
  & eu{er} he la[gh]ed as he loked e loge alle aboute,
    [Sidenote: Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country.]
  & wysched hit were i{n} his kyth, er he wony schulde,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 89b.]]
  On he[gh]e vpon Effraym o{er} ermo{n}nes hille[gh],
  "I-wysse a worloker won to welde I neu{er} keped."                464
  & quen hit ne[gh]ed to na[gh]t nappe hy{m} bihoued;
  He slyde[gh] on a slou{m}be, slep slogh{e} vnder leues,
    [Sidenote: God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither.]
  Whil god wayned a worme at wrot vpe e rote,
  & wyddered wat[gh] e wodbynde bi at e wy[gh]e wakned;           468
  & syen he warne[gh] e west to waken ful softe,
  & saye[gh] vnte[23] [gh]efer{us} at he syfle warme,
  at er quikken no cloude bi-fore e cler su{n}ne,
  & ho schal busch vp ful brode & bre{n}ne as a candel.              472
    [Sidenote: Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed.]
  en wakened e wy[gh]e of his wyl dremes,
  & blusched to his wodbynde at broely wat[gh] marred,
    [Sidenote: The leaves were all faded.]
  Al welwed & wasted o worelych leues;
  e schyre su{n}ne hade hem schent, er eu{er} e schalk wyst,       476
    [Sidenote: The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.]
  & e{n} hef vp e hete & het{er}ly bre{n}ned;
  e warm wynde of e weste wert{es} he swye[gh].
  e man marred on e molde at mo[gh]t hy{m} not hyde,
  His wodbynde wat[gh] away, he weped for sor[gh]e,                  480

[Headnote: HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION.]

    [Sidenote: He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may
    die.]
  "With hatel ang{er} & hot, het{er}ly he calle[gh]:
  A! {o}u maker of man, what mayst{er}y e ynke[gh]
  {us} y freke to forfare forbi alle o{er},
  W{i}t{h} alle meschef at {o}u may, neu{er} {o}u me spare[gh]?   484
  I keu{er}ed me a cu{m}fort at now is ca[gh]t fro me,
  My wod-bynde so wlonk at wered my heued,
  Bot now I se {o}u art sette my solace to reue;
  Why ne dy[gh]tte[gh] {o}u me to di[gh]e; I dure to longe?"        488
    [Sidenote: God rebukes the prophet.]
  [Gh]et oure lorde to e lede lansed a speche:
    [Sidenote: "Dost thou well," He says, "to be angry for the
    gourd?"]
  "Is is ry[gh]t-wys {o}u renk, alle y ronk noyse,
  So wroth for a wodbynde to wax so sone,
  Why art {o}u so waymot wy[gh]e for so lyttel?"                    492
    [Sidenote: Jonah replies, "I would I were dead."]
  "Hit is not lyttel," q{uod} e lede, "bot lykker to ry[gh]t,
  I wolde I were of is worlde wrapped i{n} molde[gh]."
    [Sidenote: God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should
    help His handy work.]
  "e{n}ne byenk e mon, if e for-ynk sore,
  If I wolde help my honde werk, haf {o}u no wonder;                496
    [Sidenote: Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed,
    which cost him no labour?]
  {o}u art waxen so wroth for y wod-bynde,
  & trauaylede[gh] neu{er} to tent hit e tyme of an howre,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]]
  Bot at a wap hit here wax & away at an o{er},
  & [gh]et lyke[gh] e so lu{er}, i lyf wolde[gh] {o}u tyne;      500
    [Sidenote: God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people
    that He made.]
  e{n}ne wyte not me for e werk at I hit wolde help,
  & rwe on o redles at remen for sy{n}ne.
  Fyrst I made he{m} myself of mat{er}es my{n} one,
  & syen I loked he{m} ful longe & hem on lode hade;                504
  & if I my trauayl schulde tyne of t{er}mes so longe,
    [Sidenote: Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet
    place would sink to His heart.]
  & type dou{n} [gh]onder tou{n} when hit turned were,
  e sor of such a swete place burde synk to my hert,
  So mony malicio{us} mon as mo{ur}ne[gh] {er}-i{n}ne;              508
    [Sidenote: In the city there are little bairns who have done no
    wrong.]
  & of at sou{m}me [gh]et arn su{m}me such sotte[gh] for madde,
  As lyttel barne[gh] on barme at neuer bale wro[gh]t,
  & wy{m}men vnwytt at wale ne coue
  at on hande fro at o{er} for[24] alle is hy[gh]e worlde,       512
    [Sidenote: And there are others who cannot discern between their
    right hand and their left hand.]
  Bitwene e stele & e stayre disserne no[gh]t cu{n}en,
  What rule renes i{n} rou{n} bitwene e ry[gh]t hande
  & his lyfte, a[gh] his lyf schulde lost be er-for;
    [Sidenote: There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of
    sinning.]
  & als er ben dou{m}be beste[gh] i{n} e bur[gh] mony,             516
  at may not sy{n}ne i{n} no syt hem seluen to greue,
  Why schulde I wrath wyth hem, sye{n} wy[gh]e[gh] wyl torne,
  & cu{m}[25] & cnawe me for ky{n}g, & my carpe leue?
  Wer I as hastif a[s] {o}u, heere were harme lu{m}pen,             520
  Coue I not ole bot as {o}u er ryued ful fewe;
  I may not be so mal[i]cio{us} & mylde be halden,

[Headnote: GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.]

    [Sidenote: Judgment must be tempered with mercy.]
  For malyse is no[gh][t] to may{n}tyne boute mercy w{i}t{h}i{n}ne;
  Be no[gh]t so gryndel god man, bot go forth y wayes."             524
    [Sidenote: He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must
    afterwards sit with worse ones to sew them together.]
  Be preue & be pacient, i{n} payne & i{n} Ioye,
  For he at is to rakel to renden his cloe[gh],
  Mot efte sitte w{i}t{h} more vn-sou{n}de to sewe he{m} togeder.
    [Sidenote: Poverty and pain must be endured.]
  For-y when pou{er}t me enprece[gh] & payne[gh] i{n}-no[gh]e,     528
  Ful softly w{i}t{h} suffrau{n}ce sa[gh]ttel me bihoue[gh],
    [Sidenote: Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.]
  For e penau{n}ce & payne to preue hit i{n} sy[gh]t,
  at pacience is a nobel poy{n}t, a[gh] hit displese ofte. Amen.

    [Sidenote 22: _de_ altered to e.]
    [Sidenote 23: _vnto_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 24: MS. _fol_.]
    [Sidenote 25: _Or_ cu{n}.]




NOTES: _Patience_.


P. 89.

  l. 3 _e swelme lee_, lessen the heat.
  4 _qued_, evil.
  5 _syt_, sorrow; _sele_, happiness.
  6 _ro_, anger.
  7
    _en is better to abyde e bur vmbe-stoundes_,
    Then is it better to abide the blow sometimes.
  10 _melede_, related.
  11 _a[gh]t_, eight.
  12 _sunder-lupes_, severally.
  13 _happen_, blessed.

P. 90.

  l. 30 _lyknyng_, likeness; _ewes_, virtues.
  42 _lyke oer greme_, pleasing or displeasing.
  47 _ly[gh]tloker_, more easily; _lotes_, forms.
  50 _what dowes me e dedayn_, what avails me anger.
  53 _grayed_, availed.
  56 _e(t) had bowed_, etc., That should have been obedient.

P. 91.

  l. 63 _Goddes glam to hym glod_, God's message came to him.
  66 _wythouten oer speche_, without contradiction, without more words.
  67 _my sa[gh]es soghe_, etc., my saws (words) sow, etc.
  77 _typped schrewes_, great sinners; literally, extreme, tip-top,
      schrews.
  78 _ta me_, take me, seize me.
  82 _mansed_, cursed.
  94 _glwande_, glowing, bright; _gloumbes_, sees (indistinctly).

P. 92.

  l. 98 _to the fare_, to the voyage.
  101 _tramme_, gear.
  104
    _Sprude spak to e sprete e spare bawlyne_,
    Spread quickly to the sprit the spar bowline (?).
  106 _ladde-borde_, larboard.
  107 _blye bree_, gentle wind; _bosum_, tide.
  108 _He_ refers to _bree_.
  112 _ma[gh]t_, might; _mere_, sea.
  115 _wenyng_, supposition.
  117 _burde_, behoved.
  119 _demed_, uttered.
  122 _stapefole_ = _stapeful_ = high (?)

P. 93.

  l. 131 _crafte_, power.
  135 _tom_, interval.
  140 _sou[gh]ed_, sobbed, moaned; _selly_, marvel.
  141 _wonne_, pale.
  143 _busched_ = _busked_, went.
  144 _for ro[gh]_ = for roughness.
  148 _bur_ = wave.
  150 _to murte_, (?) _to-marte_, crushed, broken in pieces.
  152 _coge_, boat.
  155 _scael_, hurtful, dangerous.
  156 _lode_ = _lote_, lot.
  160 _lee_, calm, quiet.
  161 _lot_, noise, roar.

P. 94.

  l. 173 _I lovne_, I offer (this advice), propose.
  183 _flode lotes_, the noises of the flood.
  184 _brede_, board.
  185 _hurrok_, oar.
  191 _runyschly_, fiercely.
  192 _sla[gh]te_, strokes.
  198 _lastes_, crimes.

P. 95.

  l. 208 _at a worde one_, at a word alone.
  213 _ossed_, showed, proved; _vnnynges_, signs.
  216 _ruyt_, rush, hasten.
  227 _balele[gh]_, innocent.
  229 _synne_, after.

P. 96.

  l. 247 _as wyrde en schaped_, as fate then devised.
  255 _malskred_, entranced, bewildered.
  258 _warlowes_, monster's.
  259 _lyue_ = _leue_, believe.
  262 _waule[gh]_ = shelterless, destitute, but _wanle[gh]_ =
      _wonle[gh]_ = hopeless, is perhaps a better reading.
  268 _chawle[gh]_, jaws.
  269 _glaymande glette_, slimy mud.
  270 _rop_, gut, intestine.

P. 97.

  l. 273 _fame[gh]_, gropes.
  275 _saym_, fat, grease.
  277 _le_, shelter.
  291 _merk_, darkness.
  292 _bulk_, stern.
  302 _borne_ = _burne_, man.

P. 98.

  l. 309 _flem_ = _flum_, stream.
  317 _to my wo stounde[gh]_ = ? until my woe over-powers (confounds)
      me.
  320 _to laste_ ? to the last; _mere_, boundary.
  325 _acces_, blows.
  329 _meled_, conversed.
  338 _spare drye_ dry _spar_ (rafter) but ? _spare_ = _space_.
  339 _a warthe_, a ford.
  341 _sluchched_ = _sluched_, dirty, muddy.
  342 _mester_, need.

P. 99.

  l. 345 _bruxle[gh]_, reproaches, upbraids,
  350 _loke_ = _loken_, fastened.
  362 _dumpe_, be thrust.
  364 _swete_, life; _to lose e swete_ = to lose the (sweet) life.
  372 _doured_, mourned, grieved. Cf. Sc. _dour_.
  373 _Heter hayre[gh] ay hent_, etc., rough hair shirts they took,
      etc.

P. 100.

  l. 395 _for-clemmed_, very hungry, starved.
  396 _rurd_, cry.
  400 _amesyng_ = _mesyng_ = _mese_, pity, mercy.
  403 _wodschip_, wrath.
  411 _on-hit_, struck or inflamed (?); _calle[gh]_, addresses.

P. 101.

  l. 418 _bene_, bountiful, kind.
  419 _lur_, loss.
  426 _bale-stour_, death-pang; _bale_ in the sense of death is not
      very common.
  447 _lylled_, flourished.
  448 _lefsel_ = _leaf-bower_. See Glossary.

P. 102.

  l. 449 _bo[gh]ted_, curved.
  450 _happed_, covered.
  451 _a nos_ = a projection, opening (?) or is it a clerical error
      for _abof_ = _above_.
  452 _scha[gh]e_ = wood, shaw.
  453 _gly[gh]t_, glanced.
  460 _e deuel_ ? _ded euel_, did evil.
  470 _syfle_, blow.
  473 _wyl_, wandering.
  478 _wertes he swye[gh]_, herbs he scorches.

P. 103.

  l. 486 _wered_, protected.
  489 _lansed_, uttered.
  492 _waymot_ = angry, passionate.
  502 _remen_, mourn, lament.
  509 _soumme_, company.

P. 104.

  l. 524 _gryndel_, angry.
  526 _rakel_, hasty.




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final "e"-- between
the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

  [33 Sidenote] ... peace and patience.  [patience,]
  [237 Sidenote] ... thank God, and perform ...  [God. and]
  [391 Sidenote] [Fol. 88b.]
    [_missing folio number supplied from 1864 edition_]
  [463 Sidenote] [Fol. 89b.]
  [499 Sidenote] [Fol. 89a.]
    [_text unchanged: 1864 edition has same error_]

  NOTES

  273 _fame[gh]_, gropes.
    [_body text and glossary have "fathme([gh])"_]
  317  [316]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


GLOSSARIAL INDEX


  Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356.
  Abate, abode, A. 617.
  Abayst, downcast, abashed, B. 149, pret. of _abaisse_ or _abash_, Fr.
    _esbahir_.
  Able, A. 599.
  Abof, above, A. 1023.
  Abominacione, B. 1173.
  Abroched, commenced, A. 1123.
  Abyde, (_a_) await, B. 436, 486; (_b_) endure, C. 7. A.S. _abidan_.
  Abydyng, _sb._ C. 419.
  Abyme, abyss, B. 363; C. 143.
  Abyt, habit, dress, B. 141.
  {Accorde, Acorde,} agreement, A. 509, Fr. _accorder_, to agree with.
  Achaped, escaped, B. 970.
  Achaufe, kindle, B. 1143.
  Acheue, accomplish, A. 475.
  Acroche, encroach, A. 1069, Fr. _accrocher_, to hook on; from _croc_,
    a hook.
  Adaunt = daunt, A. 157.
  Adoun, down, A. 988; B. 953.
  Adre[gh], aside, aback, B. 71. The word is used by Gower under the
    form _adrigh_. _O-dreghe_, _one-dreghe_, are other forms of the
    word. Sc. _on-dreich_.
      "The tother withdrewe, _one-dreghe_
      And durste do none other." --(Morte Arthure, p. 352.)
      "The tother dro[gh]he him _o-dreghe_ for drede of the kny[gh]te."
        --(Anturs of Arther, xliv. 3.)
      "He with drogh hym _a draght_ & a dyn made." --(T.B. 1224.)
  {Adubbement, Adubmente,} adornment, A. 84, 85, O.Fr. _adoubement_;
    _dober_, _douber_, garnish, deck; Fr. _douber_, to rig or trim a
    ship; Prov. Fr. _adobar_, to arrange, prepare.
  Adyte, A. 349.
  Affraye, _sb._ fear, A. 1174; _vb._ frighten, B. 1780; Fr. _effrayer_,
    to scare, affright; _effroi_, terror. Cf. _fray_, to scare birds.
  Affyen, trust, C. 331.
  {Agayn, Agayne, Agaynes,} against, B. 266, 826, 1711.
  Agayne[gh], towards, B. 611.
  Agayn-tote, _sb._ a looking back, B. 931. _Tote_, look, peep, as a
    verb or a noun, is common in Old English writers.
      "She went up wightly by a wall syde,
      To the toppe of a tower, & _tot_ ouer the water." --(T.B. 862.)
  Age, A. 412, B. 426.
  Agly[gh]te, slipped from, A. 245. _Gly[gh]t_, as a verb, signifies not
    only to slip but to _glance_, look. Cf. _leme_ = gleam, glance,
    slip.
  Alabaunderynes, B. 1470.
  Alarom, alarm, B. 1207.
  Al-bare, clearly, A. 1025.
  Alce = als, also, B. 1377.
  Alder = elder, A. 621, _Aldest_, A. 1042, B. 1333.
  Alder-men, elders, A. 887.
  Alegge, alledge, A. 703.
  Aliche, alike, B. 1477.
  Alkaran = alkatran, B. 1035.
  Alle-kynne[gh], all kinds of, A. 1028.
  Allyt = a lyt = ? a little, B. 599.
  Almy[gh]t, almighty, A. 498.
  Alofte, on high, B. 1183.
  Al-one, A. 933.
  Al-only, except, A. 779.
  Alosed, destroyed, B. 274. See _lose_.
  Alow, approve, praise, reward, A. 634. O.Fr. _louer_. Lat. _laudare_.
  Aloynte, removed, far from (from O.E. _aloigne_, _alogne_, to remove,
    carry off. O.Fr. _aloigner_).
  Alo[gh], alow, softly, B. 670.
  Als, also, B. 253, 827, C. 516.
  Also, as, B. 984, 1045, 1792.
  {Also-tyd, Als-tyd, As-tyd,} at once, immediately, B. 64. See _tyd_.
  Al-a[gh], although, A. 759.
  Aler-fayrest, fairest of all, B. 1379.
  Aler-fynest, finest of all, B. 1637.
  Aler-rychest, richest of all, B. 1666.
  Aler-swettest, sweetest of all, B. 699.
  Alum, B. 1035.
  Amaffised, B. 1470.
  Amaraun[gh], B. 1470.
  Amatyst, amethyst, A. 1016.
  Ame, (1) _vb._ place, B. 698; (2) _sb._ purpose, C. 128. Germ.
    _ahmen_. Bavarian, _amen_, _hmen_, to guage a cask, fathom,
    measure.
  Amended, B. 248.
  Amesyng, _sb._ moderation, C. 400. See _mese_.
  Amoneste, admonish, B. 818.
  Amounted, B. 395.
  Amoynt, company, A. 895.
  And = an, if, B. 864.
  An-ende (on-ende), lastly, finally, A. 186.
  An-ende = anente, opposite, A. 1136; respecting, A. 697.
  An-ende[gh] = anentes, opposite, A. 975. Sc. _anens_.
  Anger, A. 343, B. 572.
  Angr, bitter, B. 1035.
  Anguych, anguish, C. 325.
  Ankre[gh], anchors, B. 418, C. 103.
  Anon, at once (= anane, onane, in one moment), A. 584.
  Anournement, ornament, B. 1290.
  Anoynted, B. 1446.
  Answar, answer, A. 518.
  Anter, peril, C. 242. To _aunter_, put a thyng in daunger, or
    adventure, _adventurer_ (Palsgrave).
  An-vnder, under, A. 1081. Sc. _anonder_. Cf. _down_ and _adown_, _low_
    and _alow_.
  Aparaunt, B. 1007.
  Apassed, past, A. 540.
  Apert, openly, A. 589.
  Apparaylmente, ornaments, A. 1052.
  Apparement, ornaments, B. 1270. Fr. _appareiller_, to fit, suit.
  Appose, _vb._ question, A. 902. Fr. _apposer_, to lay or set on, or
    near to.
  Aproche, A. 686, B. 8, 167. Fr. _approcher_, draw near. Lat. _prope_,
    near.
  Apyke, adorn, B. 1479, 1637.
  Aquyle, demand, ask, obtain, A. 690, 966. O.Fr. _aquillir_, to gather.
  {Aray, Araye,} A. 719, 1166; B. 816, 1442. O.Fr. _arroyer_, _arrer_,
    dispose, set in order.
  Arayned, arraigned, C. 191. O.Fr. _arraisonner_, _arraigner_.
  Are, before, previously, B. 438, 1128.
  Arende, errand, message, C. 72, A.S. _aerend_, _aerende_.
  Arest, _sb._ abode, resting place, B. 906.
  Areset, _vb._ stop, cease, B. 766, remain, C. 144. Fr. _arrester_.
    Lat. _arestare_.
  Arewarde, apostate, B. 208. Sc. _areird_, backward.
  {Arn, Arne,} are, A. 458, 628, B. 8, 1810.
  Aryue, A. 447.
  Ary[gh]t, aright, A. 112.
  Ar[gh]e, terrify, frighten, fear, B. 572, 713. Provincial _arfe_,
    _arghe_, afraid. Cf. "_Arwe_ or ferefulle (_arwhe_, K. arowe or
    ferdfulle P.). Timidus, pavidus, formidolus." (Prompt. Parv.) The
    original notion is that of laziness, inertness, and hence timidity,
    fear, etc. A.S. _earg_, inert, timid, weak. Ger. _arg_, bad. Du.
    _erg_. Icel. _argr_, lazy, cowardly. Sc. _argh_, _arch_, to
    hesitate, be reluctant.
      "Antenor _arghet_ with austerne wordes." --(T.B. 1977.)
      "Antenor, _arghly_ auntrid of ship." --(T.B. 1831.)
      "A! Anec. quoth the qwene
      me _ar[gh]es_ of my selfe,
      I am all in aunter, sa
      akis me the wame." --(K. Alex. p. 29.)
      "Sir Alexander and his ost was _ar[gh]ed_ unfaire."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 132.)
  Ar, are, B. 1725.
  Are ? ane, one, A. 711.
  As, also, B. 179.
  As-bare, ? _al bare_, clearly, openly, A. 836.
  Asayl, B. 1188.
  Ascape, escape, B. 569.
  Ascry, _sb._ cry, outcry, B. 1784. _vb_. C. 195. Swed. _anskri_,
    outcry, scream. O.N. _skri_, cry.
  {Asent, Asente,} A. 391, "in _asent_," B. 788.
  Aske[gh], ashes, B. 626.
  Askry, shout, cry, B. 1206. See _ascry_.
  Aslypped, escaped, lost, C. 218.
  Aspaltoun, asphalt, B. 1038.
  Asperly, sharply, C. 373.
  Assayl, C. 301.
  Asscaped, escaped, B. 1776.
  Asscry, cry, shout. See _ascry_.
  Assemble, B. 1364, 1769.
  Assembl, A. 760.
  Asspye, espy, see, A. 704, 1035.
  {Assyse, Asyse,} form, fashion, A. 97, B. 844, service, B. 639.
  Astate, state, A. 393.
  Astraye, A. 1162.
  Astel, stole from, B. 1524.
  As-tyt, immediately, at once, A. 645, B. 935.
  Asure, B. 1411.
  Aswage, C. 3.
  At, that, A. 672.
  Atlyng, purpose, B. 688. Sc. _ettle_, to endeavour. N.Prov.E. _ettle_,
    _attle_, intend. Icel. _aetla_.
      "Armur & all thing _atlet_ before." --(T.B. 855.)
  Ael, noble, B. 258, 411, 940, gracious, B. 761, fine, B. 1276, A.S.
    aeele, noble, excellent.
  Atount, so much (?), A. 179.
  At-slyke, slip away, A. 575.
  Atteny, attain, reach, A. 548.
  Attled, endeavoured. See _atlyng_.
  Attled, endowed, B. 207. It sometimes occurs under the form _aghteld_.
    N.Prov.E. _ettle_, to deal out, distribute. A.S. _aeht_, possession.
      "She was eldist & heire _etlit_ to his londes." --(T.B. 394.)
  At-wappe, escape, B. 1205. See _Wap_.
  Atyre, B. 114.
  Augoste, august, A. 39.
  Auncetere[gh], auncestors, B. 258.
  {Aven, Aune,} own, B. 11, 1222.
  Aunte, A. 233.
  Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T.B. 1899.
  Auter, altar, B. 10.
  Autly, noble, B. 795. A.S. _htlce_, courageously, manfully.
  Avaunt, _sb._ promise, B. 664.
  Avayment, show, B. 1358. F. _avoier_.
  Auaye, show, B. 1311.
  Auenture, adventure, A. 64. O.Fr. _aventure_.
  Auise, advise, B. 1365.
  Avow, B. 664.
  Avoy, away! B. 863.
  Avyle, defile, B. 1151, 1713.
  Avysyoun, vision, A. 1184.
  Awayed, shown, A. 710.
  Awayle, avail, B. 408.
  Awowe, avow, C. 333.
  Ay, always, ever, A. 33, 720. A.S. _va_, _a_, all, ever. O.Fris. _a_.
    Germ. _je_, ever.
  Ayre, heir, B. 650, 1709.
  Ayer, each, A. 831.
  Aywhere, everywhere, B. 228.
  A[gh]er = asure, B. 1457.
  A[gh]ly = awly, fearfully, B. 874, 937. Dan. _ave_, fear. Eng. _awe_.
    O.Eng. _agh_. Cf. A.S. _aglc_, misery, grief.
  {A[gh]t, A[gh]te,} ought, _pret._ of _a[gh]e_, _agh_, or _awe_,
    B. 122.
  A[gh]t, eight, B. 357, C. 11, 29.
  A[gh]t-sum, sorrowful, B. 411.
  A[gh]te, eighth, A. 1011.

  Baboyne, baboon, B. 1409.
  Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_.
  Bachlere[gh], batchelors, young men not yet raised to the order of
    knighthood, B. 86.
  Baft, abaft, C. 148. A.S. _baefta_, the hinder part.
  Bagge, baggage. C. 158.
  Bale, bales, C. 157. Sw. _bal_. Fr. _balle_, _bal_, a ball or pack.
  Bale, sorrow, woe; also misery, calamity, A. 18, 373; B. 1243, 1256;
    _bale[gh]_, A. 123, 807. O.Fris. _bale_. A.S. _bealu_, torment,
    destruction. Icel. _bl_. Phrases: "bodyly _bale_" (pain), A. 478;
    "_bale_ (torment) of helle," A. 651, "_bale_-stour," death pang,
    C. 426.
  Balele[gh] = baleless, innocent, C. 227.
  Balke, ridge of land, balk, A. 62. Icel. _balkr_, the division between
    the stalls in a cow-house. Sw. _balka_, to partition off.
      "To my shepe wylle I stalk, and herkyn anone,
      Ther abyde on a _balk_, or sytt on a stone."
        --(Town. Myst. p.99.)
  Balleful = baleful, wretched, wicked, B. 979.
  Balter, hop, jump, skip, C. 459.
  Balterande, halting, limping, B. 103. Sc. _balter_, to dance.
      "He baltyrde, he bleryde." --(Morte Arthure, p. 66.)
    Etymologically it is connected with _palter_ and _falter_, and is
    applicable either to the unsteady gait of the lame or faltering
    steps of the blind.
  Baly = bayly, authority, jurisdiction, dominion, A. 1083.
  Baneres, B. 1404.
  Banne, proclamation, decree, B. 95, 1361.
  Banne, curse, B. 468, 885. Sw. _bann_, excommunication; _banna_, to
    reprove, chide, curse.
      "_Bannet_ worthe the bale tyme at ho borne was."
        T.B. 1388.
  Banne, comfort, strengthen, B. 620. O.Sc. _bawne_.
  Bantel, A. 991, 1017; B. 1459, posts, pillars.
  Baptem, baptism, A. 627, 653.
  Baptysed, A. 818.
  Barayn, barren, B. 659.
  Bare, _adj._ naked, B. 452; _sb._ 791.
  Bare, only, B. 1573. Sw. _bara_.
  Bared, disclosed, B. 1149.
  Bare-heued, bare-headed, B. 633.
  {Bareres, Barre[gh],} bars, barriers, B. 963, 1239; C. 321. W. _bar_,
    rail, shaft. Fr. _barre_; _barrire_, abarrier. Cf. Sw. _s-parre_.
    Eng. _s-par_.
  Barme, bosom, C. 510. A.S. _bearm_. "_Barme_ gremium." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "He fond Horn in arme
      On Rymenhilde _barme_." --(K. Horn, p. 294.)
  Barnage, childhood, B. 517.
  Barne, child, son, A. 426; _barne[gh]_, A. 1040; B. 1085. Sc. _bairn_.
    A.S. _bearn_.
  Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T.B. 211.
  Baroune[gh], barons, B. 82, 1398.
  {Barre[gh], Barers,} bars, B. 884, 1263.
  Barst, burst, B. 963.
  {Base, Basse,} base, foundation, A. 1000, B. 1278. See T.B. 1652.
  Bassyn, basin, B. 1145, 1278.
  Bastele, B. 1187. "_Bastyle_ of a castelle or cytye. Fascennia."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Basyng, base, A. 992.
  Bated, abated, B. 440.
  Bater, B. 1416.
  Batelment, B. 1459.
  Bae, dip, plunge, B. 1248.
  Bausen, badger, B. 392. "_Bawstone_ or _bawsone_, or a gray, Taxus,
    melota." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bawelyne, bow-line, B. 417.
  Bay, recess, B. 1392. The original meaning seems to be _opening_ of
    any kind. Cf. _bay_, space in a building between two main beams
    (Forby).
  Bayly, dominion, A. 315, 442.
  Bayn, _adv._ readily, willingly, A. 807, B. 1511; ready, C. 136.
    N.Prov.E. _bane_, near, convenient. "_Beyn_ or plyaunte.
    Flexibilis." (Prompt. Parv.) _Bainly_, readily, T.B. 135.
  Baysment, abasement, A. 174.
  Bayte, B. 55. O.N. _beita_.
  Baytayled, fortified, B. 1183.
  Beaut, A. 749.
  {Bed, Bede,} bid, command, invite; _p.p._ _beden_, A. 715, B. 95, 440.
    See T.B. 389.
  Beke, beak, B. 487.
  Bekyrande, _sb._ bikering, fighting, B. 1474. "_Bekyryn_ or fyghtyn
    (_bikkeringe_), Pugno, dimico." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Bolde men to batell and _biker_ with hond."
        T.B. 2944.
  Bele, _vb._ boil, A. 18. N.Prov.E. _bele_.
  Bem, beam, ray, "_bem_ of e brode heuen," B. 603.
  Bem, tree, A. 814.
  {Ben, Bene,} are, _3rd pers. pl._ A. 572.
  Bench, seat, B. 130, 854.
  Bene, fair, A. 198.
  Bene, _adj._ kind, merciful, C. 418.
  Bent, field, plain, B. 532, 1675. See T.B. 1192.
  Ber, bore, _pret._ of _bere_, to bear, A. 426, B. 1480.
  Berdles, beardless, B. 789.
  Bereste, breast, A. 854.
  Berfray, watch tower, B. 1187. O.F. _berfroi_, _beffroit_. Fr.
    _beffroir_. M.Lat. _belfredum_. The modern English _belfry_ is a
    corruption of _berfray_.
  Beryl, A. 110, 1011.
  Beryng, condition, state, behaviour, B. 1060, 1228.
  Best, beast, B. 288, 351.
  Beste, _sb._ best (one), A. 279.
  Besten, of beasts, B. 1446.
  Bete, (the fire) mend, repair, kindle, B. 627, _p.p._ _bet_, B. 1012.
    Prov.E. _beat_, to mend, repair. A.S. _btan_, (1) to improve,
    repair; (2) joined with _fyr_ to mend a fire, to light or make a
    fire, to kindle.
  Bete, save, A. 757. A.S. _btan_, to remedy. Du. _boeten_, mend, fine,
    expiate.
  Bet[gh] = bes, shall be, A. 611. Present tense with future
    signification.
  Beuerage, drink, liquor, B. 1433, 1717. Fr. _beuvrage_, from Lat.
    _bibere_.
  Bewar, beware, B. 292.
  Bewt, A. 765.
  Beyng, _sb._ being, existence, A. 446.
  Bibbe, sip, drink, B. 1499. Prov.E. _beb_. Du. _biberen_, to drink
    much.
      "Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 154.)
  Bicalt, becalled, called from, A. 1163.
      "The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden." --(T.B. 388.)
  Bi-cnv, acknowledged, B. 1327.
  Bidde, bide, abide. C. 51.
  Biden, _p.p._ of _bide_ = _abide_, B. 616.
  {Bifalle, Byfalle,} befal, A. 186.
  Bifore, before, A. 49.
  {Bigge, Bygge,} great, B. 43, _bygger_, A. 374.
  Bigge, build, B. 1666. A.Sax. _byggan_. Icel. _byggia_. O.Sw. _bygga_,
    build, also inhabit.
  Bigly, strongly, C. 321. See T.B. 904.
  Bigonne, began, B. 123.
  Bihynde, behind, B. 918.
  Biholde, behold, B. 150.
  Bihy[gh]t, promised, C. 29.
  Bikenne, give, hand over, B. 1296.
  Bilde, built, B. 1392.
  Bileue, remain, B. 1549.
  Bilooghe, below, B. 116.
  Birle, pour out, B. 1511. Prov.E. _burl_. A.S. _byrelian_, to give to
    drink.
      "And seruanz war at this bridale
      That _birled_ win in cupp and schal." --(Met. Hom. p. 120.)
  Birolled, berolled, B. 959.
  Biseche, beseech, B. 614.
  Biso[gh]ten, besought, C. 375.
  Bispeke, speak, C. 169.
  Bisyde, beside, B. 926.
  Bi-talt, aroused, A. 1161. A.S. _tealtian_, _tealtrian_; (1) to
    _tilt_, shake; (2) to be in danger. William of Shoreham uses one
    form of this word:
      "For [gh]ef that water his kende lest
      That cristninge stant _te-tealte_." --(Poems, p. 9.)
      "For if that water its kind loseth,
      That christening standeth tottery, insecure" (_i.e._ not binding).
  Biteche, give up to, entrust to, B. 871; pret. _bita[gh]t_.
  Bited, bit, C. 373.
  {Bienkke, Bienke,} bethink, B. 1357.
  Bio[gh]t, bethought, B. 125.
  Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61.
  Bityde, befall, B. 1804.
  Blade, B. 1105.
  Blake, black, A. 945; B. 747, 1449.
  Blame, _vb._ A. 275; B. 877, 1661; _sb._ B. 43.
  Blande, "in blande," together, B. 885. See _blende_.
  {Blasfamye, Blasfemyon,} B. 1661, 1712.
  Blayke, yellow, A. 27. Brockett has _blayke_ with the sense of yellow,
    of a golden colour. "_Bleyke_ of coloure." Pallidus, subalbus.
    (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Ther (in paradyse) were floures bothe blew and _blake_,
      Of alle frutes thei myth ther take." --(Cov. Myst. p. 2.)
  Bla[gh]t, white, A. 212, _p.p._ of _bleach_, just as _ra[gh]t_ is of
    _reach_. Sc. _blaucht_.
      "As _bla[gh]t_ ere thaire wedis
      As any snyppand snawe." --(K. Alex. p. 54.)
  Ble, colour, complexion, A. 76, 212; B. 791, 1759. Prov.E. _ble_,
    _bly_. A.S. _bleo_.
  Bleaunt, a robe of fine linen, A. 163. O.Eng. _bliant_, fine linen,
    W._llian_, linen. The _bl_ is merely an imitation of the Celtic
    _ll_.
      "A blewe _bleaunt_ obofe brade him al ovir." --(K. Alex. p. 167.)
  Blench, stratagem, device, B. 1202. O.N. _blekkia_.
  Blemyst, blemished, B. 1421. O.Fr. _blesmir_.
  {Blende, Blente,} blended, mingled, mixt. A. 385, 1016; B. 967, 1788.
    A.S. _blendian_. Icel. _blanda_, to mix.
  Blo = bla, blue, livid, pale. B. 1017; C. 134. O.H.G. _blao_, N.Fris.
    _bla_. O.Sc. _bla_.
  {Blober, Bluber,} = blubber, waves, C. 221, 266. Prov.E. _blubber_,
    bubble; _blob_, _bleb_, abubble. "_Blobure_ (blobyre, P.)
    Burbulium." (Prompt. Parv.) "_Blober_ upon water (or bubble)
    bouteillis." (Palsg.) "The water _blubbers_ up." (Baker,
    Northamptonshire Glossary.)
  Blod, a child, B. 686. Supposing the _bl_ to represent _ll_ we might
    refer it to the W. _llawd_, ayouth, _lad_. O.Sw. _g-lott_. Cf.
    _bliant_, _bleant_, from W. _llian_.
      "is Abel was a blissid _blod_,
      Bot Caim was the findes (devil's) fode (offspring)."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.)
  Blod, blood, A. 650.
  Blok, space, C. 272.
  {Blom, Blome,} flower, bloom, A. 578, B. 1467. Sw. _bloma_, aflower.
    Du. _bloeme_. Ger. _blume_. "_Blome_ flowre. Flos." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Blome[gh], blooms, flowers, A. 27.
  Blonk, horse, _pl._ _blonke[gh]_, B. 87, 1392. See T.B. 2371.
  Blonkken, _gen. pl._ of horses, B. 1412.
  Blosched, looked, C. 343. See _Blusch_.
  Blose = blese, blaze, flame. A. 911. Icel. _blossi_, a flame. A.S.
    _blaese_, atorch. Dan. _blus_.
  Blot, spot, blemish, defilement, A. 782.
    "Ye ben worthy, he saide, to be _blottede_ and _spottede_, foulede
    and defoulede with fenne (mire) and with drit of water (_luto
    inquinari_), and of blode, that in tyme of werre ne were nat be
    bespreynt, ne be wette with ennemyes blode." (Quoted by Way, from
    Roy. MS. 18, A. xii. B. iii. c. 10.)
  Blubrande = blubbering, bubbling, foaming, B. 1017. See _blobber_.
  Blunt, rushed, C. 272.
  Blunt, faint, A. 176. Icel. _blunda_, to sleep. Sw. _blunda_, to close
    the eyes. Dan. _blende_, to dazzle. Cf. "Blunt of wytte. Hebes."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  {Blusch, Blusche,} look, glance, A. 980, 1083, B. 904, 998, 1537.
    N.Prov.E. _blush_, resemblance. Cf. "At the first _blush_," at the
    first appearance, at first sight. Dan. _blusse_, to blaze, flame,
    glow. There seems to be an etymological connection with words
    signifying to look, glow, blaze, shine, etc.
      "The kyng _blyschit_ on the beryne (man) with his brode eghne."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 10.)
      "He _blusshed_ ouer backeward to e brodesee." --(See T.B. 1316.)
  {Blusnande, Blysnande,} shining, B. 1404. Icel. _blys_. Dan. _blus_,
    atorch. Du. _blos_, redness. Dan. _blusse_, to glow. Icel. _lysa_,
    to shine. Pl. D. _bleistern_, to glisten.
  Bluster, B. 886, to wander or stray about.
      "Ac there was wight noon so wys
      The wey thider kouthe,
      But _blustreden_ forth as beestes
      Over bankes and hilles." --(Piers Ploughman, p. 108.)
  Blwe, blue, A. 423.
  Blwe, blew, B. 885.
  Blykked, shone, B. 603. A.S. _blican_, glitter, dazzle. Ger.
    _blicken_, shine, glance, look. Du. _blicken_, glitter; _blick_,
    aflash.
      "Hire bleo _blyketh_ so bryht
      So feyr heo is ant fyn." --(Lyric Poems, p. 52.)
  Blyknande, shining, B. 1467.
  Blykned = blaykned, became black, B. 1759.
  Blynde, to become faded, dull, B. 1126.
  Blynne, cease, A. 729, B. 440, 1661, 1812. A.S. _blinnan_ (for
    _be-linnan_).
  {Blysfol, Blysful,} blissful, A. 279, 409.
  Blysnande, shining, A. 163. See _blusnande_.
  Blysned, shone, A. 1048.
  Blye, joy, A. 354. Blythe is still used as a noun in the North of
    England.
  Blyely, joyfully, A. 385.
  Bobaunce, boasting, Fr. _bobance_, B. 179, 1712.
  {Bod, Bode,} command, B. 979; C. 56. A.S. _bod_, _gebod_, command,
    precept, message. "_Bode_ or massage (_boode_, H.) nuncium."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bod = abode, _pret._ of _bide_ = abide, A. 62; B. 982; wait for,
    B.467.
  Bodworde, message, B. 473. See T.B. 6262.
  Bodyly, A. 478.
  Boffet, blast, B. 885.
  Boffete[gh], buffets, blows, A. 809; _boffet_, B. 43.
  Bok-lered, book-learned, B. 1551.
  Bold, bad, A. 806. A.S. _bld_, audacious. Sw. _bld_, proud, haughty,
    warlike. In early English writers the term was applied indifferently
    to men and women of bad character.
      "ou do me bote again is _bald_ (bad one)
      For al e soth I haf e tald."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48b.)
  Bol, bull, B. 1682; _pl._ _bole[gh]_, B. 55.
  Bole, the round stem of a tree, B. 622. It enters also into
    composition in the word _throte_-bolle. _Pl._ _bolle[gh]_, A. 76.
    Icel. _bolr_. Dan. _bul_. Sw. _bl_, trunk of a man's body. See
    T.B. 4960.
  Bolle, bowl, B. 1145, 1511. A.S. _bolla_. Icel. _bolli_.
  Bolled, embossed, B. 1464.
  Bolnande, swelling, B. 179.
  Bolne, swell, A. 18; B. 363. Icel. _bolgna_. Sw. _bulna_, to swell.
    In some early English works we find _bollen_ (ibol[gh]e) the
    _p.p._ of a verb _bol[gh]e_ = bulge, swell. "Bolnyn, Tumeo, turgeo,
    tumesco." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bonc, bank, A. 907.
  Bone, prayer, petition, command (= boon). A. 912, 916; B. 826. A.S.
    _ben_. S.Sax. _bone_. O.N. _bn_ rogatio. "_Bone_ or graunte of
    prayer (_boone_ P.) Precarium, peticio." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bone, good, B. 28.
  {Boner, Bonere,} good, B. 733.
  Bonert, goodness, A. 762.
  Bongre, willingly, agreeably to, C. 56. See _Gre_.
  Bonk, bank, hill, A. 931, B. 379. Ger. _bank_, bench, bank of a river,
    etc.
  Bor, bower, chamber, dwelling, A. 964. A.S. _bur_, achamber. Icel.
    _bur_. N.Prov.E. _boor_, aparlour.
  Bore, born, A. 239, B. 584.
  Borde, table, B. 1433, 1717.
  Borde, board of a vessel, B. 470; C. 211.
  Bore[gh], boars, B. 55.
  Borges, burgess; sometimes written _burgeise_, C. 366. O.Fr.
    _bourgeois_, from Lat. _burgensis_.
  Borgoun, to burgeon, bud forth, B. 1042. Fr. _bourgeon_, _bourjon_,
    young bud or sprig. Prov. Fr. _boure_, bud. Fr. _abourioner_, to bud
    or sprout forth. See T.B. 4964.
  Borlych, burly, B. 1488.
  Borne = burne, stream, water, B. 482; _borne[gh] heued_, head of the
    stream, source, A. 974. A.S. _burne_. Goth. _brunna_. Icel.
    _brunnr_. G. _born_, _brunnen_, well, spring.
  Bornyst, burnished, A. 77, 220, B. 554. Fr. _brunir_, to polish.
  Boro[gh]t = bro[gh]t, brought, A. 628.
  {Bor[gh], Bor[gh]e,} city, town, A. 957, 989, B. 45, 834, 1750. A.S.
    _burg_, _burh_. Goth. _baurgs_. Icel. _borg_.
  Bos = bus = behoves, B. 687.
  Bosk, take, B. 351; _boske_ to, go to, B. 834. See _Busk_.
  Boske[gh], bushes, B. 322. Icel. _buskr_.
  Bosum, bay, C. 107. Cf. N.Prov.E. _bosom_, the eddy.
      "Eneas and his feris on the strand
      Wery and forwrocht, sped thame to the nerrest land,
      And at the cost of Lyby arryvit he.
      Ane havyn place with a lang hals or entre
      Thar is, with an ile enveronyt on ather part,
      To brek the wallis and storm of every art,
      Within, the water in a _bosum_ gays." --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 33.)
  Bost, boast, arrogance. B. 179, 1450.
  Boster, boaster, B. 1499.
  Bostwys = busteous, boisterous, rough, fierce, A. 814. Pl. Du.
    _bster_, wild, fearful, savage. Cf. "_Boystows_, rudis." (Prompt.
    Parv.) _Bustus_, rudis, rigidus, to be _bustus_, rudere. (Cath.
    Angl.) The form _bostwys_ would seem to point to _bost_, boast, as
    the probable root.
  Bot, "to bot," to boot, B. 473.
  Bot, command, B. 944. A.S. _beot_, threat, promise.
  Bot, only, A. 18, 382, except, A. 972; _bot-if_, unless, B. 1110.
  Bote, saviour, A. 275, 645; remedy, safety, C. 163. A.S. _bt_,
    amends, atonement; _gebtan_, to make amends. Du. _boet_, remedy;
    _boeten_, to mend.
  Boe, booth, tent, C. 441.
  {Boem, Boom,} valley, dale, B. 383, 450; pit, sea, B. 1030.
    _Bottom_, avalley, is still used in many of our provincial
    dialects, and is a frequent element in local names. A.S. _botm_,
    lowest point, depth, abyss. Du. _bodem_. Germ. _boden_. Icel.
    _botn_.
  Bothem, bottom, C. 144.
  Boemle[gh], bottomless, B. 1022.
  {Bouel, Bowel,} bowel, gut, B. 1251; C. 293.
  Bougoun (?) B. 1416.
  Boun, (1) ready; (2) finished, A. 534, 992, 1103. See T.B. 827.
    N.Prov.E. _boun_. Icel. _bua_, to prepare, p.p._buinn_, prepared,
    ready.
  Bounden, fastened, B. 322; bound (_p.p._ of _binde_), A. 1103.
  Bounet, went, _pret._ of _boun_ or _bown_, to go, B. 1398. See _boun_.
    See T.B. 827, 5230.
      "And (he) _bownnes_ over a brode mede
      With breth (anger) at his herte." --(M. Arthure, p. 290.)
  Bount, goodness, B. 1436.
  Boure[gh] (bowers), chambers. B. 322. See _Bor_.
  Bourne = burne, man, A. 617.
  Bour[gh] = bor[gh], city, B. 1377. See _Bor[gh]_.
  Boute, without, B. 260, 824; C. 523.
  {Bow, Bowe,} to go, walk, literally, to bend (one's steps). A. 126,
    974; B. 45, 379, 482.
      "Forth heo gunnen _bugen_
      In to Bruttaine." --(La[gh]. 2, 410.)
      "The burd _bowet_ from e bede." --(T.B. 775.)
    A.S. _bgan_, to _bow_, _bend_, avoid, flee.
  Bowe, obey (bend to), C. 56, 75.
  Boy, a boy, youth, B. 878.
  Boye[gh], boys, men of low position, servants; generally used in a bad
    sense, "_boye[gh] bolde_," A. 806.
      "---- bot a _boye_ one (alone)
      Hoves by hym on a blonke (horse) and his spere holdes."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 211.)
      "I wende no Bretones walde bee basschede for so lyttille
      And fore bare-legyde _boyes_ that one the bente houys."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 178.)
  Bo[gh] = bow, go, A. 196; B. 1242, 1551. See _Bow_.
  Bo[gh]e, bough, B. 616, 1467.
  Bo[gh]t, bought, A. 651.
  Bo[gh]ted, curved, C. 449. A.S. _bugan_, to bend. Dan. _bugt_, bend,
    turn. Sc. _bought_, to fold, bend.
  Brade, broad, A. 138.
  Brake vp = break up, throw up, spew, C. 340. Ger. _sich brechen_. Du.
    _braeken_, to vomit. "_Brakyn_, or castyn or spewe. Vomo." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Braken (_brake_, _bracken_), fern, B. 1675, Sw. _brken_, Dan.
    _bregne_, Icel. _brok_, sedge. "A _brakane_ filix, a_brakan_,
    _buske_ filicarium." (Cath. Angl.)
  Braste, burst, C. 148.
  Brathe = bree, anger, ire, also fierceness. A. 1170; B. 916. O.N.
    _braedi_, anger. It sometimes signifies angry.
      "Bade hom blyn of hor _brathe_." --(T.B. 5075.)
      "For this word was Saul wrath,
      For oft-sith was he bremli brath."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.)
  Brae[gh], _pl._ of brae, A. 346.
  Braunches, B. 1464.
  Braundysch, display, A. 346.
  Bray, utter (aloud), roar, A. 346. Sw. _brka_.
  Brayde, brought, A. 712; aroused, awakened, A. 1170; "at a _brayde_,"
    at a start (Icel. at _bragdi_), at once, B. 539; "in a _brayd_," in
    a moment, B. 1507. O.N. _bregtha_, weave, move, brandish, seize,
    awake, to leap, start. _Bragth_, quick motion.
      "e Philistienes wituten les
      Ran on Sampson in a res,
      Bot Sampson at selcuth smert,
      Ute o air handes son he stert
      And gave a _braid_ sa fers and fast,
      at alle e bandes of him brast."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 40b.)
  Brayden, ornamented, _p.p._ of _braid_, B. 1481.
  Bred, bread, B. 636.
  {Brede, Bred,} = breed, become, B. 1558; replenish, A. 415, 814;
    B. 257.
  Brede, board, C. 184. "_Brede_ or lytylle borde. Mensula, tabula,
    tabella, asserulus." (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _bred_, plank, board, etc.
  Brede, breadth, A. 1030.
  Brede, stretch out, A. 814.
  Breed, bred, C. 143.
  Bref, short, brief, A. 268.
  Brek, broke, B. 1105, 1239.
  Breme, full, complete, A. 863. A.S. _breme_, famous, glorious.
  Breme, fierce, A. 346; B. 229; C. 430. Du. _bremen_, to burn with
    desire. Fris. _brimme_, to rage.
      "A _brem_ lowe." (T.B. 860.)
  Bremly, vigorously, B. 509.
  {Brend, Brende,} = brente, burnt, bright, A. 989; B. 1292.
  Brennande, burning, B. 1012.
  Brenne, burn, B. 509, 916.
  Brent, burnt, bright, A. 106.
  Brent, steep; _superl._ _brentest_, highest, B. 379. N.Prov.E.
    _brant_, steep. Sw. _brant_, steep, aprecipice.
      "A man may syt on a _brante_ hyll syde."
        --(Ascham's Toxoph. p. 58, ed. Arber.)
      "Apon the bald Bucifelon _brant_ up he sittes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 124.)
      "Thane come thai blesnande till a barme of a _brent_ lawe (hill)."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 164.)
  Brere, briar, B. 791, 1694. N.Prov.E. _brere_, _breer_. A.S. _brr_.
  Bresed, rough, like bristles, shaggy (?), B. 1694. Cf. Sc. _birs_,
    _birse_, bristle.
  Brest, attack, outburst, B. 229. N.Prov.E. _birst_, attack (Brockett).
    O.E. _burst_ = injury, A.S. _byrst_.
  Breste, to burst, B. 1783.
  {Breth, Brethe,} wind, C. 107, 138; smell, vapour, B. 509, 967. Cf.
    "_brethe_ of smoke." (Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, l.4727.) Sc.
    _broth_. Ger. _brodem_, _broden_, steam, vapour. A.S. _brth_, an
    odour, scent, breath. "_Brethe_ at his wille." (T.B. 1945.)
  Breth, wrath, B. 916. See _Brath_.
  Breue, tell, A. 755.
      "_Breve_ us thi name." (K. Alex. p.78.)
  Breued, related, written, B. 197. O.N. _brefa_.
  Breyed, rushed, B. 1421. See _Braid_.
  Brod, great; "_brod_ wonder," B. 584.
  Brode, broad, A. 650.
  {Brok, Broke,} brook, river, stream, A. 981; _pl._ _broke[gh]_.
    A. 1074, sea; C. 145. A.S. _broca_.
  Brom (broom), heath, C. 392. A.S. _brm_.
  Bronch, branch, B. 487.
  Bronde, sword, B. 1246. O.N. _brandr_.
  Brond, brand, B. 1012.
  Broe, angry, fierce, rough, B. 149, 1409. The original form in O.E.
    is _brathe_. It is connected with _brethe_, _brathe_, anger, wrath.
      "Wreth it es a _brath_ on-fall (outburst)
      Menging o mode that cums o galle."
        --(The Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)
  {Broely, Brolych,} fierce, rough, and hence vile, bad, B. 848, 1030;
    vilely, B. 1256; C. 474. The original form is _braly_, fiercely,
    vigorously.
      "Thoner o-loft fal sal he (Antichrist) gar,
      And tres _brathli_ blomes bere;
      _Brathli_ to do the see be reth (stormy)
      And _brathli_ to do it be smeth."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 124a.)
  Broun, brown, A. 537, 990.
  Browden, clustered, B. 1132.
  Bro[gh]t, brought, A. 286.
  Brugge = brigge, bridge, B. 1187. A.S. _bricge_.
  Brunt, blow, A. 174.
      "All at was bitten of the best (beast)
      was at a brunt dede." --(K. Alex. p. 134.)
  Brurd, border, edge, B. 1474. Sc. _breard_. A.S. _brerd_, _breard_,
    _briord_, _breord_, brim, margin, rim, shore, brink.
  Brurd-ful, brimful, full up to the brim, B. 383. Chaucer uses
    _bret-ful_ in the same sense.
  Brutage = bretage, parapets of a wall, ramparts, B. 1190. Fr.
    _breteche_.
  Bruxle, upbraid, reprove, C. 345. O.N. _brxla_, to reprove, reproach.
  Brych, filth, uncleanness, B. 848. The meaning here assigned to
    _brych_ is conjectural. Cf. Du. _brack_, refuse, damaged. Ger.
    _brechen_, to vomit, _Bryche_ as an adjective occurs in Robt.
    Brunne's "Handlyng Synne," p.182, where it is glossed low (loghe)
    _i.e._ vile.
      "Now ys Pers bycome _bryche_
      That er was bothe stoute and ryche."
    In the Romance of Alexander, ed. Stevenson, we find the form
    _bicchid_ = _briched_ (?). Cf. _shille_ and _shrille_, etc.
      "And on the a[gh]tent day, eftire the prime
      A basilisk in a browe, breis (annoys) thaim unfaire,
      A stra[gh]till and a stithe worme _stinkande_ of elde,
      And es so bitter, and so breme, and _bicchid_ (foul) in himselfe,
      That with the _stinke_ and the strenth he stroyes no[gh]t allane,
      Bot quat he settes on his si[gh]t, he slaes in a stonde."
        --(p. 165.)
  Bryd, lady, A. 769. A.S. _bryd_, a bride, a wife, woman.
  Brydde, bird, B. 288, 1482.
  Brydale, wedding, marriage, B. 142.
  {Brym, Brymme,} bank, shore, A. 232, 1074. Dan. _bremme_.
  Brymme, stream, water, B. 365. A.S. _brym_, the sea. In this sense
    _brymme_ seems to have been unknown to the Southern dialect.
      "O is water at sua stanc
      Wa was am at it nedings dranc,
      at toer oncom at him felle,
      Was frosse at na tung moght telle,
      at ute o _brim_ and brokes bred,
      And sien over al Egypte spred."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 32b.)
  Brynke[gh], brinks, banks, B. 384.
  Brynston, brimstone, B. 967.
  Bry[gh]t, _adj._ bright, A. 110; _sb._ bright one, A. 755.
  Bukke[gh], bucks, B. 392.
  Bulde, built, B. 1190.
  Bule[gh], bulls, B. 392.
  Bulk, stern of a ship. A.S. _bolca_, O.H.G. _pl._ _balkun_. Agiavia,
    loca per qu ad remiges acceditur. (Graff. iii. p.108.)
  {Bur, Burre,} blow, assault, A. 176; C. 7. O.Sc. _byr_, a blow.
    N.Prov. _birre_, _burr_. W. _bur_, violence, rage. See Wicliffe, St.
    Luke, viii. 33.
      "---- no buerne might ffor the _birre_ it abide."
        --(T.B. 170. Cf. T.B. 571, 1902.)
  Bur, wave, C. 148. Prov.E. _bore_. Icel. _bara_. O.Ger. _bare_. Du.
    _baar_, wave, billow. In La[gh]amon, vol. iii. p.121, _e beares_
    occurs in the latter version for _a ven_ of the older copy.
  Burde, behoved, A. 316; C. 117, 507. O.N. _byrjar_. Dan. _br_.
  Burde, a woman, lady. B. 80, 653. See _Bryd_. See T.B. 3984.
  {Burghe, Bur[gh], Bur[gh]e,} city, town, A. 980; B. 982; C. 366.
  Burne, man, A. 397, 712; B. 1202; "_burne[gh] & burde[gh]_," men and
    women, B. 80. A.S. _beorn_, warrior, hero.
  {Burnist, Burnyst,} burnished, B. 1085.
  Burre, blow, A. 176. See _bur_.
  Buren, burden, B. 1439.
  Butter, B. 636.
  Bur[gh], city, town, B. 1666. See _burghe_.
  {Busch, Busche,} = buske, to go, B. 1416; C. 143, 472.
      "& he (she) wist it as wel or bet as [gh]if it were hire owne,
      Til hit big was & bold to _buschen_, on felde."
        --(William and the Werwolf, p. 7.)
  Busily, laboriously, B. 1446.
  Busk, prepare, made ready, dress, to direct one's steps towards a
    place, to go, hasten. B. 142, 333, 351, 633, 1395; C. 437. Icel. _at
    buast_ (for _at buasc_) = _at bua sig_, to bend one's steps, to
    prepare, etc. See T.B. 1186.
  Busmar, scorn, mockery, B. 653. A.S. _bismer_, reproach, blasphemy.
  Bustwys, impetuous, fiery, A. 911. See _bostwys_.
  Busye[gh] = busies, troubles, A. 268.
  Buyrne = burne, man, C. 340. See _Burne_.
  Bycalle, call, A. 913.
  Bycalt, aroused, called, A. 1163.
  Bycom, became, A. 537.
  Byde, abide, A. 399; suffer, A. 664; B. 32; remain, B. 449, 622.
  Bydene, quickly, A. 196.
  Bye, buy, A. 732.
  Byfallen, befallen, B. 1629.
  Byfore, before, A. 530.
  {Bigge, Byge,} great, B. 229.
  {Byggyng, Bygyng,} building, A. 932; dwelling, B. 378. A.S. _byggan_,
    to build, Icel. _byggia_. See T.B. 1379.
  Bygly, great, strong; "_bygly bylde_," great building, A. 963. See
    T.B. 5216.
  {Bygonne, Bygonnen,} begun, _p.p._ of _byginne_, A. 33; B. 749; began,
    A. 549.
  Bygyn, begin, A. 547.
  Bygynner, beginner, A. 436.
  Byhelde, beheld, B. 452.
  Byhod, behoved, A. 928. Cf. _bud_, behoved; _bus_, behoves.
  Byholde, behold, A. 810; B. 64.
  {Byhynde, Byhynden,} behind, B. 653, 980.
  {Byld, Bylded,} built, See _Bulde_.
  Bylde, building, A. 727, 963.
  Bylyue, immediately, at once, quickly, B. 353, 610.
  Bynde, bine, woodbine, C. 444. Sw. _binda_. Ger. _winde_. Eng.
    _bind_-weed.
  Bynne, within, B. 452, 467.
  Byrled, poured out, B. 1715. See _Birle_.
  {Bysech, Byseche,} beseech, A. 390.
  Byseme, beseem, A. 310.
  Bysulpe, defile, B. 575. See _Sulpe_.
  Byswyke, defraud, A. 568. A.S. _swcan_, deceive.
  Bysyde, beside, B. 673.
  {Byta[gh]t, Byta[gh]te,} = betaught, entrusted, confided; _pret._ of
    _biteche_, A. 1207; B. 528.
  Byte, fierce, A. 355.
  Byenk, repent, B. 582.
  Bytterly, _adv._ B. 468.
  Bytwene, between, A. 140, 658.
  Bytwyste, betwixt, A. 464.
  Bytyde, betide, happen, A. 397; B. 522.
  Byye, buy, A. 478.
  By[gh]e, crown, A. 466; ring, collar, B. 1638. A.S. _beh_, _beg_,
    ring, collar, diadem.
  By[gh]onde, beyond, A. 141, 146, 158, 981.

  Cable, C. 102.
  Cace, case, chance, C. 265.
  {Cache, Cachche,} = catch, drive away, take away. (1) "_cache_ to,"
    run to, B. 629; (2) take, B. 898, 1252. _Cachche_, to knock
    together, B. 1541. _Cached_, caught, B. 1800. Prov. Fr. _cacher_.
    Fr. _chasser_. It. _cacciare_.
  Cachen (_3d pers. pl._ of _cache_), B. 16.
  Cagged, drawn along (?), B. 1254.
  Caggen (_3d pers. pl. pres._ of _cagge_), draw (?), A. 512.
      "Cables were _caget_ togedur." --(T.B. 3703.)
      "He plyes ovir the pavement with pallene webis.
      Mas on hi[gh]t ovir his hede for hete of the sone,
      Sylours of sendale to sele ovire the gatis,
      And sammes thaim on aither side with silken rapis,
      And then he _caggis_ up one
      Cordis, as curteyns it ware." --(K. Alex. p. 52.)
  Cal, _sb._ call, invitation, B. 61.
  Calder, colder, A. 320.
  Calle[gh], addresses, C. 411.
  Callyng, _sb._ proclamation, B. 1362. N.Prov.E. calling, notice.
      "_Callynge_, or clepyng to mete: Invitacio." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Calsydoyne, chalcedony, A. 1003.
  Cambe, came, A. 775.
  Canacle, B. 1461. M.Lat. _canicellus_, a little box, chest.
  Candel, C. 472.
  Candelstik, B. 1478.
  Capeles, horses, B. 1254. _Capul_ or _caple_, horse. Caballus.
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Capstan, B. 418.
  Captyuid, captivity, B. 1612.
  Caraldes, C. 159.
  Carayne, carrion, B. 459.
  Care, sorrow, A. 50, 371; B. 777. A.S. _cru_. Goth. _kara_.
  Careful, sorrowful, B. 770.
  Carf, carved, formed, C. 131.
  Carfully, sorrowfully, B. 1252.
  Carle, a low fellow, a churl, B. 876. A.S. _ceorl_, a man, countryman.
    Du. _kaerle_. Ger. _kerl_.
  Carneles, battlements, embrasures, B. 1382.
  Carpe, _sb._ discourse, A. 883; parable, B. 23; speech, B. 1327.
  Carpe, _vb._ to discourse, talk, speak, A. 381; B. 74; of carpe,
    discourse of, A. 752. "_Carpyn_ or talkyn, fabulor, confabulor,
    garrulo." (Prompt. Parv.) Port. _carpire_, cry.
  Carping, discourse, speech, B. 1550.
  Cas, case, A. 673.
  {Cast, Caste, Kest,} condition, A. 1163.
  Cast, look, B. 768.
  Casydoyne, B. 1471. See _Calsydoyne_.
  Catel, wealth, B. 1296.
  Cawse, reason, B. 65.
  Cause, A. 702.
  Cayre, to turn one's steps to a place, to go, A. 1031; B. 85, 901,
    1259. "Kaire to i londe," T.B. 836. A.S. _crran_. Ger. _kehren_.
    Du. _keeren_, to turn.
  Cayser, emperor, B. 1322.
  Caytif, wretched, B. 1426.
  {Ca[gh]t, Ca[gh]te,} caught, A. 50; ca[gh]te of, took off, A. 237;
    ca[gh]t away, B. 1275; C. 485. See _Cache_.
  Certe[gh], truly, B. 105.
  Cerue, cut, dig, B. 1547.
  Cet, city, A. 927.
  Ceuer, recover, reach, A. 319.
  Chace, drive, A. 443.
  Chambre, A. 904; B. 1586.
  Chapel, A. 1062.
  Charde, turned, A. 608. A.S. _crran_, to turn, avert. Cf. _ajar_,
    older form a-_char_, on-_char_.
  Charged, commanded, B. 464.
  Charged, loaded, B. 1154, 1295.
  Chariote, B. 1295.
  Charyt, A. 470.
  Chast, chasten, B. 860.
  Chastyse, B. 543.
  Chaufen, heat, increase, B. 128.
  Chaunce, chance, B. 1125.
  Chaundeler, candlestick, B. 1272.
  Chaunge, change, B. 1588.
  Chawle[gh], jaws, C. 268. N.Prov.E. _chavel_. A.S. _ceafl_. S.Sax.
    _cheuele_. Cp. the vulgar phrase "cheek by _jowl_."
  {Chayer, Chayere,} chair, seat, A. 885; B. 1218.
  Chef, chief, B. 684, 1238.
  Cheftayn, chieftain, B. 1295.
  Chekke, B. 1238.
  Chere, cheer, A. 407; countenance, A. 887. Prov. Sp. _cara_, O.Fr.
    _chiere_, countenance, favour, look.
  {Cheryche, Cherisch,} cherish, B. 128, 543, 1154, 1644.
  Ches, chose (_pret._ of _chese_), A. 759.
  Cheualrye, chivalry, B. 1238.
  Cheue, achieve, accomplish, B. 1125. Fr. _achever_, to bring to a
    head, accomplish. Fr. _chevir_, to compass.
  {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} chieftain, A. 605; B. 464. O.Fr.
    _chevetaine_.
  {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300.
  Chorles, churl, B. 1258. See _Carle_.
  Chos, went. See "chosen," T.B. 490.
  Chyche, niggard, A. 605. Fr. _chice_, avarice. _Chynche_ and _kynche_
    are other forms of the same word.
  Chyde, A. 403.
  Chyldryn, (_gen. pl._) of children, B. 684.
  Chylled = chilled, shivered, became cold, C. 368.
  Chysly = choysly, aptly, well, B. 543.
  Ciences, sciences, knowledge, B. 1289.
  Clam (_pret._), climbed, B. 405.
  Clambe (_2 sing. pret._), climbedst, A. 773.
  Clanner, cleaner, B. 1100.
  {Clanly, Clanlych,} cleanly, purely, A. 2; B. 264, 1089, 1327; neatly,
    B. 310. T.B. 53.
  Clannes, clannesse, cleanness, purity, B. 1, 12, 1809.
  Claryoun, clarion, B. 1210.
  {Clater, Clatter,} shatter, B. 912.
      "So hard was she beseged soth for to telle,
      And so harde sautes to the cite were [gh]euen,
      That the komli kerneles were to-_clatered_ with engines."
        --(William and the Werwolf, p. 103.)
  Clatering, clattering, B. 1515. Du. _klateren_, to rattle.
  Clat[gh], clash, clatter, B. 839. Ger. _klatschen_, to clap;
    _klatsch_, slap, clash.
  Clawres, claws, B. 1696. _Clawres_ is perhaps an error for _clawes_.
    It may, however, be another form of O.E. _clever_, _claver_, aclaw.
    Du. _klaveren_, _kleveren_. N.Prov.E. _claiver_, to claw oneself up,
    to scramble.
  Clay, B. 312. _Clay_-daubed, B. 492.
  Clayme, call for, cry for, B. 1096.
  Cleche, receive, take, B. 12. "_Cleches_ to," takes, lays hold of,
    B.634. Sc. _cleik_, _clek_, _cluke_, claw, hook; _cleke_, _cleik_,
    catch, snatch. O.Sw. _klaencka_, to snatch, seize.
  Clef, cleft, split (_pret._ of _cleve_), B. 367.
  Clem, claim, A. 826.
  Cleme, daub, plaster with clay, B. 312. N.Prov.E. _cleam_. _Clam_, to
    daub, glue. S.Prov.E. _cloam_, earthenware; _clomer_, apotter. A.S.
    _clem_, _clm_, clay; _clmian_, to _clam_, smear.
      "I stoppe thys ouyn wythowtyn dowte,
      With clay I _clome_ yt uppe ryght fast,
      That non heat cum [ther] owte."
        --(The Play of the Sacrament, p. 132.)
  Clene, perfect, whole, B. 1731.
  Clenge, cling, stick, B. 1034. Dan. _klynge_, to cluster, crowd.
    S.Prov.E. _clunge_, to crowd, squeeze; _clungy_, sticky.
  Clente, clenched, fastened, A. 259. Cf. _queynte_ = quenched,
    _dreynte_ = drenched.
  Clepe, to call, B. 1345. A.S. _clypian_.
  {Cler, Clere,} clear, A. 2, 207; bright, A. 620, 735; plain, B. 26.
  Clergye, learning, B. 1570.
  Clerke[gh], clerks, scholars, B. 193.
  Clernes, clearness, beauty, B. 1353.
  Clee, clothe, B. 1741.
  {Cle[gh]t, Cly[gh]t,} = clutched, fastened, (_p.p._ of _cleche_),
    B. 858; fixed, B. 1655.
  Clobbe[gh], clubs, B. 839.
  Clos, enclosure, house, B. 839.
  Clos, closed, A. 183; B. 12.
  Closed, enclosed, B. 310.
  Clot, mount, hill, A. 789. In the "Owl and Nightingale," 999, we find
    _clude_, a hill. A.S. _cld_. Low Ger. _kloot_, ahill.
  Clot, soil, earth, A. 22, 320. Du. _klot_, _klotte_, clod, clot.
  Clotte[gh], clods, A. 857.
  Clo, sail, C. 105.
  {Cloutes, Clowte[gh],} pieces, B. 367, 965.
  Cloystor, cloister, A. 969.
  Cluchche, clutch, B. 1541.
  Clustered, B. 367, 951. See T.B. 1647.
  Clutte, clouted, patched (?), B. 40. A.S. _clt_, a clout.
  Clyde, plaister (?), B. 1692. A.S. _clitha_. Cf. "_Clyte_, _clete_, or
    vegge (_clete_ or wegge, K.) cuneus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Clyffe, cliff, A. 159; B. 405, 965.
  Clyket, clicket, latch, B. 858. Prov. Fr. _cliche_, a latch, bolt.
    _Clyket_ of a dore, _clicquette_. (Palsgrave.)
  Clynge, wither, decay, A. 857. A.S. _clingan_.
  Clyppe, fasten, B. 418. A.S. _clyppan_, to embrace.
      "I wold yonder worthy weddit me hade,
      So comly, so cleane to _clippe_ uppon nightes." --(T.B. 474.)
  Clypper, shearer, A. 802.
  {Clyue, Clyuy,} cleave, cling to, B. 1630, 1692. Du. _kleeven_,
    _klijven_, to fasten. A.S. _clfan_.
  Clyuen, cleave, A. 1196.
  Cly[gh]t, clutched, stuck, B. 1692.
  Cnawe, know, acknowledge, C. 519.
  Cnawyng, _sb._ knowledge, A. 859.
  Cnoken, knock, A. 727.
  Cob-hous = cov (cow)-house (?), B. 629. _Cob_ may be another form of
    Prov. Ger. _colb_, aheifer.
  Cof, quickly, B. 60, 898; quick, B. 624. A.S. _cf_, quick, expert.
  {Cofer, Cofere,} coffer, chest, coffin, A. 259; ship, ark, B. 310,
    339; jewel box, 1428. Fr. _coffre_.
  Cofly, quickly, B. 1428.
  Coge, boat, C. 152. _Cogges_ with cablis cachyn to londe, T.B. 1077.
  Cokre[gh], cockers, a kind of rustic high shoes or half boots fastened
    with laces or buttons, B. 40. "_Cocur_ boote. Ocrea. coturnus."
    (Prompt. Parv.) The term is still used in the north of England =
    gaiters, leggings.
  Cole, coal, B. 456.
  Cole, cool, C. 452.
  Colde, great, severe, A. 50; "_care[gh]_ colde," great sorrow, A. 808.
  Coler, collar, B. 1569, 1744.
  Colored, B. 456.
  Colour, A. 753.
  Coltour = coulter, (of a plough), B. 1547. Fr. _coultre_. Lat.
    _culter_.
  Colwarde, deceitful, B. 181. See note on this word. Cf. _kolsipe_
    (col-ship), deceit.
  Comaunde, B. 1428.
  Combre, to trouble, destroy, B. 901, 1024. Du. _kommer_, _kombre_,
    loss, adversity, care, grief.
  Combraunce, trouble, B. 4. See T.B. 726.
  Come, _sb._ coming, arrival, A. 1116; B. 467
      "Of his _come_ fayne." --(T.B. 975.)
  Comende, B. 1.
  {Comfort, Comforte,} _sb._ A. 55, 357.
  {Comly, Comlych,} comely, A. 259; B. 546.
  Commune, common, A. 739.
  Comparisune, _vb._ compare, B. 161.
  Compas, A. 1072, B. 319, 1455.
  Compast, B. 697.
  Compaynye, company, B. 119.
  Comyne, B.   . See T.B. 12863.
  Con = can, did (used as an auxiliary of the past tense), A. 453;
    B. 1561; _cone[gh]_, didst, A. 482.
  Conacle = canacle, cup, B. 1515.
  Conciens, conscience, A. 1089.
  Concubine, B. 1353.
  Condelstik, candlestick, B. 1275.
  Confourme, conform, B. 1067.
  {Coninge, Connyng,} wisdom, science, B. 1611, 1625.
  Conquere, B. 1431, 1632.
  Conquerour, B. 1322.
  Conquest, conquered, B. 1305.
  Consayue, conceive, B. 649.
  Conterfete, counterfeit, feign, B. 13.
  Contrar, contrary, B. 4, 266; in _contrary_, opposite, B. 1532.
  Controeued, contrived, B. 266.
  Contryssyoun, contrition, A. 669.
  Conueye, guide, B. 678, 768.
  Cooste[gh], properties, B. 1033.
  Coperounes, tops, B. 1461. "_Coporne_ or _coporoun_ of a thyng
    (_coperone_, K.H. _coperun_, P.), capitellum." (Prompt. Parv.) "The
    Catholicon explains _capitellum_ as signifying merely the capital of
    a column, but in the Medulla it is rendered '_summa pars capitis_.'"
    (A.Way, in Prompt. Parv.)
  Coppe, top; "hyl _coppe_," A. 791. A.S. _copp_, head, top, apex.
      "Now bowis forth this baratour and bidis na langir,
      Up at a martene mountane, he myns with his ost,
      And viii daies bedene the dri[gh]e was and mare,
      Or he mi[gh]t covir to the _copp_, fra the cave undire."
        --(K. Alex. p. 163.)
  Corage, heart, B. 1806.
  Corbyal, raven, B. 456.
  Cordes, C. 153.
  Coroun, _sb._ A. 237; _vb._ A. 415, 767.
  Cors, course, B. 264.
  Corse, corpse, A. 320.
  Corse, to curse, B. 1032, 1583.
  Corsye, corrosive, B. 1034.
  {Cortays, Cortayse,} courteous, A. 433; B. 512; pure, B. 1089.
  Cortaysye, courtesy, A. 468, 480; good conduct, B. 13.
  Cortaysly, courteously, A. 381; kindly, B. 564, 1435.
  Corte, court, A. 701.
  Cortel, kirtle, A. 203. A.S._cyrtel_. Dan. _kjortel_, a garment either
    for a man or woman.
  Corte[gh], courteous, A. 754.
  Corupte, B. 281.
  Coruen (_p.p._ of _kerue_), cut, reaped. A. 40; B. 1407.
  Cost, contrivance, B. 1478. A.S. _costian_. O.Sw. _kosta_. Du.
    _koste_, to try, attempt. This word is sometimes written _cast_.
    See "William and the Werwolf," p.167.
  Cost, coost, property, B. 1024, 1033.
  Cost, coast, border, side, B. 85.
  Costoum, custom, B. 851.
  Coumforde, comfort, A. 369.
  {Counseyl, Counsayl,} counsel, A. 319; B. 683, 1201.
  Counte, B. 1685, 1731.
  Countenaunce, appearance, B. 792.
  Counterfete, defraud, A. 556.
  Countes, countess, A. 489.
  Courtaysye, courtesy, A. 457.
  Cout, cut, B. 1104.
  Couthe, knew, known, B. 813, 1054.
  Coueyte, covet, desire, B. 1054.
  {Couenaunde, Couenaunt,} covenant, A. 562, 563.
  Couetyse, covetousness, B. 181.
  Cowpe, cup, B. 1458.
  Cowe, could; cowe[gh], couldst, A. 484.
  Cowwardely, cowardly, B. 1631.
  Coyntyse, skill, craft, B. 1287. _Coint_, skilful, occurs in
    T.B. 125.
      "hir _coint_ artys."
    Cf. _Coyntly_, T.B. 164.
  Crafte, power, wisdom; _pl._ crafte[gh], A. 356; contrivance, A. 890;
    power, C. 131.
  Crage[gh], crags, B. 449.
  Crak, sound, B. 1210.
  Craue, ask, pray for, A. 663; beg, B. 801.
  Crede, creed, A. 485.
  Cresse, cress, A. 343.
  Creste, A. 856.
  Croked, bad, B. 181.
  Croke[gh], reapinghooks, sickles, A. 40.
  Crone[gh], cranes, B. 58.
  Crossayl, cross-sail, C. 102.
  Crouke[gh], croaks, B. 459.
  Cruppele[gh], cripples, B. 103.
  Cry, proclamation, B. 1574.
  {Crysolite, Crysolyt,} chrysolite, A. 1009.
  Crysopase, chrysoprasus, A. 1013.
  Crystal, A. 159.
  Cumly, A. 929. See _Comly_.
  Cupborde, B. 1440.
  {Cupyde, Cubit,} B. 315, 319, 405.
  Cumfort, C. 485.
  Cupple, pair, B. 333.
  Cure, care, A. 1091.
  Curious, B. 1353.
  {Cyt, Cet,} city, A. 927, 939.

  Dale, B. 384 (phrase: "doun and _dale[gh]_," hill and dale), A. 121.
  Dalt, dealt, fulfilled, B. 1756.
  Dam, stream, A. 324; the deep, B. 416. Icel. _dammr_. Dan. _dam_,
    afish pond.
  Dampned, damned, condemned, A. 641.
  Dampped, quelled, B. 989. Ger. _dampfen_, to suffocate, choke. Du.
    _dempen_. Sw. _dmpa_, to extinguish, repress, damp.
  Damysel, damsel, A. 489.
  Dare, to tremble, be afraid, A. 839. Sw. _darra_, to tremble, shake.
  Dard = dured, endured, A. 609.
  Daschande, dashing, C. 312.
  Dasande, stupefying, B. 1538.
  Dase, lie hid, cower, C. 383. Cf. _dare_, to lie hid, cower. For the
    interchange of _r_ and _s_ compare O.E. _gaure_, to gaze.
  Dased, stupid, frightened, A. 1085. Sc. _dozen_, _dosen_, to stupefy,
    benumb. Du. _daesen_, to lose one's wits; _daes_, _dwaes_, foolish,
    mad. (Kil.) Prov. Ger. _dasen_, to be still.
      "For he was _dased_ of the dint and half dede him semyd."
        --(K. Alex. p. 136.)
  Date, A. 492; limit, A. 493; time, A. 504, 516; age, A. 1040.
  Daube, daub, plaister, B. 313, 492. Prov.E. _daub_, clay. "_Dawber_ or
    cleyman; _dawbyn_, lino, muro." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Daunce, dance, A. 345.
  Daunger, power, A. 11; insolence, B. 71.
  Dawande, dawning, C. 445. A.S. _dagian_, to become day. Icel. _dagan_,
    dawn.
  Dawe[gh], days; "don out of _dawe[gh]_," deprived of life, dead,
    A. 282.
  Dayly, A. 313.
  Daynty, B. 38, 1046.
  Day-rawe, daybreak, B. 893; _rawe_ or _rewe_ signifies a _streak_. Cf.
    _day-rim_, in "Owl and Nightingale," l.328.
      "Qwen the _day-rawe_ rase, he rysis belyfe." --(K. Alex. p. 14.)
  Da[gh]ed, dawned, became day, B. 1755. See _Dawande_.
  Debate, strife, contest, A. 390.
  Debonere, gracious, courteous, kind, A. 162; B. 830.
  Debonert, goodness, A. 798; C. 418.
  Dece = dese, seat of honour, B. 38, 1399. See _Dese_.
  Declar, explain, B. 1618.
  Declyne, A. 333.
  Decre, decree, B. 1745; C. 386.
  Dedayn, disdain, displeasure, B. 74; C. 50.
  Defence, prohibition, B. 243, 245.
  Defoule, defilement, C. 290.
  Defowle, to defile, B. 1129, 1147.
  Degre, degree, condition, B. 92.
  Degres, steps, A. 1022.
  Dekenes, deacons, B. 1266.
  Dele, deal, distribute, give, A. 606; exchange, B. 1118.
  Dele, utter, B. 344.
  Dele (dole), sorrow, A. 51.
  Deled, dealt, C. 193.
  Delful, doleful, sorrowful, B. 400.
  Delfully, dolefully, sorrowfully, A. 706.
  Delyt, delight, A. 642, 1116.
  Delyuer, delivered, B. 1084.
  Delyuer, deliver, A. 652; B. 500.
  Deme, deem, judge, A. 312, 313; B. 1118; utter, decree, B. 1745;
    C. 119; call, name, B. 1020, 1611. A.S. _dman_.
  {Demerlayk, Demorlayk,} magic, glamour, B. 1561, 1578. S.Sax.
    _dweomer-lake_, magic. A.S. _dweomere_, ajuggler.
      "And all this _demerlayke_ he did bot be the devylle craftes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 15.)
  Demme, _vb._ become faded, lost, A. 223. A.S. _dem_, damage, hurt,
    loss.
  Demmed = dammed, collected (?), B. 384. A.S. _demman_, to dam, stop
    water. Carr gives _demin_, aterm applied to clouds when collected
    in masses. Sw. _dmma_. O.Fris. _demma_, to stop, obstruct.
  Dene, vale, dale, A. 295. A.S. _dene_, _denu_.
  Denely, loud, A. 51.
  Denned, resounded. If it does not signify _dinned_, it must mean
    settled, took up its abode. A. 51.
  Denounce, renounce, forsake, B. 106.
  Departe, separate, part, A. 378; B. 396, 1677.
  Depaynt, painted, adorned, A. 1102.
  {Dep, Depe,} profound, A. 406; B. 1609.
  Depres, depress, A. 778.
  Depryue, A. 449; take away, B. 185.
  Dere, _vb._ to harm, injure, A. 1157; B. 862. See T.B. 1260. A.S.
    _derian_, to hurt, damage, injure.
  Dere, precious, A. 400; valuable, B. 1792. A.S. _dere_, dear,
    precious.
  Dere, dear ones, A. 777.
  {Derelych, Derely,} = dearly, beautifully, excellently, A. 995; very,
    B. 270.
  Dere[gh], _sb._ harms, injuries, A. 102. See T.B. 920. A.S. _dar_,
    _daru_, hurt, harm.
      "Thai dre[gh]e him up to the drye (land),
          and he na _dere_ sufird."
        --(K. Alex. p. 189.)
  Derf, great, bold, B. 862. O.N. _diafr_. Sw. _djerf_, strong, bold. "A
    _derfe_ dragon," T.B. 166. "Dang him _derffly_ don in a ded hate."
    _Ib._ 1339.
  Derfly, quickly, B. 1641; C. 110.
  Derk, dark, B. 1020; C. 263; night, B. 1755. A.S. _deorc_.
  Derne, _adj._ secret, hidden, B. 588, 1611; _adv._ secretly, B. 697.
    See T.B. 1962. A.S. _dearn_, dark, secret, hidden.
  Derrest, dearest, B. 115, 1306.
  Dere = dearth, preciousness, value, worth, A. 99. See _Dere_.
  Deruely = derfely, quickly, B. 632.
  Derworth, precious, beautiful, A. 109. See _Dere_.
  {Des, Dese,} dais, seat of honour, A. 766; B. 115, 1394.
  Desert, C. 84.
  Desserte, desert, A. 595.
  Deseuered, severed, C. 315.
  Dessypele, disciple, A. 715.
  Destyn, A. 758; C. 49.
  Desyre, B. 545.
  Determynable, A. 594.
  Deuine, _sb._ divine, B. 1302; _vb._ B. 1561.
  Deuinores, diviner, B. 1578.
  Deuote, devout, A. 406.
  Deuoutly, B. 814.
  Deuoyde, do away with, destroy, A. 15; B. 908.
  {Deuyce, Deuyse, Deuice,} devise, imagine, B. 1046, 1100; describe,
    A.99, 984; order, B. 110, 238.
  Deuyse, _sb._ device, A. 139.
  Deuysement, description, A. 1019.
  Devoydynge, putting away, _sb._ B. 544.
  Dewoutly, devoutly, C. 333.
  Dewoyde = devoyde, C. 284.
  Dewyne = dwine, pine, A. 11.
  Deystyn, destiny, B. 400.
  {De[gh]ter, De[gh]teres, De[gh]tters,} daughters, B. 270, 866, 899,
    933, 939. See T.B. 1489.
  Dialoke, discourse, B. 1157.
  Dispayred, in despair, C. 169.
  Display, B. 1107.
  Displese, C. 1.
  Dispit, spite, C. 50.
  Dispoyled, stripped, C. 95.
  Disserued, B. 613.
  Disstrye, destroy, B. 907, 1160.
  Disserne, discern, C. 513.
  Dissert, desert, C. 12.
  Distres, B. 880, 1160.
  Diuinit, B. 1609.
  Ditte[gh], stops up, closes, B. 588. N.Prov.E. _ditt_, to stop up.
    A.S. _dyttan_.
  Di[gh]e, die, C. 488.
  Di[gh]te, order, arrange, B. 1266. A.S. _dihtan_, to set in order,
    dispose, arrange, direct, etc.
  Do, doe, "_daunce as any do_," A. 345.
  Dobler, dish, B. 1146. O.Fr. _doublier_.
  Doc, duke, A. 211.
  {Doel, Dol,} sorrow, A. 326, 339, 642; B. 852.
  Dole, part, A. 136.
  {Dom, Dome,} doom, judgment, purpose, A. 157, 580, 667; B. 597;
    command, B. 632; doom, C. 203.
  Dongoun, dungeon, B. 1224.
  Dool, part, B. 216.
  Dool (dole), sorrow. See _Doel_.
  Doole, gift, B. 699.
  Dor, door, B. 320.
  Dotage, folly, B. 1425.
  Dote, act foolishly, B. 286, 1500; C. 125; be astonished, frightened,
    B. 852. Sc. _doit_. Icel. _dotta_, to slumber. Du. _doten_,
    _dutten_, delirare, desipere. (Kilian.) "Maddyn, or _dotyn_,
    desipio." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Doted, foolish, wicked, C. 196. N.Prov.E. _doited_, stupid.
  Dotel, a fool, B. 1517.
  Doun, down, A. 230.
  Doun, down, hill, A. 121.
  Doungoun, dungeon, A. 1187.
  Doured, grieved, mourned, C. 372. Sc. _dour_.
  Dousour, sweetness, A. 429.
  Doute, doubt, A. 928.
  {Douth, Doue,} brave, noble, A. 839, B. 270, 597, A.S. _duguth_, the
    nobility, senate, etc. _Dugeth_, good, virtuous. _Dugan_, to profit,
    avail, be good, etc.
  {Doune, Dovene,} a female dove, B. 469, 481. Cf. O.E. _wulvene_, a
    female wolf, and E. _vixen_, afemale fox.
  Dowe, avail, profit, B. 374; C. 50. See T.B. 5001. See _Douth_.
  Dowelle, dwell, B. 376, 1770; C. 69.
  Downe, dove, B. 485.
  Downe[gh], downs, hills, A. 73, 85.
  Dowyne, dwine, pine, A. 326.
  Dowrie, B. 185.
  Do[gh]ter, daughter, B. 814.
  Do[gh]ty, doughty, valiant, B. 1182, 1791. See _Douthe_.
  Do[gh]tyest, bravest, B. 1306.
  Dra[gh], draw, A. 699.
  Dra[gh]t = draught, character, B. 1557.
  Drede, doubt, A. 1047.
  Drepe, to kill, slay, B. 246; destroy, B. 599, 1306.
      "This stone with his stremys stroyed all the venym,
      And _drepit_ the dragon to the dethe negh." --(T.B. 929.)
    A.S. _drepan_. O.N. _drepa_.
  Dresse, order, direct, prepare, A. 495, 860; B. 92; _pret._ _dressed_,
    _drest_.
  Dreue, drive, A. 323.
  Dreued, drove, went, A. 980.
  Dre[gh]e = dreghe, suffer, endure, B. 1224. Sc. _dree_. A.S.
    _dregan_, to bear, suffer, endure. Cf. "dyntes full _dregh_."
    T.B. 935.
  Dre[gh]ly, sorrowfully, B. 476. See T.B. 2379.
  Drof, drove, A. 30, 1153.
  Drouy, turbid, B. 1016. A.S. _drfe_, muddy, foul; _drfan_, to
    trouble, make turbid. O.E. _drove_, to trouble. Goth. _drobjan_, to
    trouble. Du. _droeven_. "_Drovy_ turbidus, turbulentus." (Cath.
    Ang.)
    "He (the fool-large) is like to an hors that seketh rather to
    drynke _drovy_ watir and trouble, than for to drinke water of the
    welle that is cleer." (The Persones Tale: _Remedium contra
    avariciam_.)
  Drowned, was drowned, B. 372.
  Dro[gh], drew, A. 1116; B. 71; _pl._ _dro[gh]en_, B. 1394.
  Dro[gh]the = drouthe, drought. A.S. _druguth_. Du. _drooghte_. Sc.
    _drouth_, from A.S. _dryg_. Du. _droogh_, dry.
  Druye, dry, B. 412; dry land, B. 472.
  Drwry, dreary (?), A. 323.
  Drwry = drury, love, B. 699, 1065. O.Fr. _druerie_, _drurie_.
  {Dry[gh], Dry[gh]e,} dry, B. 385.
  {Dry[gh], Dry[gh]e,} heavy, sorrowful, A. 823; B. 342.
  Dry[gh]e, suffer, B. 372, 400, 1032. See _Dre[gh]e_.
  {Dry[gh]ly, Dry[gh]lych,} strongly, rapidly, A. 125; wrathfully,
    angrily, B.74, 344; C. 235.
  Dry[gh]tyn, Lord, A. 349; B. 1065. A.S. _drihten_.
  {Dubbed, Dubbet,} decked, A. 73, 97, 202; adorned, B. 115. See T.B.
    1683.
  Dubbement, adornment, A. 121.
  Dublere, a dish, B. 1279. See _Dobler_.
  Due, A. 894; C. 49.
  Duk, duke, B. 38, 1182; leader, B. 1771.
  Dumpe, be dashed, fall, C. 362.
      "_Dumpe_ in e depe." --(T.B. 1996.)
      "an sal e rainbow descend,
      In hu o galle it sal be kend;
      Wit e wind sal it melle,
      And drive am dun alle until helle;
      And _dump_ the devels ider in,
      In air bale alle for to brin."
        --(_Signa Ante Judicium_, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)
  Dungen, _3d pers. pl. pret._ of _ding_, to beat, B. 1266. Sw. _dnga_.
      "So _dang_ he at dog with dynt of his wappon." --(T.B. 302.)
  Dunne, dun, A. 30. See T.B. 925.
  Dunt, blow. See _Dynt_.
  Durande, lasting, during, A. 336.
  Dure, last, B. 1021; C. 488.
  Dusched, struck, B. 1538. Sc. _dusche_, to smite; _dusch_, a blow.
      "All _dusshet_ into the diche." --(T.B. 4776.)
    Dan. _daske_, to slap. Icel. _dust_ a blow.
  Dutande, shutting, closing (from _dutte_, to shut), B. 320. See
    _Ditte[gh]_.
  Dutte, fasten, close, B. 1182. Prov.E. _dyt_, stop up. O.N. _ditta_.
  Dych, ditch, A. 607; B. 1792.
  Dyd, caused, A. 306.
  Dylle = dull, slow, sluggish, foolish, A. 680. N.Prov.E. _dull_, hard
    of hearing. O.N. _dilla_, lallare.
  Dym, black, B. 1016.
  Dymly, secretly, C. 375.
  Dymme, dark, B. 472.
  Dyn, noise, B. 862.
      "All _dynnet_ the _dyn_ the dales aboute." --(T.B. 1197.)
  Dyngne, worthy, C. 119.
  Dyngnet, dignity, B. 1801.
  Dynt, blow, C. 125.
  Dyscreuen, describe, A. 68.
  Dyscouere, reveal, make known, B. 683.
  Dysheriete, disinherit, B. 185.
  Dysplese, to be displeased, A. 422; to displease, A. 455; B. 1136.
  Dyspyt, spite, B. 821.
  Dyssente, descend, A. 627.
  Dysstrye, destroy, B. 520.
  Dystresse, distress, A. 280, 337.
  Dystryed, destroyed, A. 124.
  Dyt, doeth, A. 681.
  Dy[gh]e, die, A. 306.
  Dy[gh]t, decked, A. 202, 987; ordered, prepared, B. 243, 632;
    ordained, C. 49; placed, seated, A. 920; B. 1794.
  Dy[gh]tte[gh], causest, C. 488.

  Efte, again, A. 328; afterwards, A. 332; B. 562.
  Egge = _edge_, hill, B. 451.
  Egge, edge (of a knife), B. 1104; of a hill, B. 383. A.S. _ecge_. O.N.
    _egg_, edge. Du. _egghe_, an angle, corner, angle. Ger. _ecke_,
    acorner.
  Eggyng, instigation, B. 241. Prov.E. "egg on." O.N. _egg_, an edge;
    _eggia_, to sharpen, and hence instigate.
  Elde, age, B. 657; C. 125. A.S. _eld_, _yld_, age.
  Elle[gh], else, otherwise, A. 32; 724; so that, B. 466.
  {Emerad, Emerade,} emerald, A. 118, 1005.
  Emperise, empress, A. 441.
  {Empire, Empyre,} A. 454; B. 540, 1332.
  {Enaumayld, Enaumaylde,} enamelled, B. 1411, 1457.
  Enbaned, supported (?), B. 1459. Sir F. Madden renders it
    _ornamented_.
  Enclose, B. 334.
  Enclynande, inclining, bowing, A. 236.
  Enclyned, prone, B. 518.
  {Enclyin, Enclyne,} incline, A. 630, 1206.
  Encres, increase, A. 959.
  Encroche, approach, A. 1117; receive, C. 18.
  Ende, die, B. 402; _on ende_, to death, C. 426. Cf. _ender-day_, and
    _ending_ day = the day of one's death.
  Endele[gh], endless, A. 738.
  Endente, A. 639, 1012.
  Endentur, crevices, holes, B. 313. O.Fr. _endenter_, to notch, jag.
  Endorde, adored, A. 368.
  {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082.
  Endyte, indite, A. 1126.
  Ene, once; _at ene_, at once, A. 291; _at ene_, at one, A. 953. A.S.
    _ne_, once.
  Enfaminied, famished, B. 1194.
  Enforsed, forced, B. 938.
  Engendered, begat, B. 272.
  Enherite, inherit, B. 240.
  Enle = enely (? _onlepi_), alone, singly, A. 849.
  Enleuene, eleventh, A. 1014.
  {Enmie, Enmye,} enemy, B. 1204.
  Enourled, encircled, surrounded, B. 18. Fr. _ourler_, to hem. _Orle_
    in Heraldry = border. Ital. Orlo = hem, edge. Spanish and Portug.
    Orla = selvedge, border.
  {Enprece, Enpresse,} press, C. 43, 528.
  Enpresse, impress, A. 1097.
  Enpoysened, poisoned, B. 242.
  Enprysonment, imprisonment, B. 46.
  Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_.
  Ensens, incense, A. 1122.
  Entent, intent, A. 1191.
  Entre, enter, A. 38, 1067.
  Entr, entrance, B. 1779.
  Entyse, to provoke, B. 1137, 1808.
  Enurned, adorned, decked, A. 1027.
  Er, ere, before, A. 324, 328; B. 648.
  {Erber, Erbere,} arbour, A. 9, 38, 1171.
  Erbes, herbs, B. 1684.
  Erde, land, abode, A. 248; B. 596, 601, 1006. A.S. _eard_, native
    soil, country, region; _eardian_, to dwell, inhabit.
      "Eson afterward _erdand_ on lyffe,
      Endured his dayes drowpyaite (? _drowpande_) on age."
        --(T.B. 121.)
  Erigant, arrogance, B. 148.
  Erly, early, A. 392.
  Ernde, errand, message, C. 52. See _Arende_.
  Erne, eagle, B. 1698. A.S. _earn_, eagle.
  Ernestly, quickly, rapidly, B. 277, 1240. A.S. _eornostlce_.
  Errour, A. 422.
  Erytage, heritage, A. 443.
  Ee, easy, A. 1202; B. 608. A.S. _eth_.
  Euen (wyth), _vb._ to be equal to, A. 1073.
  Euen-songe, vespers, A. 529.
  Euentyde, A. 582; B. 479.
  Euer-ferne, ever-fern, C. 438. A.S. _eforfearn_, polypodium vulgare.
    See Gloss. to Saxon Leechdoms, ii. 381.
  Ewere, ewer, B. 1457.
  Excuse, A. 281.
  {Expoun, Expoune, Expowne,} expound, A. 37; B. 1058, 1729.
  Expounyng, _sb._ expounding, B. 1565.
  Expresse, A. 910; B. 1158.

  Fable, A. 592.
  Face, B. 1539.
  Fader, father, A. 872.
  {Falce, False,} B. 205, 474.
  Falewed, became pale, faded, B. 1539. Ger. _falb_, pale, faded. A.S.
    _fealo_, pale, reddish or yellowish; _fealwian_, to grow yellow.
  Fale, good, C. 92. A.S. _fl_, clean, good, true.
  Falle[gh], falls, happens, B. 494.
  Falure, A. 1084.
  Famacion, defamation, B. 188.
  Famed, celebrated, B. 275.
  Fande, found, A. 871.
  Fanne[gh], fans, flaps, B. 457.
  Fantumme, phantom, B. 1341.
  Farande, pleasing, A. 865; handsome, B. 607; joyous, B. 1758.
    N.Prov.E. _farant_, decent, pleasant, nice. Gael, _farranta_, stout,
    brave.
  Farandely, pleasantly, C. 435. N.Prov.E. _farantly_.
  Fare, _vb._ go, A. 129, 147; B. 100, 621, 929; fare, B. 466. A.S.
    _faran_. O.N. _fara_.
  Fare, _sb._ voyage, course, C. 98. A.S. _faru_, _fr_.
      "e caf he cast o corn sum quile,
      In e flum at hatt e Nile;
      For-qui at flum at rennes ar,
      Til Joseph hus it has e _fare_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.)
  Fare, conduct, A. 832; B. 861.
  Faren, gone, passed, B. 403.
  Fasor, form, A. 431. See T.B. 3956.
  Fasoun, fashion, A. 983, 1101.
  Fat, B. 627.
  Fate[gh], fades, A. 1038.
  Fathme, (_a_) embrace, B. 399; (_b_) grope, C. 273.
      (_a_) "Als I sat upon that lawe,
      I bigan Denemark for to awe,
      The borwes, and the castles stronge,
      And mine armes weren so longe,
      That I _fadmede_, al at ones,
      Denemark with mine longe bones." --(Havelok the Dane, l. 1291.)
    O.N. _fadma_. Dan. _fadme_. A.S. _fthmian_, to embrace.
  Fatte, vessel, B. 802. A.S. _ft_.
  Fatted, fattened, B. 56.
  Faunt, child, maiden, A. 161.
  Faure, four, B. 958.
  Faurty, forty, B. 741, 743.
  {Faut, Faute,} fault, B. 177, 236, 571.
  Fautle[gh], faultless, B. 794.
  Fauty, faulty, sinful, B. 741.
  {Fauor, Fauour,} A. 428; "gret fauor," A. 968.
  Fawre, four, B. 938.
  Fawte, fault, B. 1736.
  {Fax, Faxe,} hair, B. 790, 1689. A.S. _feax_.
  Fay, _in faye_, in faith, indeed, A. 263; _par ma fay_, by my faith,
    A. 489.
  Faylande, failing, lacking, B. 1535.
  Fayle, be wanting, B. 737. Set (of the sun), B. 1758.
  Fayly, fail, A. 34; B. 548.
  Fayn, glad, A. 393; _fayn of_, B. 642; _faynest_, B. 1219.
  Fayned, false, B. 188.
  Fayth, "in _fayth_" indeed, B. 1732; gen. sing, B. 1735.
  Fa[gh]te, fought, A. 54.
  {Febele, Feble,} poor, bad, B. 47, 101, 145.
  {Fech, Feche,} fetch, A. 847, 1158; B. 621.
  Fede, A. 29.
  Fees, cities, B. 960. Fr. _fief_. Prov. Fr. _feu_, _fieu_. M.Lat.
    _feudum_. Eng. _fee_. The origin of this term is to be found in
    Goth. _faihu_, possessions. O.H.G. _fihu_, _fehu_, cattle. O.N.
    _fe_. A.S. _feoh_, cattle, money.
  Fel, bitterly, B. 1040. A.S. _fell_, cruel, severe.
  Fela[gh]schyp, fellowship, B. 271.
  Felde, field, B. 1750.
  Fele, (?) hide, B. 914.
  Fele, many, A. 21, 927. A.S. _fla_.
  Fele (feel), taste, B. 107.
  Fele-kyn, many kinds of, B. 1483.
  Felle, cruel, severe; _felle chere_, stern countenance, B. 139; sharp,
    A. 367; B. 156, 1737; boisterous, rough, B. 421; bitter, B. 954.
  Felly, fiercely, bitterly, B. 559, 571.
  Felonye, crime, sin, A. 800; B. 205.
  Feloun, sinner, criminal, B. 217.
  Felt, hair, B. 1689. A.S. _felt_. Du. _velt_, felt, cloth. Cf. W.
    _gwallt_, Gael. _falt_, hair of the head.
  Femmale, female, B. 696.
  Fende, fiend, devil, B. 205, 1341.
  Fende, fend, B. 1191. Fr. _defendre_.
  Fenden, of fiends, B. 224.
  Feng, took (_pret._ of fonge), B. 377.
  Fenny, dirty, vile, B. 1113. Cf. S.Prov.E. _venny_, mouldy. A.S.
    _fenn_, mud, dirt. Goth. _fani_.
  Fenyx, phenix, A. 430.
  Fer, far, A. 334.
  Ferd, Ferde, frightened, B. 897, 975.
  Ferde, fear, B. 386; C. 215. A.S. _forhtian_, to fear; _forht_, fear.
  Ferde, went, _pret._ of _fare_, B. 1106.
  Fere, a companion; _in fere_, in company, together, A. 89, 884;
    B. 985, 1062. A.S. _fera_, _gefera_, acompanion.
  Fere[gh], carries, A. 98. A.S. _frian_.
  Fere[gh], companions, A. 1150. See _fere_.
  Ferke up, get up, B. 897; ferke over, go, walk over, B. 133.
      "The freike upon faire
      wise _ferke_ out of lyne." --(T.B. 145.)
      "He salle _ferkke_ before
          And I salle come aftyre." --(Morte Arthure, p. 347.)
      "Now _ferkes_ to the fyrthe,
          thees fresche mene of armes." --(_Ibid._ p. 209.)
      "The kyng _ferkes_ furthe
          on a faire stede." --(_Ibid._ p. 202.)
    In T.B. 185, it isused transitively. The verb _to ferk_ seems
    toberelatedtothe Eng. _firk_, aquick movement, jerk, etc.
    A.S. _frician_, todance.
  Ferly, _adj._ wondrous, A. 1084; _adv._ wonderfully,B.269, 960;
    _sb._ wonder, astonishment,A. 1086; marvel,B.1529. A.S. _fr_,
    _frlice_, sudden.
  Ferlyly, exceedingly, B. 962.
  Ferre, farther, _comp._ of _fer_, B. 97, 98.
  Fers, fierce, B. 101.
  Ferslych, fiercely, C. 337.
  Feryed, ferried, A. 946. O.N. _feria_ (from _fara_, togo),
    totransport; set over.
  Fest, fast, C. 290.
  Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758.
  Festen, fasten, establish, B. 156, 327, 1255;C.273.
  Fester, B. 1040.
  Festiual, festive, B. 136.
  Fete, _in fete_, indeed, B. 1106. O.Fr. _faict_. Fr. _fait_, adeed,
    feat.
  Feer-beddes, C. 158.
  Fetly = featly, aptly, fitly, B. 585. See _fete_.
  Fette, fetch, B. 802.
  Fettle, set in order, provide, make, B. 343, 585; C. 38, 435.
    Prov.E. _fettle_, set in order, etc. O.Fris. _fitia_, toadorn.
    Goth. _fetjan_. Norse, _fitla_, to labour atathinginordertoget
    it right. Pl.D. _fisseln_, to bustle about.
  Fettre, fetter, B. 1255.
  Feture, feature, B. 794.
  {Fetys, Fetyse,} neat, well made, B. 174; dexterity,B.1103. O.Fr.
    _faictis_. Lat. _factitius_, well made, neat, handsome.
  Fetysely, handsomely, beautifully, B. 1462.
  Fe[gh]t, fight, B. 275, 1191. A.S. _feoht_. Ger. _fecht_, fight. See
    T.B. 1751.
  Fe[gh]tande, fighting, struggling, B. 404.
  Filed, defiled. See _Fyled_.
  Flake, flake; _flake of soufre_, B. 954. O.N. _flak_, plank, slice.
  Flake = fleck, spot, blemish, A. 947. O.N. _fleckr_. Ger. _fleck_,
    spot, blot, stain.
  Flakerande, flickering, fluttering, B. 1410. Ger. _flackern_, to
    flare, blaze, flutter.
  Flambe, flame, A. 769.
  Flaumbande, flaming, A. 90; shining, B. 1468.
  Flaunke, spark, B. 954. Prov.E. _flanker_, aflying spark. Pl. D.
    _flunkern_, toflicker, sparkle. Ger. _flunke_, spark.
  Flauore, flavour, A. 87.
  Flawen, fled, C. 214.
  Flay, terrify, B. 960, 1723; C. 215. See T.B. 4593. N.Prov.E. _flay_,
    _flee_.
  Flayn, flayed, A. 809.
  Fla[gh]t, plot of ground, a flat, A. 57.
  Flee[gh], fleece (of golde), B. 1476.
  {Flem, Fleme,} banish, A. 334; B. 31, 596. A.S. _flyman_.
  Flem, stream, C. 309. Cf. Prov.E. _flume_, _flem_, _fleme_,
    amill-stream. Norse, _flom_, _flaum_, flood, overflow of water;
    _flauma_, to overflow.
  {Fleschlych, Fleschly,} fleshly, carnal, B. 265; A. 1082.
  Flet, _pret._ of flete, to flow, A. 1058.
  {Flete, Flet,} flow, B. 1025; to people, B. 685. See T.B. 278, 4715.
    A.S. _fleotan_. Sw. _flyta_, flow, float. O.N. _fliota_. Prov.E.
    _fleet_.
  Flette, floated, _pret._ of _flete_, to float, B. 387.
      "Childer," he said, "yee list and lete,
      I sagh caf on e water _flete_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.)
  Fle[gh]e, flew, A. 431.
  {Flod, Flode,} flood, A. 874, 1058; B. 369.
  Flokke, flock, company, B. 386, 1767.
  Flonc = flong = flung, A. 1165.
  Flor, flower, A. 29, 962; _pl._ _flores_.
  Flor, floor, B. 133.
  Flosed, flossed, B. 1689. Cf. _floss_-silk. Ital. _floscio flosso_,
    drooping, flaccid.
  Flot, grease, fat, B. 1011. A.S. _fltan_, to float; _flt-smere_,
    scum of a pot, floating fat. O.N. _flt_, the act of floating, the
    grease swimming on the surface of broth. Prov.E. _fleet_.
  {Flot, Flote,} company, A. 786, 946; army, B. 1212. O.Fr. _flote_,
    acrowd.
  {Flot, Flote, Flotte,} flowed, floated, A. 46; B. 421, 432; C. 248.
  Floty (? _flotery_), waving, A. 127.
  Flour-de-lys, lily, A. 753.
  Floury, flowery, A. 57.
  Flowen, flew, fled, A. 89; B. 945.
  Flowred, flowered, A. 270.
  Flo[gh]ed, flowed, B. 397.
  Flurted, flowered, figured, A. 208.
  Flyt, force, literally chiding, B. 421. O.S. _flit_, contention.
  Flyte, to quarrel, strive, A. 353. Prov.E. _flite_, scold. A.S.
    _flitan_.
  Flytande, chiding, B. 950.
  Fly[gh]e, flay (?), A. 813.
  Fly[gh]t, flight, B. 377.
  Fo, enemy, B. 1219.
  Fode, person, people, B. 466; _fode_, a child (King Horn, 1384);
    _fodder_, producer, mother (King Alys. 645); A.S. _fedan_, _afedan_,
    to bring forth, give birth to, rear. O.N._fda_. Dan. _fde_.
  Fogge, dry grass, B. 1683. W. _fwg_.
  Fol, full, B. 1754.
  Fol, fool, B. 750, 996.
  Fol, foolish, C. 283.
  Folde, folded, A. 434.
  Folde, earth, A. 334; B. 403, 950.
  Folde, to beat, buffet, A. 813.
  Fole, fowl, B. 1410.
  Fole, fool, B. 202.
  Fole, foal, B. 1255.
  Foler, B. 1410.
  Foles, acts foolishly, B. 1422.
  {Folewande, Folwande,} following, A. 1040, B. 429, 1212.
  {Folk, Folke,} people, B. 100, 542, 960.
  Folken, of people, B. 271.
  Folmarde. Properly the beech-martin, but commonly applied to the
    pole-cat. O.Fr. _foine_, _faine_ (Lat. _fagina_), beechmast.
  Folyly, foolishly, B. 696. See T.B. 575.
  Fol[gh]e, follow, A. 127; B. 6, 677, 918, 1752. A.S. _folgian_.
  Fol[gh]ed, baptized, A. 654. A.S. _fullian_, _fulwian_, to baptize.
  Foman, enemy, B. 1175.
  Fon, ceased, _pret._, of _fyne_, A. 1030; B. 369. The northern form is
    _fan_.
      "Bot ai e quils he ne _fan_
      To behald e leve maidan." --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii, fol. 20a.)
  Fonde, to found, establish, A. 939; B. 173.
  Fonde, to go, proceed, A. 150.
  Fonde, try, B. 1103. A.S. _fandian_.
  Fonden, found, B. 356.
  Fonge, take, receive, A. 439, 479; B. 540; _fonge[gh] to the
    fly[gh]t_, takes to flight, B. 457. A.S. _fon_. Ger. _fangen_,
    take, seize. Goth. _fahan_.
  Font, B. 164.
  Fonte = _fond_, examined, A. 170, 327.
  {Fooschyp, Foschip,} enmity, B. 918, 919.
  For, from, B. 740; because, B. 323.
  Forbede, forbid, A. 379; B. 1147.
  Forbi, beyond, C. 483.
  Forboden, forbidden, B. 826, 998.
  Forbrent, burnt, A. 1139.
  For-clemmed, starved, C. 395. Prov.E. _clem_, to starve, pinch with
    hunger. Du. _klemmen_, to pinch, compress.
  For-didden, did away with, A. 124.
  For-dolked, severely wounded, A. 11. A.S. _dolc_, _dolh_, _dolg_,
    awound; _dilgian_, to destroy.
  Forering, B. 3. See Note.
  Forfare, destroy; also to perish, B. 1168; C. 483; _forferde_,
    (_pret._), B. 571, 1051.
  Forfete, A. 619, 639; B. 743.
  Forfyne, lastly.
  {Forgart, Forgarte,} = for-did, lost, _pret._ of for-gar, ruin,
    destroy, lose, A. 321; B. 240. See _Gar_.
  Forged, made, B. 343.
  Forhede, forehead, A. 871.
  Foriusted, overthrown, defeated, B. 1216. Fr. _jouster_, to tilt.
      "So mony groundes he _for-justede_ & of joy broght."
        --(T.B. 296.)
  Forlete, lost, A. 327.
  For long, very long, A. 586.
  Forlonge, furlong, A. 1030.
  Forlote[gh] = forlete[gh], forsake, B. 101.
      "e laghes bath he (Adam) an _forlete_
      Bath naturel and positif." --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 52b.)
  Forloyne, forsake, depart, go astray, err, A. 368; B. 282, 750, 1155,
    1165. Fr. _loin_, far.
  For-madde, very mad (foolish), C. 509.
  Formast, first, foremost, B. 494.
  Forme, first, C. 38.
  {Forme-fader, Forme-foster,} first-father, progenitor, A. 639; B. 257.
  Fornes, furnace, B. 1011.
  For-payned, severely troubled, A. 246.
  Forray, forage, B. 1200. Fr. _fourrager_, to fodder, forrage, prey.
    O.Fr. _fourrer_. Mid. Lat. _foderare_, _forrare_, from A.S. _foder_.
    Ger. _futter_, food, victuals.
  Forselet, a fortified place, B. 1200. "_Forcelet_, stronge place
    (_forslet_, H.P.) Fortalicium." (Prompt. Parv.) O.Fr. _forcier_.
    It. _forciere_. Mid. Lat. _forsarius_, astrong box, safe, coffer.
  Forser = forcer, forcet, A. 263. See preceding word.
  Forsette, compass, B. 78.
  Forsothe, forsooth, indeed, C. 212.
  Forst, frost, B. 524. A.S. _forst_.
  Fore, way, passage, A. 150. See T.B. 4094, 4166. Welsh, _ffordd_,
    away.
      "The kyng fraystez [seeks] a _furth_ over the fresche strandez,
      One a strenghe by a streme in thas straytt landez."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 103.)
  Forth-lep, forth-leapt, C. 154.
  Foro[gh]t, repented, B. 557.
  Forrast, for-thrust, B. 249.
  Fory, therefore, wherefore, A. 234; B. 545, 1020.
  Forynke, repent, B. 285.
  Fortune, A. 306.
  Forwarde = forward, covenant, promise, B. 327, 1742. A.S.
    _fore-weard_. "_Forwarde_, or cuuinawnt, convencio, pactum."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Forwro[gh]t, over-worked, weary, C. 163.
  For[gh]es, furrows, B. 1547. A.S. _furh_. Ger. _furche_, a furrow.
  For[gh]ete, forgat, B. 203.
  Fote, foot, A. 970.
  Foted, footed, B. 538.
  Founce, bottom, A. 113. See _Founs_.
  Foundande, going, C. 126.
  Founde, to go, B. 903.
      "Quen we suppose in our sele
          to sit alther heist,
      Than _fondis_ furth dame fortoun
          to the flode [gh]ates,
      Dra[gh]es up the damme borde
          and drenchis us evir." --(K. Alex. p. 64.)
      "Fflorent and Floridas with fyve
          score knyghttez,
      ffollowede in the foreste, and on the
          way _foundys_,
      Fflyngande a faste trott,
        and on the folke dryffes."
          (Morte Arthure, p. 231.)
  Foundemente, foundation, A. 993.
  Founden, found, B. 547.
  Foundered, destroyed, perished, B. 1014.
  {Founs, Founce,} bottom, B. 1026.
      "Onone as thai on Alexander
          and on his ost waites,
      Thai flee as fast into flode,
          and to the _founce_ plungid."
      (K. Alex. p. 141.)
  Fourferde, perished, _pret._ of _forfare_, B. 560.
  Fowle, foully, B. 1790.
  Fowled, became defiled, foul. B. 269.
  Fowre, four, A. 886.
  Foysoun, abundant, A. 1058. Fr. _foison_. O.Fr. _fuson_, from Lat.
    _fusio_, pouring out.
  Fraunchyse, liberality, A. 609; B. 750.
  Fray, terrify, B. 1553. See _Afray_.
  Frayne[gh], demands, asks, desires, A. 129. A.S. _fregnan_, to ask.
    Goth. _fraihnan_.
  Frayste (_a_), sought, A. 169; (_b_) literally, to try, prove,
    B. 1736. O.N. _fresta_.
    (_a_)
      "Bot wete thou wele this iwis, within a wale time,
      Fra that I _fraist_ have that faire (faice?) of my faire lady,
      I sall the seke with a sowme of seggis enarmed."
        --(K. Alex. p. 69.)
  {Frek, Freke,} man, B. 6, 79, 540. This word is used by Skelton. A.S.
    _freca_, adaring warrior, from _frec_, _freca_, bold, daring,
    eager. The adjective _freke_ (_frek_, _frike_), was not unknown to
    O.E. writers of the 14th century.
      "Israel wit is uplepp,
      at moght noght forwit strid a step,
      Witouten asking help of sun;
      at quak wit ilk lim was won,
      at first for eild moght noght spek,
      To bidd hast now es nan sa frek."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.)
  Freles, blameless, A. 431. O.N. _fryja_, to blame. _Frie_, to blame,
    occurs in the romance of _Havelok the Dane_, 1998.
  Freloker, more freely, B. 1106.
  Frely, lordly, B. 162; beautiful, B. 173; freely, C. 20.
  Frelych, lordly, B. 162; bountiful, C. 214.
  French, an error for _frech_ (_fresh_) or _frelich_, A. 1086.
  Frete, gnaw, eat, devour, B. 1040. A.S. _fretan_.
  Freten, devoured, B. 404.
  Frette, furnish, B. 339; ornament, B. 1476. A.S. _frtu_, ornament;
    _frtewian_, _frtwian_, trim, deck, adorn.
  Fro, from, A. 427; B. 396. This is another form of the Northumbrian
    _fra_. O.N. _fr_; "_to ne fro_," A. 347.
  {Frok, Frokke,} dress, garment, frock, B. 136, 1742.
  Froande, frothing, frothy, filthy, B. 1721.
  Frunt, kicked, C. 187. See T.B. 5968.
  Frym, beautiful, fresh, vigorous, A. 1079. Prov.E. _frim_; _frum_,
    tender, fresh. A.S. _freme_, advantageous, good. Drayton uses the
    phrase "_frim_ pastures," _i.e._ luxuriant pastures.
  Fryst, delay, put off, B. 743. A.S. _fyrstan_, to give respite;
    _fyrst_, aspace of time, interval. Icel. _frest_, delay; "_to
    frist_, to trust for a time" (Ray); to delay (Jam.).
  {Fryt, Fryte,} fruit, A. 29; B. 1044.
  Fryth, wood, A. 89; B. 534, 1680. Gael, _frith_, a heath, deer park,
    forest.
  Ful, foul, B. 231.
  Fulfille, accomplish, B. 264, 1732.
  Ful[gh]ed, baptized, B. 164. See _Fol[gh]ed_.
  Fundament, foundation, A. 1010.
  Funde, found, B. 1735.
  Fust, fist, B. 1535.
  Fyf, five, A. 849.
  Fygure, A. 170, 747.
  Fykel, treacherous, deceitful, C. 283.
  Fyldor, gold thread, A. 106. Fr. _fil d'or_.
  Fyled, defiled, dirty, B. 136.
  Fyled, formed, B. 1460.
  Fylsened, strengthened, aided, supported, B. 1167, 1644. A.S. _fylst_,
    help, assistance; _fylstan_, to help, aid.
  Fylter, huddle together, B. 224; join, B. 696; meet together in
    battle, B. 1191; become ragged, entangled. Prov.E. _felter_,
    entangle, clot. Fairfax uses the phrase "_feltred_ locks." Cf. the
    phrase a "_filtered_ fole," a shaggy foal. Baker says that the term
    _felt_ is applied to a matted growth of grass.
      "His fax and his foretoppe was _filterede_ togeder."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 91.)
  Fylyoles (= _fyells_, _phiolls_), round towers, B. 1462. Cf. _Fala_,
    atour of tre. Med. Gram.
  Fyne, _vb._ end, die, A. 328; cease, A. 353; B. 450; delay, B. 929.
  Fyne, _sb._ cessation, A. 635.
  Fynne, fin, B. 531.
  Fyole, B. 1476.
  Fyrmament, B. 221.
  Fyrre, _adv._ farther, comp. of _fer_, A. 103, 127; B. 766; C. 116;
    _adj._ distant, A. 148. A.S. _fyrre_.
  Fyrte, fearful, trembling, A. 54. A.S. _fyrhto_; _fyrhtu_, fear,
    fright, trembling; _forht_, fearful, timid.
  Fyel, fiddle, B. 1082.
  Fyere, feather, B. 530, 1026.

  Galle, gall, stain, filth, A. 1060; B. 1022. Cf. to _gall_, fret. Fr.
    _galler_. W. _gwall_. O.N. _galli_, fault, imperfection. Dan. _gal_,
    wrong, ill.
  Gain, against, A. 138.
  Gardyn, A. 260.
  Gare, cause, make, drive, A. 331; B. 690. N.Prov.E. _gar_. O.N.
    _gra_, _gera_.
  Garlande, A. 1186.
  Garnyst, garnished, ornamented, B. 1277.
  Gart, forced, made, A. 1151. See _gare_; _garten_, _3d pers. pl._
    A. 86.
  Gate, way, A. 395, 526; B. 676, 931. See T.B. 6292. O.N. _gata_.
  {Gaule, Gawle,} A. 463; C. 285. See _galle_.
  {Gay, Gaye,} A. 260; B. 830, 1315.
  Gayn, _vb._ avail, A. 343; C. 164; prevail, B. 1608. Sc. _gane_;
    _gain_, to be fit or suitable.
  {Gayn, Gayne,} useful, available, good, B. 259, 749.
  {Gaynly, Gaynlych,} gainly, gracious, B. 728; C. 83. Cf. ungainly =
    awkward. O.N. _gegn_, convenient, suitable; _gegna_, to meet.
  Ga[gh]afylace, royal treasury, B. 1283.
  Geder, gather, C. 105.
  Gef, gave, A. 174.
  Gele, spy, see, A. 931.
  Gemme, A. 253.
  Gendered, engendered, B. 300.
  Gendre[gh], genders, kinds, B. 434.
  Generacyoun, A. 827.
  {Gent, Gente,} gentle, noble, gracious, A. 118, 253, 265; B. 1495.
  Gentryse, nobleness, B. 1159, 1216.
  Gentyl, noble, A. 278; _gentyleste_, A. 1015; B. 1180.
  Gentylmen, B. 864.
  Gere, gear, B. 16; C. 148.
  Gere, clothing, attire, B. 1811.
  Gered, covered, clothed, ornamented, B. 1344, 1568. O.N. _gerfi_. A.S.
    _gearwa_, habiliments. O.H.G. _garawi_, ornament, dress. A.S.
    _gearwan_; _gearwian_, make ready, prepare, supply.
  Gesse, tell, A. 499. Norse, _gissa_.
  Geste, tale, saying, A. 277.
  {Geste, Gest,} guest, B. 98, 640.
  Gettes, devices, B. 1354. O.N. _geta_, to conceive. A.S.
    "and-_gitan_," get, know, understand.
  Geuen, given, A. 1190.
  Gilde, gilt, B. 1344.
  Giles, gills, C. 269.
  Gilofre, gilly flower, A. 43. Fr. _girofle_. Lat. _caryophyllus_,
    aclove.
  Glace = glance, A. 171. Fr. _glacer_, _glacier_, slide, slip. Cf. O.E.
    _glace_, to polish, glance as an arrow turned aside.
  Glade, _vb._ to gladden, A. 861.
  Glam, word, message, B. 499; C. 63; talk, speech, B. 830; noise,
    B. 849. Obsolete Swedish, _glamm_, talk, chatter; _glamma_, to talk,
    chatter. Gael. _glam_, outcry. O.N. _glam_, clash; _glamra_, to
    rattle. Sc. _glamer_, noise, clatter.
      "Alle thire he closis in that cliffe, and cairis on forthire,
      To the occyann at the erthes ende, and, ther in an ilee, he heres
      A grete _glaver_ and a _glaam_ of grekin tongis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 188.)
  {Glas, Glasse,} A. 990, 1025.
  Glauere, to deceive, A. 688. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glaver_, _glaiver_, to
    talk foolishly; _glauver_, flattery. W. _glafr_. Irish _glafaire_,
    ababbler.
      "Sir," sais syr Gawayne,
          "So me gode helpe,
      Siche _glaverande_ gomes
          greves me bot lyttille." --(Morte Arthure, p. 212.)
    See extract under word _glam_.
  Glaymande, slimy, C. 269. Cf. "gleyme or rewme, reuma;" "gleymyn or
    _yngleymyn_, visco, invisco." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Glayre, glare, amber, A. 1026. A.S. _glre_, amber. O.N. _gler_. Dan.
    _glar_, glass.
  Glayue, a sword, A. 654. Fr. _glaive_. Lat. _gladius_.
  Gle, joy, glee, A. 95, 1123.
  Glede, kite, B. 1696. A.S. _glda_.
  {Glem, Gleme,} gleam, light, A. 79; brightness, B. 218; _day-glem_,
    daylight, A. 1094; _heven-glem_, heaven light, B. 946.
  Glemande, gleaming, shining, A. 70, 990.
  Glene, glean, gather, A. 955.
  {Glent, Glente,} shone, A. 70, 114, 1026; B. 218. Sc. _glent_,
    _glint_, to gleam. Dan. _glindse_, to glisten; _glindre_, to
    glitter.
      "The schaftes of the schire sone schirkind the cloudis,
      And gods glorious gleme _glent_ tham emannge."
        --(K. Alex. p. 164.)
  {Glent, Glente,} slipped, fell, A. 671. Sc. _glint_, _glent_, not only
    signifies to gleam, shine, but also to glide, slide. W. _ysglentio_,
    to slide.
      "Glissonand as the glemes at _glenttes_ of e snaw."
        --(T.B. 3067.)
  Glente[gh], _sb._ looks, A. 1144.
  {Glet, Glette,} dirt, mud, slime, and hence filth, sin, A. 1060;
    B. 306, 573; C. 269. Pl. D. _glett_, slippery. Sc. _glt_, pus. O.N.
    _glta_, wet.
  Glewed, called, prayed, C. 164. Fr. _glay_, cry.
  Glode[gh], glades, A. 79.
  Gloped, was terrified, frightened, amazed, B. 849. O.N. _glapa_,
    stare, gaze, gape. O.Fris. _glupa_, to look, peep. Dan. _glippe_,
    to wink. N.Prov.E. _glop_, _gloppen_, to be amazed, to frighten.
      "Bees not _aglopened_ madame ne greved at my fadire."
        --(K. Alex. p. 30.)
      "Thane _glopned_ the glotone and glorede unfaire."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.)
      "O, my hart is rysand in a _glope_!
      For this nobylle tythand thou shalle have a droppe."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 146.)
  Glopnedly, fearfully, B. 896.
  Glory, A. 934; B. 1522.
  {Gloryous, Glorious, Gloryus,} A. 799, 915.
  Glotoun, a wicked wretch, a loose fellow, a ribald, B. 1505.
  Gloumb, look, observe, C. 94. Chaucer uses _glombe_ in the sense of
    looking gloomy, sullen, frowning. It seems to be connected with O.N.
    _glampa_, to glitter, shine. Cf. O.E. _glent_, to shine, and
    _glent_, to look. So also _stare_ signifies not only to look
    steadfastly at, but to shine, glitter.
  Glowed, shone, A. 114. O.N. _glo_, to glow, burn, shine.
  Glwande, glowing, shining, bright, C. 94.
  Glydande, going, walking, B. 296.
  Glyde, to go, walk, slip along, B. 325, 677, 1590. Pl. D. _gliden_,
    _glien_, slip, glide.
  Glyfte, became frightened, B. 849. Originally to stare, look
    astonished.
      "ys munke stode ande lokede arto,
      And hade erof so moche drede,
      at he wende have go to wede:
      As he stode so sore _aglyfte_
      Hys ry[gh]t hande up he lyfte,
      Ande blessede hym self stedfastly."
        --(Handlyng Synne, l. 3590.)
    _Gliffe_, in O.E. signifies also to look, shine, glow. Sc. _glevin_,
    to glow; _gliff_, aglimpse; _gliffin_, to wink. Dan. _glippe_, to
    wink.
  Glymme, brightness, A. 1088. O.Sw. _glimma_, to shine.
  Glysnande, shining, glistening. A. 1018. A.S. _glisnian_. O.N.
    _glyssa_, to sparkle, glitter.
  Gly[gh]t, shone, A. 114; looked, C. 453. Du. _glicken_, to shine.
    Icel. _glugga_, to peep. _A-gly[gh]te_, slipped from, in line 245,
    is evidently another form of _gly[gh]t_. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glea_,
    _aglea_, crooked, aside; _gledge_, to look asquint. Sc. _gley_,
    _gly_, to squint, all of which originally signified simply to look,
    shine. See T.B. 3943.
  Gnede, niggardly, beggarly, B. 146. The MS. reads nede, but _gnede_ is
    the correct form. Dan. _gnide_, to rub. A.S. _gnidan_. Cf. O.E.
    _nithing_, amiser. A.S. _gnethen_, moderate, sparing.
      "Sua lang has thir tua boght air sede,
      at air mon wex al _gnede_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 31a.)
      "Bot fra air store bigan to sprede
      The pastur am bigan to _knede_." --(_Ibid._ fol. 15a.)
      "Bot al he tok in godds nam,
      And thold luveli al at scam;
      For al to _gnede_ him thoght e gram
      at he moght thol on his licam" --(_Ibid._ fol. 51a.)
  Goande, going, B. 931.
  Goblote, goblet, B. 1277.
  {God, Gode,} good, wealth. See _Goud_.
  Godhede, godhead, A. 413.
  Godlych, good, B. 753.
  Golf, deep, abyss, A. 608.
  Gome, man, A. 231; B. 1315.
  Gorde = _girde_, rush, go headlong, B. 911, 957. See T.B. 169.
  Gore, filth, B. 306. A.S. _gor_, wet, filth, mud. N. _gor_.
  Gorste, gorse, B. 99, 534. W. _gores_, _gorest_, waste, open.
  {Gost, Goste,} spirit, A. 86; B. 325, 1598.
  Gostly, spiritual, ghostly, A. 790.
  Gote, stream, A. 934; B. 413; C. 310; _pl._ gote[gh], A. 608. Prov.E.
    _gote_, _goit_, _gowt_, ditch, sluice, mill-stream. Du. _gote_,
    kennel, conduit. A.S. _geotan_, to pour.
      "As _gotes_ out of _guttars_ in golanand, (glomand ?) wedors,
      So voidis doun the venom be vermyns schaftes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 163.)
  {Goud, Goude, God,} _adj._ good, A. 33, 568; _sb._ wealth, riches,
    A. 731, 734; B. 1326.
  {Goun, Goune,} gown, dress, B. 145, 1568.
  Governor, B. 1645; C. 199.
  Gowde[gh], goods, C. 286.
  Grace, A. 436.
  {Gracios, Gracious,} A. 95, 260, 934; C. 26.
  Gracyously, B. 488.
  Grame, wrath, vengeance, C. 53. A.S. _grama_. Ger. _gram_, anger,
    displeasure.
  Graunt, _sb._ leave, permission, A. 317; _vb._ grant, B. 765; C. 240.
  Grauayl, gravel, pebbles, A. 81.
  Grauen, graven, B. 1324.
  Grauen, buried, B. 1332.
  Grayne[gh], grains, A. 31.
  Grayed, prepared, B. 343, placed, B. 1485; availed, C. 53. See T.B.
    229. O.N. _greitha_, to make ready. N.Prov.E. _graid_.
  Grayely, quickly, readily, B. 341; truly, A. 499; C. 240. N.Prov.E.
    _gradely_. See T.B. 54.
      "On Gydo, a gome at _graidly_ had soght,
      And wist all e werks by weghes he hade." --(T.B. 229.)
    Cf. _Graie_ = ready.
  Gre, will, desire, C. 348; hence _bongre_, _malgre_, etc. O.Fr.
    _gret_. Fr. _gr_, will, pleasure. Lat. _gratus_, pleasing.
  Grece, step, B. 1590.
  Gredirne, gridiron, B. 1277.
  Greffe, grief, A. 86.
  Greme, _adj._ displeasing, C. 42; wrath, B. 16, 947; _vb._ to make
    angry, displease, B. 138, 1347. A.S. _gremian_, to displease.
  Greme, spot, blemish, A. 465. Norse _grima_, a spot.
  Gresse, grass, A. 10, 245; B. 1028.
  Grete, the whole, A. 637, ? altogether A. 851; a _grete_, in the
    gross--a head, A. 560.
  Grete, weep, A. 331. A.S. _grtan_, Prov.E. _greet_.
  Gretyng, _sb._ weeping, B. 159.
  Greue, grieve, A. 471; B. 138, 302, 306.
  Greue, grove, A. 321; B. 99.
  Greuing, _sb._ sorrowing, grief, B. 159.
  Gromylyoun, the herb _gromwell_, grey millet, (Lithospermum
    officinale), A. 43. "_Gromaly_ herbe. Milium solis." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Grone, groan, B. 1077.
  Gropande, searching, trying, B. 591. A.S. _grpian_, to touch, feel,
    seize, grope. O.N. _greipa_.
  Gropyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1102.
  Grounde, ground, sharpened, A. 654.
  Groundele[gh], bottomless, C. 310.
  Grouelyng, on the face, A. 1120. O.N. _grufa_; _grufa nidr_, to stoop
    down. _Liggia  grufu_, to lie face downwards, to lie groveling.
  Gruche, begrudge, B. 1347.
  Gru[gh]t, _pret._ of _gruche_, B. 810.
  Grychchyng, _sb._ murmuring, repining, C. 53.
  Grym, black, A. 1070.
  Grymly, sharply, A. 654; roughly, B. 1534.
  Grymme, horrible, B. 1553; sharp, B. 1696. A.S. _grim_; _grimm_, fury,
    rage; sharp, bitter; "a _grym_ toole," T.B. 938.
  Grynde, A. 81.
  Gryndel, angry, C. 524. Norse _grina_, wry the mouth; _grinall_, sour
    looking. Du. _grinnen_, _grinden_, to grin, snarl.
  Grysly, horrible, B. 1534. A.S. _grislc_, horrible; _a-grsan_, to
    dread, fear greatly.
  Gryspyng, _sb._ gnashing of the teeth. A.S. _grist-btung_.
  Gryste, dirt (?), A. 465.
  Guere, gear, B. 1505.
  Guferes, evidently an error for _guteres_, C. 310. See T.B. 3072. See
    extract under word _gote_.
  {Gult, Gulte,} guilt, A. 942; B. 690.
  Gulty, guilty, C. 210, 285.
  Gut, C. 280.
  Gyde-ropes, C. 105.
  Gye, govern, B. 1598. Fr. _guider_; _guier_, direct, guide.
  Gyle, guile, A. 671, 688; C. 285.
  Gylt, guilt, B. 731.
  Gylte[gh], A. 655.
  Gyltle[gh], guiltless, A. 668.
  Gyltyf, guilty, A. 669.
  Gyn, machine; applied to the ark, B. 491; to a boat, C. 146.
  Gyng, company, A. 455. A.S. _genge_. See T.B. 1225.
      "an was Jacob busked yare,
      Wit al e _gynge_ at wit him ware."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 30a.)
  Gyngure, ginger, A. 43.
  Gyse, guise, A. 1099.
  Gyternere, A. 91. Fr. _guiterre_; _guiterne_, a gittern. (Cot.) Lat.
    _cithara_, aharp.

  Habbe, have, B. 75; _habes_, _habbes_, has, B. 555, 995.
  {Hach, Hachche,} hatch (of a ship), B. 409; C. 179.
  Hafyng. See _Hauyng_.
  Hagherlych, fitly, B. 18. See _Ha[gh]erly_.
  Haldande, holding, C. 251.
  Halde, hold, A. 454, 490; B. 652.
  Halden, held, A. 1191; B. 42.
  Hale, flow, A. 125. The original meaning is to drag along. Ger.
    _holen_. O.N. _hala_. Fr. _haler_. Cf. T.B. 1782.
  Hale, toss, B. 1520; C. 219.
  Half, side, quarter, B. 950. O.N. _halfa_.
  Halke, recess, B. 104, 321. A.S. _hylca_, hooks, turnings. "_Halke_ or
    hyrne. Angulus, latibulum." (Prompt. Parv.) See Canterbury Tales,
    11433.
  Halse, salute, wish one health, B. 1621. O.N. _heilsa_. Sw. _halsa_,
    to salute. O.N. _heilsa_, health. See T.B. 367.
  Halt, lame, B. 102. O.N. _halltr_, lame; _haltra_, _halta_, to limp.
  Halue, behalf, B. 896.
  Halue, side, border, B. 1039.
  Halyday, holy day, B. 134; C. 9.
  Hal[gh]ed, hallowed, sanctified, B. 506, 1163.
  Hampre, to pack up for removal, B. 1284.
  Han (_3d pers. pl. pres._), have, A. 776.
  Hande-helme, B. 419.
  Hapene[gh], is blessed, B. 27.
  Happe, joy, A. 16, 1195; _happe[gh]_, blessings, B. 24; C. 11. O.N.
    _happ_.
  Happe, cover, B. 626; C. 450. Prov.E. _hap_, to cover; _happing_,
    covering.
      "Lord, what (lo) these weders ar cold, and I am ylle _happyd_."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 98.)
    "_Happyn_ or _whappyn'_ yn cloys." "_Lappyn'_, or _whappyn'_ yn
    cloys (_happyn_ to-gedyr, S.; _wrap_ to-geder in clothes, P.)
    Involvo." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Happen, _adj._ happy, blessed, C. 13, 17, 19, 21.
  Hard, coarse cloth made of tow, "_hard_ hattes," B. 1209. A.S.
    _heordan_, _heordas_, hards, refuse of tow.
      "Sum araies thaim in ringes, and sum in row breuys,
      With _hard hattes_ on thaire hedis hied to thaire horsis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 102.)
  Hardy, bold, B. 143.
  Hardyly, boldly, A. 3.
  Hare, B. 391.
  Harlot, underling, B. 39; servant, profane jester, B. 860, 1584;
    _harlote[gh]_, harlot's, B. 34; harlots, B. 860. This term was not
    originally confined to females, nor even to persons of bad
    character. W. _herlawd_, _herlod_, a youth; _herlodes_, adamsel.
    Cf. "_harlotte_ scurrus." "Gerro a tryfelour or a harlott." Med. MS.
    Cant. "An _harlott_, balator, rusticus, gerror, mima, joculator,
    nugatur, scurrulus, manducus. An _harlottry_, lecacitas,
    inurbanitas," etc. To "do _harlottry_, scurrari." Cath. Ang. in
    Prompt. Parv.
      "Ffore _harlottez_ and _hause-mene_ (house-men) salle helpe bott
      littille." --(Morte Arthure, p. 229.)
  Harlottrye, profane speaking, B. 579.
  Harme, _sb._ wrong, sin, C. 17; _pl._ _harme[gh]_, harms, A. 388.
  Harmle[gh], guiltless, A. 676, 725.
  Harpe, A. 881.
  Harpen (_3d pers. pl. pres._), play on the harp, A. 881.
  Harpore[gh], harpers, A. 881.
  Haspe, fasten, B. 419; clothe, cover, C. 381. O.N. _hespa_, aclasp,
    buckle. Cf. "_haspyng_ in armys." T.B. 367.
  Haspede, hook, C. 189. Cf. Dan. _haspe_, windlass, reel; _haspevinde_
    capstan of a ship.
  {Hastif, Hastyf,} hasty, C. 520.
  {Hastyfly, Hastyly,} hastily, quickly, B. 200, 1150.
  Hat, call, B. 448. A.S. _htan_, to call.
  {Hatel, Hattel,} anger, B. 200; fierce, B. 227; keen, sharp, C. 367,
    481. S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_, keen, sharp, bitter. A.S. _htel_,
    fierce. O.Sax. _hatol_. A.S. _atol_, dire, cruel.
  Hatere, clothing, garments, B. 33. A.S. _htern_, _hter_, clothing,
    apparel.
  Hael, man, literally noble, A. 676; B. 27, 409, 1597. A.S. _thele_,
    noble; _theling_, aruler, man.
      "Homer was holden _haithill_ of dedis." --(T.B. 38.)
  Hatte, is called, B. 926; C. 35.
  Haunte, practise, C. 15. Fr. _hanter_, frequent, haunt, literally, to
    follow a certain course.
  Haueke, hawk, B. 537.
  Hauen, haven, port, B. 420.
  Hauyng, condition, behaviour, A. 450, 754.
  Haylsed, saluted, A. 238; B. 612, 814. See _Halse_. See T.B. 1792.
  Hayre, heir, B. 666.
  Hayre[gh], shirts of horse-hair, hair-cloth, sack-cloth, C. 373. A.S.
    _hra_.
  Ha[gh]erly, fitly, properly, B. 18. This word occurs in the Ormulum
    under _ha[gh]herrlike_. O.N. _hgr_, dexter, facilis. Dan. _haage_,
    to please; _haagelig_, agreeable, acceptable.
  Hede, notice, A. 1051.
  Hef, heaved, raised, C. 219.
  Heke = eke, also, A. 210.
  Helde, bend to, come to, B. 1330. A.S. _healdan_; _hyldan_, incline,
    lean to. Dan. _helde_.
  Helde, _adv._ willingly, A. 1193; _in helde_, in mind, in purpose,
    disposed, B. 1520.
  Helded, approached, B. 39.
  Helde[gh], goes, walks, B. 678.
      "ir brether _helid_ ai forth air wai
      at to air fader ful suith com ai."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.)
  Hele, safety, C. 335; health, B. 1099; pleasure, A. 16. A.S. _hl_.
  Helle-hole, B. 223.
  Hellen, of hell, C. 306.
  Helme, C. 149.
  Hem, them, C. 180.
  Hemme, border, A. 1001.
  Hende, gracious, B. 612; C. 398; pleasant, B. 1083. Norse _hendt_,
    adapted; _hendug_. Dan. _hndig_, handy, dextrous. Cf. _hendly_,
    T.B. 1792.
  Hendelayk, mildness, civility, B. 860. Hard-_laike_ occurs in T.B.
    2213.
  {Heng, Henge,} hang, B. 1584, 1734.
  Hens, hence, C. 204.
  {Hent, Hente,} take, seize, receive, A. 388, 669; B. 151, 376, 883,
    1150. O.N. _henda_. A.S. _hentan_.
  Hepe, heap, company. B. 1775.
  Her, their, A. 888.
  Here, heir, B. 52.
    "Bede his doughter come downe and his _dere heire_." (T.B. 389.)
  Here, hair, A. 210.
  Here, company, B. 409, 902. T.B. 6253. A.S. _here_, an army, host,
    etc.
  Hered, honoured, B. 1086. A.S. _hrian_, to praise, commend.
  {Herken, Herkne,} hearken, B. 193, 458.
  Herne[gh], brains, A. 58. O.N. _hjarni_. Sw. _hjerna_.
  Herne[gh] = erne[gh], eagles, B. 537.
  Hert, heart, B. 1723.
  Hertte, hart, B. 391, 535.
  Heruest, harvest, B. 523.
  Hery, honour, praise, B. 1527. See _hered_.
  {Herytage, Heritage,} A. 417; B. 652.
  Her[gh]e, harry, B. 1179, 1294; drag out, C. 178. Sc. _herry_;
    _harry_, rob, spoil, pillage. A.S. _hergian_, _herian_, to plunder,
    afflict, vex. Fr. _harrier_, provoke, molest. O.N. _heria_, to make
    an inroad on.
  {Hest, Heste,} command, A. 633; B. 94, 341; promise, B. 1636.
  Hete, promise, vow, A. 402; B. 1346; C. 336. O.N. _haeta_, to
    threaten. T.B. 240.
  Heter, rough, C. 373. See T.B. 5254. N.Prov. _hetter_, _hitter_,
    eager, earnest.
  Heterly, quickly, greatly, fiercely, A. 402; B. 380, 1222; C. 381,
    477. See T.B. 3499.
  Hee, heath, B. 535.
  Heen, hence, A. 231. O.N. _hthan_. See T.B. 5115.
  Heyng, scorn, contempt, B. 579, 710; C. 2. O.N. _hthung_. See T.B.
    1753, 1818.
  Heue, heave, raise, A. 314, 473. O.N. _hefia_.
  Heued, head, A. 459, 465.
  Heuen, raise, exalt, A. 16; B. 24, 506; increase, "_heuen i hele_."
    B.920. We also meet with the phrase to "_heuen harm_."
      "Qua folus lang wit uten turn,
      Oft his fote sal find a spurn;
      Reu his res an sal he sare,
      Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.)
  Heuen-ryche, the kingdom of heaven, A. 719; C. 14.
  Heuy, sorrowful, A. 1180; C. 2.
  Heyred, harried, dragged, pulled, B. 1786. See _Her[gh]e_. "_Harryn'_
    or _drawyn'_ trahicio, pertraho" (Prompt. Parv.)
  Heyred = heryed, honoured, B. 1527. See _Hered_.
  He[gh]e, high, lofty, B. 1391, 1749.
  He[gh]e, hasten, B. 1584. See _Hy[gh]e_.
  {He[gh]t, He[gh]e,} height, A. 1031; B. 317.
  {Hide, Hidde,} hid, hidden, B. 1600, 1628.
  Hidor, fear, C. 367. O.Fr. _hisdour_; _hidour_, dread.
  Hiled, covered, B. 1397. A.S. _hlan_, _hlian_. Prov.E. _hele_,
    _hill_, _hile_, to cover. O.N. _hylia_, to hide.
  Hitte, to make for, C. 289; come, B. 479; C. 380. O.N. _hitta_, to
    light on, find.
      "ai turne into Tessaile withouten tale more,
      _Hit_ up into a havyn all the hepe samyn." --(T.B. 991.)
  Hi[gh]e = high, loud, B. 1564.
  Hi[gh]ly, greatly, B. 920.
  Ho, she, A. 232, 233; B. 659. A.S. _heo_. Prov.E. _hoo_.
  Ho-beste[gh], she-heasts, B. 337.
  Hod, hood, B. 34.
  Hodle[gh], hoodless, B. 643.
  Hofen, (_p.p._ of _heve_), exalted, raised, B. 1711.
  Hokyllen, beat, B. 1267. Is this an error for _hollkyen_? See
    _Holkke_.
  Hol, whole, B. 102, 594.
  Hole-foted, B. 538.
  Holde, dominion, B. 1597.
  Holkke, thrust out, B. 1222. The original meaning seems to be "to make
    hollow, dig out, pierce." A.S. _holian_, to hollow; _hol_, _holh_,
    ahole. Cf. O.Sc. and O.E. _holket_, hollow; _holk_, dig out.
    Prov.E. _hulk_, to take out entrails of rabbits and hares (Baker).
    Sw. _holka_, _hulka_, to hollow.
  Holly, wholly, B. 104, 1140.
  Holte[gh], woods, A. 921. A.S. _holt_, wood, grove; "_holte woddes_,"
    T.B. 1351.
  Hol[gh]e, hollow, B. 1695. A.S. _holh_.
  Homly, familiar, domestic, A. 1211.
  Hommes, hams, thighs, B. 1541. O.N. _hm_, the back of the thigh.
  Honde, hand, A. 49, 706; B. 174.
  Hondel, handle, B. 11.
  Hondelyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1101.
  Hondelynge, _adv._ with hands, A. 681.
  Honde-werk, handwork, C. 496.
  Honde-whyle, a moment, B. 1786. A.S. _hand-hwl_; "in a _hond-while_,"
    T.B. 406.
  Hone, to delay, abide, A. 921. See Met. Hom., p.129.
  Honest, B. 14, 18.
  Honestly, B. 134, 705.
  Honour, A. 852; B. 594.
  Honyse[gh], destroys, ruins, B. 596. O.Fr. _honeison_, shame;
    _honnir_, to shame, blame, borrowed from Goth, _haunjan_. Ger.
    _hhnen_.
      "And Alexander alle that quile asperly rydis
      To the grete flode of Granton, and it one a glance fyndes,
      Or he was so[gh]t to the side [gh]it sondird the qweryns,
      His hors it _hunyschist_ for evir, and he with hard schapid."
        --(K. Alex. p. 102.)
  Hope, expect, think, suppose, A. 142; B. 663.
  Hores, theirs, C. 14.
  Hores (?), B. 1695.
  Hortyng, _sb._ hurting, harm, B. 740.
  Horwed, unclean, B. 335. A.S. _horwa_, _hru_, dirt; _hyrwian_, to
    defile.
  Horyed, hurried, B. 883.
  {Hot, Hote,} angry, B. 200.
  Hourlande, rolling, rushing, hurling, C. 271.
  Hourle, wave, C. 319.
  Household, B. 18.
  Houe, abide, B. 927. W. _hofian_; _hofio_, to fluctuate, hover,
    suspend.
  Houe[gh], hovers, B. 458, 485.
  Houen, exalted, raised, B. 206, 413, 1451.
  Hue, cry, voice, A. 873.
  {Hue, Huee,} hue, complexion, A. 842; B. 1483.
  Huge, great, B. 4, 1659.
  Hunger, _vb._ C. 19.
  Hurkele, hang, B. 150; rest, 406. The original meaning is to nestle,
    crouch, squat. N.Prov.E. _hurkle_, to squat, crouch, nestle. Du.
    _hurken_, to squat. O.N. _hruka_.
      "Then come ther in a litill brid into his arme fle[gh]e,
      And ther _hurkils_ and hydis as sche were hande tame,
      Fast scho flekirs about his fete, and fle[gh]tirs aboute."
        --(K. Alex. p. 18.)
  Hurlande, hurling, rushing, B. 413, 1211.
  Hurle, rush, B. 44, 223, 376, 874, 1204; "_hurlet_ out of houses,"
    T.B. 1365.
  Hurrok, oar, B. 419; C. 185. Prov.E. _orruck_. "_Orruck_-holes,
    oar-drawing holes, as distinct from thole-pins, which are less used
    in our boats: _rykke_, to draw (Dan.). Compare English _rullocks_."
    Norfolk Words: Miss A. Gurney in Transactions of Philological
    Society for 1855, p.34.
  Huyde, hide, B. 915.
  Huyle, while, A. 41.
  Hwe, hue, A. 896; _hwes_, B. 1119.
  Hwed, coloured, B. 1045.
  Hyde, skin, A. 1136.
  Hyl-coppe, hill-top, A. 791. See _Coppe_.
  Hynde = hende, courteous, A. 909; B. 1098.
  Hyne, servants; _hinds_, A. 505, 632, 1211. A.S. _hina_, _hine_ (for
    _higna_, _higne_), adomestic. O.N. _hion_, family.
  Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539.
  Hyre, _vb._ A. 507, 560.
  Hyrne, corner, B. 1294; C. 178. A.S. _hyrne_. "Hyd hom in houles and
    _hyrnys_ aboute," T.B. 1362.
  Hytte[gh], strives, seeks, A. 132.
  Hyue, hive, B. 223.
  Hyure, hire, C. 56.
  Hy[gh]e, high grounds, heights, B. 391.
  {Hy[gh]e, Hy[gh],} high, A. 39, 395; B. 380; "on _hy[gh]e_," B. 413;
    "_hy[gh]e_ trot," quick pace, B. 976.
  Hy[gh]e, hie, hasten, B. 33, 392, 538; C. 217. A.S. _higan_, _higian_.
  Hy[gh]e, labourer, servant, B. 67. A.S. _higo_, a servant. See _Hine_.
  Hy[gh]ly, greatly, B. 1527.
  Hy[gh]t, named, called, promised, A. 305, 950; B. 24, 665, 1162.
  Hy[gh]t, height, B. 458; C. 398.
  Hy[gh]tled, ornamented, decorated, B. 1290.
      "He had a hatt on his hede _hi[gh]tild_ o floures."
        --(K. Alex. p. 155.)

  I-brad, extended, reached, B. 1693. See _Brayde_.
  Ichose, chosen, A. 904.
  Idolatrye, B. 1173.
  Ilk, same, B. 1755.
  Ille, bad, evil, B. 577.
  Ilyche = alike, B. 228, 975; C. 161. A.S. _gelc_.
  Image, B. 983.
  In-blande, together, B. 885. Dan. _iblandt_. See _Bland_.
  Inflokke, flock in, B. 1767.
  Inlyche, alike, A. 546, 603.
  In-melle, among, A 1127. This word is usually written _i-melle_. Icel.
    _-milli_.
  {In-monge, In-monge[gh],} among, amidst, B. 278, 1485.
  {In-mydde, In-mydde[gh],} amidst, B. 125, 1677.
  Innocens, innocence, A. 708.
  {Innoghe, Inno[gh]e,} enough, sufficiently, A. 612, 625, 637;
    abundant, C. 528.
  In-nome, taken in, A. 703.
  {Innossent, Inoscente,} innocent, A. 666, 672, 684.
  Inobedyent, disobedient, B. 237. Fr. _inobedient_.
  In-seme, together, A. 838. A.S. _gesome_. O.E. _ysome_.
  In-stoundes, at times, B. 1603.
  Instrumente, B. 1081.
  Insy[gh]t, opinion, B. 1659.
  Ire, wrath, B. 572.
  Iwysse, truly, indeed, B. 84. A.S. _gewis_.
  In-wyth, within, A. 970.

  Jacynth, A. 1014.
  Janglande, muttering, C. 90. O.Fr. _jangler_, to chatter.
  Jape, device, sin, B. 272, 864; C. 57. Fr. _japper_, to yelp, chatter.
    The original meaning of _jape_ is in O.E. to deceive, to lie.
  Jasper, A. 999.
  Jauele, a wicked wretch, a base fellow, B. 1495. "_Javel_, Joppus,
    gerro." (Prompt. Parv.)
    "The Lieutenant of the Tower advising Sir Thomas Moor to put on
    worse cloaths at his execution, gives this reason, because he that
    is to have them is but a _javel_; to which Sir Thomas replied,
    shall I count him a _javel_ who is to doe me so great a benefit."
      --(MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.)
  Jeaunte, giant, B. 272.
  {Jolef, Jolyf, Joly,} handsome, happy, true, A. 842, 929; B. 300, 864;
    C. 241.
  Joparde, jeopardy, A. 602.
  Jostyse, justice, judge, B. 877.
  Journay, C. 355.
  Jowked, slept, C. 182.
  {Joy, Joye,} A. 266.
  Joyfol, A. 288.
  Joyle[gh], joyless, sorrowful, A. 252; C. 146.
  Joyne, B. 726.
  Joyned, A. 1009; B. 434.
  Joyned, enjoined, B. 877; C. 62, 355.
  Joynte, B. 1540.
  Joyst, B. 434.
  {Juel, Juele,} jewel, A. 249, 253, 278.
  {Jueler, Juelere,} jeweller, A. 252, 264.
  Juelrye, jewelry, B. 1309.
  Jugge, judge, A. 7, 804; C. 224.
  Juggement, judgment, B. 726.
  {Juis, Juise,} judgment, doom, B. 726; C. 224.
  Jumpred (? _Jumpre_ from A.S. _geomer_, miserable, sad), trouble,
    B.491.
  Justyfyet, justified, A. 700.

  Kable, B. 418.
  Kake, B. 625, 635.
  Kark, sorrow, C. 265. W. and Gael. _carc_, care.
  Karle, churl, B. 208. See _Chorle_.
  Kart, B. 1259.
  Kayrene, to go, B. 945. See _Cayre_.
  Kayser, emperor, B. 1593.
  Ka[gh]t, caught, B. 1215.
  Kene, great, noble, B. 839, 1593; sharp, B. 1697.
  Kenely, quickly, B. 945.
  Kenne, to know, make known, show, A. 55; B. 865, 1707; C. 357. O.N.
    _kenna_. Norse _kjenna_, to perceive by sense, recognise, observe.
  Kennest, keenest, B. 1575.
  Kepe, care for, regard, B. 508.
  Kerve, dig, A. 512; cut, B. 1104; rend, B. 1582.
  {Kest, Keste,} contrive, B. 1070, 1455; cast, A. 66; B. 414.
  Keue, depart, A. 320.
  Keued, separated, A. 981.
  Keuer, recover, restore, B. 1605, 1700.
  Keye, key, B. 1438.
  Klubbe, club, B. 1348.
  Klyffe[gh], cliffs, A. 66, 74.
  Knaue, knave, B. 855; servant, B. 801.
  {Knaue, Knaw, Knawe,} know; _knawen_, known, A. 637; B. 1435, 1575.
  Knawlach, knowledge, B. 1702; See T.B. 1083.
  Knot, crowd, company, A. 788.
  Knyt, knit, unite, establish, B. 564.
  Kost, coast, border, B. 912.
  Kote, house, B. 801.
  Koynt = quaint, curious, crafty, B. 1382.
  Krakke, sound, B. 1403.
  Kuy, kine, cows, B. 1259.
  {Kyd, Kydde,} showed, proved, (_pret._ of _kythe_), B. 23, 208.
    _Kyde_, as an _adj._ = renowned.
      "This kyde realme." --(T.B. 213.)
  Kylle, to strike, B. 876. See T.B. 1211, 1213.
  Kyndam, kingdom, B. 1700.
  Kynde, nature, species, B. 266, 505, 507.
  {Kyndely, Kyndly,} naturally, properly, B. 1, 319.
  Kynne, conceive, B. 1072. A.S. _cennan_, to conceive, beget.
  Kynned, kindled, B. 915. O.N. _kynda_.
  Kynne[gh], "alle kynne[gh] = of every kind," A. 1028.
  Kyntly = kyndly, naturally, A. 690.
  Kyppe, take up, seize, B. 1510. Prov.E. _kep_. O.N. _kippa_. A.S.
    _cpan_. See Robt. of Glouc. 125. Havelok the Dane, 2407. "_Kyppyn'_
    idem quod _Hynton_;" "_Kyppynge_ or _hyntynge_ (_hentynge_, K.P.),
    Raptus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  {Kyrk, Kyrke,} church, temple, A. 1061; B. 1270.
  Kyryous = curious, careful, particular, B. 1109.
  {Kyst, Kyste,} chest, ark, B. 449, 1438; C. 159.
  Kye, show, exhibit, A. 356; B. 851, acknowledge, B. 1368. A.S.
    _cthan_, to make known.
      "Ye _kye_ me suche kyndnes," --(T.B. 557.)
  {Ky, Kye,} city, land, region, A. 1198; B. 414, 571, 901, 912;
    C. 18. A.S. _cyth_, aregion, home, native place.
      "Ther was a kyng in at coste at e _kithe_ ought."
        --(T.B. 103.)
  Kyyn (_gen. pl._ of _kye_), of cities, B. 1366.

  Labour, _sb._ A. 634; _vb._ A. 504.
  {Lache, Lachche,} = latch, take, receive, B. 166; _lached_, received,
    B. 1186; taken, C. 266; reach, C. 322; "_lach_ out," take away,
    C. 425. A.S. _lccan_.
  Lad, led, A. 801.
  Ladde = lad, man (of inferior station), B. 36; C. 154. O.H.G. _laz_,
    libertinus. Ger. _lasse_. Du. _laete_, apeasant.
  Ladde-borde, larboard, C. 106.
  Laddres, ladders, B. 1777.
  Lade, led, A. 1146.
  Ladyly, A. 774.
  Ladyschyp, A. 578.
  Lafte, left, B. 1004.
  Laften, (_3d pers. pl. pret._) left, A. 622; C. 405.
  {Lake, Llak,} lake, deep, B. 438, 536.
  Lakke, sin against, abuse, B. 723. Dan. and Sw. _lak_, fault, vice.
    Dan. _lakke_, decay, decline.
  {Lalled, Laled,} spoke, B. 153, 913. Dan. _lalle_, to prattle.
    Bavarian _lallen_, to speak thick, talk. Gr. #lalein#, to
    talk.
  Lance, take, C. 350.
  Langage, language, B. 1556.
  Langour, sorrow, A. 357.
  Lansed (? _laused_), uttered, B. 668; C. 489. _Launch_, in the dialect
    of Worcestershire, signifies to cry out, groan.
  Lansed, ? quaked, B. 957.
  Lante[gh] (? _lance[gh]_), lentest, gavest, B. 348.
  Lantyrne, A. 1047.
  Lape, lap, taste, B. 1434. _Lape_, lape, taste (Baker's Northampton
    Glossary).
  Lappe, _sb._ A. 201. A.S. _lppa_, border, hem. "_Lappe_, skyrte
    (_lappe_, barme, K.). Gremium." (Prompt. Parv.)
    "The word _lap_, according to many ancient writers, signified the
    skirt of a garment. Thus G. de Bibelsworth says,
      'Car par deuant avez eskours (_lappes_),
      Et d'en cost sont vos girouns (sidgoren).'
    It denoted, likewise, the hinder skirt." (Way in Prompt. Parv.)
  Lapped, folded, clothed, B. 175. See T.B. 236.
  Lasched, B. 707. ? became hot, lascivious.
  Lasned = lessened, made smaller, B. 438, 441.
  Lasse, less, A. 599, 600; B. 1640.
  Laste, follow, A. 1146; C. 320. A.S. _last_, footstep. Goth,
    _laistjan_, to follow after.
  Laste, fault, crime, C. 198.
  Lastes, becomes faulty, B. 1141. Dan. _last_, vice, fault. O.N.
    _lstr_. S.Sax. _last_, calumny, blame. Icel. _last_. Ger.
    _lsterung_, slander.
  Lat, slow, late, B. 1172. A.S. _lt_, slow, late. Cf. _"lat_-a foot,
    slow in moving." (Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary.)
  Lae, to invite, B. 81. A.S. _lathian_. O.Sax. _lathian_. O.N. _lada_.
    Prov.E. _lathe_, to invite. A.S. _lathu_, invitation. N.Prov.E.
    _lathing_, invitation.
  Lauce, loosen, do away with (?), B. 1589.
  Laue, law, B. 723.
  Lauande, pouring, flowing, B. 366.
  Laue, pour out, A. 607; C. 154. A.S. _lafian_.
  Launce[gh], branches (of trees), A. 978.
  Launde, an open space between woods, a park; _lawn_, B. 1000, 1207.
    "_Saltus_ a lawnd." (Nominale MS.) Welsh _llan_. "_Lawnde_ of a
    wode. Saltus." (Prompt. Parv.) "_Indago_, a parke, a huntynge place,
    or a _launde_." (Ortus.) "_Lande_, a _land_ or _launde_, awild
    untilled shrubbie or bushy plaine." (Cotg.) O.Fr. _lande_, saltus.
      "Sythyne [he] wente into Wales wyth his wyes alle;
      Sweys into Swaldye with his snelle houndes,
      For to hunt at the hartes in thas hye _laundes_."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 6.)
  Lawe, hill, B. 992. Sc. _law_. A.S. _hlw_, mound, mount. Goth.
    _hlaiw_.
  Lawles, C. 170.
  Lay, put down, B. 1650.
  Layke, _sb._ sport, play, amusement, B. 122, 1053.
  Layke, _vb._ to play, B. 872. A.S. _lc_, play; _lcan_, to play.
  Layke, device, B. 274; C. 401.
  Layned, kept secret, A. 244. N.Prov.E. _lane_, to hide. O.N. _leyna_.
  Layth, vile, evil, C. 401. A.S. _lth_, evil, harm; _lth_, hateful,
    evil; "_laithe_ hurtes," T.B. 1351.
  Layte, seek, search, B. 97, 1768. N.Prov.E. _late_. Icel. _leita_. Sw.
    _leta_, to look for; "_laytyng_ aboute," T.B. 2348.
  La[gh]ares, lepers, B. 1093.
  La[gh]e, laugh, B. 653, 661.
  {La[gh]te, La[gh]t,} = laught, took, A. 1128, 1205. See _Lache_.
  Le, shelter, C. 277. A.S. _hleo_, shade, shelter. Cf. T.B. 2806. O.N.
    _hlja_, to protect. Cf. _Leeside_ = the sheltered side of a ship.
      "---- thar I the tell
      Is the richt place and sted for [gh]our cite,
      And of [gh]our travell ferm hald to rest in _le_."
        --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 152.)
      "e wicked alsua e gode sal se,
      Wit-in air gamen stad and gle,
      at ai e sorfuller sal be,
      at losen folili has at _le_." (_i.e._, heaven).
        --("De Penis," quoted in "Hampole's Pricke of Conscience," l.4,
        p.xii.)
  Leauty, loyalty, B. 1172.
  Lebarde, leopard, B. 536.
  Lecherye, B. 1350.
  {Led, Lede,} man, person, A. 542; B. 412. A.S. _led_, man.
  {Led, Leede,} people, nation, B. 691, 772, 909. A.S. _lede_, people,
    folk.
  Ledden = leden, sound, A. 878. Chaucer uses the word _leden_ in the
    sense of _speech_, _language_. A.S. _hlyd_. O.N. _hliod_, asound.
  Ledisch, national, pertaining to a people or country, B. 1556. S.Sax.
    _leodisce_. See _Lede_.
  {Leef, Lef,} _adj._ dear, precious; _sb._ dear one, wife, A. 266, 418;
    B. 772, 939, 1066. A.S. _lef_.
  Lefly, dear, beloved, B. 977. A.S. _leflc_.
  Lefsel, bower, house formed of leaves, C. 448.
      "By a lauryel ho (Dame Gaynour) lay, vndur a _lefe-sale_,
      Of box and of barber, byggyt ful bene."
        --(The Anturs of Arther in Robson's Met. Rom. p.3, vi. 5.)
      "With _lefsales_ uppon lofte lustie and faire." (T.B. 337.)
    A.S. _leaf_, a leaf, and _sel_, dwelling, hall. Sw. _lfsal_, ahut
    built of green boughs. _Levesel_ (another form of _lefsel_) is used
    by Chaucer (Reve's Tale, 4059), but is left unexplained in the
    glossary to Wright's edition. Tyrwhitt's derivation of this term
    from A.S. _lefe_, folium, and _setl_, sedes, is certainly very near
    the mark. Cf. "_levecel_ beforne a wyndowe, or other place.
    Umbraculum." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Lege, liege, subject, B. 94, 1174.
  Legioune, A. 1121, B. 1293.
  Lel, true, B. 425. "Leve this for _lell_." T.B. 239.
  Lelly, truly, faithfully, A. 305; B. 1066. See T.B. 420.
  Leme, glide away, A. 358.
  Leme, shine, gleam, A. 119, 1043; B. 1273. A.S. _lema_, a ray of
    light; _leman_, to shine. See T.B. 699.
  Lemman = leof-man, beloved one, mistress, A. 763, 796, 805; B. 1352.
    A.S. _lef_, dear, and _man_. O.E. _leofmon_, alover.
  Lene, grant, C. 347. A.S. _lnian._
  Lenge, dwell, abide, A. 261, 933; B. 81, 412, 497, 994; C. 42. See
    T.B. 1937.
  Lenger, longer, A. 600, 977; B. 810; _lengest_, B. 256.
  Lenghe, length, A. 416.
  Lent (_pret._ of _lend_), abode, dwelt, B. 256; _wat[gh] lent_, had
    dwelt, B. 1084.
  Lent, arrived, C. 201. A.S. _gelandian_, to land, arrive.
      "Langour _lent_ is in land, all lychtnes is lost."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 447.)
  Lene, length, A. 1031; B. 425, 1594.
  Lep, leaped, C. 179.
  Lere, to teach, B. 843. A.S. _lran_
  Lere, reward, ? _here_, A. 616.
  {Ler, Lere,} countenance, A. 398; _pl._ _lers_, features, B. 1542 A.S.
    _hleor_. See T.B. 480.
  Lese, false, A. 865. See _Lese_.
  Lesande, loosening, opening, A. 837. O.E. _lese_, _les_, to loose.
    Goth. _lausjan_.
  Lese, false, B. 1719. A.S. _leas_.
  {Lest, Leste,} lost, A. 9; B. 887.
  Lesyng, _sb._ lie, A. 897. A.S. _leasung_.
  Lee, assuage, lessen, cease, bate, cool. A. 377; B. 648; C. 3. A.S.
    _leothian_, to release, slacken. See Met. Hom. p.135.
  Lee, _sb._ calm, C. 160. N.Prov.E. _leath_, rest, quiet. Stratmann
    compares O.Du. _lede_, ease, _leath_.
  Lether, leather, B. 1581.
  Lette, hinder, prevent, A. 1050; B. 1803.
  Letter, B. 1580.
  Lettrure, letters, learning, A. 751.
  Leue, "_aske leue_," A. 316; "_take leue_," B. 401.
  Leue, forsake, C. 401.
  Leue, believe, A. 69, 865, 876; B. 1493.
  Leued, leaved, A. 978.
  Lewed, ignorant, B. 1580. A.S. _lede_, _led_, the people.
  Lik, to lick, B. 1000.
  Likke, sip, drink, B. 1521.
  Liure[gh], dresses, garments, A. 1108. O.Fr. _livree_.
  Lode, lot, C. 156.
  Lode, course, conduct, guidance, C. 504. A.S. _ld_, _ldu_, way. O.N.
    _leid_, course. Cf. _lode_, away for water.
  Lodesmon, conductor, pilot, B. 424; C. 179. A.S. _ldman_, a leader.
  {Lodly, Lodlych,} loathsome, hateful, vile, B. 274, 1090, 1093.
    N.Prov.E. _laidly_, ugly, foul. A.S. _lthlc_, odious, detestable.
      "He laid on at _loodly_, lettyd he noght." (T.B. 934.)
  Lofly, dear, lovely, B. 1804.
  Lofte, "_upon lofte_," on high, B. 206, 318, 808. O.N. _lopt_, sky,
    air.
  {Loge, Logge,} tent, lodge, B. 784, 807, 1407; C. 457. Fr. _loge_,
    ahut. See T.B. 1140, 1369.
  Logging, lodging, B. 887.
  {Loghe, Lo[gh],} = low, lau, pit, deep, abyss, B. 366. O.N. _lagr_.
    Sw. _lg_, low.
  Lokande, looking, C. 458.
  Loke = loken, enclosed, C. 350.
  Loke, guard, watch over, C. 504.
  Lokyng, _sb._ sight, looking, A. 1049.
  Loltrande, ? _loitrande_, lolling, loitering, C. 458. Du. _loteren_,
    to loiter. O.N. _lotra_, to go lazily.
  Lombe, lamb, A. 841, 1047.
  Lome, lame, B. 1094.
  Lome, vessel, instrument of any kind; (1) ark; (2) boat, B. 314, 412,
    443; C. 160. A.S. _gelma_, _lma_.
  Lomerande, hesitating, creeping, B. 1094. This term seems to be
    connected with _lumber_. O.E. _lumer_, _lomer_, to move heavily.
    O.Du. _lammer_, _lemmer_, impedimentum, molestia. (Kil.) Dan.
    _belemre_. Du. _belemmern_, to encumber, impede.
  Lompe, lamp, A. 1046.
  Londe, land, A. 148, 937.
  Lone, path, lane, A. 1066. N.Prov.E. _lone_, _lannin_. Fris. _lona_,
    _lana_, anarrow way between gardens and houses. Is it connected
    with O.N. _leyna_, to hide, conceal?
  Longande, belonging, A. 462.
  Longed, belonged, B. 1090, 1747.
  Lont, land, C. 322.
  Lopen (_p.p._ of _lepe_, to leap), leapt, B. 990.
  Lore, wisdom, learning, B. 1556. A.S. _lr_.
  Lore, mode, wise, A. 236.
  Lorn, lost, destroyed, B. 932.
  Los, loss, B. 1589.
  Lose, destroy, B. 909; C. 198; depart, be lost, A. 908.
  Losed, lost, B. 586.
  Losyng, perdition, B. 1031.
  Losynger, _sb._ liar, deceiver. O.Fr. _losengier_.
  {Lot, Lote,} sound, noise, roar, A. 876; C. 161, 183; word, B. 668.
    Sw. _lta_, to sound; _lt_, sound; _lte_, cry, voice. A.S.
    _hlethor_, asound, noise. O.E. _lud_, voice. The original form of
    the word is _late_.
      "Than have we liking to lithe (listen to) the _lates_ of the
      foules." --(K. Alex. p. 149.)
      "(He) _late_ so lathely a _late_ and sa loude cried
      That all the fest was aferd and othire folke bathe."
        --(K. Alex. p. 17.)
      "He gaped, he groned faste, with grucchande _latez_."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.)
  Lote = late, countenance, feature, form, manner, A. 899; C. 47. This
    word occurs in La[gh]amon under the form _late_, looks, glances.
    Glossarial remarks to La[gh]amon, p.449. _Lete_, countenance, is
    found in the Owl and Nightingale, 35, 403. A.S. _wlite_. O.N.
    _lti_.
  Lote, lot, A. 1205; C. 173.
  Lote = lout, bow, A. 238. A.S. _ltan_, to bend, bow, stoop. Sw.
    _luta_. See T.B. 1900.
  Loe, _sb._ sorrow, A. 377. A.S. _lth_, evil, harm.
  Loelych, wicked, bad, B. 1350.
  Loute, abide, sit, A. 933.
  Loute, bow, make obeisance. B. 798. See _Lote_.
  Louande, praising, B. 1719.
  Loue, praise, A. 285, 1124, 1127; B. 497, 987. A.S. _lofian_.
  Loue[gh], hands, B. 987. N.Prov.E. _leuf_, palm of the hand, and hence
    used for the hand itself. _Palm_ is used for the hand in early
    English authors. O.N. _lofi_. Sc. _loof_.
      "(He) held the letter in his _love_." --(K. Alex. p. 71.)
      "----he takis
      The licor in his awen (one) _loove_,
      the letter in the tothire." --(_Ibid._ l. 2569.)
  Loueloker, more lovely, A. 148.
  Lovne, offer (advice), propose, C. 173. N.Prov.E. _loave_, _loff_, to
    offer. O.N. _lofa_, promise, praise. Du. _looven_. Flem. _loven_,
    estimate. Cf. "_Lovon_ and bedyn as chapmen, Licitor." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Louy, love, B. 841, 1053.
  {Louely, Louyely, Louyly, Louelych,} lovely, A. 565, 693; B. 1486.
  Lowe, flame; "_luf lowe_," flame of love, B. 707. O.E. _logh_ (see
    T.B. 168) "the _lowe hot_," T.B. 494.
  Lowkande, locking, shutting, B. 441.
  {Lo[gh], Lo[gh]e,} the deep, pit, sea, A. 119; B. 441, 1031; C. 230.
    See _Loghe_.
  Lo[gh], Lo[gh]e, low, B. 798, 1761.
  Lo[gh]ed, made low, abased, B. 1650.
  Lo[gh]en, laughed (_3rd pers. pl. pret._ of _la[gh]e_, B. 495.
  Lo[gh]ly, humbly, B. 614, 745.
  Luche, pitch, throw, C. 230. N.Prov.E. _lutch_, to pulsate strongly.
    W. _lluchio_, to fling, throw violently. Stratmann suggests A.S.
    _lyccan_, pull, lutch.
  {Ludych, Ludisch,} national, B. 73, 1375. See _Ledisch_.
  Luf, _gen. sing._, of love, B. 707.
  {Lufly, Luflych, Luflyly,} lovely, A. 880; B. 81; 939; C. 419.
  Lufsoum, _sb._ lovesome, beloved one, A. 398.
  Luged, was pulled, B. 443. O.N. _lugga_.
  Lulted, sounded, B. 1207. O.N. _lulla_, to lull, sing to sleep. Cf.
    "_lullit_ on slepe," T.B. 648. Ger. _lallen_, to sing without
    words, only repeating the syllable _la_. N.Prov.E. _lilt_, to sing
    with a loud voice; _lilt_, asong.
  Luly-whit, lilly-white, B. 977.
  Lumpen, befallen, B. 424, 1320. See _Lympe_.
  Lur, loss, C. 419.
      "What _lure_ is of my lyfe & I lyffe here." --(T.B. 582.)
  Lure[gh], losses, A. 339, 358. A.S. _lyre_, _lor_.
  {Lurke, Lurkke,} A. 978; C. 277. See T.B. 1140.
  Lusty, B. 981.
  Luther, bad, wicked, B. 163, 1090; C. 156. A.S. _lyther_.
  Luuy, love. See _Louy_.
  Lyf, life, B. 1719.
  Lyflode, sustenance in life, B. 561. A.S. _lif-lde_, from _ld_,
    away.
  {Lyft, Lyfte,} heavens, firmament, sky, B. 212, 366, 1356, 1448. A.S.
    _lyft_.
  Lyftande, lifting, rising, B. 443.
  Lyfte, raised, A. 567.
  Lyfte, left, B. 981, 1581.
  Lygge, lie, B. 1126, 1792. A.S. _licgan_.
  Lyke, _vb. impers._ please, A. 566; B. 36, 411, 693, 1646.
  Lyke, _adj._ pleasing, C. 42.
  Lykker, more like, C. 493.
  Lykne[gh], likens, compares, A. 500; is like, B. 1064.
  Lyknyng, _sb._ likeness, C. 30.
  Lykore[gh], liquors, drinks, B. 1521.
  Lykyng, _sb._ pleasure, A. 247; B. 172, 1803. See T.B. 2912.
  Lylled, flourished, shone, C. 447. N.Prov.E. _lilli-lo_, a bright
    flame. Cf. Mod. Gr. #louloudi#, ablossom; #louloudiaz#, to
    flourish, bloom. Is _lylle_, to flourish, connected with the word
    _lilly_?
  Lympe, befall, happen, C. 174, 194. See T.B. 36. A.S. _limpan_, to
    happen, concern.
  Lyne, lineage, A. 626.
  Lynne, linen, A. 731.
  Lyre, flesh, B. 1687. A.S. _lira_.
  Lysoun, trace, B. 887.
  {Lyst, Lyste,} _sb._ pleasure, A. 467, 908; B. 843; lust, B. 693;
    _vb._ desire, please, A. 146; B. 415, 1766.
  Lyst, path, border, B. 1761. Du. _lijst_, edge, border.
  Lysten, to hear, A. 880.
  Lysten, hearing, B. 586. A.S. _hlist_, hearing; _hlistan_, to hear,
    listen. O.N. _hlust_, an ear.
  Lyte, little, B. 119.
  Lyth, limb, A. 398. A.S. _lith_.
  Lye, assuage, lessen, A. 357. See _Lee_.
  Lye, grant, A. 369.
  Lyer, evil, wickedly, A. 567. See _Luer_.
  Lyerly, badly, negligently, B. 36.
  {Lyuie, Lyuy,} live, B. 558, 581; C. 364.
  Lyuyande, living, A. 700.
  Ly[gh]e, lie, A. 304.
  Ly[gh]t, light, A. 69, 1043; bright, A. 500; innocent, guiltless,
    pure, A. 682; B. 987; _lette_ _ly[gh]t_, esteem, treat lightly,
    B. 1174, 1320.
  {Ly[gh]t, Ly[gh]te,} _vb._ to light, fall upon, A. 247, 943, 988;
    B. 213, 1069.
  Ly[gh]ten, to lighten, C. 160.
  Ly[gh]tly, easily, A. 358; soon, quickly, B. 817, 853; C. 88. Comp.
    _ly[gh]tloker_, C. 47.

  Ma, make, A. 283; B. 625.
  Ma, man (?), A. 323.
  {Mach, Machche,} = make, fellow, companion, B. 124, 695, 1512. See
    _Make_.
  Mache, to make familiar with, C. 99.
  {Mad, Madde,} foolish, A. 267, 290, 1166; B. 654. Prov. Ger. _maden_,
    to tattle; _madeln_, to mutter.
      "Thi momlyng and thi _mad_ wordes." --(See T.B. 1864.)
  Madde, _vb._ to render foolish, A. 359.
  Maddyng, folly, A. 1154.
      "_Madding_ marrid has thi mode, and thi mynd changid."
        --(K. Alex. p. 121.)
  {Mak, Make,} = mach, match, equal, fellow, wife, A. 759; B. 248, 331,
    994. A.S. _maca_, a mate; _mace_, awife.
      "e king him (Joseph) did a wiif to tak,
      Hight Assener, a doghti _mak_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27a.)
  Makele[gh], matchless, A. 435, 733, 757, 780.
  Male, B. 337, 695.
  Malicious, C. 508.
  Malscrande, accursed, B. 991.
  Malskred, bewildered, C. 255. Bosworth quotes "_malscra_, a
    bewitching," upon the authority of Somner.
  {Malt, Malte,} ease, assuage, soothe, B. 776, 1566. O.N. _melta_, to
    dissolve.
  Malte, discourse, speak, A. 224, 1154. A.S. _mlan_, to speak,
    converse; _mathelian_, _mthlan_, to discourse.
  {Malyce, Malys,} B. 250, 518; C. 4.
  Man = maken (_3d pers. pl. pres._), make, A. 512.
  Manace, threaten, C. 422.
  Manayre, manor, A. 1029.
  Mancioun, mansion, B. 309.
  Maner, manner, B. 701.
  Maner, manor, A. 918.
  Manerly, properly, decently, B. 91.
  Mangerie, feast, B. 52, 1365. Fr. _manger_, to eat, from Lat.
    _manducare_.
  Mankyn, mankind, A. 637.
  Mansed, cursed, B. 774; C. 82. A.S. _a-mnsumian_, to excommunicate.
  Mantyle, mantle, C. 342.
  Marchal, marshal, B. 91, 118.
  Mare, more, A. 145.
  {Margary, Margyrye,} pearl, A. 199, 1037; B. 556.
  Marie, marry, B. 52.
  Marked, market, A. 513.
  Marre, corrupt, spoil, destroy, perish, A. 23; B. 279, 991; C. 172,
    474. O.H.G. _marrjan_, to hinder, make void. A.S. _merran_,
    _myrran_, to hinder. Du. _merren_, to obstruct.
  Marere[gh] = marre[gh] (?). A. 382.
  {Maryag, Maryage,} A. 414, 778; B. 186.
  Maryed, married, B. 815.
  Marryng, _sb._ spoiling, preventing, B. 186.
  Marschal, B. 1427.
  Maryners, C. 99.
  Mas, mass, A. 1115.
  Mascelle[gh], spotless, A. 732.
  Mascle, spot, A. 726. Du. _maese_, _masche_, _maschel_, a spot, stain;
    _maschelen_, to stain.
  Mase (masse), astonishment, alarm, B. 395.
  {Maskele[gh], Maskelles, Maskelle[gh],} spotless, A. 744, 745, 756,
    768.
  Maskle, spot, stain, B. 556. See _Mascle_.
  Masporye (?), A. 1018.
  Mate, dejected, downcast, subdued, A. 386. Fr. _mat_.
  Mate, to overcome, A. 613. Fr. _mater_. O.Fr. _amater_. Cf. Du. _mat_,
    exhausted, overcome. Ger. _matt_, feeble, faint.
  Mater, subject, B. 1617.
  Matere, matter, C. 503.
  {Maugre, Maugref, Mawgre,} C. 44, 54. Fr. _malgr_, in spite of,
    against the will of; _mal_, ill; _gr_, will, pleasure. In B. 250
    _mawgre_ is used as a _sb._ = displeasure.
  Mawe, stomach, C. 255. Ger. _magen_. Du. _maag_.
  May, maid. A. 435, 780. A.S. _mg_.
  Maynful, great, powerful, A. 1093; B. 1730. A.S. _mgen_, power,
    force, strength. O.N. _megin_, strength; _mega_, to be able.
  Maynly, loudly, B. 1427.
  Mayntnaunce, maintenance, B. 186.
  Mayntyne, maintain, C. 523.
  Mayster, master, lord, A. 462, 900; B. 1793.
  Maysterful, powerful, A. 401; B. 1328.
  Maystery, mastery, C. 482.
  Ma[gh]t, power, C. 112. Goth. _mahts_. Ger. _macht_, might, power.
  Ma[gh]ty, mighty, B. 273, 279.
  Ma[gh]tyly, mightily, B. 1267.
  Mede = meed, reward, B. 1632.
  Medoes, meadows, B. 1761.
  Megre, meagre, lean, B. 1198. Fr. _maigre_. Lat. _macer_, lean.
  Mekne, make meek, B. 1328.
  Mele, meal, B. 625.
  Mele, _sb._ discourse, A. 23.
  Mele, _vb._ to talk, relate, say, A. 497, 589; B. 736; C. 10.
    "To _mele_ of this mater." (T.B. 209.)
  Melle, speak, A. 797. See _Malte_.
  Membre[gh], members, A. 458.
  Mendes, amends, A. 351.
  Mendyng, _sb._ improvement, repentance, A. 452; B. 764.
  Mene, general, common, B. 1241. A.S. _gemne_. Ger. _gemein_.
  Mene, mean, A. 293.
  Mene, tell, explain, B. 1635. A.S. _mnan_, to tell.
  {Meng, Menge,} mix, join, B. 337, 625. A.S. _mengan_.
  {Mensk, Menske,} _sb._ honour, A. 162, 783; B. 121, 522; thanks,
    B.646; _vb._ to honour, B. 141, 1740. A.S. _mennisc_, human.
    N.Prov.E. _mense_, to grace, deck; _mense_, decency, good manners.
  Mensked, honoured, B. 118.
  Menteene, maintain, A. 783.
  Mercy, A. 576, 623.
  Mercyable, merciful, B. 1113; C. 238.
  Mercyles, B. 250.
  Mere = meer, boundary, B. 778; C. 320. Du. _meere_. O.N. _mri_,
    boundary.
  Mere, sea, lake, stream, A. 140, 158, 1166; B. 991; C. 112. A.S.
    _mere_. O.Sax. _meri_. O.N. _mar_.
  Merit, B. 613.
  Merk, _adj._ dark, obscure, B. 1617.
  Merk, _sb._ darkness, B. 894; C. 291. A.S. _myrc_, dark. O.N. _myrkr_,
    darkness; _myrka_, to darken, grow dark.
  Merke, make, devise, order, place, B. 558, 637, 1487, 1617. A.S.
    _mearcian_. O.N. _merkia_, to mark, perceive, signify.
  Mersy, A. 383; B. 776.
  {Meruayle, Merwayle,} _adj._ marvellous, C. 81; _sb._ a marvel,
    A.1081, 1130; B. 586.
  Meruelous, A. 1166.
  Mery, pleasant, B. 1760.
  Mes, A. 862. See _Messe_.
  Message, B. 454; C. 81.
  Meschef, evil, misfortune, A. 275; B. 373, 1164.
  Mese, moderate, temper, assuage, B. 764. See _Methe_.
      "Sir Pylate mefe you now no more,
      But _mese_ youre hart, and mend youre mode."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 175.)
      "Kyng Eolus set hie apon his chare,
      With ceptoure in hand, thar muyd (mood) to _meys_ and stille."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 27.)
      "The blastis _mesit_." --(_Ibid._ p. 130.)
      "A _mes_ you of malice,
      but a mene qwile." --(T.B. 12842.)
  Messe, mass, service, A. 497.
  Messe[gh], messes (of meat), B. 637.
  Mester, need, B. 67; C. 342.
  Mesure, measure, moderation, A. 224; B. 215, 247, 565; C. 295.
  Mesurable, mild, temperate, B. 859.
  Metalles, B. 1513.
  Mete, meat, food, applied to an apple, A. 641.
  Meten, to measure, A. 1032.
  {Meth, Mee,} moderation, mildness, pity, B. 247, 436, 565.
      "And Mari ledd hir life with _methe_
      In a toun that hiht Nazarethe." --(Met. Hom. p. 107.)
    A.S. _mthian_, to measure, estimate, use gently; _mth_, measure,
    degree; _mthlic_, kind, courteous. N.Prov.E. _meedless_, without
    measure, immoderate.
  Meele[gh], immoderate, B. 273.
  Mette, measure, B. 625.
  Met[gh] = mese (?), pity, B. 215.
  Meuande, moving, B. 783.
  Meue, move, A. 156; B. 303.
  Meuen (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), move, A. 64. See T.B. 384.
  Meyny, labourers, servants, A. 542; household, B. 331; company,
    A.892, 899, 925; B. 454; C. 10.
  Miry, pleasant, C. 32.
  Misschapen (monstrous), wicked, B. 1355.
  Mistrauthe, unbelief, B. 996.
  Mo, more, A. 870, 1194; B. 674.
  {Mod, Mode,} = mood, pride, A. 401, 738; B. 565, 764.
  Moder, mother, A. 435.
  {Modey, Mody,} = proud, haughty, B. 1303; C. 422.
  Mokke, muck, dirt, A. 905.
  Mol = mul, dust, A. 382. Flem. _mul_, _gemul_, dust. Du. _mullen_, to
    crumble. Pl. D. _mull_, loose earth, dust. Cf. "peat-_mull_," the
    dust and fragments of peat. (Brockett.)
  Molde, earth, B. 279; _molde[gh]_, lands, B. 454; "_on molde_," on
    earth, B. 514, 1114; "_in molde[gh]_," in earth, C. 494. A.S.
    _molde_, mould, earth. Goth. _mulda_. O.H.G. _molta_. Dan. _muld_.
      "Loo! here the duchez dere to daye was cho takyne,
      Depe dolvene and dede, dyked _in moldez_."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 82.)
  Mon, man, A. 310.
  Mon, moan, sorrow, A. 374.
  Mone, moon, A. 923.
  Monkynd, mankind, B. 564.
  Mon-sworne, perjury, B. 182. Other forms of this word are
    _main-sworn_, _man-sworn_. O.H.Ger. _meinsweridi_, perjury, from
    _main_, _mein_, spot, stain, injury, impure, bad. O.N. _mein_, sore,
    crime.
  Mony, many, A. 572; B. 1164.
  Monyth, month, B. 493, 1030.
  Moon, moan, sorrow, B. 373.
  Moote = mote, spot, blemish, A. 948.
  Mor, moor, B. 385, 1673. A.S. _mr_, a moor, heath.
  Morehond, more, A. 475. Cf. _nerehande_, near; _betuixande_, betwixt.
  {Morn, Morne,} morning, B. 493; morrow, B. 1001.
  Mornyf, mournful, A. 386.
  Mornyng, _sb._ mourning, A. 262.
  Morteres, mortars, B. 1487.
  {Most, Moste,} greatest, B. 254, 385.
  Mot, must, may, A. 397, 663.
  {Mot, Mote,} spot, blemish, sin, A. 764, 843, 855. Du. _mot_, dust.
  Mote, _vb._ speak to, A. 613. A.S. _mtian_, to moot, debate. Then
    Medea with mowthe _motys_ thus agayne. T.B. 610.
  Mote, building, dwelling, abode, A. 142, 936, 937, 948, 949; city,
    C. 422. _Mote_ signifies a hill, mound, moat, and hence a city on
    a hill (?). Mid. Lat. _mota_, hill or mound. O.Fr. _mote_.
      "e bryght cet of heven is large and brade,
      Of whilk may na comparyson be made
      Tille na cet at on erth may stand,
      Ffor it was never made with mans hand.
      Bot yhit, als I ymagyn in my thoght,
      I lyken it tylle a cet at war wroght
      Of gold, of precyouse stones sere,
      Opon a _mote_, sett of berylle clere,
      With walles, and wardes, and turrettes,
      And entr, and yhates, and garrettes."
        --(Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, p. 239, l.8896.)
    MS. Lansd. 348, reads _mount_ for _mote_.
  {Moteles, Motele[gh],} spotless, A. 899.
  Moul = mould, earth, A. 23.
  Moun (_3rd pers. pl._ of _mowe_, to be able), are able, A. 536.
  Mount, A. 868; B. 447.
  Mountaunce, amount, C. 456.
  Mountayne, B. 385.
  {Mountes, Mounte[gh],} = amounts, avails, A. 351; C. 332.
  Mourkenes, _mirkens_, becomes dark, B. 1760. O.N. _myrka_, to darken,
    Dan. _mrkne_.
  Mourkne, to rot, become rotten, B. 407. From this verb is derived the
    O.E. _morkin_, a dead beast, carrion, ascarecrow. O.N. _morkinn_,
    rotten; _morkna_, to rot.
  Mourne, to mourn, C. 508.
  Mo[gh]t, might, could, B. 1108, 1668.
  Mudde, B. 407.
  Mukel, great, B. 52, 366, 1164. O.N. _mikill_.
  Mul, dust, dirt, A. 905; B. 736. See _Mol_.
  Multyplyed, B. 278.
  Mun, C. 44. This may be another form of _mon_ = moan. But the phrase
    "_maugre his mun_," leads us to reject this interpretation. _Maugre_
    is generally used with some part of the body, as "_mawgre his
    tethe_," "_maugre his chekes_," etc. _Mun_ may therefore signify the
    mouth. (Sw. _mun_, amouth.) The term is still retained in the north
    of England. Halliwell quotes the following:
      "A common cry at Coventry on Good Friday is--
        'One a penny, two a penny, hot cross buns,
        Butter them and sugar them and put them in your _muns_.'"
  Munster = minster, church, cathedral, temple, B. 1267; C. 268.
  Munt, purpose, A. 1161. N.Prov.E. _munt_, a hint. See _Mynt_.
  Murte, break, crush, C. 150. Pl. D. _murten_, to crush. See
    _to-murte_. In T.B. 4312 we have _myrte_ = to crush. Bothe
    mawhownus & maumettes _myrtild_ in peces.
  Mydde[gh], midst, A. 740. See _In-mydde[gh]_.
  Mydny[gh]t, midnight, B. 894.
  Myke, _sb._ B. 417. Cf. Du. _mik_. The crutches of a boat, which
    sustain the main boom or mast and sail when they are lowered for the
    convenience of rowing.
  Myke[gh], free labourers (?), A. 572. A.S. _mecg_, a man. In the
    _Cursor Mundi_, Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17, the angels are
    represented as speaking to Lot as follows:
      "'Has ou her,' ai said, 'ani man,
      Sun or doghter, _mik_ or mau,
      To e langand, or hei or lau
      ou lede am suith out o is tun
      Ar at hit be sunken don.'"
    But ? _be myke[gh]_ = he _myke[gh]_, he chooses.
  Myne[gh], "_me myne[gh]_," I remember, B. 25. A.S. _mynan_, to
    remember. O.N. _minna_.
  Mynge, record, mention, A. 855. A.S. _myngian_, to remind.
  Mynne, recollect, remember, A. 583; B. 436, 771. See T.B. 1434. See
    _Myne[gh]_.
  Mynte, devise, purpose, B. 1628. A.S. _myntan_, _myntian_ to dispose,
    settle, appoint. "_Myntyn'_ or _amyn'_ towarde for to assayen.
    Attempto." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Mynstralsy, B. 121.
  Mynyster, minster, temple, A. 1063.
  Mynystre, _vb._ B. 644.
  Myre, B. 1114.
  Myre[gh], joys, A. 140.
  Myre[gh], gladdens, A. 862.
  {Myri, Myry,} = merry, pleasant, A. 23, 158; B. 417, 804; _myryer_,
    A.850; _myryest_, A. 435.
  Myryly, pleasantly, joyously, B. 493.
  {Mys, Mysse,} wrong, sin, A. 262; C. 420.
  Myserecorde, mercy, A. 366.
  Myse-tente, misunderstood, A. 257.
  Mysse, to lose, A. 329; B. 189. O.N. _missa_, to lose. Du. _missen_,
    to fail, miss.
  Mysse, loss, grief, A. 364.
  Mysseleue, unbelief, B. 1230.
  Mysse-payed, displeased, C. 399.
  Mysse-[gh]eme, mis-use, A. 322.
  Myst, B. 1760.
  Myste, mysteries, secrets, (?), A. 462.
  Mysterys, A. 1194.
  Mye, to trouble, weary (?), A. 359. A.S. _mthe_, wearied; _mth_,
    feeble.
  My[gh]t, might, A. 630.
  My[gh]tes = mights, powers, B. 644, 1699.

  Nadde = ne hadde, had not, B. 404.
  Nakeryne (_gen. pl._ of _naker_), B. 1413; _naker_, _nacaire_, seems
    to signify a kettle-drum.
  Nas = ne was, was not, B. 727, 983.
  Nature, A. 749.
  Nauel, C. 278.
  Naule, nail, A. 459.
  {Nauele[gh], Naweles,} nevertheless, A. 877, 950.
  {Nauer, Nawer,} neither, A. 1087; B. 1226.
  Nawhere, nowhere, A. 534.
  Nay, refuse, deny, B. 805.
  Nayed, refused, B. 65.
  Nayt, use, employ, B. 531. See T.B. 1038. A.S. _neotan_. O.N. _nyta_.
  Naytly, neatly, dexterously, B. 480. See T.B. 2427. Nestor, anoble
    man, _naitest_ in werre. T.B. 1038. N.Prov.E. _nately_, neatly.
  Na[gh]te, night, A. 1203; B. 484, 807, 1002.
  Ne, nor, B. 1226.
  Nece, niece, A. 233.
  Nedde, needed, A. 1044; hem nedde = they needed.
  {Nede, Nede[gh],} of necessity, A. 344.
  Nedle[gh], needless, useless, B. 381; C. 220.
  Nee = ne, nor, A. 262.
  Nel, ne wille, will not, B. 513.
  Nem, took (_pret._ of _nimme_), A. 802; B. 505.
  Nemme, name, A. 997. See T.B. 152.
  Nente, ninth, A. 1012.
  Nere, _ne were_, were not, B. 21.
  {Nere, Ner,} near, nigh, A. 286, 404; _wel ner_, nearly, B. 1585.
  Nerre, nearer, A. 233; C. 85.
  Nesch, gently, A. 606. A.S. _hnesc_, soft, tender.
  Neue, fist, hand, B. 1537. N.Prov.E. _neve_, _neif_, a fist. O.N.
    _hnefi_.
  Neuen, name, B. 410, 1376, 1525. O.N. _nafn_, a name; _nefna_, to
    name.
  {Ne[gh], Ne[gh]e,} nigh, near, A. 528; B. 803.
  {Ne[gh], Ne[gh]e, Ne[gh]en,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754.
  Nice, _adj._ foolish, B. 1354; _sb._ B. 1359. Fr. _nice_, foolish,
    simple.
  Nif, ne-if, if not, B. 30.
  Niye, trouble, B. 1002.
  Noble, A. 1097.
  Nobley, nobleness, B. 1091.
  No-bot, only, B. 1127. N.Prov.E. _no-bot_.
  Nok, nook, C. 278.
  Nolde, ne wolde, would not, B. 805, 1091.
  {Nom, Nome,} took, A. 587; B. 1613; _pret._ of _nimme_, to take.
  Nome, name, A. 872.
  Nomen, seized, taken; _p.p._ of _nimme_, B. 1281; C. 360.
  Norne, entreat, ask, B. 803. A.S. _gnornian_, to complain, murmur.
  Norture, nurture, B. 1091.
  Note, city, A. 922; B. 1233.
  Note, devise, ordain, B. 1651; C. 220.
  Note, device, purpose, A. 155; B. 381, 727. A.S. _nota_, use, duty,
    employment; _notian_, to employ, use.
      "The Bibel telles us openlye
      Of Nembrot and his maistri,
      Hou the fole that was wit him
      Bigan to mak a tour that tim,
      That suld reche to the lifte;
      Bot Godd that skilfulli kan skift.
      Mad them alle serely spekand,
      That nan moht other understand,
      And gert them lef thair wilgern werk,
      Bot of thair _not_ yet standes merk,
      In Babilony the tour [gh]et standes,
      That that folk mad wit thair handes." --(Met. Hom. p. 61.)
      "Mony noble for e nonest to e _note_ gode." --(T.B. 284.)
  Note, A. 879, 883.
  Notyng, device, devising, B. 1354. See _Note_.
  Noumbre, number, B. 1283, 1376.
  Noue, now, C. 414.
  Nowelese, nevertheless, A. 889.
  Noye, trouble, annoy, B. 1236.
  {Noys, Noyse,} B. 849; C. 490.
  No[gh]t, naught, nothing, A. 520; B. 888; not, B. 106.
  No[gh]ty, bad, B. 1359.
  Nummen (_p.p._ _nimme_), taken, B. 1291; C. 76.
  Nurne, speak, say, B. 669.
  Nuye, displease, B. 578.
  Nuyed, troubled, B. 1176.
  {Nw, Nwe,} new, A. 527; anew, A. 1079.
  Nwy, wrath, B. 301.
  Nwyed, displeased, B. 306.
  Nye, trouble, B. 1376; _nyes_, troubles, B. 1754; C. 76.
  Nyed, troubled, B. 1603.
  Nyf = ne if, if not, B. 424.
  Nyl, ne wyl, will not, B. 1261; C. 41.
  Nylt, ne wylt, wilt not, C. 346.
  {Nym, Nymme,} take, B. 481. A.S. _niman_.
  Nys, ne ys, is not, A. 951.
  Nyse, nice, dainty, B. 824.
  Nyteled, laboured, toiled, B. 888. Prov.E. _nattle_, to endeavour, to
    be busy about trifles. O.E. _nyte_, to use, employ, enjoy. O.N.
    _nyta_.
  Ny[gh]e, nigh, B. 484; _wel ny[gh]e_, B. 704.
  {Ny[gh]t, Ny[gh]te,} night, A. 243; B. 526.

  Obeche, reverence, B. 745. Prov. Fr. _obezir_.
  Obes, obey, A. 886.
  Odde, (1) not even, B. 426; (2) spotless, faultless, B. 505. See T.B.
    4401, 6157, 6172, 6179, 6189, 6194, 6198.
  Oddely, (_a_) alone, B. 923; (_b_) nobly, B. 698.
    (_b_)
      "I Alexandre the aire and eldest childe hattene,
      Of kyng Philip the fers, that fest am in Grece,
      And of the quene Olimpades, the _oddest_ under heven,
      To all [gh]ow of Athenes, thus I etill my sa[gh]es."
        --(K. Alex. p. 79.)
      "For thai the mesure and the mett of alle the mulde couthe,
      The sise of alle the grete see and of the gryme wawys,
      Of the ordere of that _odde_ home [heaven] that overe the aire
          hingis." --(_Ibid._ p. 2.)
  Oke, oak, B. 602.
  Olipraunce, vanity, fondness for gay apparel, B. 1349. Prov.E.
    _olypraunce_, amerry making.
      "Of tournamentys y preue thereynne
      Seven poyntes of dedly synne;
      Fyrst ys pryde, as ou wel wost
      Avauntement, bobaunce and bost;
      Of rych atyre ys here avaunce,
      Prykyng here hors wyth _olypraunce_."
        --(Robt. of Brunne's Handlyng Synne, p. 145.)
  On, an, A. 9.
  One, alone, self, B. 872, 923, 1669.
  Onelych, only, B. 1749.
  One[gh], once, B. 801.
  Onhede, unity, concord, B. 612.
  On-hit, struck, inflamed with anger (?), C. 411. A.S. _onhtan_ to
    inflame, heat.
  On-lofte, aloft, on high, B. 692; 947.
  On-ry[gh]t, aright, B. 1513.
  On-syde[gh], aside, C. 219.
  On-wyde, about, B. 1423.
  On-y[gh]ed, one-eyed, B. 102.
  Ordaynt, ordained, B. 237.
  Ordenaunce, ordinance, B. 698.
  Ordure, filth, B. 1092.
  Ore, oar, C. 218.
  Orenge, orange, B. 1044.
  Organe, B. 1081.
  Orisoun, prayer, C. 328.
  Ornemente, ornament, B. 1799.
  Orppedly, quickly, B. 623. N.Prov.E. _orput_, quick (at learning).
    Orped is generally derived from O.N. _verpa_, to throw; _p.p._
    _orpinn_. But this etymology is very doubtful. Cf. "_Orpud_, audax,
    bellipotens." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Ossed, showed, C. 213. N.Prov.E. _awse_, _oss_, to attempt, offer. W.
    _osi_.
      "Quat and has thou _ossed_ to Alexander
      this _ayndain_ (angry) wirdes." --(K. Alex., p. 79.)
  Oste, host, army, B. 1204.
  Oer, or, A. 141.
  Ouer-borde, C. 157.
  Ouer-brawden, covered over, B. 1698.
  Ouer-seyed, passed over, gone, B. 1686.
  Ouer-tan, overtaken, C. 127.
  Ouer-wert, across, B. 316, 1384.
  Ouer-tok, B. 1213.
  Ouer-torne, past, B. 1192.
  Ouer-walte, overflowed, B. 370.
  Ouer-[gh]ede, past, went, B. 1753.
  Ouerte, open, clear, A. 593.
  Ouerture, opening, A. 218.
  Oure, prayer, A. 690.
  Out-borst, _vb._ outburst, B. 1251.
  Out-comlyng, a stranger, B. 876. N.Prov.E. _out-cumling_, a foreigner,
    stranger. The more usual form in early English is _comling_.
  Out-dryf, drive out, A. 777.
  Out-fleme, banished, A. 1177. See _Fleme_.
  Out-kast, B. 1679.
  Out-sprent, outburst, A. 1137.
  Out-taken, excepted, B. 1573.
  Out-tulde, thrown out, C. 231.
  O[gh]e = owe, ought, A. 552.
  {O[gh]t, O[gh]te,} _vb._ ought, A. 341.
  {O[gh]t, O[gh]te,} _pr._ aught, A. 274; B. 663.

  Pace, passage, A. 677.
  {Pacience, Pacyence,} C. 1, 36.
  Pakke, pack, B. 1282.
  Pakke, company, A. 929.
  {Palayce, Palays,} B. 83, 1389, 1531.
  Pale, A. 1004.
  Palle = pall, fine cloth, B. 1384, 1637.
  Pane, a side, division of a building, A. 1034. Lat. _pagina_, aleaf,
    any flat expanse. "A _pane_, piece or pannel of a wall, of wainscot,
    of a glasse window." (Cotg.) "_Pane_ of a wall, _pan de
    mur_." (Palsg.)
  Panne, head, but we may read _paune_, paws, claws, B. 1697.
  Papeiay = a popinjay, a parrot, B. 1465. It. _papagallo_. O.Fr.
    _papegau_, _papegay_. Sp. _papagayo_, parrot.
  Parage, kindred, rank, nobleness, A. 419; B. 167. O.Fr. _parage_.
  Paramore[gh], paramours, lovers, B. 700. Fr. _par amour_, by way of
    love.
  Paraunter, peradventure, A. 588.
  Parchmen, parchment, B. 1134.
  Pare, cut, B. 1408, 1536.
  Parform, perform, B. 542; C. 406.
  Parfyt, perfect, A. 638.
  Parget, plaister of a wall, B. 1536. "_Pariette_ for walles,
    blanchissure." (Palsg.)
  Parlatyk, paralytic, B. 1095.
  Partle[gh], partless, portionless, A. 335.
  Partrykes, partridges, B. 57.
  Pass, surpass, A. 428.
  Passage, journey, C. 97.
  Passande, passing, B. 1389.
  Pasture, C. 393.
  Pater, paternoster, A. 485.
  Paume, palm, hand, B. 1533, 1542.
  {Pay, Paye,} pleasure, A. 1, 1164, 1176; C. 99.
  Pay, please, A. 1165, 1177.
  Payment, A. 598.
  Paynt, A. 750.
  Payre, pair, B. 335.
  Payre = appayre, become worse, fade, B. 1124. Lat. _pejor_, worse.
    "To _appayre_ to waxe worse." (Palsg.)
  Payred, impaired, A. 246.
  Pechche, sin, fault, A. 841. Fr. _pch_.
  {Penance, Penaunce,} A. 477.
  Pene[gh], pens, folds (for cattle), B. 322.
  Penitotes, (? _Peritotes_), a kind of stone (the _peritot_ or
    _peridot_ Marsh), B. 1472.
  Penne, B. 1724.
  Penne-fed, B. 57.
  Pensyf, pensive, A. 246.
  Pented, appertained, belonged to, B. 1270.
  Peraunter, peradventure, B. 43.
  {Pere, Per,} equal, peer, A. 4; B. 1214, 1336.
  Pere[gh], pears, A. 104.
  Perile, B. 856, 942.
  Perr, precious stones, jewelry, A. 730; B. 1117.
  Pertly = apertly, openly, B. 244. See T.B. 1130. Cf. "_pert_ wordes,"
    T.B. 977.
  Peryle, A. 695; C. 85.
  Pes, peace, A. 952.
  Pich, pitch, B. 1008.
  Pike = pick, pluck, B. 1464.
  Pinnacle, B. 1463.
  Pit, pity, B. 232.
  {Pitously, Pytosly,} A. 370, 798.
  Planed, B. 310.
  Planete, A. 1075.
  Plaster, B. 1549.
  Plat, flat, B. 1379.
  Plat, struck (_pret._ of _plette_, to strike), B. 1265. A.S.
    _plttian_.
      "Hwan he hauede him so schamed,
      His hand (he) of _plat_, and yvele lamed."
        --(Havelok the Dane, 2755.)
  Plater, plate, platter, B. 638.
  Plate[gh], A. 1036.
  Plat-ful, brimful, B. 83.
  Plattyng, _sb._ striking (or folding?), B. 1542.
  Play, A. 261.
  Play-fere, play-fellow, companion, C. 45.
  Playn, _adj._ even, clear, A. 178, 689; B. 1068; C. 439.
  Playn, _sb._ A. 104, 122; B. 1216.
  Playned, lamented, A. 53, 242.
  Playne[gh], complains, C. 376.
  Playnt, complaint, A. 815.
  Plek, place, plot of ground, B. 1379. "_Pleckke_ or plott,
    porculetum." (Prompt. Parv.) N.Prov.E. _pleck_. A.S. _plc_.
    "Se that the hare hathe be at pasture in grene corne, or in eny
    other _plek_." --(Quoted by Way from MS. Harl. 5086, fol. 47.)
  Pleny, to complain, A. 549.
  Plete, demand, plead for, A. 563.
  Pleyn, mourn, C. 371.
  Plontte, plant, A. 104.
  Plow, plough, B. 68.
  Plyande, pliant, C. 439.
  Plye, A. 1039; B. 196, 1385.
  Plyt, danger, fault, A. 647; B. 1494; C. 114. A.S. _pliht_.
  Ply[gh]t, condition, A. 1075; B. 111.
  Pobbel, pebble, A. 117.
  Pole, pool, stream, A. 117.
  Polle, poll, head, B. 1265. Du. _polle_, _pol_, head, top, crown.
  Polmente, a kind of pottage, B. 628. O.Fr. _polment_. Lat.
    _pulmentum_. "_Pulmentarium_ a _pulment_." Nominale, MS.
      "His brother (Jacob) he fand give--and his tent
      To grayth a riche _pulment_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 21a.)
  {Polyce, Polyse,} polish, B. 1068, 1131, 1134.
  Polyle, poultry, B. 57. Fr. _poule_, a hen; _poulet_, a chicken. Lat.
    _pullus_. "_Polayle_, bryddys or fowlys, Altilis." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Pomgarnade, pomegranate, B. 1466. Cf. Lat. _malum granatum_. It.
    _granata_. Sp. _granada_.
  Poplande, rushing, foaming, C. 319. N.Prov.E. _popple_, to tumble
    about with a quick motion. O.Sc. _pople_, to flow, rush.
      "The wawis of the wild see apone the wallis betes,
      The pure _populand_ hurle passis it umby." --(K. Alex. p. 40.)
      "And on the stanys owt thar harnys [he] dang,
      Quhil brayn and eyn and blude al _poplit_ owt."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 167.)
  Porchase, purchase, A. 439.
  Porche, B. 785.
  Pore, poor, A. 873.
  Porfyl, hem, A. 216. Fr. _pourfiler_, to work upon the edge,
    embroider; _fil_, athread. O.E. _purfle_, to overlay with gems or
    gold. "_Purfyll_ or hemme of a gowne, bort." (Palsg.)
  Porpre, purple, B. 1568.
  Porros, B. 1772.
  Port, gate, B. 856; harbour, C. 90.
  Portale, A. 1036.
  Portray, B. 700.
  {Poruay, Poruaye,} to provide, B. 1502; C. 36.
  Possyble, A. 452.
  Potage, B. 638.
  Poursent, course, A. 1035.
  Pourtray, B. 1271. Fr. _pourtraire_.
  Pouer, power, B. 1654.
  {Pouer, Pouere,} poor, B. 615, 1074.
  Poueren (_pl._ of _pouer_), poor, B. 127.
  Pouert, poverty, C. 43.
  Pouert, C. 13.
  Powdered, A. 44.
  Powle[gh], pools, C. 310.
  Poyned, trimmed, ornamented, A. 217.
  Poynt, _sb._ particle, A. 891.
  Poysened, B. 1095.
  Poyntel, a style, B. 1533.
  Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624.
  Prayse, A. 301.
  Prece, press, B. 880.
  Prechande, preaching, B. 942.
  {Precios, Precious,} A. 4, 216; B. 1282.
  Prelate, B. 1249; C. 389.
  Pres, press, A. 730; to press, A. 957.
  Prese, praise, honour; "his _prese_, his _prys_," A. 419. Sp. _prez_,
    honour, glory. Fr. _prix_, value, worth, price.
      "Fra an forth heild Sir Moyses
      is wandes bath in _pris_ and _pres_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 36a.)
  {Prese, Pres,} _sb._ press, A. 1114; _vb._ B. 1249.
  {Presens, Presente,} presence, A. 389; B. 8, 1496.
  Present, _vb._ B. 1217.
  Presonere, prisoner, B. 1217.
  Prest, ready, B. 147; C. 303. Ital. _presto_.
  Prestly, quickly, B. 628.
  Presyous, B. 1496.
  Pretermynable, A. 596.
  Preue, prove, A. 983; B. 704, 1748.
  Prisoner, B. 1297.
  Profecie, B. 1158, 1308.
  Profere, A. 235, 1200.
  Profert, B. 1463.
  Professye, A. 821.
  Profete, prophet, A. 797.
  Proper, A. 686.
  Propert[gh], properties, A. 752.
  Property, A. 446.
  Prophete, A. 831; B. 1300.
  Prosessyoun, procession, A. 1096.
  Prouince, B. 1300.
  Pruddest, proudest, B. 1300.
  Prudly, proudly, B. 1379, 1466. See T.B. 857.
  Pryce, chief, B. 1308.
  Prymate, B. 1570.
  Pryncipale, B. 1531, 1781.
  Pryncipalt, dominion, B. 1672, 1738.
  {Priys, Prys,} value, worth, A. 272, 419, 755; B. 1117. See _Prese_.
  Prysoun, C. 79.
  Pryuely, B. 238.
  Pryuy, A. 12; _pryuyest_, B. 1748.
  Pulde, pulled, B. 1265.
  Pulle, draw, B. 68.
  Pure, _adj._ A. 227; B. 704; _vb._ B. 1116.
  {Purely, Purly,} A. 1004; B. 1660.
  Purpre, purple, A. 1016.
  Pursaunt, a sergeant, B. 1385. O.Fr. _pursuivant_.
  Pursue, B. 1177.
  Purtraye, B. 1465, 1536.
  Puryt, B. 1074.
  Pyche, pitch, fix, B. 477.
  Pye, B. 1465.
  Pyked, adorned, A. 1036.
  Pyke[gh], pick, choose, A. 573.
  Pyle, building, A. 686.
  Pyle, to rob, B. 1270, 1282. Fr. _piller_, to rob.
  Pylere, pillar, B. 1271.
  Pyne, _vb._ to torment, B. 1095; _sb._ pain, A. 330. Du. _pijnen_, to
    torture.
  Pyne = pynd, fasten, C. 79. A.S. _pyndan_, to shut in.
  Pynkardine, ? _perre carnadine_, carnelian stone (Marsh), B. 1472.
  Pyony, A. 44.
  Pytosly, pitifully, A. 370.
  Pyty, A. 1206.
  Py[gh]t, fixed, placed (_pret._ of _pyche_), A. 117, 228, 742; B. 785.

  Quat, what, A. 293.
  Quat-kyn, what kind of, A. 771.
  Quauende, flowing, waving, B. 324.
  Quayle, _sb._ quail, A. 1085.
  Quayntyse, wisdom, craft, B. 1632. O.Fr. _accointer_, to make known;
    _coint_, informed, acquainted with. Lat. _cognitus_.
  Qued, _sb._ evil, crime, ill, B. 567; C. 4. Du. _kwaad_, bad. Pl. D.
    _quat_.
  Quelle, kill, A. 799; B. 324; subdue, C. 4. A.S. _cwellan_.
  Queme, _adj._ pleasing, A. 1179. A.S. _cweman_, to please. Your
    _qweme_ spouse, T.B. 634.
  Quen, when, A. 40, 93, 232, 804.
  Quenche, C. 4.
  Quere, where, A. 65.
  Query, A. 803.
  Quest, C. 39.
  Queer-so-euer, whether-so-ever, A. 606.
  Quikken, C. 471.
  Quo, who, A. 747.
  Quo-so, who-so, B. 1647; C. 5.
  Quos, whose, B. 1648.
  Quoynt, wise, A. 889; B. 160, 871; curious, B. 1459. See _Quayntyse_.
  Quoyntis, clothing, B. 54. "_Quoyntyse_, yn gay floryschynge, or other
    lyke. Virilia." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Quoyntyse, device, C. 39. See _Quayntyse_.
  {Quyk, Quik,} quick, living (_pl._ _quyke[gh]_, A. 1179; B. 567),
    B. 324.
  Quyl, while, B. 627.
  Quyte, requite, reward, A. 595; B. 1632.
  Quyte, white, A. 220, 842, 844.

  Raas = rase, rese, way, course, A. 1167. A.S. _rs_, way, course,
    race. Sw. _resa_.
  Rac, storm, vapour, B. 433. N.Prov.E. _rack_, driving clouds, clouds
    driven along by the wind.
      "A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in her saile." --(T.B. 1984)
  Rachche, proceed, go, B. 619. A.S. _rcan_, to reach, extend. O.H.G.
    _rechen_. N.Prov.E. _ratch_, stretch. Perhaps _rachche_ is a
    softened form of _rayke_ (Icel. _reika_, to go), to go. S.Sax.
    _ruchen_.
  Rad, frightened, B. 1543. Sw. _raedd_, afraid. N.Prov.E. _rade_.
      "In a _rad_ haste." --(T.B. 917.)
      "Vn-to the gryselyche gost Syr Gauane is gone,
      And rayket to hit in a res, for he was neuyr _radde_;
      _Rad_ was he neuyr [gh]ette, quoso ry[gh]te redus."
        --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 5; ix. 8, 9.)
  Radde, advised, C. 406 (_pret._ of _rede_, to advise). See _Rede_.
  Radly, readily, quickly. A.S. _rd_, ready, quick; _rdlice_,
    speedily.
      "The sight of at semely sanke in hir herte,
      And rauysshed hir _radly_ e rest of hir sawle." --(T.B. 462)
  Raft, bereft, took, (_pret._ of _reve_), B. 1142, 1431; taken,
    B. 1739. See _Reue_.
  Rak, C. 176. See _Rac_.
  Rakel, hasty, rash, C. 526. N.Prov.E. _rackle_.
  Rakente, chain (?), C. 188. A.S. _raccenta_.
  Rakke, C. 139. See _Rac_.
  Ramelande, fetid, filthy, C. 279. Prov.E. _ram_, fetid; _rammely_,
    tall, rank; _ramel_, rubbish, dirt.
  Rande[gh], paths, borders, A. 105. A.S. _rand_, _rond_, a border, rim,
    edge.
  Rank, strong, severe, B. 233. Fris. _rank_, long-grown, rank. Dan.
    _rank_, upright. See T.B. 1392, 1879.
  Ranker, rancour, B. 756.
  Rape, blow, B. 233. Sw. _rapp_.
  Rapely, quickly, A. 363, 1168. O.E. _rape_, haste. O.N. _rpa_,
    cursitare. In T.B. rape = to hasten (818).
  Rasch, A. 1167.
  Rasp, B. 1545, 1724.
  Rasse, summit, top, B. 446. N.Prov.E. _raise_, a mound, cairn. O.N.
    _reysa_.
  Ratted, rent, ragged, B. 144; from O.E. _ratte_, to tear, rend.
    N.Prov.E. _rats_, pieces, fragments. Fris. _rite_, tear, pull.
      "Thane the Romayns relevyde that are ware rebuykkyde,
      And alle _to-rattys_ oure mene with theire rist horsses."
        --(Morte Arthure, E. E. T. S. 2235.)
  {Raue, Rawe,} = ruth, pity, sorrow, A. 858; B. 233, 972; mercy,
    C.21.
  Raue, A. 363, 665.
  Rauen, B. 455.
  Rauyste, ravished, A. 1088.
  Rawe, row, "vpon a _rawe_," in a row, in order, A. 545.
  Rawe[gh], rows, borders, A. 105.
  Raw-sylk, B. 790.
  Raxled, roused up, A. 1174. A.S. _rscian_, to shake, rustle. O.N.
    _ruska_. Sc. _rax_, to stretch.
  Ray, A. 160.
  Raykande, going, flowing, A. 112; B. 382.
  Rayke, go, B. 465, 671; C. 89. O.N. _reka_. N.Prov.E. _rake_, to go
    about.
  Raynande, raining, B. 382.
  Rayn-ryfte, rain-fissure, B. 368.
  Raysoun, reason, cause, A. 268; C. 191.
  {Ra[gh]t, Ra[gh]te,} afforded, extended (_pret._ of _rache_), B. 561,
    766, 1691. See _Rachche_.
  Reame, realm, B. 1316.
  Rebaude, ribald, B. 873. Fr. _ribald_, from O.H.G. _hrpa_,
    aprostitute. (Burguy.)
  Rebel, B. 455.
  Rebounde, B. 422.
  Rebuke, A. 367.
  Recen, tell, A. 827. A.S. _recan_.
  Reche, reach, extend, B. 10, 1369.
  {Rech, Reche,} reck, care, A. 333; B. 465. A.S. _rcan_.
  Reche = reke, smoke, B. 1009. A.S. _rec_.
  Recorde, _sb._ A. 831; _vb._ B. 25.
  Recoverer, recovery, B. 394.
  Rede, _vb._ to counsel, advise, B. 1346; explain, B. 1578. A.S.
    _rdan_.
  {Redles, Redeles,} without counsel, uncertain, fearful, B. 1197;
    C. 502.
  Refete, feed, refresh, A. 88; C. 20.
  Reflayr, smell, A. 46; odour, B. 1079. Fr. _flairer_, to smell. Prov.
    Fr. _flairar_, to smell, sniff.
  Refrayne, B. 756.
  Reget, A. 1064.
  Regretted, A. 243.
  Regioun, A. 1178; B. 760, 964.
  Rehayte, cheer, B. 127. O.Fr. _rehaiter._
  Reiat[gh], kingdoms, royalties, A. 769. O.Fr. _reiaut_ = _reialt_,
    royalty.
  Reken, beautiful, A. 5, 906; joyous, A. 92; merry, B. 1082; pious,
    B.10, 738; wise, B. 756. See Wright's Lyrical Poems, p.27. A.S.
    _recan_. O.S. _recon_, to order, direct. Pl. D. _reken_, right,
    straight, orderly.
  Rekenly, nobly, princely, B. 127, 1318.
  Rekken up, B. 2.
  Relande, reeling, C. 270.
  Rele, reel, roll, C. 147.
  {Reles, Relece,} cessation, A. 956; B. 760.
  Releue, C. 323.
  Relusaunt, shining, A. 159. O.Fr. _reluire_, to shine.
  Relygioun, B. 7, 1156.
  Relyke, B. 1156, 1269.
  Reme, realm, A. 448, 735.
  Reme, lament, cry, A. 858, 1181; C. 502. A.S. _hreman_.
  Remembre, C. 326.
  Remnaunt, remainder, A. 1160; B. 433.
  Remorde, grieved, A. 364.
  {Remue, Remwe,} remove, A. 427, 899; B. 646, 1673.
  Renay, reject, forsake, B. 105; C. 344.
  {Renge, Rengne,} reign, B. 328, 1321.
  Rengne[gh], courses, B. 527. A.S. _ryne_, course.
  Renischche, foreign, strange, B. 96. See _Runische_.
  {Renk, Renke,} a man, originally a warrior, B. 7, 96, 766, 969. A.S.
    _rinc_. O.N. _reckr_.
  Renne, run, B. 527, 1392.
  Renoun, A. 986, 1182.
  Renowle[gh], renews, A. 1080.
  Renyschly, fiercely, B. 1724. See _Runische_.
  Reparde, kept back, A. 611.
  Repayre, _vb._ A. 1028.
  Repente, A. 662.
  Repreue, reprove, A. 544.
  Requeste, A. 281.
  Rere, rise, B. 366, 423; C. 188; raise, B. 873; proceed, A. 160.
  Rert, if not _rered_, raised = _ert_, powerful, A. 591. Cf. _ertid_.
    T.B. 2641, 4841.
  Res, onset, assault, B. 1782. See _Raas_.
  Reset, resting place, seat, abode, A. 1067.
  {Resonabele, Resounable,} A. 523; B. 724.
  Resoun, A. 665, 716; B. 1633.
  Respecte, "in respecte of," A. 84.
  Respyt, A. 644.
  Resse, "on resse," in course, A. 874. See _Raas_.
  Restay, keep back, restrain, A. 716, 1168.
  Restle[gh] = restless, unceasing, B. 527.
  Restore, A. 659; B. 1705.
  Retrete, treat of, A. 92.
  Reue, bereave, C. 487. A.S. _refian_, _reafian_. O.Fris. _rva_.
  Reuel, B. 1369.
  Reuer, river, A. 105.
  {Reuerence, Reverens,} B. 10, 1318.
  Rewarde, A. 604.
  Rewfully, sorrowfully, A. 1181.
  Rewled, ruled, ordered, B. 294.
  Reynye[gh], reins, B. 592.
  Re[gh]tful, rightful, B. 724.
  Rial, royal, B. 1082.
  Rialt, royalty, B. 1321.
  Ridlande, dropping (as out of a sieve), oozing, B. 953. A.S.
    _hriddel_, asieve; _hridrian_, to sift.
  Riboudrye, ribaldry, B. 184.
  Rigge, back, C. 379. A.S. _hrycg_.
  Rifte[gh], pieces, fragments, B. 964.
  Ring = rink, man, B. 592. See _Renk_.
  Robbor, B. 1269.
  Roborrye, B. 184.
  Roche, rock, B. 537.
  Rode, cross, A. 705; C. 96.
  Rok, crowd, throng, B. 1514. Sc. _rok_. O.Sw. _rok_, cumulus.
  Rollande, curly, waving, B. 790.
  Rome = roam, go, C. 52.
  Romy, roar, howl, B. 1543. A.S. _reomian_, to cry out. O.E. _rome_.
    Sc. _rame_. Sw. _raama_.
  Ronk = rank, fine, A. 844; bold, A. 1167; C. 490; bad, B. 455, 760;
    full grown, B. 869; _sb._ boldness, C. 298.
  Ronkly, fiercely, C. 431.
  Rop, rope, C. 150.
  Rop, gut, intestine, C. 270. N.Prov.E. _ropps_, the guts. A.S.
    _roppas_, the bowels, entrails, the _raps_. Cf. A.S. _rop_-weorc,
    the colic.
    "Huervore he (the liar) is ase the gamelos (chameleon), thet
    leveth by the eyr, and na[gh]t ne heth ine his _roppes_ bote wynd,
    and heth ech manere colour, thet ne heth non (of) his o[gh]en."
      --(The Ayenbite of Inwyt, E.E.T.S. p.62.)
  Rore, roar, cry, B. 390, 1543.
  Rose, praise, B. 1371. Sc. _ruse_. Sw. _rosa_. Dan. _rose_, to praise.
  {Rot, Rote,} root, A. 26.
  Rote, _sb._ rot, decay, B. 1079.
  Rote, lyre of seven strings, B. 1082. O.H.G. _hrotta_. M.H.G. _rotte_.
    W. _crwth_. Eng. _crowd_.
  Roeled, prepared, B. 59; rushed, hastened, B. 890. A.S. _hrathian_,
    to be quick. Or from Welsh _rhuthr_, asudden gust, onset, assault.
    Lanc. _rhute_, passion. Sc. _ruther_, uproar.
  Roer, rudder, B. 419.
  Roun, rush, B. 1009. See _Roeled_.
  Roum, room, B. 96.
  Roun = rune, discourse, C. 514. A.S. _rn_, a letter, character,
    mystery, council, conversation.
  Rourde, sound, A. 112. A.S. _reord_, _reard_, speech, language.
  Route, snore, C. 186. Fr. _router_. O.N. _rauta_, to roar, bellow.
      "Dormiendo sonare, Anglice to _rowtyn_."
        --(MS. Bibl. Reg. 12 B. i. f. 88.)
  Rownande, murmuring, A. 112.
  Rowned, sounded, C. 64. A.S. _rnian_, to whisper.
  Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. "A _routond_ rayn," T.B. 1986.
  Rowte, company, band, host, B. 969, 1197, 1782.
  Rowwe, row, C. 216.
  Royl, royal, B. 790.
  {Ro[gh], Ro[gh]e,} rough, B. 382, 1724; C. 139, 147; roughness,
    B. 1545; C. 144.
  Ro[gh]ly, roughly, B. 433. Is it an error for _rwly_, sorrowful?
  Ro[gh]t, cared for (_pret._ of _reche_), C. 460.
  Ruchen, fettle, set in order, C. 101. M.H.G. _rechen_. O.S. _recon_.
    A.S. _recan_, to order, direct.
      "(He) _riches_ him radly to ride and remowis his ost."
        --(K. Alex. p. 172.)
      "[The king] Ricchis his reynys." --(T.B. 1231.)
  Ruddon, light, literally redness, B. 893. O.N. _rodna_, rubescere,
    erubescere; _rodi_, rubor, rubigo. Prov.E. _roaded_, _rody_,
    streaked.
  Rudnyng, ? lightning, C. 139. See _Ruddon_.
  Rueled, rushed, B. 953. O.N. _hrolla_. Dan. _rulle_.
  Ruful, sorrowful, pitiful, A. 916.
  Runnen (_p.p._ of _rinne_), run, A. 26, 874.
  Runisch, strange, B. 1545. A.S. _rnisc_, hidden; from _rn_,
    amystery.
  Runyschly, fiercely, roughly, C. 191. _Renisch_ or _runisch_,
    signifies not only strange but fierce, rough. N.Prov.E. _rennish_,
    _rinnish_, furious.
      "Than has sire Dary dedeyne and derfely he lokes;
      Rysys him up _renysche_ and re[gh]t in his sete."
        --(K. Alex. p. 100.)
  Rurd, cry, noise, B. 390; C. 64. A.S. _reord_.
  Rue, arouse, B. 895, 1208. See _Roeled_.
  Ruyt, hasten, endeavour, C. 216. Fris. _rite_, to pull.
  Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502; _vb. impers._ _rwe_, repent, B. 290, 561.
    A.S. _hrewan_, to rue, repent, grieve; _hrewian_, to be sorry for.
  Rwly = ruly, sorrowfully, piteously, B. 390; C. 96.
  Ryal, royal, A. 160; B. 786.
  Ryally, royally, A. 987; B. 812.
  Rybaude, ribald, C. 96.
  Rybe, ruby, A. 1007.
  Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _rce_.
  Ryche, rich, A. 770.
  Rydelande, drifting, C. 254. See _Ridlande_.
  Rydelles, without counsel, uncertain, B. 969. See _Redeles_.
  Ryf = rife, abundant, plentiful, A. 770, 844. A.S. _ryf_, frequent.
    O.N. _rifr_.
      "Fori he hight (promised) am giftes _riif_,
      at suld bring David of his liif;
      In feild and tun, in frith and felle,
      Saul soght David for to quelle."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.)
  {Ryg, Ryge,} rain, torrent, shower, B. 354, 382. O.N. _hregg_. A.S.
    _racu_. N.Prov.E. _rag_.
  Ryngande, ringing, B. 1082.
  Rynk, man, C. 216. See _Renk_.
  Rypande, searching, trying, B. 592. O.E. _rype_, to probe, plunder.
    A.S. _rypan_; N.Prov.E. to investigate.
      "Now if ye have suspowse to Gille or to me,
      Com and _rype_ oure howse, and then may ye se who had hir."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 112.)
    See State Papers, i. 295.
  Rysed, rose, B. 1778.
  Ryth, a hound, mastiff, B. 1543. A.S. _riththa_, a mastiff.
  Ry[gh]t, right, A. 622.
  Ry[gh]twys, righteous, right, A. 675; C. 490.
  Ry[gh]twysly, aright, A. 709.

  {Sacrafyce, Sacrefyce,} B. 510, 1447; C. 239.
  {Sad, Sade, Sadde,} sad, staid, solemn, A. 211, 887; B. 595; long,
    B.1286; bitter, B. 525.
  Sadele, saddle, B. 1213.
  Sadly, soundly, heavily, C. 442.
  Saf, safe, secure, A. 672.
  Saf, save, except, B. 1749.
  {Saffer, Safyre,} sapphire, A. 1002; B. 1469.
  Sage, B. 1576.
  Saghe = saw, word, A. 226. See _Saw_.
  Sake, fault, A. 800; C. 84. A.S. _sacu_.
  Sakerfyse, sacrifice, A. 1064; B. 507.
  Sakle[gh] = sakeless, innocent, faultless, B. 716. Sc. _sackless_.
    O.N. _saklaus_, innocent. See _Sake_.
  Sakred, hallowed, B. 1139.
  Sale, hall, palace, B. 120, 1260, 1722. A.S. _sal_. T.B. 1657.
  Samen, _adv._ together, at once, A. 518; B. 400, 468; _adj._ B. 985.
    O.N. _saman_.
  Samen, to consort with, B. 870. A.S. _samnian_, to assemble, collect.
  Samne, assemble, B. 53.
  Samned, assembled, B. 126, 361.
  Samnes (_imp._ of _samne_), C. 385.
  Sample, example, A. 499; B. 1326.
  Sapyence, wisdom, B. 1626.
  Sardiner, sardine stone, B. 1469.
  Sardonyse, sardonyx, A. 1006.
  Sarre (_comp._ of _sare_), sorer, more painful, B. 1195; _superl._
    _sarrest_, B. 1078.
  Sattle, settle, C. 409. N.Prov.E. _sattle_.
  {Sau, Saue,} = saw, word, B. 1545.
  Sauce, B. 823.
  Saudan, sultan, B. 1323.
  {Saule, Sawle,} soul, A. 461; B. 290; C. 325.
  Saundyuer, sandever, glass-gall, B. 1036.
  Sauter, psalter, A. 677.
  Sauteray, psaltery, B. 1516.
  Saue, A. 666.
  Sauer, _vb._ savour, B. 825.
  Sauerly, savourly, sweet, A. 226.
  {Sauor, Savour,} B. 510, 995, 1447; C. 275.
  Sauyt, safety, B. 489.
  {Saw, Sawe,} word, A. 278; B. 109. A.S. _sagu_.
  Sayde = sadde, stedfast, B. 470.
  Saym, fat, grease, C. 275. Prov.E. _saim_, seam, lard. W. _saim_.
  Sayned, blessed, B. 746. A.S. _senian_. Ger. _segnen_, to bless.
      "Swa sal I _saine_ e in lif mine,
      Sic benedicam te in vita mea,
      And sal lift mi handes in name thine,
      Et in nomine tuo levabo manus meas." --(Psalm lxii. 5.)
  Saynt, A. 835.
  {Sa[gh], Sa[gh]e,} word, B. 1599, 1737. See _Saw_.
  Sa[gh], saw, A. 1021.
  {Sa[gh]t, Sa[gh]te,} reconciliation, A. 1201; _adj._ at peace, A. 52.
    A.S. _saht_, peace; _saht_, reconciled; _sahtlian_, to reconcile.
  Sa[gh]tled, appeased, reconciled, B. 230, 1139.
  Sa[gh]tled, settled, restored, B. 445; became calm, C. 232.
  Sa[gh]tlyng, reconciliation, peace, B. 490, 1795.
  Sa[gh]ttel, to be calm, patient, C. 529.
  Scale, A. 1005.
  Scape, escape, B. 62, 529, 928; C. 155.
  Scarre = scare, _vb._ be frightened, B. 598, 838; scatter, B. 1784.
    N.Prov.E. _skair_, wild, timid. S.Sax. _skerren_, to terrify.
  Scae, harm, ruin, wrong, sin, B. 21, 196, 569, 600, 1148.
  Scae, to break, destroy, B. 1776. A.S. _scethan_, to injure, hurt,
    harm. _Sceththe_, injury, loss, guilt.
  Scael, dangerous, C. 155. Goth. _skathuls_. O.H.G. _scadhal_,
    hurtful.
      "Lokez the contree be clere the corners are large:
      Discoveres now sekerly skrogges and other,
      That no _skathelle_ (hurtful thing) in the skroggez skorne us
          here-aftyre;
      Loke [gh]e skyfte it so that no _skathe_ lympe."
        --(Morte Arthure, pp. 137-8.)
    Ascalphus, a _skathel_ duke, T.B. 4067.
  Scelt, spread, served (?), B. 827.
  Schad, descended, B. 1690.
  Schadowed, shaded, A. 42.
  Schaftes, beams, rays, A. 982; C. 455. A.S. _sceaft_, dart, arrow.
      "(He) had on a mitre
      Was forged all of fyne gold, and fret fulle of perrils,
      Sti[gh]t staffulle of stanes that stra[gh]t out bemes
      As it ware schemerand _schaftis_ of the schire sonne."
        --(K. Alex. p. 53.)
  {Schalk, Schalkke,} man, fellow, B. 762, 1029; C. 476. A.S. _scealc_,
    awarrior, serving man. Goth. _skalks_. O.S. _scalc_. O.N. _sklkr_.
  Schape, devise, form, C. 247; endeavour, B. 762; happen, C. 160. A.S.
    _scapan_, to appoint, shape, create. O.N. _skapa_.
  Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134.
  Schawe, show, B. 1599.
  {Schawe, Scha[gh]e,} grove, thicket, wood, A. 284; C. 452. Prov.E.
    _scow_, _shaw_. O.N. _skgr_, Dan. _skov_, awood.
  Schede, depart, A. 411.
  Schelde[gh], shields (of a boar), B. 58.
  Schende, ruin, destroy, B. 519. A.S. _scendan_, to confound, shame,
    destroy.
  Schended, accursed, C. 246.
  Schene = sheen, _sb._ bright, beautiful, A. 166, 965; brightness,
    C. 440; _adj._ A. 203, 1145; B. 1076, 1310. A.S. _sceone_,
    beautiful; _scine_, splendour.
  {Schent, Schente,} destroyed, A. 668; B. 1029; ruined, B. 47, 580.
  Schep, sheep, A. 801.
  Schepon, stall, stable, B. 1076. A.S. _scypen_.
  Schere, divide, separate, A. 107; purify, A. 165. A.S. _scran_, to
    divide.
  Schet, shut, C. 452.
  Schin, shall, B. 1435. See "Liber Cure Cocorum," p.29, l.29.
      "For in a slac thou shalle be slayn,
      Seche ferls _schyn_ falle!"
        --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 12, xxiii. 13.)
  Schome, shame, B. 1115.
  Schomely, shamefully, C. 128.
  Schonied, shunned, B. 1101.
  Schor, shower, B. 227.
  Schore, shore, A. 230.
  Schorne (gold), purified, refined, A. 213. See _Schere_.
  Schortly, quickly, hastily, B. 519, 600.
  Schowte, shout, A. 877.
  Schowue, shove, B. 44, 1029, 1740.
  Schrewe, a wicked person, a wretch, B. 186; C. 77.
  Schrewedschyp, wickedness, B. 580.
  Schrowde, clothing, B. 47, 170. A.S. _scrd_, garment, shroud.
  Schrylle = shrill, clear, A. 80.
  Schulder, shoulder, B. 981, 1690.
  Schunt = aside, aslant, B. 605. O.E. _shunt_, to slip aside, withdraw.
    A.S. _scunian_, to shun. Du. _schuins_, slope, slant.
      "He schodirde and schrenkys and _shontes_ bott lyttille."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 354.)
      "[gh]a werpes tham up (the [gh]ates) quoth
          the wee, and wide open settes,
      If at [gh]e schap [gh]ow to _schount_ unschent
          of oure handes." --(K. Alex. p. 73.)
  Schylde, to shield, A. 965; C. 440.
  Schyldere, shoulder, A. 214.
  Schym, bright, A. 1077. A.S. _scima_, a brightness. M.H.G. _schm_.
    A.S. _sciman_, to glitter, shine. See T.B. 4974.
  Schymeryng, _sb._ brightness, A. 80. A.S. _scimrian_, to shine. Du.
    _schmeren_, to dazzle. Sw. _skimra_, to glitter.
  Schyn, shall, B. 1810. See _Schin_.
  Schynde, shone, A. 80.
  {Schyr, Schyre,} brightly, A. 28; bright, beautiful, A. 42, 284;
    B. 553, 605, 1278; bare, B. 1690. Comp. _schyrrer_, A. 982. A.S.
    _scr_, _sheer_, pure, clear, bright. See T.B. 1269.
  Sclade = slade, valley, green plain, A. 1148. A.S. _sld_.
  Scla[gh]t, slaughter, B. 56.
  Scoghe, scoff, or perhaps perverseness, backsliding, A. 610. A.S.
    _sceoh_, askew, perverse.
  Scole, cup, B. 1145. O.N. _skl_. Dan. _skaal_.
  Scolere, scholar, B. 1554.
  Scomfyt, to discomfit, B. 1784.
  Scope, scoop, C. 155.
  {Scorn, Scorne,} _vb._ B. 709; _sb._ B. 827.
  Scoumfit, discomfited, B. 151.
  Scowte-wach, sentinel, guard, B. 838.
      "Thane the price mene prekes and proves theire horsez,
      Satilles to the cete appone sere halfes;
      Enserches the subbarbes sadly thare-aftyre,
      And skyrmys a lyttille;
      Skayres thaire skottefers
      And theire _skowtte-waches_." --(Morte Arthure, p. 206.)
  Scoymous, particular, scrupulous, fearful, B. 21, 1148.
  Scrof, rough, B. 1546.
  Scrypture, writing, B. 1546.
  Scue. See _Skewe_.
  Scylle, wit, B. 151. It signifies also reason, cause. O.N. _skil_.
  Scylful, wise, B. 1148.
  {Sech, Seche,} seek, A. 354; B. 29, 420.
  Seele, joy, happiness, C. 242. A.S. _sl_, good, excellent. Cf.
    _unsell_, T.B. 1961.
  Sege, seat, C. 93. Fr. _sige_.
  Sege, siege, B. 1185.
  {Segg, Segge,} a man, servant, B. 93, 398, 549, 681. A.S. _secg_,
    aman, literally a messenger, speaker; from _secgan_, to say.
  Segge, say, B. 621.
  Segh, saw, A. 790.
  Sekke, sack, C. 382.
  Selconth, a marvel, B. 1274. A.S. _sel-cth_ = _seld-cth_, rare,
    seldom known.
  Selden, seldom, A. 380. A.S. _seldan_.
  Sele, happiness, bliss, C. 5. See _Seele_.
  Selepe = slep, slept, C. 186.
  Self, very, A. 1046; same, B. 1769.
  Selly, a marvel, C. 140; wonderfully, C. 353. A.S. _sllc_, _sllc_,
    worthy, wonderful; _sllce_, wonderfully.
      "For thou has samned, as men sais, a _selly_ noimbre
      Of wrichis and wirlinges out of the west endis,
      Of laddis and of losengers and of litille thevys."
        --(K. Alex. p. 59.)
    See T.B. 1544.
  Sely, fortunate, blessed, happy, A. 659; B. 490. See _Seele_.
  Sem, seam, B. 555.
  Semblaunt, appearance, cheer, A. 211, 1143; B. 131, 640.
  Sembl, assembly, B. 126.
  Sembled, assembled, C. 177.
  Seme, seemly, A. 190; B. 549, 1810. O.Sw. _sma_. Dan. _smme_, to be
    fitting, bear one's self becomingly. O.N. _smr_, seemly.
  Seme, to be fitting, become, B. 793.
  Semed, A. 760.
  {Semely, Semly, Semlych,} seemly, beautiful, A. 34, 789; B. 209, 1442.
    Comp. _sem-loker_, B. 868.
  Sengeley, ever, constantly, A. 8. A.S. _singallce_, perpetually.
  {Ser, Sere,} diverse, various, separate, B. 358; _ser kynde_, B. 507;
    _sere course_, B. 1418; _ser wyse_, C. 12.
  Serelych, severally, separately, C. 193.
  Sergaunt, a royal servant, a squire, B. 109.
  Serges, wax tapers, B. 1489. Lat. _cerea_.
  Seriaunte, sergeant, C. 385. See _Sergaunt_.
  Serkynde[gh], diverse kinds, B. 336.
  Serlype[gh], diverse, different, separate, A. 994.
  Sermoun, discourse, speech, A. 1185.
  Sertain, certainly, A. 685.
  Seruage, bondage, B. 1257.
  Seruaunt, A. 699; B. 631.
  Serue, avail, A. 331.
  Serue, deserve, A. 553; B. 1115.
  Seruyse, B. 1152, 1401.
  Sese, cease, B. 523; _sese[gh]_, let cease, C. 391.
  Sesoune, season, B. 523.
  {Sessed, Sesed,} took possession of, A. 417; B. 1313.
  {Sete, Seete,} sat, A. 161; B. 1171. _pl._ _seten_, B. 1763.
  Sete, seat, C. 24.
  See = seethe, boil, B. 631.
  {Seue, Seve,} = sewe, sew, a kind of pottage, B. 108, 825.
  Sewer, the officer who set and removed the dishes, tasted them, etc.,
    B. 639.
  Sewrt, surety, C. 58.
  Sexte, sixth, A. 1007.
  Seyed, passed, B. 353.
      "_Seyet_ furth with sory chere." --(T.B. 2512.)
  Seysoun, season, A. 39.
  Se[gh], saw, A. 158, 531, 698; B. 209.
  Side-borde, B. 1398.
  Siue, sieve, B. 226.
  Skarmoch, fight, skirmish, B. 1186.
  Skae, harm, danger, sin, B. 151, 598, 1186. See _Scae_.
  Skele, dish, B. 1405.
  Skelt, scattered, spread, B. 1186, 1206. O.E. _skale_, to scatter.
    N.Prov.E. _scale_, to spread. See Hall, Richard III. f. 15. A.S.
    _scylan_, to separate, divide; _pret._ _scel_.
      "Skairen out skoute wacche for _skeltyng_ of harme."
        --(T.B. 1089, 6042.)
  Skelt, hasten, run, B. 1554. Sw. _skala_, to scamper, scour.
  Skete, quick, sudden, B. 1186; quickly, C. 195. See T.B. 13672. O.N.
    _skjtt_.
  Skewe, sky, cloud, B. 1206, 1759. Sw. _sky_, a cloud. A.S. _sca_,
    ashadow.
  Skowte, look, search, B. 483. See T.B. 1089.
  Skoymous, B. 598. See _Scoymous_.
  Skwe, sky, B. 483.
  Skyfte, devise, order, ordain, A. 569. A.S. _scyftan_.
  Skyfte, shift, change, B. 709. Sw. _skifta_.
  Skyg, scrupulous, careful, B. 21. Sw. _skygg_, shy. N.Prov.E. _sky_,
    to shun.
  {Skyl, Skyle,} reason, wit, A. 312; _by skylle_, rightly, reasonably,
    A. 674; ordinance, B. 709; meaning, B. 1554. See _Scylle_.
  Skylle[gh], doubts, A. 54.
  Skylly, device, purpose, B. 529.
  Skyly, excuse, B. 62.
  Skyre = shire = sheer, clear, B. 1776. See _Schyre_.
  Skyrme, screams (?), B. 483.
      "Scho gaffe _skirmande_ skrikes at all the skowis range."
        --(K. Alex. p. 176.)
    Or does it here signify to look about, like Prov.E. skime? O.N.
    _Skima_, to look about.
  Skyualde, ordained, manifested, B. 529. Prof. Child suggests Somerset,
    _scaffle_, scramble, scuffle. See _Skyfte_.
  Slade, valley, A. 141.
  Slake, absolve (lit. to loosen), A. 942. A.S. _sleacian_, to slacken.
  Slaue, sloth, B. 178.
  Sla[gh]t, slaughter, A. 801.
  Sla[gh]te, stroke, A. 59; C. 192. A.S. _slagan_, to strike, beat,
    kill.
  Sleke, assuage, lessen, B. 708. See _Slake_.
  Slente = slant, a slope, declivity, A. 141. Sw. _slinta_, to slip.
  Slep, slept, C. 466.
  Sloberande, slobbering, drivelling, C. 186. _Slobber_ is evidently
    formed from _slob_, _slab_, in the same way as _blubber_ is formed
    from _blob_, _blab_, adrop. Cf. "_Slobur_ or _blobur_, of fysshe
    and other like Burbulum." (Prompt. Parv.) O.E. _slab_. Prov.E.
    _slob_, thick, slimy. Ir. _slaib_, mud, ooze. O.N. _sluppra_. Dan.
    _slubbre_, to sip, sup. Du. _slubberen_, to hang loose and slack.
  Slode, slid, A. 59.
  Sloghe, slow, C. 466.
  Sloue, slew, B. 1264.
  Sloumbe, slumber, C. 186, 466. N.Prov.E. _sloomy_, dronish, slow;
    _sloum_, _sloom_, slumber. O.E. _slome_, _sleme_, to sleep. A.S.
    _sluma_, aslumber. O.N. _slmi_. Cf. the modern phrase, "to slumber
    and sleep."
      "(Sire Telomew) cairys into a cabayne, quare the kyng ligges,
      Fand him _slomande_ and on slepe, and sleely him rayses."
        --(K. Alex. p. 176.)
  Slow, slew, B. 1221.
  Sluchched, muddy, dirty, C. 341. Prov.E. _slutch_, mud; _slotch_,
    asloven; _slotching_, slovenly.
  Slyde, fall, C. 466.
      "And _slydyn_ uppon slepe by slomeryng of age." --(T.B. 6.)
  Slyke, slide, slip. O.N. _slikja_, to make smooth. See _Atslyke_.
  Slyp, stroke, blow, B. 1264.
  Slyppe, go, glide, make off, slip away, B. 985; fall, C. 186. A.S.
    _slipan_.
  Slyppe, escape, B. 1785. Sw. _slippa_, to escape.
  Sly[gh]t, slight, A. 190.
  Sly[gh]t, wisdom, B. 1289; device, C. 130. O.E. _sleghe_, _sle[gh]e_,
    wise. O.N. _slgr_.
  Smach, scent, smell, B. 461, 1019. A.S. _smc_. Prov.E. _smatch_,
    flavour.
  Smachande, smelling, savouring, B. 955.
  Smartly, quickly, B. 711.
  Smod, stain, filth, B. 711. Sc. _smot_, _smad_. O.Sw. _smuts_, spot,
    stain. Dan. _smuds_, dirty. Pl. D. _smuddern_, to dirty.
  Smolderande, smouldering, smothering, B. 955.
  Smolt, be at peace, quiet, B. 732. A.S. _smolt_, serene, clear.
    Prov.E. _molt_-water, clear exudation; _smolt_, smooth, clear.
    See _Smelt_, T.B. 1669.
  Smolt{es}; so in MS., but ? an error for smolt{e} = smelt, B. 461.
      "A smoke _smulte_ through his nase." --(T.B. 911.)
  Smoe, smooth, A. 6.
  Smoely, quietly, B. 732.
  Smylt, decayed (?), B. 226. Sw. _multna_, to moulder. Dan. _smuldre_,
    to crumble, moulder.
  Snaw, snow, B. 222.
  Soberly, quietly, A. 256; courteously, decently, B. 117, 799, 1497.
    See T.B. 248.
  Sobre, gentle, A. 532.
  Sodanly, suddenly, A. 1098; B. 1769.
  Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117.
  Soffer, suffer, A. 940.
  Soffraunce, forbearance, C. 417.
  Soghe, sow, C. 67.
  Soghe, moan, C. 391. A.S. _swgan_, _swgan_, to make a noise, howl.
    O.S. _sugan_.
  Sok, _sb._ suck, C. 391.
  Sokored, succoured, C. 261.
  Solace, A. 130; B. 870, 1080.
  Solased, B. 131.
  {Solemne, Solempne,} B. 1171, 1447; C. 239.
  Solempnely, B. 37.
  {Solemnet, Solempnet,} B. 1313, 1678, 1757.
  {Solie, Soly,} throne, B. 1171, 1678. A.S. _sylla_, a chair; _salo_,
    ahall, palace.
  Somere, B. 1686.
  {Sommoun, Somone,} _vb._ B. 1498; _sb._ summons, A. 1098.
  Sonde, sand, C. 341.
  Sonde = sande, message, word, A. 943; messenger, B. 53, 781. A.S.
    _snd_.
  Sonde[gh]-mon, messenger, B. 469.
  Sone, soon, B. 461.
  {Sonet, Sonete,} B. 1415, 1516.
  Songen, _pl._ sang, B. 1763.
  Sope, sup, B. 108.
  Soper, supper, B. 107, 829, 997, 1763.
  {Sor, Sore,} sorrow, A. 130; C. 242, 507; _adv._ sorely, A. 550;
    B. 290.
  Sorewe, sorrow, B. 778.
  Sorquydry[gh]e = surquedrie, presumption, arrogance, conceit, A. 309.
  Sorsers, sorcerers, B. 1579.
  Sorsory, sorcery, B. 1576.
  Sorte, lot, C. 193.
  {Sor[gh], Sor[gh]e,} sorrow, A. 352; B. 75, 563, 1080.
  {Soth, Soe,} true, truth, A. 482, 653; B. 515; _soes_, truths,
    B.1598. A.S. _sth_.
  Soefast, faithful, B. 1491.
  Sothfol, truthful, A. 498.
  {Soly, Soely,} truly, B. 299, 654, 657.
  Sotte, fool, sot, B. 581; C. 501. A.S. _sot_. See T.B. 1961.
  Sotyle, subtle, A. 1050.
  Soufre, sulphur, B. 954.
  Soumme, company, C. 509.
  Soun, sound, word, A. 532; C. 429; to sound, B. 973, 1670.
  Sounande, sounding, A. 883.
  Souped, supped, B. 833.
  Sour, bad, vile, B. 192. Cf. "Soory or defowlyd yn _sowr_ or filth.
    Cenosus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Sou[gh]ed, sobbed, sighed, C. 140. See T.B. 342. Prov.E. _sugh_,
    _sow_, _suff_, to murmur. O.Sc. _swouch_, a noise, sound. A.S.
    _swoeg_, anoise; _swgan_, to sound, howl. Du. _zwoegen_, to pant,
    puff.
  Souerayn, B. 93, 552.
  Soyle, soil, earth, B. 1039, 1387; C. 443.
  So[gh]t, sought, A. 518, 730; _so[gh]t to_, reached, B. 510, 563;
    made for, C. 249; endeavoured, B. 1286.
  Spak, quickly, C. 104; _spakest_, boldest, C. 169.
  Spakk, spake, A. 938.
  Spakly, certainly, surely, quickly, B. 755; C. 338.
  Spare, spar, C. 104, 338. Sw. _sparre_. O.H.G. _sparro_.
  Sparred, spurred, rushed, A. 1169.
  Spec, speck, B. 551.
  {Special, Specyal,} A. 235, 938; B. 1492.
  Sped, help, B. 1607.
  Spede, prosper, B. 511; hasten, B. 551.
  Spedly, quickly, B. 1729.
  Sped-whyle, a short space of time, a moment, B. 1285.
  Speke, spoke, B. 1220.
  Spelle, tell, relate, A. 793.
  Spelle, speech, A. 363. A.S. _spell_.
  Spenned, folded, A. 49. O.N. _spenna_. A.S. _spannan_.
  Spenned, allured, enticed away, A. 53. A.S. _spanan_. N.Prov.E.
    _span_, to wean from.
  Spiritually, B. 1492.
  Spitous, fell, abominable, B. 845.
  Spitously, fiercely, angrily, B. 1220.
  Sponne = spun, grew, A. 35.
  Spornande, rushing, dashing, A. 363. O.E. _sporn_, _spurn_, to dash.
    A.S. _spurnan_.
      "Now aithir stoure on ther stedis,
      _Spurnes_ out spakly with speris in hand." --(K. Alex. p. 27.)
  Spot, blemish, A. 12, 764.
  Spote, place, spot, A. 13; B. 551.
  Spotle[gh], spotless, pure, A. 856.
  Spotty, to defile, A. 1070.
  Spoyle, B. 1285, 1774.
  {Sprad, Spradde,} spread (_pret._ of _sprede_), B. 1607; C. 365.
  Sprange, sprung, A. 13.
  Sprawlyng, B. 408.
  Sprete = sprit (as in bow-sprit), C. 104. A.S. _sprit_.
  Sprude = spread, fasten, C. 104.
  Spryngande, springing, A. 35.
  Spuniande = spinnande, sticky, cleaving, B. 1038. _Pynnand_ occurs in
    this sense in the Northern Romance of Alexander, p.142.
      "Than vmbyclappis thaim a cloude and covirs all ovir,
      As any _pynnand_ pik (pitch) the planets it hidis."
  Spure = spere, ask, inquire of, B. 1606. Sc. _speer_. A.S. _spirian_.
    See T.B. 823.
  Sputen = spouted, uttered, B. 845.
  Sput = spat, vomited, C. 338.
  {Spyce, Spyse,} A. 235, 938; _pl._ _spyse[gh]_, A. 25, 35.
  Spye, B. 780, 1774.
  Spylt, destroyed, B. 1220.
  Spyrakle, breath, spirit, B. 408.
  Spysere[gh], spice-mongers, B. 1038.
  Spyt, cruelty, A. 1138; vengeance, B. 755.
  Spytously, B. 1285. See _Spitously_.
  Stable, _adj._ A. 597; _vb._ B. 1334, 1652.
  Stac (_pret._ of _steke_), closed, fastened, B. 439. See _Steke_.
  {Stad, Stadde,} placed, fixed (_pret._ of _stede_), B. 806, 983, 1506.
  Stage, state, A. 410.
  Stal, seat, B. 1506. A.S. _stal_, _steal_.
  Stale, step, degree, place, A. 1002.
  Stalke, A. 152.
  Stalle, place, fix, B. 1334. A.S. _stlan_.
  Stalle, _vb._ bring, place, A. 188; B. 1184.
      "Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 22b.)
  Stalworth, strong, B. 884; great, B. 983.
  Stalworest, bravest, B. 255.
  Stamyn, threshold, B. 486.
  Stanc, pool, B. 1018. N.Prov.E. _stank_. Gael. _stang_, a pool.
      "_Stagnum_, a pounde, a _stanke_, a dam."
        --(MS. Harl. 2270, f. 181.)
  Standen (_p.p._), stood, A. 519, 1148.
  Stange, pool, B. 439. See _Stanc_.
  Stape-fole, high, C. 122.
  Stare, _vb._ A. 149; B. 389.
  Stare, star, B. 583.
  Stared, shone, B. 1506.
  Staren (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), shine, A. 116. "_Staring_ stone,"
    T.B. 3037. Cf. "_Staryng_, or schynyng as gaye thyngys. Rutilans."
      "_Stary_ or schyny and glydery, niteo." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Many _starand_ stanes strikes of thair helmes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 28.)
      "As ai stremande sternes _stared_ alle thaire wedes."
        --(_Ibid._, p. 129.)
  Start, A. 1159.
  Statue, B. 995.
  {Staue, Staw,} = stow, place, B. 352, 360, 480.
  Stayre, shine, B. 1396. See _Staren_.
  Stayre, ladder, C. 513.
  Stayre, steep, high, A. 1022. A.S. _stgan_, to ascend; _stger_,
    astair. O.E. _staire_, to ascend.
      "A hundreth daies and a halfe he held be tha playnes,
      Till he was comen till a cliffe, at to the cloudis semed,
      That was so _staire_ and so stepe, the stor me tellis,
      Mi[gh]t ther no wee, bot with wynges, winne to the topp."
        --(K. Alex. p. 164, l. 4828.)
      "With that _stairis_ he forth the stye that stre[gh]t to the est."
        --(_Ibid._, 4834.)
  Steke, fasten, shut up, close, B. 157, 352, 754, 884. N.Prov.E.
    _steek_. A.S. _stician_, to stick in. O.N. _steckr_, afold.
  Stel, stole, B. 1203.
  Stele, approach stealthily, B. 1778. A.S. _stlan_.
  Stele, a step (of a ladder), C. 513. See _Stale_.
      "This ilke laddre (that may to hevene leste) is charite,
      The _stales_ gode theawis." --(Poems of Wm. of Shoreham, p. 3.)
  Stemme = stem, to stop, delay, B. 905. The same root occurs in
    _stammer_, stumble, etc. Sw. _stmma_, to dam.
  Stepe, step, B. 905.
  {Stepe, Steppe,} bright, B. 583, 1396. S.Sax. _steap_, bright,
    brilliant. "Stepe ene." T.B. 3101. Cf. "eyen _stepe_." Chaucer.
    C.T. Prologue, l.201.
  Stere, direct, A. 623; rule, C. 27.
  Sterne, star, A. 115; C. 207. O.N. _stjarna_.
  Sterne (of a boat), C. 149.
  Sterre, star, B. 1378.
  Stewarde, B. 90.
  Steuen, voice, A. 188; sound, A. 1125; B. 1203, 1402; noise, B. 1778;
    command, B. 360, 463. A.S. _stefen_.
  Stiffe, B. 983.
  Stifly, firmly, B. 157.
  Stik, fix, fasten, B. 157. See _Steke_.
  Stille, dumb, B. 1523.
  Stoffe, fill, B. 1184. See T.B. 2748.
  Stoken, fastened, enclosed, shut (_p.p._ of _steke_), A. 1065; B. 360,
    1199, 1524.
      "Sothe stories ben _stoken_ up & straught out of mind."
        --(T.B. 11.)
  {Stokke, Stoke,} stocks, B. 46, 157.
  Stonde, stand, B. 1490.
  Stonde, blow, B. 1540. A.S. _stunian_, to beat, strike. O.E. _stund_,
    to strike.
      "Quat! wyns (wenis) ou I am a hund,
      Wit i stans me for to _stund_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.)
  Stonen, _adj._ of stone, B. 995.
  Ston-harde, fast, B. 884.
  Store, a great (number), A. 847.
      "A _store_ man of strength and of stuerne will." --(T.B. 538.)
  Stote, stand, stop still, A. 149. Dan. _sttte_, stay, support.
    S.Sax. _stuten_, to stop. Sc. _stoit_, stumble. "_Stotyng_,
    Titubatus." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Anone to the forest they found (go),
      There they _stoted_ a stound." --(Sir Degrevant, 225.)
      "Ffurth he stalkis a stye, by tha stille euys,
      _Stotays_ at a hey strette, studyande hym one."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 290.)
      "Than he _stotays_ for made, and alle his strenghe faylez."
        --(_Ibid._, p. 357.)
  Stound, Stounde, a space of time, moment, A. 659; B. 1716; _in
    stoundes_, at times, B. 1603. A.S. _stund_.
  Stounde, blow, and hence sorrow, A. 20. See _Stonde_.
  Stour, conflict; _bale-stour_, death pang, C. 426. Cf. _dede-stoure_,
    death conflict. Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, 1820, 5812. O.N.
    _styr_.
      "Son efter-ward, it was not lang,
      Gain Saul ai gaf batail strang;
      aa sar[gh]ins an e king umsett,
      In hard _stur_ ai samen mett;
      Ful snaip it was air, _stur_ and snelle,
      The folk al fled of Israel." --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43b.)
  Stout, firm, stable, A. 779, 935; brave, B. 1184.
  Stowed, placed, B. 113.
  Stowned, troubled, astonished, C. 73. A.S. _stunian_.
  Strake, struck up, sounded, B. 1402.
  Strate, street, A. 1043.
  Straunge, strange, B. 409.
  Stray, A. 1173; B. 1199. See T.B. 6258.
  Strayne, strain, A. 128; labour, A. 691; pain, B. 1540; trouble,
    C.234.
  Strayt, B. 880, 1199.
  {Strech, Streche,} stretch, A. 843, 971; B. 905.
  Stremande, shining, A. 115. See extract under the word _Staren_.
  Strenkle, scatter, B. 307.
  Strene, strength, B. 1155, 1430.
  Streny, strain, toil, labour, A. 551.
  Stre[gh]t, strait, A. 691; C. 234. Cf. streght, T.B. 351.
  Stronde = strand, stream, river, A. 152; C. 254, 311.
      "Midward at land a wel springes,
      at rennes out wit four _strandes_,
      Fflummes farand in fer landes."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.)
      "Quen thai war passed over _strand_,
      And raght apon e toier land,
      Witte yee at ai war ful gladd." --(_Ibid._, fol. 46a.)
  Strot = strut, contest, chiding, A. 353, 848.
      "O pride bicums unbuxumnes,
      Strif and _strutt_ and frawardnes."
        --(The Seven Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)
  Stroe, bold, fierce (?), A. 115.
  Strye, destroy, B. 307, 1768; _stryed_, B. 1018.
  Stryf, A. 248.
  Stryke, pass, go, A. 1125. A.S. _strican_.
  Strynde = strond, stream, C. 311.
  Stryuande, striving, C. 311.
  Stud = stede, place, B. 389, 1334.
  Sturnen, strong, B. 1402.
  {Styf, Styffe,} strong, A. 779; C. 234; _styfest_, strongest, B. 255.
  Styfly, fast, firmly, B. 352, 1652.
  Styke = stryke, walk, go (?), A. 1186.
  Stykked, fixed, placed, B. 583. See _Steke_.
  Stylle, secret, A. 20; B. 589, 706; quiet, B. 1203; quietly, B. 486.
    See T.B. 1778.
      "State from e slyth kyng _styll_ by night." --(T.B. 988.)
  Stylle, secretly, B. 806, 1778.
  Styngande, stinging, B. 225.
  Stynkande, stinking, B. 1018.
  Stynst, a mistake for stynt, stop, A. 353.
  Stynt, stop, B. 225, 381, 1261; stopped, C. 73. A.S. _stintan_.
  Styry, stir, move, B. 403, 1720.
  Styste[gh] = stynte[gh], stops, B. 359.
  Sty[gh]e, path, C. 402. A.S. _stg_.
  Sty[gh]e, ascend, climb, B. 389. A.S. _stgan_, to ascend.
  Sty[gh]tle, place, order, fix, B. 90; C. 402. A.S. _stihtan_, to
    arrange, dispose. See T.B. 1997.
      "Unstithe for to stire or _stightill_ the Realme." --(T.B. 117.)
  Sued, followed, B. 681.
  {Suffer, Suffre,} A. 554.
  Suffraunce, endurance, patience, C. 3, 529.
  Suffyse, A. 135.
  {Sulp, Sulpe,} defile, pollute, B. 15, 550, 1130, 1135. O.E. _sulwe_,
    to defile, soil. M.H.D. _be-sulwen_. O.N. _sla_, to pollute. Prov.
    Ger. _sulpern_, unclean, to defile. The word _sulp_ (_solp_) occurs
    in the Romance of K.Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but the editor
    renders it "_to swallow_"!
      "Oure inward enmys ilkane we inwardly drepis,
      That is to say alle the sin, at _solp_ may [gh]e (the ?) saule."
        --(K. Alex. p. 146.)
  Sulpande, defiling, A. 726.
  Sumkyn, of some kind, A. 619.
  Sumoun, to summon, A. 539.
  Sum quat, some sort of, B. 627.
  Sum-while, formerly, C. 57.
  Sunderlupes, severally, C. 12.
  Suppe, B. 108; C. 151.
  Supplantor, A. 440.
  Sure, A. 1089.
  Sum, one, "_al & sum_," one and all, A. 584.
  Surely, B. 1643; C. 315.
  Sustnaunce, B. 340.
  Sute (?) A. 203, 1108.
  Sve = sue, follow, go after, A. 976.
  Swalt, died, A. 816, 1160. See T.B. 1200, 4687. See _Swelt_.
  Swane[gh], swans, B. 58.
  Swange (_pret._ of _swenge_ or _swinge_), toiled, worked, A. 586. A.S.
    _swingan_, to dash, to labour.
  Swange, flowed, A. 1059.
  Swangeande, flowing, rushing, A. 111. See T.B. 13024.
  Swap, blow, B. 222. A.S. _swipian_. O.N. _svipa_, to shake. O.E.
    _swepe_, _swappe_, to beat. See T.B. 1889.
      "He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe."
        --(K. Alex. p. 38.)
      "With a swinge of his sworde _swappit_ hym in e fase."
        --(T.B. 1271.)
  Sware, square, A. 837; B. 1386.
  Sware, answer, A. 240; B. 1415. O.N. _svara_. See T.B. 1200.
  Swarme, B. 223.
  Swart, black, C. 363.
  {Swat, Swatte,} sweated (_pret._ of _swete_), A. 586, 829.
  Swayf, blow, literally, a sudden movement. See _Swayue_.
      "Than Alexander . . . . .
      Swythe swyngis out his swerde and his _swayfe_ feches,
      The nolle of Nicollas, the kyng, he fra the nebb partis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 28.)
  Swayne, swain, servant, B. 1509.
  Swayue, swims. T.B. 2358. Dan. _swve_, to wave, move, flutter.
  Swe, follow, A. 892; ran, B. 956.
  Sweande, flowing, B. 420.
  Sweft, swift, C. 108.
  Swelme, heat, C. 3. A.S. _swell_, a burning; _swlan_, to burn,
    _sweal_.
      "[He] lete asauage, or he sware (spoke), the _swelme_ of his
      angirs." --(K. Alex. p. 21.)
  Swelt, die, perish, B. 108; C. 427; destroy, B. 332. A.S. _sweltan_.
    O.N. _svelta_.
  Swemande (_pres. part._ of _sweme_), afflicting, B. 563. A.S. _swima_,
    astupor. S.Sax. _sweamen_, to grieve, vex.
      "Whan this was seide, his hert began to melt
      For veray _sweme_ of this _swemeful_ tale."
        --(Lydgate's Minor Poems, p. 38.)
      "Sum swalt in a _swym_ with outen sware more." --(T.B. 1200.)
  Sweng, _sb._ toil, labour, A. 575. A.S. _sweng_, a stroke, blow. See
    _Swange_. See T.B. 1271.
  Swenge, hasten, rush, dash out, B. 109, 667; C. 108, 250, 253.
      "He _swynges_ out with a swerd and swappis him to dethe."
        --(K. Alex. p. 33.)
    A.S. _swingan_, to swing, dash.
  Swepe, glide, A. 111; hasten, B. 1509. See T.B. 342. O.E. _swippe_,
    to pass quickly. O.N. _svip_, arapid movement; _svipa_, to whip, do
    quickly, turn.
  Swepe, to seize, C. 341. A.S. _swipian_, to take by violence.
  Swer, swore, B. 69, 667.
  Swete, life; _to lose the swete_ = to die, C. 364. _Swete_ may here
    signify _sweet_, the word _life_ being understood.
      "And alle at lent ware on loft loste ther the _swete_."
        --(K. Alex. p. 105.)
      "---- the brande es myne awene
      Many swayne, with the swynge [struck], has the _swete_ levede."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 281.)
      "All the kene mene of kampe, knyghtes and other,
      Killyd are colde dede and castyne over burdez
      Theire swyers sweyftly has the _swete_ levyde."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 309.)
  Swetter, sweeter, C. 236.
  Sweuen, dream, A. 62. A.S. _swefen_.
  Swey, go, walk, B. 788; came, C. 429. See T.B. 2512. O.N. _sweigia_.
    Dan. _sveje_, to bend. N.Prov.E. _swey_, to swing; _sweigh_, to
    press. See _Sve_.
  Sweyed, swayed, C. 151.
  Swe[gh]e, go, C. 72; drove, C. 236.
  Swol[gh]e, swallow, C. 250, 363; kill, B. 1268.
  Swone, swoon, A. 1180. A.S. _aswunan_.
  Swowed, swooned, C. 442. S.Sax. _swowen_, to swoon.
  Swyed = sweyed, followed, B. 87.
  Swyere, squire, B. 87,
  Swypped, escaped, B. 1253. See _Swepe_.
  Swyre, neck, B. 1744. A.S. _sweora_.
  Swye, firm, strong, A. 354; C. 236; great, B. 1283; very, B. 816;
    many, B. 1299; quickly, A. 1059; B. 354; greatly, B. 987. A.S.
    _swth_, strong, great; _swthe_, very, greatly.
  Swye, burn, scorch, C. 478 (_pret._ _swath_). N.Prov.E. _swither_, to
    singe; _swidden_, to scorch. O.N. _svtha_.
      "Mi Gode, als whele set am,
      Als stubble bi-fore wind lickam
      Als fire that brennes wode swa;
      Als lowe _swiand_ hilles ma." --(Ps. lxxxii. 15.)
  Syence, B. 1454, 1599.
  Syfle, blow, C. 470. _Syfle_ sometimes signifies to _whistle_. It may
    he connected with the Prov.E. _suffe_, to pant, blow. A.S.
    _siofian_, mourn, lament.
  Sykande, sighing, B. 715. A.S. _sycan_, to sigh.
  Syked, sighed, C. 382.
  Sykerly, surely, C. 301. O.Fris. _sikur_. Ger. _sicher_, sure.
  Syle, to glide, go, proceed, B. 131. See T.B. 364, 1307. Prov.E.
    _sile_, to go. O.N. _sla_.
      "With that the segge all himselfe _silis_ to his chambre."
        --(K. Alex. p. 5.)
    See T.B. 364.
  Sylueren, silver, B. 1406.
  Symbale, B. 1415.
  Symple, A. 1134; B. 746.
  Sympelnesse, A. 909.
  Syn, since, C. 218.
  Syngne, sign, B. 489, 1710.
  Synglerty, singularity, singleness, A. 429.
  Synglure, uniqueness, A. 8.
  Syngnette[gh], signets, A. 838.
  Synne, after, B. 229.
  Syre, lord, B. 1260.
  {Syt, Syte,} sorrow, sin, B. 566, 1257; C. 5, 517. O.N. _st_.
      "Jacob wen he was mast in _siit_,
      God lighted him witouten _liit_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.)
      "This tre in forbot haf I laid,
      If ou sa bald be it to bite,
      ou sal be ded in sorou and _site_,
      And if ou haldes mi forbot,
      ou sal be laverd ouer ilk crot." --(_Ibid._ fol. 52b.)
  Sye, time, A. 1079; B. 1169, 1417, 1686. A.S. _sith_.
  Syen, afterwards, A. 13, 643, 1207; B. 998; since, A. 245.
  Sytole, citole, guitar, A. 91.
  {Sy[gh], Sy[gh]e,} saw, A. 308, 788, 985; B. 985.
  {Sy[gh]t, Sy[gh]te,} sight, A. 226; B. 552, 1710.

  Ta, take, arrest, C. 78. "Ta me," take, arrest me. Tat[gh], take,
    B. 735. (Cf. O.E. _ma_ = make.)
  Tabarde, coat. It sometimes signifies a short coat or mantle, B. 41.
    Fr. _tabar_. Ital. _tabaro_.
  Tabelment, A. 994.
  Taborne, tabour, B. 1414.
  Tached, fixed, fastened, A. 464.
  Takel, C. 233.
  Tale, tale, message, B. 1437.
  Talent, will, pleasure, C. 416. See T.B. 464.
  Talle = tuly (?), B. 48.
  Tan, taken, B. 763.
  Tat[gh], take, B. 735. See _Ta_.
  Tayt, agreeable, lively, B. 871. O.N. _teitr_.
      "The laddes were kaske and _teyte_." --(Havelok the Dane, 1841.)
      "Ther mouhte men se the boles beyte,
      And the bores with hundes _teyte_." --(_Ibid._ 2331.)
  Tayt, fear, B. 889.
      "Brynges furthe, [as] sayd the boke, bestes out of noumbre,
      And trottes on toward Tyre with _taite_ at thaire hertes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 42.)
  Teche, teach, B. 160.
  Teche, mark, sign, B. 1049.
  Teche, fault, B. 1230; device, B. 943. Fr. _tache_.
  Tede, an error for _tene_ = ten (?), B. 1634.
  Tee, go, B. 9, 1262; C. 87.
      "Let hym _tegh_ to e tempull."
        --(T.B. 2541.)
    A.S. _teon_. Cf. _teght_, T.B. 1786.
  Telde, tent, B. 866. A.S. _teld_.
  Telded, raised, B. 1342. See T.B. 6075.
  Telle, raise, excite, B. 1808. Du. _tillen_, to lift up.
  Teme, approach, A. 460; B. 9; C. 316. See T.B. 3306. It seems to be
    connected with the A.S. _geteman_, to bear witness; _teama_, to
    cite, summon. In La[gh]amon _teman_ signifies to go, proceed,
    approach, vol. i. p.53, l.1245.
      "Albion hatte that lond;
      Ah leode ne beoth thar nane,
      Ther to thu scalt _teman_ [wende]
      & ane neowe Troye thar makian."
  Teme, team, C. 37.
  Teme, theme, C. 358.
  Tempest, C. 231.
  Temple, A. 1062.
  Tempre, moderate, B. 775.
  Temptande, tempting, B. 283.
  Tender, A. 412; B. 630.
  Tene, _sb._ anger, sorrow, A. 332; B. 283, 687, 1137; C. 90; _adj._
    angry, B. 1808; _vb._ punish, B. 759. A.S. _teonan_, _tynan_, to
    anger; _teona_, wrong, mischief.
  Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160.
  Tenor, C. 358.
  Tenoun, A. 993.
  {Tent, Tente,} attend, care for, B. 676, 935; C. 59, 498; heed,
    A.387.
  Terme, term, A. 1053; B. 1393.
  Terne, lake, B. 1041. N.Prov.E. _tarn_. O.N. _tjrn_.
  Teuel (or _tenel_ ?), enclose, or ? _undermine_, B. 1189.
  acce, blow, C. 325. A.S. _thaccian_, to stroke.
  ayre[gh], theirs, B. 1527.
  a[gh], though, A. 134.
  ede, country, A. 711. A.S. _thed_.
      "I sett [gh]owe ane ensample [gh]e se it alle day,
      In thorps and in many _thede_ ther [gh]e thur[gh]e ride,
      At ilka cote a kene curr, as he the chache walde,
      Bot as bremely as he baies, he bitis never the faster."
        --(K. Alex. p. 62.)
  ede, vessel, B. 1717. Prov.E. _thead_, a strainer used in brewing.
    "_Thede_, bruares instrument, qualus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  eder, thither, B. 461.
  ef, thief, A. 273.
  Theme, A. 944; C. 358.
  {en, enne,} than, A. 134.
  enkande, thinking, C. 294.
  erue, unleavened, B. 635. Prov.E. _therf_, _tharf_, _thar_. A.S.
    _theorf_, _therf_.
  ester, darkness, B. 1775. A.S. _theostru_. See T.B. 2362.
  ewe, virtue, B. 1436; C. 30; ordinances, B. 544, 755.
  ewed, virtuous, B. 733.
  ewes, thieves, B. 1142.
  ikker, oftener, C. 6.
  irled, pierced, B. 952.
  o, the (_pl._), B. 635; those, A. 557.
  ole, suffer, A. 344; B. 190; C. 6. A.S. _thlian_, to suffer, endure.
  onc, _sb._ thank, A. 901.
  onkke, _vb._ thank, B. 745.
  ore, there, A. 562.
  orpe, city, B. 1178. O.N. _thorp_.
  or[gh], through. See _ur[gh]_.
  o[gh], though, A. 345.
  o[gh]t, seemed, A. 153; B. 562.
  o[gh]t, imagination, B. 516.
  rad, reproached, tormented, B. 751. A.S. _threagan_ (_pret. threde_,
    _p.p._ _thread_), to blame, vex, torment.
  range, pierce, A. 17. See _renge_.
  rast, stroke, thrust, B. 952.
  rat, vexation, torment, C. 55. A.S. _threat_, threat; _threatian_, to
    vex, distress.
  ratten (_3d pers. pl. pret._) threatened, B. 937.
  rawe, to reach, B. 590.
  rawen, close, thick, B. 1775.
  renge, press, crowd after, follow, B. 930; pass, C. 354. A.S.
    _thringan_, to press, crowd, throng. O.N. _threnga_.
  rep, contradiction, B. 350. N.Prov.E. _threap_, _threpe_, to dispute.
    A.S. _threapian_, to reprove, chide.
      "_Withoutyn threp_ more." --(T.B. 1127.)
  repyng, _sb._ strife, B. 183. A.S. _threapung_.
  {ret, rete,} threaten, A. 561; B. 680, 1728.
  retty, thirty, B. 751.
  reuenest, wisest, noblest, B. 1571.
  ro, anger, B. 754; C. 6; angry, A. 344. N.Prov.E. _thro_, keen,
    eager. O.N. _thr_.
      "Be ou noght in i hert so _thra_." --(MS. Harl. 4196. fol. 94.)
    Cf. "his _throo_ hert," T.B. 147. "A _throo_ (bold) knight."
    _Ib._ 1482.
  ro, good, A. 868.
  ro, sharply, quickly, B. 220. A.S. _thre_.
  ro, thoroughly, B. 1805.
  roble, press, B. 879.
  roly, fiercely, quickly, B. 180, 514.
      "_Throly_ he thoght in his hert." --(T.B. 209.)
  {rong, ronge,} _sb._ crowd, B. 135, 504, 754.
  rongen (_3d pers. pl. pret._ of _thringe_), crowded, pressed,
    B. 1775.
      "Mony thoughtes full thro _thronge_ in hir brest." --(T.B. 470.)
  rublande, pressing, B. 504. See _roble_.
  {rwen, rowen,} thrown, B. 220, 504.
  rych, through, A. 17. O.Sc. _throuch_.
  {ryd, ryde, rydde,} third, A. 833; B. 249, 300, 1639.
  rye[gh], thrice, B. 429.
  rynge, press, B. 180; follow, B. 1639. See _renge_.
  rynne, three, B. 606, 1727.
  ryuande, good, pure, B. 751. See T.B. 1482.
  ryue, prosper, thrive, B. 249; C. 521.
  ryuen, prudent, wise, A. 868, 1192; grown up, adult, B. 298;
    _ryuenest_, wisest, noblest, B. 1639.
  ry[gh]t, thrust, pressed, thronged, A. 670, 706, 926; B. 135; Cf.
    _thriccing_ of hondys. T.B. 1522. A.S. _thryccan_ (_pret._
    _thrycte_), to thrust, press, tread on.
  ur[gh], through, A. 670.
  ykke, closely, B. 504.
  y[gh]e, thigh, B. 1687.
  To, toe, C. 229.
  To-cleues, separate, B. 1806.
  To-corue (_3d pers. pl. pret._), slit, ript up, B. 1250.
  Token, betoken, B. 1557.
  To-kerue, divide, B. 1700.
  {Tole, Tool,} tool, B. 1108, 1342.
  {Tolk, Tolkke, Tulkke,} man, B. 687, 757. _Tolk_, like _segge_,
    signified originally a speaker, an interpreter. O.N. _tlka_, to
    explain, interpret; _tlkr_, an interpreter, amediator. See
    T.B. 63.
  Tom, (1) leisure, A. 134; opportunity, B. 1153; interval, C. 135;
    (2) time, A. 585. O.Sw. and O.N. _tm_. "_Toom_ oportunitas."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Tharfore is _tyme_ I may noght cum
      Telle i lord I haue no _tome_."
        --(MS. Harl, 4196, fol. 105.)
    In T.B. 1088, we have _tomly_.
  To-marred, spoilt, B. 1114.
  To-murte, crushed to pieces, C. 150. See _murte_, T.B. 6128.
  Tonne (or toune?), conceive, B. 655.
  Top, head, C. 229.
  Topace, topaz, B. 1469.
  Tor, tower, A. 966.
  Tor, hard, A. 1109. O.N. _tor_. Sans. _dus_, hard, difficult. Cf. O.E.
    _torfer_, hardship, T.B. 81.
      "But this tyme is so _tore_." --(T.B. 645.)
  {To-rente, To-rent,} rent asunder, A. 1136; B. 368; C. 96.
  To-riuen, torn away, A. 1197.
  Tormenttour, B. 154.
  To-rof (_pret._ of _to-riue_), burst, B. 964; C. 379.
  Torre[gh], towers, A. 875,
  Toter, totter, C. 233.
  Tote[gh] = tot[gh], toes; Cf. _got[gh]_ = goes, etc., B. 41.
  To-torne, torn, B. 41.
  Tot[gh], goes, A. 513. Sw. _tota_.
  Tour, tower, B. 216.
  Tourne[gh] = turns, devices, B. 192.
  Tow, two, B. 866.
      "_Two_ pyllers he pight in a place low." --(T.B. 310.)
  To-walten, overflowed (_3d pers. pl._), B. 428.
  Towche, to relate, deliver a message, speak, A. 898; B. 1437.
      "Litille kyngis there come . . . . .
      _Touches_ titly thair tale and tribute him askis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 31.)
  Towche, _sb._ touch, C. 252.
  Towe, C. 100.
  Towen, drawn, A. 251.
  To[gh]e, tough, B. 630.
  To[gh]t, firm, binding, A. 522.
  Tra, high (?), B. 211, or (?) _tor_, great, difficult of access.
      "This castel es o luve and grace,
      Bath o socur and o solace,
      Apon the mathe it standes traist;
      O fede ne dredes it na fraist;
      It is hei sett upon e crag,
      _Trai_ and hard wituten hag."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55a.)
  Tramme, tackle, gear? C. 101. In the northern Romance of Alexander,
    p.5, _tramme_ signifies an instrument (optical).
      "He toke _trammes_ him with to tute (look) in the sternes."
  Tras = trace, path, course, A. 1113. "_Trace_, a streyght way,
    _trace_." (Palsg.)
  Trasches = trauses or trossers, drawers or trousers? B. 40.
  Trauayle, _sb._ labour, C. 505; _vb._ A. 550; C. 498.
  Trave = trawe, believe, B. 587.
  Trauerce = traverse, B. 1473.
  {Traw, Trawe,} = trow, believe, suppose, A. 282, 295; B. 655, 1335,
    1686. See T.B. 298.
  Trawande, believing, B. 662.
  {Trawe, Traue,} truth, A. 495; B. 63, 667; belief, 1490, 1703.
  Trayled, B. 1473.
  Traysoun, treason, B. 187.
  {Trayly, Trayely,} certainly, surely? B. 907, 1137. If _trayly_ be
    derived from _trauth_, _truth_, the meaning here assigned to it may
    be correct; but the sense of _fiercely_, _fearfully_, would suit the
    context better.
  Traytoure, B. 1041; C. 77.
  Tre, wood, B. 1342.
  Trendel, roll, A. 41.
  Tres, yards (of a ship), C. 101.
  {Tresor, Tresore,} treasure, A. 237, 331, B. 866.
  Tresorye, treasury, B. 1317.
  Trespas, B. 48.
  Trespast, B. 1230.
  Trestes, trestles, B. 832.
  Trichcherye, treachery, B. 187.
  Troched, ornamented? An architectural term of uncertain meaning,
    B.1383.
  {Tron, Trone,} went (_pret._ of _tryne_), A. 1113; B. 132; C. 101. See
    _Trynande_.
  Trone, throne, A. 1055.
  Trot, _sb._ pace, step, B. 976.
  Trow, believe, B. 1049.
  Trumpen, trumpets, B. 1402.
  Trussed, deposited, B. 1317. See T.B. 1819.
  Trwe, true, A. 460.
  Tryed, select, trusty, B. 1317. O.E. _trie_, choice. See T.B. 695.
  Tryfled = trayfoled, ornamented with knots, B. 1473. Fr. _treffilier_,
    achain maker.
  Trynande, going, walking, B. 976. Dan. _trine_, to go.
      "Than the traytoure treunted the Tyesday thar aftyre,
      _Trynnys_ in with a trayne tresone to wirke."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 326.)
      "The trays (path) of the traytoure he _trynys_ fulle evenne,
      And turnys in be Treynte, the traytoure to seche."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 339.)
      "They _tryne_ unto a tente whare tables whare raysede."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 267.)
  Tryste, trusty, A. 460; _vb._ to trust, C. 324.
  Trysty, trusty, B. 763.
  Try[gh]e, to trust in, rely upon, A. 311. N.Prov.E. _trigg_, firm,
    faithful. Sw. _trygg_, safe, sure.
  Tuch, cloth, B. 48. Ger. _tuch_. Cf. Eng. _tuck_ and _tucker_.
  Tulkke, man, soldier, B. 1189, 1262. See _Tolk_.
      "The Tothyr was a _Tulke_ out of Troy selfe." --(T.B. 63.)
  Tulket = tulked, sounded, B. 1414. The original meaning of _tulk_ is
    to speak, explain (O.N. _tlka_), hence to utter, sound.
      "The Tebies _tulked_ (addressed) us with tene (anger)."
        --(K. Alex. p. 83.)
  Tult, threw, pitched. B. 1213; C. 252. See _Tilt_, in T.B. 914, 3704.
    A.S. _tealtian_, to tilt, shake.
  Tuyred, destroyed, B. 1234.
  Twayned, separated, A. 251.
  Tweyne, two, B. 674, 1749.
  Twynande, entwining, B. 1691. Sw. _twinna_, to twine.
  Twynne, two, A. 251; B. 1047.
  Twynne, separate, B. 402.
  Tyd, quickly, B. 64, 1213; C. 100, 229. A.S. _td_, _tdlce_. Sw.
    _tida_, frequently.
  Tyde, time, B. 1393.
  Tykel, uncertain, B. 655.
  Tylle, to, B. 1064.
  Tymbre, B. 1414. "Tymbyr a lytyl taboure, timpanellum." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Tylte, overturn, B. 832; tumble, C. 361.
      "_Tylude_ ouer borde." --(T.B. 3704.)
  Tynde, branch, A. 78. A.S. _tine_. O.E. _tind_, a tine, tooth, prong,
    fork.
  Tyne, lose, A. 332; destroy, B. 775, 907. O.N. _tyna_.
  Tynt, lost, B. 216. See T.B. 1208.
  Type, overturn, C. 506.
  Typped, extreme, C. 77.
  Tyraunte, B. 943.
  Tyrauntyr, tyranny, B. 187.
  Tyrne, flay, B. 630. Du. _tornen_, to rend, rip up.
      "And so thai did al bidene and sum oure douth slo[gh]e,
      Tuke out the tuskis and the tethe, and _ternen_ of the skinnes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 140.)
  Tyt, quickly, A. 728. N.Prov.E. _tite_, soon. Cf. _tytly_, T.B. 1094.
    See _Tyd_.
  Tye, tenth, B. 216.
  Tyynge, tiding, B. 458, 498; C. 78.
  Tytter, sooner, C. 231. N.Prov.E. _titter_. See _Tyt_.
  Tyxt, text, B. 1634; C. 37.
  Ty[gh]ed, tied, A. 464; B. 702.
  {Ty[gh]t, Ty[gh]te,} described, A. 1053; give, B. 1153; endeavour,
    B. 1108; near, A. 503. See T.B. 1358. A.S. _tihtan_, to draw.

  U = o = of, A. 792.

  {Vch, Vche, Vcha,} = ilk, ilka, each, every. A. 33, 117.
  Vchon, each one, A. 546.
  Vglokest (_superl._ of _vgly_), most horrid, dreadful, B. 892. See
    _vgsome_, horrible, T.B. 877.
  Vmbe, about, B. 879, 1384; C. 309. A.S. _ymbe_.
      "Grete toures full toure all e toune _vmbe_." --(T.B. 320.)
  Vmbe-brayde, accost, B. 1622. See _Brayde_.
  Vmbe-grouen, overgrown, B. 488.
  Vmbe-kest, look about, B. 478.
  Vmbe-ly[gh]e, compass, surround, B. 836.
  Vmbe-py[gh]te, surrounded, A. 1052.
  Vmbre, rain, B. 524. Cf. _ymur_, in T.B. 897. Lat. _imber_.
  Vmbe-schon, shone about, C. 455.
  {Vmbe-stounde, Vmbe-stoundes,} at times, sometimes, C. 7, 122.
  Vmbe-sweyed, encircled, B. 1380.
  Vmbe-walt, surrounded, B. 1181.
  Vnavysed, unadvised, thoughtless, A. 292.
  Vnblemyst, unblemished, A. 782.
  Vn-brosten, unburst, B. 365.
  Vnblye, dismal, B. 1017.
  Vncheryst, uncherished, uncared for, B. 1125.
  Vnclannesse, uncleanness. B. 30, 1800, 1806.
  Vnclene, B. 550, 1713.
  Vncler, indistinct, C. 307.
  Vnclose, disclose, B. 26, 1438.
  Vncortoyse, uncourteous, A. 303.
  {Vncoue, Vncowe,} unknown, B. 414, 1600, 1722.
  Vnder, the third hour of the day, A. 513. A.S. _undern_. Goth.
    _undaurns_.
  Vnder-nomen, understood, perceived, C. 213.
  Vnder-stonde, understand, A. 941; C. 122.
  Vnder-[gh]ede = under-[gh]ete, understood, B. 796. A.S. _undergitan_,
    to perceive.
  Vndyd, destroyed, B. 562.
  Vnfayre, bad, B. 1801.
  Vnfolde, B. 1563.
  Vnfre, unfortunate, B. 1129.
  Vngarnyst, unadorned, B. 137.
  Vnglad, sorry, C. 63.
  Vngoderly, bad, wicked, B. 145, 1092.
  Vnhap, misfortune, B. 143, 1150; misery, B. 892. See T.B. 1402.
  Vnhappen, unfortunate; and hence bad, B. 573.
  Vnhaspe, disclose, B. 688.
  Vnhole, badly, B. 1681.
  Vnhonest, vile, B. 579.
  Vnhuled, uncovered, B. 451. See _Hile_.
  Vnhyde, disclose, A. 973.
  Vnhyle, disclose, B. 1628. See _Hile_.
  Vnknawen, unknown, B. 1679.
  Vnkyndely, wickedly, B. 208.
  Vnmard, undefiled, B. 867.
  Vnmete, unmeet, unfit, A. 759.
  Vnneuened, unnamed, B. 727. See _Neuen_.
  Vnnynges, signs, C. 213. A.S. _unnan_, to give, grant, permit.
  Vnpynne, to unpin, unfasten, A. 728.
  Vnresounable, unreasonable, A. 590.
  Vnry[gh]t, wrong, B. 1142.
  Vnsmyten, B. 732.
  Vnsounde, wicked, evil, bad, B. 575; C. 527; misfortune, wretched
    state, C. 58. See T.B. 495.
  Vnsoundely, badly, B. 201. See T.B. 1826.
  Vnstered, unmoved, B. 706.
  Vnstrayned, untroubled, A. 248.
  Vnswol[gh]ed, unhurt, B. 1253. See _Swol[gh]e_.
  {Vnank, Vnonk,} wrath, displeasure, B. 183; C. 55.
  Vnewe, fault, vice, B. 190. See _Thewe_.
  Vnryfte, folly, wickedness, B. 516, 1728.
  Vnryftyly, unwisely, badly, B. 267.
  Vnryuandly = unthrivingly, badly, B. 135. See T.B. 4893.
  Vntrwe, untrue, A. 897; B. 456; unfaithful, B. 1160.
  Vntwynne, separate; and hence, destroy, B. 757.
  Vnwar, foolish, C. 115.
  Vnwaschen, unwashed, B. 34.
  Vnwelcum, B. 49.
  Vnworelych, unworthy, B. 305.
  Vnwytt, unwise, foolish, simple, C. 511.
  Vpbrayde, literally to raise; and hence to utter loudly, rebuke,
    C. 430. See _Brayde_. In the sense of to utter, speak, we find
    _upbrayde_ used in the following passage.
      "Again my brether haue I bene
      Oft-sith lightly for to tene,
      Wit flitt, wit brixil, strive and strut;
      Myn euen cristen haue I hurt,
      And oft unsaght o him I said,
      And of his lastes (faults) gane upbraid."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 156.)
  Vp-caste, spoken, B. 1574.
  Vp-folden, up-folded, B. 643.
  Vp-lyfte, uplifted, B. 987.
  Vpon, open, B. 453.
  Vp-rerde, upreared, B. 561.
  Vp-ros, uprose, C. 378.
  Vpryse, C. 433.
  Vp-set, raised, C. 239.
  Vp-so-doun, upside down, C. 362.
  Vp-wafte, uprose, B. 949.
  Vpynyoun, opinion, C. 40.
  Vrnementes, ornaments, B. 1284.
  Vre, earth, A. 442.
  Vrely, earthly, A. 135; B. 35.
  Vsage, B. 710.
  Vsched, B. 1393, _to vsched_ = ? _tousched_ = _towched_, approached.
    See B. 1437.
  Vse, B. 11.
  {Vsle, Vslle,} ashes, cinders, B. 747, 1010. A.S. _ysle_, ashes. O.N.
    _usli_, fire. "Isyl, of fyre. Favilla." (Prompt. Parv.) Prov.E.
    _isle_, _easle_, embers; _eizle_, ashes.
  Vtter, out, B. 42; without, B. 927.
  Vt-wyth, without, outside, A. 969.
  Vus, us, B. 842.
  V[gh]ten, the morning, dawn, B. 893. A.S. _uhta_.
      "Hi slo[gh]en and fu[gh]ten
      e ni[gh]t and e _u[gh]ten_." --(K. Horn, 1424.)

  Vale, A. 127; B. 673.
  Vanyt, B. 1713; C. 331.
  Vanyste, vanished, B. 1548.
  Vayle, avail, A. 912; B. 1151, 1311.
  Vayment, exhibition, show, B. 1358.
  Vayn, A. 811; B. 1358.
  Vayned, brought, A. 249. See _Wayned_.
  Venge, avenge, B. 199, 559; C. 71.
  Vengeaunce, B. 247, 1013.
  {Venkkyst, Venquyst,} vanquished, B. 544, 1071.
  Venym, venom, filth, B. 574; C. 71.
  {Veray, Verray,} true, A. 1184, 1185; truly, C. 333; very, C. 370.
  Verayly, verily, B. 664, 1548.
  Vered, veered, raised, A. 254.
  Vergyne, virgin, A. 1099.
  {Vergynt, Vergynyt,} virginity, A. 767; B. 1071.
  Vertue, A. 1126.
  Vertuous, precious, B. 1280.
  Vessayl, vessel, B. 1713.
  Vesselment, vessels, B. 1280, 1288.
  Vesture, B. 1288.
  Veued = weued, passed, A. 976. See _Weue_.
  Vilanye, C. 71.
  Vilt, filth, vileness, B. 199. O.Fr. _vilt_.
  Violent, B. 1013.
  Voched, prayed, A. 1121. Fr. _voucher_.
  Vouche, resolve, B. 1358.
  Vouched, vowed, C. 165.
  Vowe, C. 239.
  Voyde, do away with; B. 744; destroy, B. 1013; C. 370; depart,
    B. 1548.
  Vus, use, or ? drink, B. 1507. We may, however read, and thus preserve
    the alliteration, _bus_ = _bous_ = _bouse_, to drink deeply. Du.
    _buysen_.
  Vycios, vicious, B. 574.
  Vyf, wife, A. 772.
  Vygour, 971.
  Vyl, vile, evil, B. 744.
  Vylanye, crime, sin, B. 544, 574.
  Vyle, defile, B. 863.
  Vyole, vial, B. 1280.
  Vyolence, B. 1071.
  Vyrgyn, A. 426.
  {Vys, Vyse,} face, A. 254. O.Fr. _vis_.
  Vyue[gh], wives, A. 785.

  Wach, watch, B. 1205.
  Wade, A. 143, 1151.
  Waft, closed, B. 857. A.S. _wefan_, _wfan_, to cover. O.N. _vefa_.
  Wafte, move, lift up, raise, B. 453 O.N. _veifa_, to raise, move,
    swing. _Waft_, B. 857, in the sense of _closed_ may be of the same
    origin with _wafte_.
  Wage, endure, A. 416.
  Wage, wave, B. 1484. A.S. _wgian_.
  Wake, watch, B. 85; C. 130. A.S. _wccan_. O.N. _vaka_.
  Waken, raise, arouse, awake, A. 1171; B. 323, 437, 891, 933, 948;
    C. 132; O.N. _vakna_.
      "Wyndis at hir wille to _wakyn_ in the aire." --(T.B. 404.)
  Wakker (_comp._ of _wayke_), weaker B. 835.
  {Wale, Walle,} _vb._ discern, A. 1000; choose, select, B. 921; C. 511;
    _adj._ noble, choice, B. 1734. Sc. _wale_. See T. 386, 4716. Ger.
    _whlen_, to choose, select. O.N. _val_, electio, optio, delectus.
      "O mister was ther wimmen tuin,
      at ledd ar liif wit sike and sin,
      Ffor ai had husing nan to _wale_,
      ai lended in a littel scale."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48a.)
      "Of choys men syne, _walit_ by cut (lot), thai tuke
      A gret numbyr, and hyd in bylgis dern."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 72.)
      "Awai an drou him son Davi,
      Bot Saul dred him mo fori,
      And of a thusand men o _wal_ (worth)
      He made him ledder and marscal."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.)
      "That worthy had a wyfe _walit_ hym seluon." --(T.B. 105.)
  Walkyries, witches, fate-readers, B. 1577. O.N. _valkyriur_; _f. pl._
    _Parc_. Dan. _valkyrier_.
  Wallande, boiling, bubbling up, A. 365. A.S. _weallan_, to boil up.
  Walle-heued = well-head, spring, B. 364.
  {Walt, Walte,} rolled, turned, B. 501, 1734. Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_.
    A.S. _wealtian_, to roll. O.N. _vella_.
      "Hit _walt_ up the wilde se." --(T.B. 4633.)
  Walter, roll, flow, B. 415, 1027; C. 142. O.Sc. _welter_, _walter_.
    Dan. _vlte_, to roll. See _Walt_.
  Waltere[gh], an error for watterez = waters? C. 263.
  Walterande, swimming, C. 247.
  Walte[gh], pours, rushes, flows, B. 364, 1037. See _Walte_, T.B.
    3699, 4632.
  Wame, belly. See _Wombe_.
  Wamel, to wamble, C. 300. O.N. _vambla_. Dan. _vamle_, to wamble, to
    create or cause a squeamishness or loathing. "_Wamelyn'_ in the
    stomake. Nauseo." "_Wamelynge_ of the stomake, Nausia." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Wan (_pret._ of _wynne_), got, reached, A. 107; B. 140.
  Wap, a step, C. 449. O.N. _vapp_. It is generally explained by a blow,
    stroke, which was probably its original meaning.
      "The werld wannes at a _wappe_ and the wedire gloumes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 141.)
      "It (worldly wealth) wites away at a _wapp_, as the wynd turnes."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 181.)
    See T.B. 207, 6405.
  Wappe, to strike, knock, B. 882.
  War, aware, A. 1096; crafty, B. 589. A.S. _wr_, wary. O.N. _var_.
  {War, Ware,} guard, beware, B. 165, 545, 1133. A.S. _wrian_.
  Warded, guarded, C. 258. A.S. _weardian_, to guard.
  Ware, were, A. 151.
  Warisch, protect, B. 921.
  Warla[gh]e, wizard, B. 1560. See _Warlow_.
  Warlok, prison, C. 80.
  Warlow, a monster, C. 258. A.S. _wr-loga_, a liar, a faith-breaker.
      "e warla[gh] was wete of his wan atter." --(T.B. 303.)
  Warne, bid, C. 469.
  Warnyng, _sb._ B. 1504.
  {Warpe, Warpen,} cast, hurl, B. 444; ejaculate, utter, A. 879; B. 152,
    213. O.N. _varpa_. A.S. _weorpan_, to throw, cast.
  Ware, a water-ford, C. 339. A.S. _warth_, _waroth_, the shore.
  Wary, curse, B. 513. A.S. _wrgian_, to curse.
  Waryed, accursed, B. 1716.
  Wassayl, B. 1508.
  {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431, 1178. A.S. _wstan_.
  Wasturne, a wilderness, B. 1674. _Wasterne_ signifies a desert place,
    from the A.S. _wste_, desert, barren, and _rn_, aplace.
      "Methoughte I was in a wode willed myne one,
      That I ne wiste no waye whedire that I scholde,
      Ffore wolue[gh] and whilde swynne, swykkyde bestez,
      Walkede in that _wasterne_ wathes to seche."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 270.)
  Wate = wot, know, A. 502. A.S. _witan_ (_Ic wt_, _u wst_, _he
    wt_).
  Water, stream, A. 107, 139; river, B. 1380.
  Waule[gh], shelterless, from the A.S. _wh_, a wall (?), C. 262. We
    should perhaps read wanle[gh] = wonle[gh], hopeless, from the A.S.
    _wn_. O.N. _von_. O.E. _wone_, hope.
  Wawe, wave, A. 287; B. 382; C. 142. A.S. _wg_.
  Wax, increase, B. 521.
  Waxlokes, waves (?), B. 1037.
  Wayferand, wayfaring, B. 79.
  Waykned, weakened, B. 1422. O.N. _veikr_. A.S. _wc_, weak; _wcan_,
    to become weak.
  Wayle, select, choice, B. 1716. See _Wale_.
  Waymot, passionate, C. 492. A.S. _weamod_.
  Wayne, give, B. 1504; gain, recover, 1616, 1701. The original meaning
    seems to be that of gaining, getting. O.Fr. _gaagnier_. In some O.E.
    works _wayne_ is used like our word _get_.
      "Than past up the proude quene into prev chambre,
      _Waynes_ (_i.e._ puts out her head) out at wyndow and waytes
        aboute." --(K. Alex. p. 33.)
  Wayte, look into, search, B. 99; be careful, B. 292; look about,
    B. 1423; inquire, B. 1552. See T.B. 876. "_Waytyn_ or _aspyyn_,
    observo." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Wa[gh]e[gh]es, _wa[gh]es_, waves, B. 404.
      "Girdon ouer the grym _waghes_." --(T.B. 1410.)
    See _Wawe_.
  Webbe, cloth, A. 71.
  Wedde, A. 772; B. 69.
  Wedded wyf, B. 330.
  Weddyng, A. 791.
  {Wed, Wede,} garments, weeds, A. 748, 766; B. 793. A.S. _wd_.
  {Wed, Wede,} become mad, B. 1585. A.S. _wdan_, to rave, be mad.
  Weder, storm, B. 444, 948.
  Weder, weather, B. 1760.
  Wela-wynnely, very joyfully, B. 831. A.S. _welig_, rich, bountiful;
    _wyn_, pleasure, joy.
  {Welcom, Welcum,} B. 813.
  Welde, govern, rule, wield, B. 195, 835; use, employ, possess, B. 705,
    1351; C. 16. A.S. _wealdan_, rule, exercise, possess.
  Welder, ruler, C. 129.
  Wele, joy (_pl._ _wele[gh]_), A. 14, 154, 394; B. 651; C. 262. A.S.
    _wela_.
  Welgest, worthiest, B. 1244. A.S. _welig_ (_welga_), rich, wealthy.
  Welke, walked, A. 101.
  Welkyn, welkin, the sky. A.S. _welcn_, _wolcen_. O.Sc. _walk_,
    acloud.
  Welle-hede[gh], springs, B. 428.
  Welt, revolved, C. 115. See _Walter_.
  Welwed, faded, C. 475. A.S. _wealwian_.
      "The grond stud burrant, widderit dosk or gray,
      Herbis, flowris and gersis _wallowyt_ away."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 378.)
  Wely, joyous, happy, A. 101. A.S. _welig_.
      "_Welli_ make, Laverd, and noght ille,
      To Syon in i gode wille." --(Ps. i. 20.)
      "an was ar never suilk a hald,
      Ne nan in _welier_ in werld to wald."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55b.)
  {Wem, Wemme,} spot, blemish, A. 1003. A.S. _wem_.
  Wemle[gh], spotless, without blemish.
  Wenche, woman, B. 974, 1250; concubine, B. 1716. A.S. _wencle_, a
    maid. S.Sax. _wenchell_, achild.
  Wende = wened, thought, A. 1148; C. 111.
  Wene = ween, believe, A. 47; B. 821; C. 244. A.S. _wnan_.
  Wene, doubt, A. 1141.
  Weng, avenge, B. 201.
  Wenyng, supposition, C. 115.
  Wepande, weeping, C. 384.
  Weppen, weapon, B. 835.
  Wered, guarded, protected, C. 486. A.S. _weren_. Ger. _wehren_,
    defend.
  Werke[gh], labours, B. 136.
  Werp (_pret._ of _warp_), threw, B. 284.
  Werre, war, B. 1178.
  Wers, worse, B. 80.
  Werte, root, herb, C. 478. A.S. _wyrt_.
  Weryng, wearing, age, B. 1123. "_Weryn_ or wax olde, febyl,
    veterasco." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Wesch, washed, A. 766.
  Westernays, wrongly, A. 307. See Note on this word, p.106. ?
    wier-ways, wrong-wise.
  Wete, wet, A. 761.
  Weue, pass, A. 318.
  Weued, cut off (?), B. 222.
  Wex (_pret._ of _wax_), became, A. 538; B. 204.
  We[gh]e, weigh (anchor), C. 103; carry round, B. 1420, 1508. A.S.
    _wegan_, to weigh, carry.
  We[gh]te, weight, B. 1734.
  Wham, whom, A. 131.
  Whate[gh] = wat[gh], was, A. 1041.
  What-kyn, what kind of, B. 100.
  Whichche = hutch, ark, B. 362. "_Hutche_ or _whyche_, cista, archa."
    (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _hwcca_.
  Whyle, moment, B. 1620.
  Wite, blame. See _Wyte_.
  With-dro[gh], withdrew, A. 658.
  With-nay, refuse, deny, A. 916.
  Wi[gh]t = wight, quickly, C. 103. See _Wy[gh]t_.
  Wlate, to abhor, hate, detest, B. 305; to be disgusted at, B. 1501.
    A.S. _wlttian_.
  Wlatsum, hateful, abominable, B. 541.
  {Wlonc, Wlonk,} beautiful, A. 122, 1171; B. 606, 793, 933; C. 486;
    good, A. 903. A.S. _wlanc_.
  {Wod, Wode,} mad, enraged, B. 204, 1558; foolish, B. 828; fierce,
    strong, B. 364; C. 142. A.S. _wd_.
  Wodbynde, woodbine, C. 446.
  Wodder (_comp._ of _wode_), fiercer, rougher, C. 162.
  Woghe, wrong, sin, A. 622. A.S. _woh_.
  Wolde = walde, perform, do, A. 812. See _Welde_.
  Wolde, would, A. 772.
  Wolen, woollen, A. 731.
  Wolle, wool, A. 844.
  Wombe, belly, B. 462, 1250.
  {Won, Wone,} _sb._ dwelling, abode, A. 32, 1049; B. 140, 928;
    wone[gh], A. 917, 924; _vb._ to dwell, A. 404, 298; B. 875. A.S.
    _wunian_. O.Fris. _wona_.
  Won = wone, custom, usage, B. 720. A.S. _wune_.
  Wonde, fear, hesitate, B. 855. A.S. _wandian_.
  Wonde = wande, delay, cease, A. 153.
      "[I wole] for no dethe _wonde_." --(T.B. 591.)
      "I wille noghte _wonde_ for no werre,
      To wende whare me likes." --(Morte Arthure, p. 292.)
      "Sua did is wiif I yow of redd,
      Sco folud Joseph ai ar he fledd,
      And for sco foluand fand a spurn,
      Sco waited him wit a werr turn,
      Hirself in godds gram and gilt,
      And almast did him to be spilt;
      How sco broght him to the fand (trial),
      Fforth to telle wil I noght _waand_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.)
  Wonder, _adj._ wonderful, A. 1095; B. 153.
  Wonderly, wonderfully, B. 570; C. 384.
  Woned = waned, decreased, B. 496. A.S. _wanian_, to decrease.
  Wonen (_pret. pl._) got, B. 1777.
  Wonne, pale, wan, C. 141. A.S. _wonn_, wan.
  Wonne, got, A. 32.
  Wonnen, begotten, B. 112.
  Wonnyng, dwelling, B. 921. See _Won_.
  Wont, be wanting, B. 739.
  Wony, dwell, abide, live, A. 284; B. 431; C. 462. See _Won_.
  Wonyande, dwelling, living, B. 293.
  Wonys, dwells, A. 47.
  Worche, _vb._ work, labour, A. 511.
  Worcher = worker, maker, B. 1501.
  Worchyp, honour, B. 1802.
  Worded, spoken, uttered, C. 421.
  Wore, were, A. 142, 232; B. 928.
  Worme, reptile, B. 533.
  Worre, weaker, literally, worse, B. 719. O.N. _verr_. Sw. _vrre_.
    O.Sc. _war_. O.E. _werr_, worse.
  Worschyp, honour, A. 394.
  Worte[gh], herbs, A. 42. See _Werte_.
  Wore, to be, C. 22.
  {Worely, Worelych, Worly, Worlych, Woryly,} worthy, A. 47, 846,
    1073; B. 471, 651, 1298, 1351; beautiful, C. 475.
  Worloker, more worthy (_comp._ of _worelych_), C. 464.
  {Wost, Woste,} knowest, A. 293, 411; B. 875. See _Wot_.
  Wot, know, A. 47, 1107; C. 129.
  Wote, knows, C. 397.
  Woe, hurt, harm, B. 855. This word occurs under the forms _quathe_,
    _wathe_, and seems to be related to O.E. _qued_. Low Ger. _quat_,
    bad. O.E. _wathe_, bad; _wathely_, badly.
      "Ffor _woe_ of e worse." --(T.B. 1223.)
  Woe, path, A. 151, 375. A.S. _wth_, _wthu_. O.E. _wathe_, away,
    path. See extract under the word _Wasturne_.
  {Wowe, Wo[gh]e,} wall, A. 1049; B. 832, 839, 1403, 1531. A.S. _wh_.
    "_Wowe_ or wal, murus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Wrache, vengeance, B. 204, 229; C. 185. A.S. _wrec_, _wracu_.
  Wrak (_pret._ of _wreke_), avenged, B. 570.
  Wrake, vengeance, B. 213, 235, 718, 970, 1225.
  Wrakful, angry, bitter, B. 302, 541.
  Wrang, wrong, A. 15; B. 76; wrongly, A. 488, 631; bad, C. 384.
  Wraste (_pret._ of _wreste_), raised, uplifted, B. 1166, 1403; thrust,
    1802; C. 80.
  {Wrastel, Wrastle,} wrestle, B. 949; C. 141.
  Wrae, become angry, B. 230; C. 74; make angry, B. 719.
  Wra[gh]te, wrought, A. 56.
  Wrech = wrache, vengeance, B. 230.
  {Wrech, Wreche, Wrechche,} wretch, B. 84, 828; C. 113.
  Wrech, wretched, C. 258. A.S. _wrec_, wretched. With _wrech_ and
    _wretched_, cf. _wik_ and _wikked_.
  {Wrek, Wreke,} avenged, B. 198.
  Wrenche, device, B. 292. A.S. _wrence_.
  Wro, passage; literally, corner, A. 866. O.Sw. _wraa_. Dan. _vraa_.
  Wroken, (_pret._ of _wreke_), banished, exiled, A. 375. A.S. _wrecan_,
    to exile, banish.
  Wrot (_pret._ of _wrote_), grubbed up, C. 467. A.S. _wrtan_, to turn
    up with the snout; _wrt_, asnout.
      "With wrathe he begynnus to _wrote_,
      He ruskes vppe mony a rote
      With tusshes of iij. fote." --(Avowynge of Arthur, xii. 13.)
  Wroe, fierce, B. 1676. A.S. _wrth_, wroth, enraged.
  Wroeloker (_comp._ of _wroely_), more fiercely, angrily, C. 132.
  {Wroely, Wroly,} angrily, fiercely, B. 280, 949; C. 132.
  Wroer (_comp._ of _wroe_), fiercer, C. 162.
  {Wro[gh]t, Wro[gh]te,} wrought, worked, A. 525, 748.
  Wruxeled, raised, B. 1381. _Wrixle_ = change, turn, occurs in T.B.
    445.
    "is unwarnes of wit _wrixlis_ hys mynd."
  Wryst, B. 1535.
  Wryt, B. 1552.
  Wrye, turn, A. 350, 488; wriggle, B. 533; toil, A. 511; bind, thrust,
    C. 80. A.S. _writhan_, to writhe, bind, twist. "_Writhen_ like a
    wilde eddur." T.B. 4432.
  Wunder, B. 1390.
  Wunnen, won, B. 1305.
  Wyche, B. 1577.
  Wyche-crafte, B. 1560.
  Wyddere, wither, C. 468.
  Wydowande (_wyndowande_), withering, dry, B. 1048; _wyndowand_ = burnt
    up. N.Prov.E. _winny_, to dry, burn up.
  Wyke, member, part, B. 1690. O.N. _vik_.
  {Wykke, Wyk,} wicked, B. 908, 1063. A.S. _wcan_, to become weak, to
    yield. O.N. _vkia_.
  {Wykket, Wyket,} wicket, gate, door, B. 501, 857.
  {Wyl, Wylle,} wandering, C. 473; forlorn, B. 76. O.N. _villa_, error;
    _villa_, to lead astray, beguile. Phrase, _wille o wan_, astray from
    abode, uncertain where to go; _wil-sum_, _wil-ful_, lonely,
    solitary, desert.
      "So I _wilt_ in the wod." --(T.B. 2359.)
      "Adam went out ful _wille_ o wan."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7a.)
      "All wery I wex and _wyle_ of my _gate_." --(T.B. 2369.)
      "Sone ware thay _willid_ fra the way the wod was so thick."
        --(K. Alex. p. 102.)
      "Sorful bicom at fals file (the devil)
      And thoght how he moght man _bi-wille_;
      Agains God wex he sa gril,
      at alle his werk he wend to spil."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.)
      "His suns at (we) of forwit melt,
      Al e werld bituix am delt;
      Asie to Sem, to Cham Affrik,
      To Japhet Europ at _wilful_ wike:
      Al er re ai war ful rike." --(_Ibid._ fol. 13a.)
  Wyldren = wyldern (?), waste, wilderness, C. 297. A.S. _wild_, wild,
    and _rn_, aplace (?). See _Wasturne_.
      "In _wildrin_ land and in wastin,
      I wil tham (the Israelites) bring of air nocin;
      Bot wel I wat he (Pharaoh) is ful thra,
      Lath sal him think to let am ga."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.)
  Wylsfully, wilfully, B. 268.
  Wylger, wild, fierce, B. 375. See extract under the word _Note_.
  Wylle, forlorn, B. 76. See _Wyl_.
  Wylnes, apostacy, B. 231.
  Wylne[gh], desirest (_2d pers. sing_ of _wylne_), A. 318. A.S.
    _wilnian_.
  Wyly, curiously, craftily, B. 1452. A.S. _wile_, a device.
  Wyndas, windlass, C. 103.
  Wyndowe, B. 453.
  Wynne, joyful, A. 154. A.S. _wyn_, pleasure, delight.
  Wynne, obtain, get, A. 579; B. 617. A.S. _winnan_. See T.B. 1165.
  Wynnelych, gracious, B. 1807, Cp. _wynly_ = dexterously, 1165.
  Wyrde, fate, destiny, A. 249, 273; B. 1224. Sc. _wird_. A.S. _wyrd_.
  Wyrle, flew, B. 475.
  Wyschande, hoping for, wishing, A. 14.
  Wyse, manner, A. 1095; _wyses_, B. 1805.
  {Wyse, Wysse,} show, appear, A. 1135, B. 1564; direct, send out,
    B.453; instruct, C. 60. A.S. _wissian_.
  {Wyst, Wyste,} knew, A. 376; B. 152.
  Wyt, wisdom, B. 348; C. 129.
  Wyt, know, learn, B. 1319, 1360. A.S. _witan_.
  Wyte, blame, B. 76; C. 501. A.S. _wtian_.
  Wyte, pass away (?), C. 397. A.S. _wtan_.
  Wyter, true, truly, B. 1552. O.N. _vitr_, wise, prudent.
      "& her ice wile shwenn [gh]aw
      Summ ing to _witter_ tkenn." --(Ormulum, vol. i. p. 115.)
      "Ne e nedder was noght bitter
      an, owf he was ever _witter_;
      Ffor of alle, als sheus e boke,
      Mast he cuth o crafte and crok."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.)
  Wytered, informed, B. 1587.
  Wyterly, truly, B. 171, 1567. Dan. _vitterlig_, known, manifest.
  Wye, gentle, soft, C. 454. A.S. _wthe_, soft, pleasant.
  Wyer, contrary, opposite, A. 230; adverse, hostile, C. 48. S.Sax.
    _witherr_, adverse, evil. A.S. _witherian_, to oppose, resist.
    Cf. _wetheruns_ = _wetherings_, enemies, T.B. 5048.
      "Ga, _witherr_ gast, o bacch fra me." --(Ormulum, vol. ii. p. 41.)
  Wyerly, fiercely, angrily, B. 198; C. 74.
  Wyth-halde, withhold, B. 740.
  Wythouten, without, A. 390.
  Wytles, foolish, B. 1585; C. 113.
  Wytte, meaning, B. 1630; wit, A. 294; _wytte[gh]_, devices, B. 515.
  {Wy[gh], Wy[gh]e,} person, being, A. 131, 579; B. 545. A.S. _wiga_,
    awarrior, soldier; _wig_, war.
  Wy[gh]t, quick, quickly, B. 617; C. 103. O.E. _wight_. Sw. _vig_,
    active.
  Wy[gh]tly, quickly, B. 908.
      "He waites vmbe hym _wightly_." --(T.B. 876.)

  Ydropike, dropsical, B. 1096.
  Yle, isle, A. 693.
  Ylle, bad, evil, C. 8.
  Ynde, blue, A. 1016; B. 1411.
      "e toier heu neist (to grennes) for to find,
      Es al o _bleu_, men cals it _ynd_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 53a.)
  Yow, you, A. 287.
  Yor, your, A. 761.
  Yre, anger, B. 775, 1240.
  Ye, wave, B. 430; C. 147. A.S. _ythu_, a wave, flood. S.Sax. _uthe_.
    "e roghe _yes_." --T.B. 1045.
  Y[gh]e, eye (_pl._ _y[gh]en_), A. 254, 302.

  [Gh]are = yare, plainly, accurately, A. 834. A.S. _gearo_, ready,
    prepared, accurate.
  [Gh]ark, _adj._ select, B. 652; prepare, B. 1708; _vb._ to grant,
    B. 758. A.S. _gearcian_, to prepare, make ready. See T.B. 414.
  [Gh]arm, cry, B. 971. As the character [gh] in these poems always
    represents _g_ or _gh_, _[gh]arm_ is evidently not derived from the
    A.S. _cyrm_, noise, retained in O.E. _charm_, ahumming noise, the
    cry of birds, etc., but is from the Welsh _garm_, shout, outcry;
    _garmio_, to set up a cry, from which the A.S. _cyrm_, is itself
    derived.
  [Gh]ate, gate, A. 1034.
  [Gh]e, ye, A. 381.
  [Gh]ede (_pret._ of _go_), went, A. 526, 1049; B. 432.
  [Gh]ederly, quickly, soon, B. 463. O.N. _gedugr_, exceedingly. The
    adjective _[gh]eder_ does not occur in the poems, but was not
    unknown to O.E. literature. It occurs in the glossary to the
    Romance of King Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but is left unexplained
    by the editor.
      "Then bownes agayn the bald kyng, baldly he wepis,
      That he so skitly suld skifte and fo his skars terme;
      So did his princes, sais the profe, for pete of himselfe,
      With _[gh]edire_ [gh]oskinges and [gh]erre [gh]ette out to grete."
      (p.172.)
      "_[Gh]edire [gh]oskinges_ = great (frequent) sobbings."
  [Gh]elde, yield, perform, B. 665.
  [Gh]ellyng = yelling, outcry, B. 971. A.S. _geallian_, to yell.
    "_[Gh]ellyn'_ or hydowsly cryin', Vociferor." (Prompt. Parv.)
  [Gh]eme, protect, guard, B. 1242, 1493. A.S. _gman_, to care for,
    take care of.
  [Gh]emen, yeomen, A. 535.
  [Gh]ender, yonder, B. 1617.
  {[Gh]ep, [Gh]epe,} quick, active, bold, B. 796, 881. A.S. _gp_.
    "So yonge & so _[gh]epe_." T.B. 357.
  [Gh]eply, quickly, B. 665, 1708. See T.B. 414.
  {[Gh]er, [Gh]ere,} year, A. 483, 588.
  [Gh]erne = yearn, desire, A. 1190; B. 66, 758.
  [Gh]estande, B. 846. If from the A.S. _gston_, "afflicted," we may
    render this term "afflicting," but if, as is more probable, it is
    from the A.S. _gist_, froth, yeast, we may explain it as "frothing,"
    "overflowing." Cf. the phrase, "the _yesty_ waves."
  [Gh]ete, offer, give, A. 558. O.E. _yate_ (_pret._ _yatte_). O.N.
    _gta_.
      "He _yatte_ hir freli al hir bone (prayer)."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 47a.)
    _Gate_, in T.B. 979, seems to mean a request.
      "And he hir graunted at _gate_ with a good wille."
  [Gh]ete, yet, A. 1061.
  [Gh]e[gh]ed, spoke, B. 846. Prov. Ger. _gaggen_, to stutter, gabble.
  [Gh]if, if, B. 758.
  [Gh]ise, truly, yes, C. 117.
  [Gh]isterday, yesterday, B. 463.
  [Gh]okke, yoke, B. 66.
  [Gh]olden, restored, B. 1708.
  [Gh]olpe, _vb._ boast, B. 846. A.S. _gilpan_.
  [Gh]omerly, sorrowful, lamentable, B. 971. A.S. _geomor_, sad;
    _geomorlc_, doleful. Cf. _[gh]omeryng_, T.B. 1722.
  [Gh]on, yon, A. 693; B. 772.
  [Gh]onde, yonder, B. 721.
  {[Gh]ong, [Gh]onge,} young, A. 412, 474; B. 783.
  [Gh]ore, before, A. 586. A.S. _geara_.
  [Gh]ore-fader, forefather, A. 322.
  [Gh]ore-whyle, ere-while, B. 842.
  [Gh]ornen (_3rd pers. pl. pret._), ran, B. 881. A.S. _ge-yrnan_, to
    run.
  [Gh]yrd, go, hasten, A. 635. The original meaning of _[gh]yrd_ is
    perhaps a sudden sting, blow, hence to strike, then to start
    forward. Goth. _gazd_, asting, goad. Lat. _hasta_. O.E. _gird_,
    to strike.
      "_Gird_ out the grete teth of the grym best." --(T.B. 177.)




Errata (noted by transcriber)

Typographical Errors

  "Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes."  [ofwynes]
  Comyne, B.    . See T.B. 12863.
    [_printed as shown: the word "comynes" appears at B. 1747_]
    [_The only number that fits the space is 111. This entry is not in
    the 1864 edition; the editor may have left a space, intending to
    come back and fill in the correct line number._]
  {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082.
    [_"Eudeure" but body text and 1864 edition both have "Endeure"_]
  Harlot, underling ... To "do _harlottry_, scurrari."
    [_open quote conjectural: also missing in 1864 edition_]
  Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117.
    [_"on error" but 1864 edition has "an error"_]
  {Sulp, Sulpe,} ... M.H.D. _be-sulwen_.
    [_printed as shown: error for "M.H.G."?_]
  Sty[gh]tle ... _stightill_ the Realme."
    [_"the / the" at line break_]


Punctuation and Mechanics

  Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356.  [end to.]
  Atlyng ... (T.B. 855.)  [(T.B., 855).]
  Attled ... (T.B. 394.)  [T.B.,]
  Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T.B. 1899.  [T.B.,]
  Bagge, baggage. C. 158.  [C. 158,]
  Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_.  [_cross-reference not italicized_]
  Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T.B. 211.  [T.B.,]
  {Ben, Bene,} are _3rd. pers. pl._ A. 572.  [A 572.]
  "The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden."  [_" missing_]
  Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61.  [_. missing_]
  Brych ... B. 848. ... Ger. _brechen_  [B. 848, ... Gr.]
  Byde, abide ... B. 449, 622.  [B. 449, 622,]
  Bysyde, beside, B. 673.  [B. 673,]
  {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} ... O.Fr. _chevetaine_.  [_chevetaine_,]
  {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300.  [A. 718:]
  Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_.  [_Aquyle_..]
  Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758.  [1758..]
  Flyte, to quarrel, strive ... _flitan_.  [_flitan_,]
  Founce ... See _Founs_.  [_cross-reference not italicized_]
  Grymme, horrible ... _grimm_, fury, rage;  [rage,;]
  Haspe, fasten, B. 419 ... Cf. "_haspyng_ in armys"  [_" missing_]
  {Hatel, Hattel,} ... S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_  [S.Saxon,]
  Heuen ... Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare."  [_" missing_]
  Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539.  [wages.,]
  Jauele ... --missing (MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.)  [_open ( missing_]
  {Ky, Kye,} ... (T.B. 103.)  [T.B.,]
  Lefsel ... Sw. _lfsal_  [_ printed as small e over o_]
  Lote ... See T.B. 1900.  [T.B.,]
  {Ne[gh], Ne[gh]e, Ne[gh]en,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754.
    [805 1017, 1754,]
  Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624.  [Pray.]
  Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. "A _routond_ rayn," T.B. 1986.
    [_" missing_]
  Ruchen ... "[The king] Ricchis his reynys."  [_. invisible_]
  Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502  [C, 176,]
  Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _rce_.  [A, 601,]
  Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134.  [B, 1134.]
  Soberly, quietly ... B. 117, 799, 1497.  [799.]
  Stalle ... "Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd."  [_. invisible_]
  Stour, conflict ... The folk al fled of Israel."  [_. invisible_]
  Strot ... (... Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)  [_final . missing_]
  Swap ... "He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe."
    [_" missing_]
  Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160.  [B. B.]
  Towche ... A. 898; B. 1437.  [_. missing_]
  Vglokest ... T.B. 877.  [T.B.,]
  Wafte ... same origin with _wafte_.  [_wafte_,]
  Waken ... (T.B. 404.)  [(T.B. 404).]
  {Wale, Walle,} ... T. 386, 4716  [_text unchanged_]
  {Walt, Walte,} ... Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_.  [_walt_.]
  {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431  [326, .431]
  {Worely ... Woryly,} ... beautiful, C. 475.  [beautiful;]
  Wyldren ... (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.)
    [_a in "33a" not italicized_]
  Wy[gh]tly ... (T.B. 876.)  [(T.B. 876).]
  [Gh]ete, offer, give ... O.N. _gta_.  [O.N,]
  [Gh]yrd ... (T.B. 177.)  [(T.B. 177).]


      *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


The Pearl: Sidenotes

I.
Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child).
The father laments the loss of his pearl.
He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared, and hears a
sweet song.
Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely flowers.
Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain.
In the high season of August the parent visits the grave of his lost
child.
Beautiful flowers covered the grave.
From them came a delicious odour.
The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow, falls asleep upon the
flowery plot, and dreams.

II.
In spirit he is carried to an unknown region, where the rocks and cliffs
gleamed gloriously.
The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs.
The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver.
The gravel consisted of precious pearls.
The father forgets his sorrow.
He sees birds of the most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody.
No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest.
All shone like gold.
The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river, which gave forth sweet
sounds.
In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a winter night.

III.
His grief abates, and he follows the course of the stream.
No one could describe his great joy.
He thought that Paradise was on the opposite bank.
The stream was not fordable.
More and more he desires to see what is beyond the brook.
But the way seemed difficult.
The dreamer finds new marvels.
He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits a maiden clothed in
glistening white.
He knows that he has seen her before.
He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her in such a strange
place.

IV.
So he stands still, like a well trained hawk.
He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her.
His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with precious
pearls.
She comes along the stream towards him.
Her kirtle is composed of 'sute,' ornamented with pearls.
She wore a crown of pearls.
Her hair hung down about her.
Her colour was whiter than whalebone.
Her hair shone as gold.
The trimming of her robe consisted of precious pearls.
A wonderful pearl was set in her breast.
No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father, when he saw his
pearl on the bank of the stream.
The maiden salutes him.

V.
The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his long-lost pearl,
and longs to know who has deprived him of his treasure.
The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really lost.
She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning are unknown.
The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price.
The pearl blames his rash speech.
The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for he really thought
his pearl was wholly lost to him.
The maiden tells her father that he has spoken three words without
knowing the meaning of one.
The first word. The second. The third.

VI.
He is little to be praised who loves what he sees.
To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption.
To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be asked.
This stream must be passed over by death.
The father asks his pearl whether she is about to doom him to sorrow
again.
If he loses his pearl he does not care what happens to him.
The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently.
Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God's doom.
He must cease to strive.
All lies in God's power to make men joyful or sad.

VII.
The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him.
He says that she has been both his bale and bliss.
And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her.
And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little heed of his sorrow.
He desires to know what life she leads.
The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide with her, now that he is
humble.
All are meek that dwell in the abode of bliss.
All lead a blissful life.
She reminds her father that she was very young when she died.
Now she is crowned a queen in heaven.

VIII.
The father of the maiden does not fully understand her.
Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven.
No one is able to remove the crown from her.
The maiden addresses the Virgin.
She then explains to her father that each has his place in heaven.
The court of God has a property in its own being.
Each one in it is a king or queen.
The mother of Christ holds the chief place.
We are all members of Christ's body.
Look that each limb be perfect.
The father replies that he cannot understand how his pearl can be a
queen.
He desires to know what greater honour she can have.

IX.
She was only two years old when she died, and could do nothing to
please God.
She might be a countess or some great lady but not a queen.
The maiden informs her father that there is no limit to God's power.
The parable of the labourers in the vineyard.
The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a day.
At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the market place.
He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will give them what is
right.
At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees other men
standing idle.
Tells them to go into the vineyard.

X.
As soon as the sun was gone down the "reeve" was told to pay the
workmen.
To give each a penny.
The first began to complain.
Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he deserves more.
The lord tells him that he agreed only to give him a penny.
The last shall be first, and the first last.
The maiden applies the parable to herself.
She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received more than others who
had lived longer.
The father says that his daughter's tale is unreasonable.

XI.
In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike.
God is no niggard.
The grace of God is sufficient for all.
Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven by sinning.
Innocents are saved by baptism.
Why should not God allow their labour.
Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple.
And all are damned for the sin of Adam.
But there came one who paid the penalty of our sins.
The water that came from the pierced side of Christ was baptism.

XII.
Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and affliction.
The guilty may be saved by contrition.
Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and the _innocent_.
The words of David.
The innocent is saved by right.
The words of Solomon.
David says no man living is justified.
Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right.
When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought unto him.
The disciples rebuked the parents.
Christ said, "Suffer little children to come unto me," etc.

XIII.
No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child.
The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven, pure and clean.
Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless pearl.
The father of the maiden desires to know who formed her figure and
wrought her garments.
Her beauty, he says, is not natural.
Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis.
The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride of Christ.
She is without spot or blemish.
Her weeds are washed in the blood of Christ.
The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has chosen his daughter, and
why she is selected as a bride.

XIV.
The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides.
St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new city of
Jerusalem.
Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb.
He says that He was led as a lamb to the slaughter.
In Jerusalem was Christ slain.
With buffets was His face flayed.
He endured all patiently as a lamb.
For us He died in Jerusalem.
The declaration of St. John, "Behold the Lamb of God," etc.
Who can reckon His generation, that died in Jerusalem?
In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting upon the throne.

XV.
The Lamb is without blemish.
Every spotless soul is a worthy bride for the Lamb.
No strife or envy among the brides.
None can have less bliss than another.
Our death leads us to bliss.
What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion.
About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens.
He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods.
He heard the maiden sing a new song.
So did the four beasts and the elders "so sad of cheer."
This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure.
The father replies to the maiden.
He says he is but dust and ashes.
He wishes to ask one question, whether the brides have their abode in
castle-walls or in manor.

XVI.
Jerusalem, he says, in Judea.
But the dwelling of the brides should be perfect.
For such "a comely pack" a great castle would be required.
The city in Juda, answers the maiden, is where Christ suffered, and is
the Old Jerusalem.
The New Jerusalem is where the Lamb has assembled his brides.
Jerusalem means the city of God.
In the Old city our peace was made at one.
In the New city is eternal peace.

XVII.
The father prays his daughter to bring him to the blissful bower.
His daughter tells him that he shall see the outside, but not a foot may
he put in the city.

XVIII.
The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank till he comes to
a hill.
He reaches the hill, and beholds the heavenly city.
As St. John saw it, so he beheld it.
The city was of burnished gold.
Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed of twelve stones.
The names of the precious stones.
i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony. iv. Emerald.
v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby. vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl.
ix. Topaz. x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst.
The city was square.
The wall was of jasper.
Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth.

XIX.
Each "pane" had three gates.
Each gate adorned with a pearl.
Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there was no need of the sun
or moon.
God was the light of those in the city.
The high throne might be seen, upon which the "high God" sat.
A river ran out of the throne; it flowed through each street.
No church was seen.
God was the church; Christ the sacrifice.
The gates were ever open.
There is no night in the city.
The planets, and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light.
Trees there renew their fruit every month.
The beholder of this fair city stood still as a "dased quail."

XX.
As the moon began to rise he was aware of a procession of virgins
crowned with pearls, in white robes, with a pearl in their breast.
As they went along they shone as glass.
The Lamb went before them.
There was no pressing.
The "alder men" fell groveling at the feet of the Lamb.
All sang in praise of the Lamb.
The Lamb wore white weeds.
A wide wound was seen near his breast.
Joy was in his looks.
The father perceives his little queen.

XIX.
Great delight takes possession of his mind.
He attempts to cross the stream.
It was not pleasing to the Lord.
The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow.
He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity.
Men desire more than they have any right to expect.
The good Christian knows how to make peace with God.
God give us grace to be his servants!

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   *       *       *       *       *

Cleanness: Sidenotes

I.
Cleanness discloses fair forms.
God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with false priests.
The pure worshipper receives great reward.
The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who is pure and holy.
It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil.
Christ showed us that himself.
St. Matthew records the discourse.
The clean of heart shall look on our Lord.
What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes, would like to see
a lad badly attired approach the table with "rent cockers," his coat
torn and his toes out?
For any one of these he would be turned out with a "big buffet," and be
forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined through his vile clothes.
The parable of the "Marriage of the King's Son."
The king's invitation.
Those invited begin to make excuses.
One had bought an estate and must go to see it.
Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see them "pull in the
plough."
A third had married a wife and could not come.
The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his servants to invite
the wayfaring, both men and women, the better and the worse, that his
palace might be full.
The servants brought in bachelors and squires.
When they came to the court they were well entertained.
The servants tell their lord that they have done his behest, and there
is still room for more guests.
The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and bring in the halt,
blind, and "one-eyed."
For those who denied shall not taste "one sup" to save them from death.
The palace soon became full of "people of all plights."
They were not all one wife's sons, nor had they all one father.
The "brightest attired" had the best place.
Below sat those with "poor weeds."
All are well entertained "with meat and minstrelsy."
Each with his "mate" made him at ease.

II.
The lord of the feast goes among his guests.
Bids them be merry.
On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday.
Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so bold as to appear
in such rags.
Does he take him to be a harlot?
The man becomes discomfited.
He is unable to reply.
The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a deep dungeon.
This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to which all are
invited.
See that thy weeds are clean.
Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought.
For many faults may a man forfeit bliss.
For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil's throat.
He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft, and strife.
For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages, and supporting the
wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny, man may lose eternal bliss.

III.
The high Prince of all is displeased with those who work wickedly.
For the first fault the devil committed, he felt God's vengeance.
He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign, and boasted that
his throne should be as high as God's.
For these words he was cast down to hell.
The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for forty days.
From heaven to hell the shower lasted.
The devil would not make peace with God.
Affliction makes him none the better.
For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men.
Adam was ordained to live in bliss.
Through Eve he ate an apple.
Thus all his descendants became poisoned.
A maiden brought a remedy for mankind.

IV.
Malice was merciless.
A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the merriest, and the
strongest that ever were created.
They were sons of Adam.
No law was laid upon them.
Nevertheless they acted unnaturally.
The "_fiends_" beheld how fair were the daughters of these mighty men,
and made fellowship with them and begat a race of giants.
The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous.
The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth.
Fell anger touches His heart.
It repents Him that He has made man.
He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both man and beast.
There was at this time living on the earth a very righteous man: Noah
was his name.
Three bold sons he had.
God in great anger speaks to Noah.
Declares that He will destroy all "that life has."
Commands him to make "a mansion" with dwellings for wild and tame.
To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length, and fifty in breadth,
and thirty in height, and a window in it a cubit square.
Also a good shutting door in the side, together with halls, recesses,
bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens.
For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his family.
Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of every clean beast, and
one of unclean kind, and to furnish the ark with proper food.
Noah fills the ark.

V.
God asks Noah whether all is ready.
Noah replies that all is fully prepared.
He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him that he will send a
rain to destroy all flesh.
Noah stows all safely in the ark.
Seven days are passed.
The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and the clouds burst.
It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and flows over the woods
and fields.
All must drown.
The water enters the houses.
Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills.
The rain never ceases.
The valleys are filled.
People flock to the mountains.
Some swim for their lives.
Others roar for fear.
Animals of all kinds run to the hills.
All pray for mercy.
God's mercy is passed from them.
Each sees that he must sink.
Friends take leave of one another.
Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed.
All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who are safe in the ark.
The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is driven about, without
mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to guide its course.
At the mercy of the winds.
Oft it rolled around and reared on end.
The age of the patriarch Noah.
Duration of the flood.
The completeness of the destruction.
God remembers those in the ark.
He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and wells, and the
great deep.
The ark settles on Mount Ararat.
Noah beholds the bare earth.
He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek dry land.
The raven "croaks for comfort" on finding carrion.
He fills his belly with the foul flesh.
The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out the dove.
The bird wanders about the whole day.
Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah.
Noah again sends out the dove.

VI.
The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak.
This was a token of peace and reconciliation.
Joy reigns in the ark.
The people therein laugh and look thereout.
God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark.
Noah offers sacrifice to God.
It is pleasing to Him that "all speeds or spoils."
God declares that He will never destroy the world for the sin of man.
That summer and winter shall never cease.
Nor night nor day, nor the new years.
God blesses every beast.
Each fowl takes its flight.
Each fish goes to the flood.
Each beast makes for the plain.
Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth.
The fox goes to the woods.
Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse.
Lions and leopards go to the lakes.
Eagles and hawks to the high rocks.
The four 'frekes' take the empire.
Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their hateful deeds!
Beware of the filth of the flesh.
"One speck of a spot" will ruin us in the sight of God.
The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam.

VII.
When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed all flesh.
But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with mankind that He
would not again destroy all the living.
For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city.
God hates the wicked as "hell that stinks."
Especially harlotry and blasphemy.
Nothing is hidden from God.
God is the ground of all deeds.
He honours the man that is honest and whole.
But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones.

VIII.
Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a green oak.
He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them.
He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash their feet, and bring
them a morsel of bread.
Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly, and tells his servant
to seethe a tender kid.
Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests.
He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before them cakes, butter,
milk, and pottage.
God praises his friend's feast, and after the meat is removed, He tells
Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son.
Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief.
God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words.
Sarah denies that she laughed.
Abraham's guests set out towards Sodom, two miles from Mamre.
The patriarch accompanies them.
God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret purposes.

IX.
He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon the cities of
the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing the gifts bestowed
upon them.
The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but they foully set it
at nought.
The flame of love.
Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to all men for ever.
Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the "sinful and the
sinless" are to suffer together.
Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty righteous are found
in them?
For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared.
The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the sake of forty-five
righteous.
For the lack of five the cities shall not be destroyed.
For forty the cities shall be spared.
Abraham entreats God's forbearance for his speech.
Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save them from destruction.
For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will release the rest.
Or if ten only should be found pure.
The patriarch intercedes for Lot.
Beseeches Him to "temper His ire," and then departs weeping for sorrow.

X.
God's messengers go to Sodom.
Lot is sitting alone at the "door of his lodge."
Staring into the street he sees two men.
Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk.
Beautifully white were their weeds.
Lot runs to meet them.
Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in the morning they may
take their way.
Lot invites them so long that at last they comply.
The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors.
Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to serve no salt
with it.
Lot's wife disregards the injunction.
The guests are well entertained.
But before they go to rest the city is up in arms.
With "keen clubs" the folk clatter on the walls, and demand that Lot
should deliver up his guests.
The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech.
Lot is in great trouble.
He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites.
He offers to give up to them his two daughters.
The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him a justice to judge
their deeds, who was but a boy when he came to Sodom.
The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those outside with
blindness.
In vain they try to find the door of Lot's house.

XI.
Early in the morning the angels command Lot to depart from Sodom, with
his wife and two daughters, and to look straight before him, for Sodom
and Gomorrah shall be destroyed.
Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape.
He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall be saved from
destruction.
He chooses Zoar.
The angels command Lot to depart quickly.
He wakes his wife and daughters.
All four are hastened on by the angels, who "preach to them the peril"
of delay.
Before daylight Lot comes to a hill.
God aloft raises a storm.
A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur.
Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all folks therein.
The great bars of the abyss do burst.
Cliffs cleave asunder.
The cities sink to hell.
Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again.
Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue to follow
their face.
Lot's wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff stone "as salt as
any sea."
Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar.
By this time all were drowned.
The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and are destroyed.
Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters) are saved.
Lot's wife is an image of salt for two faults:
1. She served salt before the Lord at supper.
2. She looked behind her.
Abraham is up full early on the morn.
He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with pitch, from which
rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a furnace.
A sea now occupies the place of the four cities.
It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea.
Nothing may live in it.
Lead floats on its surface.
A feather sinks to the bottom of it.
Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed.
A man cannot be drowned in it.
The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum, alkaran, sulphur, etc.,
which fret the flesh and fester the bones.
On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair fruits, which, when
broken or bitten, taste like ashes.
All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance.
God loves the pure in heart.
Strive to be clean.
Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved.
By doing what pleases her best.
Love thy Lord!
Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl.
By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of the virgin!
In what purity did he part from her!
No abode was better than his.
The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy.
Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes.
The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass worshipped him.
He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that was vile.
Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and blind.
Dry and dropsical folk.
He healed all with kind speech.
His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to cut or carve with.
The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the tools of Toulouse.
How can we approach his court except we be clean?
God is merciful.
Through penance we may shine as a pearl.
Why is the pearl so prized?
She becomes none the worse for wear.
If she should become dim, wash her in wine.
She then becomes clearer than before.
So may the sinner polish him by penance.
Beware of returning to sin.
For then God is more displeased than ever.
The reconciled soul God holds as His own.
Ill deeds rob Him of it.
God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His service.
In Belshazzar's time, the defiling of God's vessels brought wrath upon
the king.

XII.
Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of the Jews.
For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God allowed the
heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah, who practised
idolatry.
Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe.
He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls.
The city is stuffed full of men.
Brisk is the skirmish.
Seven times a day are the gates assailed.
For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not taken.
The folk within are in want of food.
Meager they become.
For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible.
But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through the host.
They are discovered by the enemy.
A loud alarm is given.
They are pursued and overtaken.
Their king is made prisoner.
His chief men are presented as prisoners to Nebuchadnezzar.
His sons are slain.
His own eyes are put out.
He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon.
All for his "bad bearing" against the Lord, who might otherwise have
been his friend.
Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed Jerusalem.
Nebuzaradan was "chief of the chivalry."
The best men were taken out of the city.
Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left.
Brains of bairns were spilt.
Priests pressed to death.
Wives and wenches foully killed.
All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and were made to drag
the cart or milk the kine.
Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those therein.
Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with deacons, clerks, and
maidens.
The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass, and the golden
candlestick from off the altar.
Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by Nebuzaradan, and
hampered together.
Solomon had made them with much labour.
The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon.
Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were Daniel and his three
companions.
Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are slain.
Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry.
He praises the God of Israel.
Such vessels never before came to Chaldea.
They are thrust into the treasury.
Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth, through the "doom of
Daniel," who gave him good counsel.
Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried.
Belshazzar succeeds him.
He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth.
He honours not God, but worships false phantoms.
He promises them rewards if good fortune befal.
If they vex him he knocks them in pieces.
He has a wife, and many concubines.
The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and other vain things.

XIII.
Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims throughout Babylon, that
all the great ones should assemble on a set day, at the Sultan's feast.
Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the court.
To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon.
It would take too long to name the number.
The city of Babylon is broad and big.
It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven streams, a high wall, and
towers.
The palace was long and large, each side being seven miles in length.
High houses were within the walls.
The time of the feast has come.
Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is covered with knights.
When all are seated, service begins.
Trumpets sound everywhere.
Bread is served upon silver dishes.
All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the hall.
The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously of wine.
It gets into his head and stupifies him.
A cursed thought takes possession of him.
He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels taken from the temple
by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with wine.
The marshal opens the chests.
Covers the cupboard with vessels.
The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall.
The altar and crown, blessed by bishop's hands, and anointed with the
blood of beasts, are set before the bold Belshazzar.
Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved, basins of gold,
cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and towers with lofty
pinnacles.
Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the flowers of which were
white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems.
The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold.
The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of brass, and
ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various hues.
Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once stood before the
"Holy of Holies."
The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing to God.
For "a boaster on bench" drinks from them till he is as "drunken as the
devil."
God is very angry.
Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning.
Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled with wine.
The cups and bowls are soon filled.
Music of all kind is heard in the hall.
Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are merry.
Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of their gods, who,
although dumb, are as highly praised "as if heaven were theirs."
A marvel befals the feasters.
The king first saw it.
Upon the plain wall, "a palm with pointel in fingers" is seen writing.
The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened.
His knees knock together.
He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it wrote on the
rough wall.
The hand vanishes but the letters remain.
The king recovers his speech and sends for the "book-learned;" but none
of the scholars were wise enough to read it.
Belshazzar is nearly mad.
Commands the city to be searched throughout for the "wise of
witchcraft."
He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed in "gowns of
purple."
A collar of gold shall encircle his throat.
He shall be the third lord in the realm.
As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came clerks out of Chaldea,
witches and diviners, sorcerers and exorcists.
But after looking on the letters they were as ignorant as if they had
looked into the leather of the left boot.
The king curses them all and calls them churls.
He orders the harlots to be hanged.
The queen hears the king chide.
She inquires the cause.
Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he has rent his robes
for grief, when there is one that has the Spirit of God, the counsellor
of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter of his dreams, through the holy
Spirit of God.
The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a captive from Juda.
The queen tells the king to send for Daniel.
Her counsel is accepted.
Daniel comes before Belshazzar.
The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom, and his power to
discover hidden things, and that he wants to know the meaning of the
writing on the wall.
Promises him, if he can explain the text of the letters and their
interpretation, to clothe him in purple and pall, and put a ring about
his neck, and to make him "a baron upon bench."
Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that God supported his
father, and gave him power to exalt or abase whomsoever he pleased.
Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his faith in God.
So long as he remained true, no man was greater.
But at last pride touches his heart.
He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name.
He says that he is "god of the ground," and the builder of Babylon.
Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God's voice is heard, saying,
"Thy principality is departed.
Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and walk with wild
beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and asses."
For his pride he becomes an outcast.
He believes himself to be a bull or an ox.
Goes "on all fours," like a cow, for seven summers.
His thighs grew thick.
His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders to the toes.
His beard touched the earth.
His brows were like briars.
His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite's.
Eagle-hued he was.
At last he recovered his "wit," and believed in God.
Then soon was he restored to his seat.
But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs, and hast blasphemed
the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them with wine for thy wenches,
and praising thy lifeless gods.
For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight, the fist with the
fingers writing on the wall.
These are the words: "Mene, Tekel, Peres.
Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it.
Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in deeds of faith.
Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Persians.
The Medes shall be masters here."
The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of fine cloth.
Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his neck.
A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the third lord that
followed Belshazzar.
The decree was made known, and all were glad.
The day, however, past.
Night came on.
Before another day dawned, Daniel's words were fulfilled.
The feast lasts till the sun falls.
The skies become dark.
Each noble hies home to his supper.
Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it, for his foes are
seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled suddenly.
The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes.
He has legions of armed men.
Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river.
By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and within an hour enter
the city, without disturbing any of the watch.
They run into the palace, and raise a great cry.
Men are slain in their beds.
Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the heels, is foully cast
into a ditch.
Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the barons.
Thus the land was lost for the king's sin.
He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of his honour, as well
as of the joys of heaven.
Thus in three ways has it been shown, that uncleanness makes God angry.
Cleanness is His comfort.
The seemly shall see his face.
God give us grace to serve in His sight!

       *       *       *       *
   *       *       *       *       *

Patience: Sidenotes

I.
Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy hearts, and
quenches malice.
Happiness follows sorrow.
It is better to suffer than to be angry.
Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ: Blessed are the poor,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are the meek, for they shall "wield the world."
Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled.
Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their reward.
Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see the Saviour.
Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called God's sons.
Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
These blessings are promised to those who follow poverty, pity, penance,
meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and patience.
Poverty and patience are to be treated together.
They are "fettled in one form," and have one meed.
Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must needs suffer.
Poverty and patience are play-fellows.
What avails impatience, if God send affliction?
Patience is best.
Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?

II.
Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles.
God's word came to him, saying, "Rise quickly, take the way to Nineveh.
Say that which I shall put in thine heart.
Wickedness dwells in that city.
Go swiftly and carry my message."
Jonah is full of wrath.
He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the stocks, or put out
his eyes.
He thinks that God desires his death.
He determines not to go near the city, but fly to Tarshish.
Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa.
He says that God will not be able to protect him.
Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail.
The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables, weigh their
anchors, and spread sail.
A gentle wind wafts the ship along.
Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then.
He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing from God.
The words of David.
Does He not hear, who made all ears?
He is not blind that formed each eye.
Jonah is now in no dread.
He is, however, soon overtaken.
The wielder of all things has devices at will.
He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow.
The winds blow obedient to His word.
Out of the north-east the noise begins.
Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves rolled high, and never
rested.
Then was Jonah joyless.
The boat reeled around.
The gear became out of order.
Ropes and mast were broken.
A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten the ship.
They throw overboard their bags and feather beds.
But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder.
Each man calls upon his god.
Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the sun and to
the moon.
Then said one of the sailors: "Some lawless wretch, that has grieved his
God, is in the ship.
I advise that we lay lots upon each man.
When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease."
This is agreed to.
All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save Jonah the Jew, who
had fled into the bottom of the boat.
There he falls asleep.
Soon he is aroused, and brought on board.
Full roughly is he questioned.
The lot falls upon Jonah.
Then quickly they said: "What the devil hast thou done, doted wretch?
What seekest thou on the sea?
Hast thou no God to call upon?
Of what land art thou?
Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds."
Jonah says: "I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the world's Creator.
All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me overboard."
He proves to them that he was guilty.
The mariners are exceedingly frightened.
They try to make way with their oars, but their endeavours are useless.
Jonah must be doomed to death.
They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent blood.
Jonah is cast overboard.
The tempest ceases and the sea settles.
The stiff streams drive the ship about.
At last they reach a bank.
The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows.
Jonah is in great dread.

III.
Jonah is shoved from the ship.
A wild whale swims by the boat.
He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet.
It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe.
The prophet is without hope.
Cold was his comfort.
Jonah was only a mote in the whale's jaws.
He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of the intestines of the
fish, came into a space as large as a hall.
The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the whale.
He searches into every nook of its navel.
The prophet calls upon God.
He cries for mercy.
He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast, for three days and
three nights.
The whale passes through many a rough region.
Jonah makes the whale feel sick.
The prophet prays to God in this wise:

IV.
"Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell's womb.
Thou dippedst me in the sea.
Thy great floods passed over me.
The streams drive over me.
I am cast out from thy sight.
The abyss binds me.
The rushing waves play on my head.
Thou possessest my life.
In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His pity.
When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy commands."
God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out the prophet on a dry
space.
Jonah has need to wash his clothes.
God's word comes to the prophet.
He is told to preach in Nineveh.
By night Jonah reaches the city.
Nineveh was a very great city.
Jonah delivers his message; "Yet forty days and Nineveh shall come to
an end.
It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly by the black
earth."
This speech spreads throughout the city.
Great fear seizes all.
The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in sackcloth, and cast
ashes upon their heads.
The message reaches the ears of the king.
He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and mourns in the dust.
He issues a decree, that all in the city, men, beasts, women and
children, prince, priest, and prelates, should fast for their sins.
Children are to be weaned from the breast.
The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water.
Who can tell if God will have mercy?
Though He is mighty, He is merciful, and may forgive us our guilt.
All believed and repented.
God forgave them through his goodness.

V.
Much sorrow settles upon Jonah.
He becomes very angry.
He prays to God and says: "Was not this my saying, when Thy message
reached me in my own country?
I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering, and Thy mercy.
I knew these men might make their peace with Thee, therefore I fled unto
Tarshish.
Take my life from me, O Lord!
It is better for me to die than live."
God upbraids Jonah, saying: "Is this right to be so wroth?"
Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower, of hay and
ever-fern, to shield him from the sun.
He slept heavily all night.
God prepared a woodbine.
Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower.
The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected from the
sun's rays.
Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country.
God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither.
Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed.
The leaves were all faded.
The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.
He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may die.
God rebukes the prophet.
"Dost thou well," He says, "to be angry for the gourd?"
Jonah replies, "I would I were dead."
God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should help His handy work.
Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed, which cost him no
labour?
God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people that He made.
Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet place would sink to
His heart.
In the city there are little bairns who have done no wrong.
And there are others who cannot discern between their right hand and
their left hand.
There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of sinning.
Judgment must be tempered with mercy.
He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must afterwards sit with worse
ones to sew them together.
Poverty and pain must be endured.
Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.





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