                 Those registering as readers of this 
                       book, will be REWARDED. 
                    =>  Details in Appendix 9  <=


 
                        *********************
                        *  THE ONLINE WORLD *
                        *********************


                      Version 3.4 - November 1997
                   (Version 1.0 released in Aug. 93)
                          ISBN 82-7820-016-5


                          By Odd de Presno
                    4815 Saltrod, Norway (Europe)
              Voice (registrations only): +47 370 31204

                 Internet mail: presno@login.eunet.no
                                presno@grida.no
                     FAX:           +47 370 27111

  http://login.eunet.no/~presno/bok/                       [Norway - source]
  http://www.tas.gov.au/simtel.net/presno/bok/                  [Australia]
  http://www.iniaccess.net.au/simtel.net/presno/bok/   
  http://www.univie.ac.at/simtel.net/presno/bok/                [Austria]
  http://www.tornado.be/simtel.net/presno/bok/                  [Belgium]
  http://www.eunet.bg/simtel.net/presno/bok/                    [Bulgaria]
  http://www.puc-rio.br/parcerias/presno/bok/                   [Brazil]
  http://mirror.direct.ca/simtel.net/presno/bok/                [Canada]
  http://pub.vse.cz/simtel.net/presno/bok/                      [Czech Rep.]
  http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/HOME/fischer/simtel.net/presno/bok/ [Germany]
  http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/simtel.net/presno/bok/               [Israel]
  http://serviceftp.flashnet.it/simtel.net/presno/bok/          [Italy]
  http://kamakura.mss.co.jp/guest/presno/bok/                   [Japan]
  http://www.iWorld.net/simtel.net/presno/bok/                  [Korea]
  http://archive.bitcon.no/simtel.net/presno/bok/               [Norway]
  http://www.sorostm.ro/simtel.net/presno/bok/                  [Romania]
  http://www.uakom.sk/simtel.net/presno/bok/                    [Slovakia]
  http://ftp.arnes.si/simtel.net/presno/bok/                    [Slovenia]
  http://www.raksnet.com.tr/presno/bok/                         [Turkey]
  http://micros.hensa.ac.uk/+misc/simtel.net/presno/bok/        [U.K.]
  http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/presno/bok/                  [U.S.A.]
  http://oak.oakland.edu/simtel.net/presno/bok/
  http://ftp.epix.net/simtel.net/presno/bok/



PREFACE
=======
This is the ASCII online version of the Online World handbook.   It 
deals with practical aspects of using the rapidly growing global on-line 
information resource. 

The book is distributed in a form designed to be easily accessible with the 
maximum range of computers, printer types, and search programs. In this 
way, it is compatible with most electronic reading devices for the blind. 
Many frills, such as fancy formatting, extraneous characters or tags, have 
been omitted to achieve this. 

The main subject of the handbook is what you can get out of the global 
online resource. 

Expect an outline, not a comprehensive list or directory of all available 
offerings. We explore selected applications across network and service 
boundaries to show how selected needs may be satisfied. In the process, we 
give information about how to reach many interesting offerings. 

The applications range from entertainment and the bizarre to databases and 
special services for professionals and organizations. 

You are not expected to live in the United States or Norway. Focus is on 
international offerings available through major services and networks like 
the Internet, Usenet, FidoNet, CompuServe, Dow Jones News/Retrieval, and
Brainwave for NewsNet. These services can be accessed from almost anywhere. 

Talking about the Internet, we must still assume that many readers are 
unable to get full interactive access at an affordable price, and that they 
therefore only have access to these offerings by electronic mail. 

I wrote The Online World for anybody interested in knowing more about the 
"Global Village" of today, they be parents or youth, teachers, students, 
business people, social workers, psychologists, young, or old.

You can read it like a novel to get an idea of what is going on, as a 
practical guide book to online databases and news sources, or as a book of 
reference. The handbook is meant to be both tutorial and practical, so 
there are lots of actual commands and Internet addresses listed herein. 
However, you do not have to be a computer expert or an experienced 
"onliner" to find it useful! 

The hypertext version can be used as a navigation tool, and the TOW mailing 
list as a awareness service (http://listserv.nodak.edu/archives/tow.html).

While not a textbook on data communications, it contains information to 
help novices get started. For an introduction to telecommunications, read 
appendix 2 and 3 before continuing with Chapter 1. 

Warning: New online offerings are born every day, while others are closing 
down. Most services in this book are probably still around when you read 
it, but the text certainly needs to be updated regularly. Therefore, all 
feedback is welcomed with thanks! 

Please tell me what you like, what you don't, what you think I have missed 
-- or have got hopelessly wrong. Send to presno@login.eunet.no. 

This book is not free
---------------------
The book is not public domain. It is copyrighted material, and can only be 
distributed in accordance with this license. - You are granted a limited read 
and use license of the book to see if it is for you. 

Registered readers of the handbook receive a free copy of The Online World  
Monitor  newsletter (ISSN: 0805-6315), published six times per year. 

While the book describes the online world as it is, this newsletter tracks 
changes. It can more  freely focus on selected offerings or phenomena than 
can be done within the strict framework of a book. The newsletter  and the 
book are companions. 

The newsletter contains: Discoveries that never made it to the book. 
Glimpses of what is going on. Trends.  Spotlight on important developments 
around the world. 

Registration for six updates of the handbook, will give you six issues of 
the newsletter! See appendix 9 for registration details, check out 
http://login.eunet.no/~presno/monitor.html, or send electronic mail to 
listserv@listserv.nodak.edu with the following command in the body of 
your text: GET TOW.MONITOR

Sample articles are available both by email, and from this Web-address: 

  http://login.eunet.no/~presno/monitor.html

Note: We do not receive any payments from vendors of shareware disks. 
Purchase of such a disk will not give you any free newsletters.

Please give to others
---------------------
Permission is granted to reproduce and distribute the Online World book if: 

 (1)  No remuneration of any kind is received in exchange.
      A distribution fee may be charged for the cost of a
      diskette, shipping and handling, if the total (per
      disk) does not exceed US$8.00.
 (2)  Distribution is without ANY change to the contents of
      all accompanying text files, including the copyright
      notice and this license. All files in this package are to
      be distributed together.
 (3)  No publication of the book or individual articles from the
      book in print is permitted, in any language, without the
      express written consent of the author.

Any other use is prohibited without express, written permission in advance. 
This includes bundling of any of the book's chapters or appendixes for your 
own distribution, 

If archiving this book for use on a BBS or in a library, please include all 
files. Use the name ONLINE34, as in ONLINE34.ZIP,  or ONLINE34.LZH. This 
will provide consistency for future updates. 

Information about where to get the latest version of the book can be 
retrieved by email to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu containing the command:  
GET TOW.WHERE 

How to read the book
--------------------
You may read the handbook using any ASCII viewing or text searching 
program. My favorites are: 

  LIST       -  Shareware MS-DOS file viewing program,

  LOOKFOR    -  Shareware boolean text search program. 

Print versions of The Online World
----------------------------------
The Online World handbook is not meant for any specific area of the world. 
Local versions are being printed and published in various countries through 
local partners. These versions of the book are adapted to local conditions, 
and contain many local examples and references. 

The following local versions of the book are available:

English/Canada
--------------
"The Online World - How to Profit from the Information Superhighway" by Mike 
Weaver and Odd de Presno. For free information brochure and order form, 
send your postal address to the publisher: Productive Publications, P.O.Box 
7200, Station A, Toronto, Ontario M5W 1X8, Canada. Fax:+1-416-322-7434. 
Email: Iain.Williamson@CANREM.COM. To contact coauthor by electronic 
mail: mweaver@bailey2.unibase.com. Price: C$ 39.95 plus shipping and 
handling. ISBN: 0-920847-89-7. 

You can also order by email to: bestellung@jf-lehmanns.de

German
------
"ONLINE-world," by Dr. Karl Sarnow and Odd de Presno. 312 pages. ISBN 3-
88229-035-8. Publisher: Verlag Heinz Heise GmbH & Co KB, Helstorfer Strasse 
7, D-3000 Hannover 61, Germany. Fax: +49-511-53 52-129. Price: DM 58. Email 
to Dr. Karl Sarnow: karl@dadoka.h.ni.schule.de. 

Order by email to: bestellung@jf-lehmanns.de

Icelandic
---------
"Netheimar" by Lara Stefansdottir, Lars H.Andersen and Odd de Presno. 280 
pages. ISBN 9979-60-112-4  Published December 1995. Orders: Netheimar, 
Postholf 181, 300 Akranesi, Iceland (tel. +354 31 4539, and fax +354 31 
4239). Email addresses: lara@ismennt.is, and lars@aknet.is. 

Norwegian
---------
"Ut i verden fra egen skjerm," Norwegian text, Datatid A/S, 1992. 220 
pages. Phone: +47 22 63 61 62.  Fax: +47 22 63 60 09. Price: NOK 245.-.  
ISBN: 82-90628-67-6. Order: tosterud@telepost.no

Soon available
These local language versions are in the process of being published by 
partners in various countries: 

English/Australia
-----------------
"The Online World" by John D'Alton and Odd de Presno. Paradox Publishing   
P.O. Box 423 Annerley 4103 Brisbane Australia. Tel. 07-38916834. Fax +61-7-
33931763.  Email: jdalton@peg.apc.org. 

Finnish
-------
"The Online World: Tiedot valtatiet" by Jarmo Lahti and Odd de Presno. 
Publisher: Suomen Atk-kustannus Oy, Espoo, Finland. Fax: +358-0-5121276. To 
contact coauthor by email: jlahti@infocrea.fi. Through WWW, look up this 
page: http://www.infocrea.fi/jlahti.htm

French
--------
by Olivier Coeur De Roy (olivier@rohan.sdsu.edu) and Odd de Presno.

Spanish/Spain
-------------
"El mundo en conexion - Introduccion practica a Internet" by Armando Ramos 
and Odd de Presno. Clerval-Mundo 3. Boix y Morer 9. E-28003-Madrid, Spain. 
Fax: +34-1-5352685. Email: armando@encomix.com 

Do you want to become a partner?
--------------------------------
If you are interested in becoming the coauthor of a local language version 
of the book for your country, please write me at presno@login.eunet.no to 
discuss. 


Saltrod (Norway), November 15, 1997

      Yours,

  Odd de Presno


-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World book's text on paper, disk and in any other electronic
form is (C) copyrighted 1997 by Odd de Presno. All rights reserved.  
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX
=====

PREFACE

-----------------------
PART 1: AN ONLINE WORLD
-----------------------
1. Will going online make me rich?
   Knowledge is Power. A larger personal network will give you a stronger
   punch. The value of information, and of having fun . . . .

2. The online world
   The structure and content of the online offerings. About
   Bulletin Board systems, mailing lists, conferencing systems,
   and online databases. About packet data services, and network 
   services like FidoNet, i-Com, Infonet, Internet, and others. 
   A constantly changing environment.

3. Using online services
   Short introduction. How to use menus, and how to navigate like 
   an expert. Tailoring online services to your interests and needs.

--------------------
PART 2: APPLICATIONS
--------------------
4. Hobbies, games, and fun
   About computer programs, online adventure games, threatening viruses,
   planning holidays and travel, collecting coins and stamps, genealogy, 
   music, shopping and other leisure activities.

5. Home, education, and work
   Tips for house owners, for those more concerned about money, about
   education and the exchange of knowledge, electronic conferences.
   Building a personal network. Job hunting by modem, and about
   working from home.

6. Your personal healthnet
   About support for diseases like AIDS, cancer, and kidney diseases.
   Forums for people with physical or mental disabilities, like
   hearing impairments, learning disabilities, vision impairment, 
   mobility problems.

7. Electronic mail, telex, and fax
   How to communicate globally at a ridiculously low cost, with
   notes about how to address electronic mail. 

8. Free expert assistance
   How to get free advice about your computer, software, profession,
   and many other things.

9. Your electronic daily news
   Read national and global news before getting it through the 
   traditional media. Get those interesting background facts. 
   Read special interest news that the media never bother to print.

10. Looking for a needle in a bottle of hay
    Searching databases. 'Clipping' news. Locating interesting books 
    and articles. Monitoring the online offerings, and sources about 
    sources. 

11. Getting an edge over your competitors
    Using the networks to manage projects. Monitor competitors, 
    prospects, suppliers, markets, technologies, and trends in
    Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Central and South America,
    Europe, North America, and xUSSR.
    Marketing and sales by modem.

-----------------------
PART 3: WORKING SMARTER
-----------------------
12. Practical tips
    about how to get more out of your online time. 

13. Cheaper and better communications
    Using packet data services or competing data 
    transport services like Tymnet Outdial, Infonet,
    Internet, and others.

14. Keep what you find.
    Build your local personal database. Strategies for
    locating interesting information. What separates good
    from bad information?

15. You pay little for a lot!
    Figuring out costs. 

16. Automatic communication
    Get a lead on your competitors.
    Avoid duplication of effort.
    Reduce costs.
    Reduce boring repetitive work.
    No need to remember the "tricks" of communications anymore. 

17. Gazing into the future.
    Thoughts about things to come.

-----------------------------------------------
Appendices: 
-----------------------------------------------
A1. List of selected online services
A2. Getting started.
    About your personal computer, modem and
    communications program.
A3. Your first online trip
    Typical pitfalls and simple solutions. 
    Down and uploading.
A4. Frequently used terms
A5. Books and articles for further reading
A6. Web and Internet tools & pointers
A7. List of services offering access to Internet
A8. About the author
A9. Registering your copy of this book
-----------------------------------------------



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART 1: AN ONLINE WORLD

Chapter 1: Will going online make me rich?
=========================================

There are so many sources of information and services out there, and each 
of them has to be searched or used separately. Therefore, half the battle 
is figuring out where to look. 

Information is abundant, even overwhelming. At risk of drowning in that 
vast sea, anyone navigating the online world needs to know what is 
available, and how to find and use it. 

Getting there takes time, but the potential rewards are interesting: 

* Knowledge is power.
* The value of critical information is increasing, 
* A large personal network gives you a punch.

You will also discover that using the online resource can be quite fun and 
entertaining. After all, there is more to life than business and work.

Knowledge is Power
------------------
My wife has a rare and dangerous kidney disease. One day her doctor joined 
us on an online research session to look for experiences and advice in 
other countries. 

We sat down in my office in Norway. I turned on my personal computer and 
started a communications program. 

After some keystrokes, we could hear the attached modem dial the number of 
CompuServe, a North American information utility. (A modem is a piece of 
equipment that converts computer signals to and from sound codes, so data 
can be sent by phone.) 

It took just a few seconds to make the connection. A greeting scrolled over 
our screen, followed by a menu of available choices. 

    For an introduction to practical telecommunications, check out 
    appendix 2 and 3. Appendix 1 lists major services mentioned 
    in this book. 

We selected "Health," and "Database for Rare diseases" from a new menu. 
Here, we found the address of a foundation for "cysts in kidneys," which is 
the name of her disease. My wife made contact. Since then, she has received 
regular reports of research results and experiences gained in the field. 
(The organization is called Polycystic Kidney Research Foundation. You
can reach them at http://www.kumc.edu/pkrf/.)

We sent a request for help to an electronic forum for doctors. This 
resulted in several useful pointers. We searched a magazine database for 
medical articles containing the word "kidney." Paper copies of the most 
interesting finds arrived by mail a few days later. My wife gave them to 
her hospital doctor as background reading. 

Kenya Saikawa is paralyzed. He communicates with his PC and modem using 
light key strokes and Morse code. Online communications allow Kenya to be 
in regular contact with people outside the walls of his Tokyo hospital. 

We met online in a "Handicap Club" on a computer center called TWICS in 
Tokyo. He was there to exchange experiences with others with disabilities. 
I called in by modem from Norway. Geographical distance is no problem in 
the online world. 

CompuServe's Cancer Forum has a similar function. "It's a blessing that I 
can visit here 24 hours a day," one visitor said. "When I'm unable to sleep 
at night, I often sit down by the PC to read and write messages to others." 

The forum works like a family. The file library is full of information 
about cancer. Members can go in there and pick up whatever they want to 
read. 

Dave Hughes from Old Colorado Springs, Colorado in the United States has 
had a long career as a professional soldier. He has fought in places like 
the Yalue river in Korea and Vietnam's jungle. When he retired, he became a 
political online force. 

"I'm using the new tools of the individual mind to change the world," he 
says. Native American Indians are among those, who have benefited from 
Dave's energy and knowledge. He has helped them show their culture to the 
outside world in a graphical form. 

Vladimir Makarenkov from the Crimea in the Ukraine is manager in a company 
called VINKO. In early 1993, he distributed an offer of partnership with 
foreign companies through a mailing list for traders on Internet. VINKO is 
into aluminium processing. He wrote: 

"From our own production we can offer some one metals and aniline dye for 
cotton, viscose, wool, silk, leather. We are interested in deliveries of 
chemical production (gamma acid, H-acid) and not quickly deteriorating 
foods (food concentrates, canned food etc.)." 

George Pavlov is Planning and Reporting manager with an American computer 
manufacturer. Daily, he logs on to online services to monitor industry 
product announcements and daily news from several electronic sources. It 
helps him stay ahead of rapid technological developments. 

Chairman Bill Gates of Microsoft says messaging is his most important 
application personally. He spends as much as five times more time in 
electronic mail as in spreadsheets or word processing, and claims "it's 
probably the most mission-critical application for Microsoft in running 
the company." 

IBM relies on the Internet to give OS/2 users and developers around the 
world a way to retrieve documentation, technical interface specifications, 
fixes and upgrades.

Semafor A/S in Arendal, Norway, produces modems and telecommunications 
equipment. They operate an electronic bulletin board for customers, users 
and prospects. Anybody can call in to get information about products and 
offerings. If in need of help, they can leave a message to Semafor A/S day 
and night. A response will be waiting for them, when they call back. 

Eduardo Salom heads Software Plus SA in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He 
discovered the online world in 1988, and uses it to find information that 
can help his company develop industrial applications. 

The Norwegian civil engineer Kai Oestreng regularly calls specialized 
online computer clubs to discuss his computational needs, fetch programs 
and monitor developments. 

Mary Lou Rebelo was born in southern Brazil. Today, she is married to a 
Japanese and lives in Tokyo. She teaches Portuguese and works as a 
translator. The modem enables her to keep in touch with others around the 
world interested in Portuguese and Spanish language and culture. 

Sheena Macleod teaches in a primary school in Lusaka, Zambia. She 
integrates the online world in her teaching to motivate her students. Her 
classes are involved in international projects with schools all over the 
globe. 

In August 1991, the "Old Stalinists" made a coup d'etat in the Soviet 
Union. The news media were silenced, but they forgot the  country's many 
bulletin boards. Early one morning, a foreign caller picked up the 
following messages from a Moscow BBS: 


  From:    Valery Koulkov                         
  To:      All                                    Msg #560, 00:42am 
  20-Aug-91
  Subject: Moscow, August 19, 23:00

  Some news from the square news RSFSR white building, 23:00. Local 
  inhabitants are very welcome for the people guarding 'white 
  building', they carry food and some garments to the square. 
  Approx. 8 tanks stand by the house under the RSFSR flags! There is 
  an information that 'white house' is surrounded by the soldiers 
  from Vysshee Desantnoye uchilische from Ryazan. The people are not 
  so desperate than some hours ago. There are more and more people. 


  From:    Stas Stas                              
  To:      Alexey Zabrodin                        Msg #562, 02:53pm 
  20-Aug-91
  Subject: Russia In Agency news

  I have sent two files RIA4.txt & ria5.txt
  It's msgs of Russia Information Agency
  Spread it as much as you can!!!


  From:    Andrew Brown                           
  To:      All                                    Msg #563, 06:31pm 
  20-Aug-91
  Subject: What's happening?

  I am a journalist on the London Daily newspaper *The Independent*, 
  and I am trying to discover whether this technology, like fax 
  machines, is being used for independent communication now that the 
  censors have clamped down on everything else. 

  Can people describe what is happening, and what they see? 
  Something similar was done on Compuserve during the Gulf War, by 
  subscribers who where in Israel and were able to describe Scud 
  missile attacks without censorship. 

  Andrew Brown


  Select: 564
  From:    Valery Koulkov                         
  To:      All                                    Msg #564, 00:52am 
  21-Aug-91
  Subject: Moscow events

  There is shooting near the American embassy and RSFSR state 
  building. Informer said (by phone) that he saw several victims 
  shot and killed under the tanks. there is fire near the RSFSR 
  building. Moscow, August 21, 1:15 am 

Telecommunications played a role in this historic event. While CNN 
televised the coup, it was not the images, but the words of men like 
Yeltsin that held sway for Russian citizens. 

Within hours of Yeltsin's statement in defiance of the coup leaders, 
handbills reproducing his statement papered the walls of the Moscow metro 
and Leningrad houses. 

Another one: On Friday, Feb. 26 1993 at 12:18 p.m., a bomb exploded in the 
World Trade Center in New York City, U.S.A. Four minutes later, the Dow 
Jones News Service flashed this headline: "NYC Fire Dept. Says Fire At 3
World Trade Center." 

Then there is this Norwegian friend of mine, Svein-Erik Dahl, photographer 
by profession. His passion in life is playing bridge. Each night, he logs 
on to BPLive (http://www.bridgeplayer.com/~bridge/bplive.html). Here, he 
fights other enthusiasts of the green table until the early morning. 

You can!
--------
Online communication is not just for the privileged or those with a special 
interest in computers. It is for you, me, everybody. 

There is much to learn in the "online land," and the medium is fascinating. 
It makes learning fun. You can learn about your hobbies, your profession, 
life in other countries, languages, other people's views about whatever, 
and more. Often, you will find reports about experiences and know-how that 
it is hard or impractical to get in other ways. 

Some go online to learn how to do things better. Teachers want to give 
their students a better and more motivating learning environment. 
Architects, engineers and companies want increased competitiveness and 
sales. They seek timely information about competitors, technologies and 
tools, partners and trends. 

You can take a Masters Degree in Business Administration while sitting in 
front of your computer at home. You can join online seminars arranged by 
local or foreign educational institutes. You can even study at night, when 
the rest of your family has calmed down. 

Some build their own educational programs supported by databases, online 
forums and associations of various kinds. 

You may feel helpless in hospital, or when visiting your doctor. Knowledge 
about your disease will make you better equipped to handle the situation. 

The online resource is just keystrokes away, and knowledge is power. 

To get this power, you must know what you can get from the online world. 
This book is filled with examples of what are available, and practical tips 
about how to use the many offerings. 

A large personal network gives strength
---------------------------------------
Most of us belong to one or several networks. They consist of persons that 
we can call on when we need help. Your network may be private, like your 
family. You may be member of associations, or part of a group of people 
with common interests within a company or organization. 

The modem allows you to be part of more personal networks than you can 
possibly cope with in the "real world." Besides, it's easier to develop 
personal networks in the online world. 

We have used words like "clubs" and "associations." By this we mean groups 
of people interested in helping You and in participating in what You happen 
to be interested in. That is what networking is all about.

Today's communications technology lets us participate in networks in other 
countries at a very low cost. Many describe it as participation "beyond 
time and space." 

Write a message and send it to a person in your network. It arrives in 
his/her "mailbox" within minutes (sometimes seconds) and stays there until 
the recipient wants to read it. 

This built-in ability to send messages to other people's electronic 
mailboxes reduces the power that time and geographical distances have over 
our lives. 

A friend in a remote country gets out of bed nine hours after you, but keeps 
going well into what, for you, is the next morning. No problem. You can 
send letters when you are awake and receive replies when you are asleep. 

You can pick up and read your friend's messages the next day or when you 
feel like doing it. That is how two people as far apart as Arendal, Norway 
and Auckland, New Zealand could be involved in the development of this book. 

Sometimes "real time" discussions are important. Consider the following 
example. CompuServe has a Diabetes Forum. You can call there any time, day 
or night, seven days a week. Whenever you feel like it. You will always 
find someone to chat with who understands and shares your problems. 

Hours of real-time chatting may be expensive, but you are free to decide 
your level of involvement. If you think that $10 spent on a chat session is 
enough, then just stop there. 

What is the point?
-----------------
Thousands of commercial online services offer over 7,000 online databases
(source: Frost & Sullivan, 1994). These infobases are repositories of 
electronic information. They contain full-text and reference books, 
magazines, newspapers, radio and TV shows, reports, and more. 

Add to this all millions of free databases available through Internet's 
World Wide Web. You will find information about almost anything in the 
online world. 

The world also has over 100,000 public bulletin board systems. Most are 
small information centers, running on personal computers using a simple 
computer program and modems. People call in to read messages and 
information, retrieve free software, or just have a good time. 

Most BBSes are free. Some charge a small annual fee. The largest board has 
over 300 telephone lines, fifty gigabytes of storage for conferences, 
letters, computer programs, and more (1995). 

Mind you, 50 gigabytes is a lot. It is equivalent to over 50,000,000,000 
characters, or a whopping 58,000 copies of this book! 

The entrepreneur sees the online world as a new, profitable playground. 
Many have made it their profession to search for information for others, 
and they earn a good living doing so. 

Others advertise and sell products and services by modem. Some set up their 
own services to sell knowledge and know-how, be it of aqua culture, wine 
production, marketing, or about the petroleum offshore market. 

In business, it pays to be one step ahead of the competition. Early warnings 
of customers' needs, competitors' moves, and emerging opportunities can be 
turned into fortunes. This can reduce potential losses and help develop 
businesses in more profitable directions. 

Turn this to your advantage. Build your own early warning system that 
monitors online information sources and networks. 

Have fun
--------
The online world has an abundance of joke clubs, dramatic adventure games 
with multiple players, and large archives filled with computer game 
software. You can transfer these programs to your personal computer and be 
ready to play in minutes. 

Others may feel more entertained when things get "interesting." Surely, 
those calling Moscow in August 1991 for news about the coup must have had a 
strange sensation in the stomach. 

Some online users react quickly when dramatic events occur. They go online 
to read news directly from the wires, from Associated Press, TASS, Reuters, 
Xinhua Press, Kyodo News and others. 

Usually, online news comes directly to you from the journalists' keyboards. 
Often, you heard it here first. 

Others prefer to socialize. They meet in online "meeting places" to debate 
everything from Africa and the administration of kindergartens to poetry, 
LISP programming, and compressed video for multimedia applications. 

Some claim that increased use of online networking in a country can effect 
social changes within politics, economics, communication and science. It 
can support democratic tendencies, the transition to a market economy, the 
formation and support of businesses, the spreading of interpersonal and 
mass communication, the forging of invisible colleges among scientists, and 
breaking-up of traditional and closed information systems developed in some 
societies. 

The Star-Ledger (USA, 1/13/94 p. 41) wrote that with communications playing 
a greater role in economic development, experts are warning of the creation 
of a new technological underclass. They think that communities deprived of 
computers and telecommunications will end in poverty. 

No matter whether your application is useful or just a pastime, online 
services queue up to help give your life a better content. 

Some people fear that language might be a problem, and in particular if 
English is not their first language. Don't worry. There are many other 
languages used in the online world. Besides, you are in the driver's seat. 
If something is hard to understand, just log off to study the difficult 
text. Take your time. Nobody is watching. Remember Albert Einstein's words:

    "A person who never made a mistake, never tried anything new."

Will your being member of the online world make you rich? Probably not. On 
the other hand, it provides the means to help you achieve such a goal, no 
matter how you define the word "rich." 

Go for it!



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 2: The online world
===========================

This chapter is about the structure and contents of the online world. You 
will read about Bulletin Board systems, discussion lists, conferencing 
systems, online databases, packet data services, and network services like 
FidoNet, i-Com, Infonet, and the Internet. 

From papyrus to bits and bytes
------------------------------
Around 1500 B.C., the world's first library was set up in Tell el Amaran, 
Egypt. Eight hundred years later, the first public library opened in 
Athens, Greece. 

It took another two thousand years for the first full-scale stored-program 
computer to be invented (The EDSAC. Wilkes, Cambridge, England. 1949), and 
for people to express ideas like what Nikola Tesla said in an interview 
with Collier's, January 30, 1926: 

    It is more than probable that the household's daily newspaper
    will be printed 'wirelessly' in the home during the night.

Tesla was a famous Serbian electrical engineer and inventor, who devised 
among other things the alternating-current systems that underlie the modern 
electrical power industry. He also did notable research on high-voltage 
electricity and invented wireless communication. 

Incredibly enough, hypertext (used in World Wide Web documents) was 
proposed as early as 1945 (by Vannevar Bush).

In 1954, the first online search service was launched by the Naval 
Ordinance Test Station, in Michigan, U.S.A. Six years later, MEDLARS, a 
full-text bibliographic database containing references to medical 
literature was launched. 

From now on, things started to roll faster: 

    1969: ARPANET (U.S.A.), the predecessor to the Internet, starts 
          research into computer networking.

    1972: Dialog (U.S.A.) opens their Educational Resources Information
          Center and National Technical Information Service databases for 
          online searching. (Appendix 1 contains information about the 
          major online services referred to in this book.) 

    1974: Dow Jones News/Retrieval (U.S.A.) launches a financial 
          information service for stock brokers. The design of a 
          Transmission Control Program, TCP as in TCP/IP, is specified 
          (U.S.A.). Usenet is set up (U.S.A.).

    1978: The first bulletin board opens in Chicago (U.S.A.)

    1979: CompuServe (U.S.A.) launches a service for home users. 
          USENET set up. 

    1981: Minitel (France) and BITNET (U.S.A.).

    1982: The Internet is born as TCP/IP is adapted by ARPANET (U.S.A.). 

    1983: FidoNet (U.S.A.)

    1991: The World Wide Web is born (Switzerland).

    1993: The number of countries reachable by electronic mail through
          the Internet reaches 137. The World Wide Web explodes (annual 
          growth rate at 341,634%)!

    1994: Japanese prime minister comes online. 

    1995: The Vatican opens at http://www.vatican.va.

Thus, the online world was born in the United States. Little happened in 
the rest of the world until the late 1980s. American companies and users 
may still appear to be dominating, but they are no longer alone. 

We can now use millions of public databases. They are available online 
systems ("host computers") all over the world. 

With so many online services, and a large variety of access methods, it is 
difficult to find our way through the maze of offerings. Telecommunications 
has therefore often been presented as one of the more difficult things to 
learn to do on a computer. 

The good news is that it was never all that terribly difficult and its 
getting easier all the time. 

It may help to have a picture in your mind of the various parts of this 
"online world" before we embark on the applications.  The book therefore 
starts with an analogy. Think of it as a "map" of the online world. 

The structure and contents of the online world
----------------------------------------------
The online world can be visualized as a cake with multiple layers. The 
information sources are the bottom layer, and you, the user, the marzipan 
figure on the top. The online world contains the following tiers: 

   (1) Database producers and information providers
   (2) Online service companies
   (3) Gateways and networks
   (4) The service offerings 
   (5) The user interface
   (6) The data transport services
   (7) The User.

If you are a novice, it may seem complex so far but none of the levels are 
difficult. It often helps to visualize what level you are dealing with at 
any given time.  Let us consider them in more detail. 

1. Database producers and information providers.
------------------------------------------------
For years, I operated a free bulletin board system in Norway. It run on a 
small personal computer, and offered shareware and public domain software. 
Anybody could call this BBS and have programs transferred to their personal 
computers by modem (see appendix 2 for how to achieve this). 

When you called it to "download" (retrieve) a free program, you wouldn't 
find any made by me. I do not write programs. All available programs were
written by others. 

When you call KR Data-Star in Switzerland, or connect to NewsPage in 
the U.S. to read news, you may find some stories written by these 
companies. Most of their news, however, has been written by others. 

The Associated Press, an American news agency, let online services like 
KR Dialog, CompuServe, Nexis and Brainwave for NewsNet 'resell' their 
news to their users. 

Free Bulletin Board systems, KR Data-Star, KR Dialog, CompuServe, 
Nexis, and Brainwave for NewsNet are online services. We call those who 
have provided the news and information on these services for information 
providers or database producers. 

The information providers sell the right to distribute news. What you pay 
to an online service to read news may be imbedded in its standard access 
rates. Some services will ask you to pay a surcharge when reading news. 

CompuServe subscribers pay a monthly membership fee for unlimited use of 
a variety of services like The Associate Press Online News (Hourly News 
Summaries, Sports, Entertainment, Business, News, This Day In History), UK 
News Clips, and Deutsche Presse-Agentur Kurznachrichtendienst. 

CompuServe pays Associated Press part of what they earn whenever you read 
their news. There is no surcharge for reading AP news on this service. 
Some services, like Brainwave for NewsNet, charge per article found and 
viewed. 

Information providers may have subcontractors. Ziff-Davis' Computer 
Database Plus, a database with full-text articles from magazines like 
Datamation and Wall Street Computer Review, depends on them. 

Datamation pays journalists to write the articles. Ziff-Davis pays 
Datamation for the right to distribute the articles to CompuServe's 
subscribers. CompuServe pays Ziff-Davis part of what you pay when reading 
the text. 

Some information providers also distribute information through grassroots 
bulletin boards. The Newsbytes News Network, Boardwatch Magazine, and the 
USA Today newsletter services (http://www.usatoday.com) are two examples. 

Rates for reading the same article may differ considerably depending on what 
online service you are using. If you are a regular reader, shop around for the 
best price. 

2. Online services
------------------
The term "online services" refers to the services that are provided by 
computer systems, large or small, to owners of personal computers with 
modems. 

The services may include access to electronic mail, online shopping malls, 
discussion forums, hardware and software vendor support, access to 
libraries of programs and data, games and entertainment, financial data, 
stock market quotes, research capabilities, or simply access to other 
service providers as with many Internet hosts. 

You do not always need a phone and modem to "log on." Some services can 
be accessed through leased phone lines, amateur radio, or other methods. 

Appendix 1 contains a list of major services mentioned in this book, with 
addresses, phone numbers, and a short description. 

CompuServe (U.S.A.), TWICS (Japan), and Orbit (England) are commercial. 
They charge you for using their services. 

Some online services are priced like magazines and newspapers with a flat 
subscription rate for basic services. You can use this part of a service as 
much as you like within a given period. CompuServe, America Online, 
BIX, and many for-pay BBSes offer such pricing options. 

Other online services charge for 'connect time'. They have a rate per hour 
or minute. 

MCI Mail uses "no cure, no pay." You only pay to send or read mail. To 
check for unread letters in your mailbox is free. 

There are all kinds of creative pricing schemes. Some have different rates 
for access during the day, night and weekends. Others charge users living 
far away less, while others again charge the remote user more than ordinary 
subscribers. 

Still, most online services are free. This is particularly true for the 
over hundred thousand bulletin board systems of the world. The owners of 
these services often regard them as a hobby, a public service, a necessary 
marketing expense, or do it for other reasons. 

The cost of setting up and operating a BBS is low. The BBS systems are as 
varied as the people who run them. Each BBS has its own character. 

Some large, international service providers on the Internet, BITNET, and 
UUCP are free. They address research and educational institutions and are 
partly financed by public funds. 

Some users fear that using online services will increase their telephone 
costs dramatically, and especially when using services in other countries. 
This is often unjustified. Read in chapter 13 and 15 about how to keep your 
communications costs down. 

3. Gateways and networks
------------------------
CompuServe users select the Computer Database Plus from a menu. This 
prompts CompuServe to dial another service provider and lets you use this, 
as if you were still using CompuServe. You hardly notice the difference. 
You are using Computer Database Plus through a gateway. 

When you search the IQuest databases, you will get a similar welcome 
message: 

      One moment please...

      Connected to 19EASYN

            Welcome to IQuest

      (c) 1991 Telebase Systems, Inc.
         U.S. Patent No. 4,774,655

Through another gateway, CompuServe connects you to the online service 
Telebase Systems, Inc. Telebase lets you go through other gateways to 
search in databases located on services like BRS, MEDLINE and Brainwave 
for NewsNet. 

While searching, you may get progress reports like these: 

            Dialing BRS
            Connect BRS
            Scanning .... Please wait
            Dialing Medline
            Connect Medline
            Scanning .... Please wait

All the time, your modem is connected to CompuServe. You are mentally using 
CompuServe and not other online services. Technically, you are going 
through various gateways to reach the information libraries. You pay 
CompuServe for the privilege. They, in turn, pay a fee to the others. 

You can read The New York Times on Down Jones News/Retrieval through 
gateways from MCI Mail and GEnie. (You can also get to it at 
http://www.nytimes.com.)

Accessing information through a gateway is often simpler than logging on to 
several online systems. Calling several systems often costs more, and takes 
more time. 

Users of BBSes connected to RelayNet or FidoNet can join in global 
discussions. Participants in other countries also call their favorite local 
systems. To the individual user, it looks as if they all use the same 
bulletin board system. 

The networks that tie these boards together regularly send new discussion 
items to the other participating boards. Write "This is not correct!" in a 
distributed conference on a Norwegian FidoNet BBS, and others may soon read 
your line on San Bernardino BBS in Colton (California), Wonderland Board in 
Macau or the HighTech BBS in Sidney (Australia). 

KIDLINK is a global project for children through 15 years of age. It 
allows kids to discuss through a system of electronic mail. 

Part of the dialog takes place by the children sending email to a recipient 
called KIDCAFE-TOPICS. A message to 'the cafe' goes through the 
international networks to a host computer in North Dakota (U.S.A.). There, 
a computer program called LISTSERV distributes copies of the message to 
names on an electronic address list. (Conferences controlled by a LISTSERV 
are called 'discussion lists' or 'mailing lists'.) 

SciLink in Toronto is one recipient. Messages forwarded from North Dakota 
are made available for users there as entries in a 'local' conference 
called KIDCAFE-TOPICS. A user in Toronto can read a message, as if it had 
been entered locally. If she wants to reply, her answer is sent back to the 
LISTSERV for redistribution to the world. 

Western Michigan University (U.S.A.) is also a recipient. Here, another 
LISTSERV program is in charge of forwarding the mail to yet another list of 
(local) addresses. We call it a 'mail exploder'. 

This mailing exploder has been set up by local administrators to reduce 
costs as the individual user does not have to receive his own copies of 
messages all the way from North Dakota. One Michigan recipient may be a 
local area network that further spreads the messages. 

This is how the online world got started. Two systems were interconnected 
for exchange of electronic mail. Then, another system was added, and 
another, until it developed into a large network of computer systems. 

Some network systems are connected by leased telephone lines. Other 
networks, like FidoNet, depend mainly on dial-up using regular voice-grade 
telephone service. Each BBS dial regularly to other computers in the 
network to send or receive mail and files. They may do it once per day, 
twice per day, or whatever. 

Then someone got the idea of interconnecting networks. FidoNet was 
connected to the UUCP network, which was connected to the Internet, which 
in turn was connected to the Bergen By Byte BBS in Norway, CompuServe, 
SciLink, MCI Mail, and various local area networks for exchange of email 
and other offerings. 

Today, the online world is a global web of networks. The world is 'cabled'. 
You, I, and all the other modem users stand to benefit enormously. 

4. The services
---------------
The most popular online services are electronic mail, chat, file transfers, 
conferences and discussion forums, news, reading of online journals and 
grassroots publications, database searching, and entertainment. 

The online world has many niches, things that people are interested in and 
have fun doing. 

Electronic mail
---------------
is not just like paper mail. Email is faster, easier to edit and use in 
other applications. 

Your mail may be private, or public. It can be 'broadcasted' to many by a 
mailing list. The principle is the same on all systems. 

Typically, an email message is sent to your mailbox in the following form: 

    To:  Odd de Presno
    Subject: Happy Birthday
    Text: I wish you well on your birthday. -Ole

The sending mail system automatically adds your name (that is, the 
sender's return email address), the creation date, and forwards it to the 
recipient. If the recipient's mailbox is on another system, the message is 
routed through one or several networks to reach its destination. 

When the message gets to the receiver's mail system, it is stored in her 
"mailbox" until she logs on and chooses to read it. Besides reading the 
message, she can print it, save it to a disk, forward it to someone else, 
or send a reply. 

Depending on the mail system, if the reply option is chosen, the address is 
automatically supplied from the original mail piece and you have the option 
of including all or parts of the original message.

Several email services offer forwarding to fax, telex or ordinary postal 
service delivery. Some offer forwarding to paging services. With these, 
when new mail arrives in your mailbox, a message with text like 'MAIL from 
presno@login.eunet.no' will be displayed on your beeper's small screen. 

By the turn of the century, it probably will be difficult to tell the 
difference between fax messages and email. The services will automatically 
convert incoming faxes to computer-readable text and pictures, so you can 
use them in word processing and other computer applications. 

Automatic language translation is another trend. You will soon be able to 
send a message in English, and have it automatically translated into 
Spanish for Spanish-reading recipients, or into other languages. Conference 
systems with automatic translation are already being used in Japan (English 
to/from Japanese). 

One day we may also have a global email address directory where you can 
ask, "What is the address of Nobuo Hasumi in Japan?" and have it supplied.
This will be nice since email addresses are more volatile than normal (snail 
mail) addresses.  Now, since they are spread over many different networks 
and systems, and the sharing of email between systems is still fairly young, 
this has yet to be set up. 

World Wide Web
--------------
The Web brought Internet out of the closet. This global information service 
lets you retrieve and view (and often listen to) multi-media documents from 
computers all over the world. 

The types of documents that you retrieve include news articles with 
accompanying illustrations, moving pictures (video), music and other sound 
files, forms that you can fill out and return to start some action (for 
example, to buy something, or to search a database), and much more. 

Thus, you may think of the Web as a large, living online encyclopedia 
containing hundreds of millions of documents (called Web pages).

Most people use the World Wide Web with a computer program called a Web 
browser. The browser is typically run in a Windows environment. To retrieve 
a document, they submit an Internet address to the Web by clicking on a 
highlighted word, or on a reference found in a listing of addresses. The 
addresses can also be entered manually. The following address retrieves the 
author's home page: http://login.eunet.no/~presno/presno.html 

Usually, the retrieved document is temporarily stored on your disk, and 
then displayed on your screen. 

Instead of menus, WWW uses a hypertext interface with cross links between 
subjects. When you click on highlighted words, you "jump off" onto another 
track. Documents can be, and often are, linked to other documents by 
completely different authors -- much like footnoting, but you can get the 
referenced document instantly.

For more background information about the Web, see Appendix 6.

'Chat'
------
Email has one important disadvantage. It may take time for it to be picked 
up and read by the recipient. The alternative is real-time conferencing, a 
form of direct keyboard-to-keyboard dialog between users. We call it 
'chat'. 

Most large systems let you chat with many users simultaneously. Even small 
bulletin boards usually have a chat feature. 

Chat is set up in several ways. On some systems, you see each character on 
the screen as it is entered by your dialog partners. Other systems send 
entries line by line, whenever you press ENTER or RETURN. Here, it may be 
difficult to know whether the other person is waiting for you to type, or 
if he is actively entering new words. 

You will find regular chat conferences in CompuServe's forums. Often, they 
invite a person to give a keynote speech before opening 'the floor' for 
questions and answers. Many a famous person has been featured in such 
'meetings'. 

In May 1991, KIDLINK arranged a full-day chat between kids from all over 
the world. Line, a 12-year old Norwegian girl, started the day talking with 
Japanese kids at the Nishimachi and Kanto International School in Tokyo. 
When her computer was switched off late that night, she was having an 
intense exchange with children in North America. 

The chats took place on various online services and networks, including 
Internet Relay Chat (IRC), BITNET's Relay Chat, Cleveland Free-Net 
(U.S.A.), TWICS in Tokyo, the global network Tymnet, and the Education 
Forum on CompuServe. 

The discussions had no moderator. This made the meetings chaotic at times. 
The kids enjoyed it, though! One-line messages shot back and forth over the 
continents conveying intense simultaneous conversations, occasionally 
disrupted by exclamations and requests for technical help. 

Speed is a problem when chatting. It takes a lot of time as most users are 
slow typists. 

If an individual message spans more than one line, there is always a risk 
that it will be split up by lines coming from others. It takes practice to 
understand what goes on. 

Users of SciLink (Canada) use a method they call 'semi-sync chat'. The 
trick is to use ordinary batch-mode conferences for chatting. Instead of 
calling up, reading and sending mail and then log out, they stay online 
waiting for new messages to arrive. 

This approach allows the entry of multiple-line messages without the risk 
of them being broken up by other messages. The flow of the discussion is 
often better, and each person's entries easier to understand. 

File transfers
--------------
The offerings of free software on bulletin boards brought the online world 
out of the closet. Today, you can also retrieve books and articles, 
technical reports, graphics pictures, files of digitized music, weather 
reports, and much more. 

Millions of files are transferred to and from the online services each day. 
File transfers typically represent over 75 percent of the time bulletin 
boards are being used. Downloading free or inexpensive software is still 
the most popular service. 

In February 1994, users downloaded 105 megabytes' worth of public domain 
and shareware programs from of my BBS (which had only one phone line). 
Add to this the megabytes being downloaded from hundreds of thousands of 
other bulletin boards. The number is staggering. 

    If you want to download software, check out appendix 3 for
    additional information. 

Downloading is simple. Just dial an online service, order transfer of a 
given file, select a file transfer protocol (like XMODEM), and the file 
comes to you through the phone line. 

Services on the Internet offer file transfer through gateways using a 
command called FTP (File Transfer Protocol). It works like this: 

    The easy way is to use an Internet browser like Netscape. To
    retrieve a file called ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/some.zip,
    just click on File, Open location, and enter the file's address
    (given in the strange code above).

    The manual method is called anonymous FTP. Say your Internet access 
    provider is an Ultrix system that you access by dial-up modem. You
    dial up to download free programs from a large archive in the United 
    States. 
        After having connected to the Ultrix system, you enter 
    'ftp ftp.simtel.net' to connect to a computer in the United States.
        A few seconds later, the remote host asks for your logon 
    id. You enter 'anonymous', and supply your email address as
    the password. This gives you access. 
        You use the cd command (change directory) to navigate to
    the desired library catalog on the remote hard disk. You locate
    the desired file, and use a GET command to transfer the file
    to your personal file area on your local Ultrix system. 
        When done, you logout from the remote computer and are 
    returned to the Ultrix service. Finally, you transfer the file 
   from the Ultrix to your personal computer using traditional 
    methods (like XMODEM). 

This file transfer involves the use of 8-bit binary code. 

Note that some mail systems only use a 7-bit binary code, and that being 
able to send Internet mail is no guarantee for access to the ftp command. 
If ftp is unavailable, check if you can have files sent by email using a 
technique called UUENCODEing. Here, the file is converted before transfer 
into a format that can be sent as ordinary mail (into a seven bits, even 
character code). 

When the file arrives in your mailbox, you 'read' it as an ordinary message 
and store the codes in a work file on your disk. Finally, you decode the 
file using a special utility program (often called UUDECODE). Read more 
about this in Chapter 12. 

Conferences and discussions
---------------------------
Online conferences have many things in common with traditional face-to-face 
conferences and discussions. The main difference is that the participants 
do not physically meet in the same room. They 'arrive' by modem and discuss 
using electronic messages. 

There are conferences about nearly every conceivable topic, from How to 
start your own company, Brainstorming, Architectural design, Investments, 
The Future of Education, to AIDS, The Baltic States, Psychology, and 
Cartoons. 

Instead of calling these discussions "online conferences," some services 
use terms like echos, discussion or mailing lists, clubs, newsgroups, round 
tables, SIGs (Special Interest Groups), and forums. They use other terms in 
an attempt to make their offerings more attractive and exclusive. 

Others refer to "conferences" by using the name of the software used to 
control the discussions, like LISTSERV, PortaCom, News, Usenet, Caucus, or 
PARTIcipate. 

Note that we're still talking email. However, while private mail is usually 
read by one recipient only, 'conference mail' may be read by thousands of 
people from the whole world. 

All of them can talk and discuss SIMULTANEOUSLY. It is almost impossible 
for one individual to dominate. The number of active participants can 
therefore be far larger than in 'face-to-face' conferences. 

The conferencing software automatically records all that is said. Every 
character. Each participant can decide what to read and when. He may even 
use the messages in other applications later. Opinions and information can 
easily be selected and pasted into reports or new responses. 

Some conferences are public and open for anybody. Others are for a closed 
group (of registered) participants. 

Conferences are normally structured by topic and influenced by the 
participants' behavior. If the topic is limited, like in "The football 
match between Mexico and Uruguay," it may start with an introduction 
followed by comments, questions, and answers like pearls on a thread. After 
some time, the conference is 'finished'. Other conferences go on for ever.

    The content and the quality of the discussion are what separates
    one online conference from others.

How a conference develops, depends in part on the features of the software 
used by the online service. However, this is much less important than the 
kind of people you meet there and their willingness to contribute. Still, 
let's take look at some differences in features. 

Messages in the PC Hardware Forum on CompuServe are divided into 11 
sections. Section 2 is called Printers' utilities. If you have problems 
with an old Epson FX-80 printer, send requests for help to "All" (=to 
everybody) and store it in this section. 

CompuServe's subscribers call in from all over the place to join the forum. 
Some are there to show off competence (read: to sell their expertise). 
Others visit to find solutions to a problem, or simply to mingle or learn. 

    A conference with many users increases your chances of meeting others 
    who are compatible and have relevant skills. As always, the quality of 
    the people is the first requirement of a good conference. 

On CompuServe, professional 'Sysops' (system operators) moderate the 
discussion. They get up to 15 percent of what you pay CompuServe for using 
their forums. To them, being a sysop is a profession. They spend 
considerable time trying to make the forum a lively and interesting place. 

The Printers/utilities section is not just about Epson FX-80. Its members 
have hundreds of different printers, each with their own set of user 
problems. Let's use this to explain differences between some conferencing 
systems. 

Each message in CompuServe's forums contains the sender's name (his local 
email address), subject, date, and the text itself. We call this the 
'bulletin board model'. Messages posted on Usenet, Internet and BITNET 
mailing lists, and most bulletin boards have a similar structure.

On CompuServe, systems, a message typically looks like this: 

   #: 24988 S10/Portable Desktops
       22-Jul-91  10:05:38
   Sb: #T5200 425meg HDD
   Fm: Gordon Norman 72356,370
   To: Menno Aartsen 72611,2066 (X)

   Menno-

   Can you share the HD specs on that 425'er...random access time, 
   transfer rate, MTBF, etc.? 

   Gordon

The problem with this message is that it may not be of interest to you. 
Each day, thousands of messages OUTSIDE your areas of interest are being 
posted. You do NOT want to read all these messages. 

The good news is that most services that use the bulletin board model 
allow selective reading of messages. You can select all messages containing 
a given word or text string in the subject title ('Sb:' above). You can 
read threads of messages from a given message number (replies, and replies 
to replies). You can read all messages to/from a given person, from a given 
message number, and from a given date. There are many options. 

The PARTIcipate conferencing software functions diametrically opposite to 
CompuServe's forum software with its bulletin board style. PARTI is used on 
TWICS (Japan), and several systems in the United States. 

PARTI lets the user log on using an alias. For example, she can use the 
identity 'BATMAN'. You may never get to know the true name of the other 
person. On the other hand, this allows people to talk about controversial 
topics, with which they may not want to have their names associated. 

Anyone can start a conference. The conference can be public, private or a 
combination. Combination conferences allow public review of the messages in 
the conference, but restrict the number of people who can contribute to the 
discussion. 

To start a new conference, simply enter 'write'. PARTI will prompt you with 
"Enter the text of your note, then type .send or .open to transmit." You 
can enter the welcome text for your new conference, like I did in this 
example: 

    "This conference is based on a series of articles about 
    shareware and public domain programs for MSDOS computers, which 
    I wrote for publication in England.
    Since the editor cheated me and they never reached the printing 
    press, I've decided to make them available online instead of 
    letting them rot on my hard disk. Join to read, discuss or 
    (hopefully) enjoy! "
 
The conference was presented to the other users of TWICS like this: 

    "MSDOS TIPS" by ODD DE PRESNO, Feb. 23, 1990 at 11:57 about 
    GOOD PD AND SHAREWARE PROGRAMS (7 notes)

Few systems of the bulletin board model let users start new conferences at 
will. New topics must be stored in a given structure. The administrators 
(sysops) of the services manage the evolution of the 'conference room'. 
Periodically, old messages may be deleted to make room for new. 

On PARTI, all participants read all notes. Selective reading must be done 
in other ways (by searching conference contents). 

These two conferencing models seem to attract different types of 
discussions. PARTI has given birth to more discussions on topics like these 
(from PARTI on The Point, January 1992): 

  "HELLO BEEP" by THE SHADOW on Sept. 17, 1991 at 19:20, about 
  BEEP'S ADVENTURES IN JAPAN, AND THE LIKE (840 characters and 22 
  notes). 

  "MEMORIES" by LOU on Dec. 21, 1991 at 12:31, about .......I 
  REMEMBER WHEN...... (423 characters and 1 notes). 

  "HAPPY BIRTHDAY TOTO" by PONDER on Jan. 2, 1992 at 14:34, about 
  AND I BET HE THOUGHT I FORGOT. (86 characters and 15 notes). 

  "PUERTO RICO" by PACKER on Jan. 18, 1992 at 20:47, about PARA 
  DISCUTIR ASUNTOS PUERTORIQUENA (166 characters and 9 notes). 

Systems using the bulletin board model rarely have conferences like 
"MEMORIES." In PARTI, one-note conferences are allowed to stay. In the 
bulletin board environment, they soon disappear. 

In larger PARTI conferences, the notes can be read like a book. Often, side 
discussions appear like 'branches' on a 'tree'. Join and read them, if you 
want to, or just pass. 

The bulletin board model systems and PARTIcipate are at two extremes of the 
spectrum of conference systems. Toward the BBS model, there are systems 
like Usenet, FidoNet Echo, RBBS-PC, and PortaCom. Toward the PARTI side, 
there are systems like Caucus. 

On Norwegian bulletin boards the primary language is Norwegian. In France, 
expect French. Local systems usually depend on messages in the local 
language. 

Services catering to a larger geographical area may have a different 
policy. English used to be the most common language for international 
discussions online. Spanish possibly number two. This is changing as 
connectivity opportunities flourish in the non-English speaking parts of 
the world. (See http://babel.alis.com:8080/ for more on languages.)

The global web of connections between computers enables us to discuss with 
people living in other parts of the world, as if they were living next 
door. 

Things Take Time!
-----------------
How long does it take a message to get from Hyougo in Japan to Saltrod in 
Norway? To Dominique Christian in Paris? 

Sometimes, mail travels from mailbox service to mailbox service in seconds. 
This is usually the case with messages from my mailbox in Norway to Dan 
Wheeler in Ohio (U.S.A.) and Mike Burleigh in London.

Messages that must go through many gateways may take more time. How long it 
takes, depends on the degree of automation in the mail systems involved, 
and how these systems have been connected to the global matrix of networks. 

Speed is high if the computers are interconnected with fixed, high-capacity 
lines. This is not so for mail from Oslo to Dominique in Paris. Although 
the distance is not great, mail is routed through a system in London and is 
forwarded only once a day through a dial-up connection. It usually takes at 
least one day to reach the destination. 

News
----
Most large news agencies have online counterparts. You can often read their 
news online before it appears in print. This is the case with news from 
sources like NTB, Agence France-Presse, Associated Press, Kyodo News Report 
(Japan), Reuters, Xinhua English Language News Service (China) and TASS. 
Some news is only made available in electronic form. 

News may be read in several ways, depending on what online service you use: 

[1] From a list of headlines. Enter a story's number to receive its full 
text. The news may be divided into groups, like Sports, International news, 
Business, and Entertainment. 

[2] Some services let you hook directly into a news agency's 'feed line' 
to get news as it is being made available. At 11.02, 11.04, 11.15, etc. 

[3] News may be 'clipped' and stored in your mailbox twenty-four hours a 
day, seven days a week. Clipping services search articles for occurrences 
of your personal keyword phrases while you are offline. In this way, you can 
watch new products, companies, people, events, and countries, even when you 
are not online. 

The Executive News Service on CompuServe let you search for words in story 
headlines, or in the first three lines of text. ENS searches through 8,000 
stories/day from the Washington Post, ITAR/TASS, Associated Press, Xinhua 
News Agency, United Press International, Reuters Financial News Wire, and 
others. 

Newspapers used to receive news through the wires before the online user. 
This built-in delay has now been removed on many services. Industry and 
professional news is usually available online long before it appears in 
print or even on television. 

Databases
---------
Some years ago, most databases were bibliographic. They just contained 
references to articles, books and other written or electronic sources of 
information. The typical search result looked like this: 

  0019201     02-88-68
    TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE  in  CYST  Fluid  from  Autosomal  
    Dominant POLYCYSTIC KIDNEYS. 
    Elzinga L.W.; et al. W.M.  Bennett, Dept. of Med., Oregon Hlth. 
    Sci. Univ., 3101 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, 
    OR 97201. 

  Kid. Int.   32:  884-888.  Dec.  1987

  Subfile:  Internal  Medicine;  Family Practice;  Nephrology;  
  Infectious Disease; Clinical Pharmacology; Highlights of General 
  Medicine 

You had to take the reference to a library to read a printed copy of the 
article. Some services did let you to order a copy while online, to be sent 
you by mail from a copying service. 

Full-text searching is now the rule. When you find an article of interest, 
you can have the full text displayed on your screen at once (often without 
accompanying pictures and tables, though). The search commands have also 
become simpler and more powerful. 

Just for fun
------------
Many online services focus on your leisure time. They offer reviews and 
news about movies, video, music, and sport. There are forums for stamp and 
coin collectors, travel maniacs, passionate cooks, wine tasters, and other 
special interest groups. Besides, many services are entertaining in 
themselves. 

Large, complex adventure games, where hundreds of users can play 
simultaneously, are popular choices. Some people sit glued to the computer 
screen for hours. 

Others prefer 'Chat', a keyboard-to-keyboard contact-phone type of 
simultaneous conversation between from two and up to hundreds of persons. 
It works like a combination of a social activity and a role-
playing/strategy/fantasy/skill-improving game. 

Shopping is the online equivalent of the traditional mail order business. 
The difference is that you can buy while browsing. Some commercial services 
distribute colorful catalogues to users to support sales. Some distribute 
pictures of the merchandise by modem. 

You can buy anything from racer fitness equipment and diamonds to cars. 
Enter your credit card number and the Chevrolet is yours. The online mail 
order business is becoming increasingly global. 

Level 5: The user interface
---------------------------
Part of the character of all online service providers is the way they 
interact with the user.  The term "user interface" refers to how the online 
service is presented to you, in what form text, pictures and sound appear 
on your computer. 

Most online services offer the first three of these four levels. Some offer 
more: 

    1. Menus for novices. The user can select (navigate) by 
       pressing a figure or a letter.
    2. Short menus or lists of commands for the intermediate user.
       The user knows some about how the service works, and just 
       wants a short reminder to help navigate. 
    3. A short prompt (often just a character, like a "%"), which 
       tells the expert user where he is in the system right now.
       Those knowing the service inside out, do not need reminders 
       about what word or command to enter at this point. 
    4. Some services offer automatic access without any menus or 
       visible prompts at all. Everything happens in a two-way 
       stream of unintelligent data. The only menus that the user 
       sees, are those belonging to the program running on his 
       personal computer. 

Some services emphasize colors, graphics and sound. They may require that 
users have certain hardware or special add-on cards in their communications 
computer. Often, a special communications program is also needed. 

Other services use methods for presenting colors and graphics already built 
into their users' computers (and programs). 

Colors, graphics and sound are highly desirable in some applications, like 
online games and weather forecasts. Even where it is not important, there 
will always be many wanting it. 

To the professional on a fact-gathering mission, these features may give 
slower data transfer and problems when saving text to disk for later use. 
Therefore, some prefer ASCII text with no extras. 

Sports cars are nice, but for delivering furniture they're seldom any good. 
The same applies to user interfaces. No one is best for all applications. 

Level 6: The data transporters and Internet access providers
------------------------------------------------------------
When the host computer for an online service is far away, the user often 
faces the challenges of: 

    1. Noise on the line, which may result in unreadable text, 
       errors in the received material, or inability to  maintain
       a desired transmission speed level.

    2. Expensive long distance calls (especially if using a low-
       speed modem).

There are many alternatives to direct long distance calling. Some offers 
better quality data transfers and lower costs. 

The Internet is a global network offering a very large range of interesting 
services, such as the World Wide Web, and cost-efficient mail exchange with 
private and public networks throughout the world. 

Modem users typically dial up to a computer center in the vicinity that 
functions as an Internet access provider. Once online, they can access 
remote services in other countries to retrieve files, read texts, view
pictures, talk with others, and more. 

Many use regional packet data services for cheaper and more reliable access 
to remote commercial online services. In Scandinavia, the offerings of the 
local PTTs are called Datapak. Similar services are offered in most 
countries, often by a national telephone monopoly. 

Competitively priced alternatives exist in many countries. For example, 
Infonet, TRI-P, and i-Com has competed successfully with former monopolies 
for transport of data to and from North America. (More about this in 
Chapter 13.) 

Today, the packet data services are quickly loosing ground to remote 
computing through the Internet and direct calls using cheap high-speed 
modems. 

Level 7: The user
-----------------
This is you, your computer and communications equipment. Turn the page to 
Chapter 3 and read about how to use the online services. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 3: Using online services
================================

The term 'user interface' refers to how information is displayed on your 
screen when you call an online service. It is about graphics, menus and 
help screens, and various options to tailor the service to your personal 
preferences. 

The World Wide Web
------------------
is essentially a vast repository of files (or documents) stored on 
computers (often called Web sites) connected to the Internet. The service 
that lets you get to these files is built to be used by a computer running 
in a windows environment, but it can also be accessed by non-graphics 
programs (like Lynx, appendix 6), and by electronic mail (see chapter 12). 

Most of the things you can do on the Internet take place in two places at 
once - your computer and the computer it is connected to over the network. 

In general, the software program that you are running on your computer is 
called the client (or, browser), and that on the remote computer is the 
server. Do something on your computer, and the client software translates 
it into a form that the server can understand. 

Tell your client to retrieve information at a given World Wide Web server
address, and it will go get it for you. A World Wide Web page can look like 
anything. It can be a text, like the one you read now, with some words 
highlighted in a special way. You can "click" on these emphasized words with 
your mouse to jump off to another track. 

Example: If the term "World Wide Web" in the paragraph above had been
highlighted, and you clicked on this term, you would have received a text 
defining this service. Many people think this method is easier than having 
to page forward to appendix 6 for a definition. (Yes, this appendix does 
contain some general information about the Web.)

In the online hypertext version of this handbook, the term "appendix 6" 
above is highlighted. Click on it to get there. When you are done browsing 
the appendix, you can "click back" to this chapter to continue reading. 

Some World Wide Web services have hypertext links imbedded in pictures or 
other graphics. These pointers are impossible to see unless you use a 
windows program to access the service. However, they work in the same way. 
Click on the pointers to get to the other tracks, which may be text, video, 
sound, a picture, or whatever. 

The Web documents
-----------------
are identified by a coded address called an URL (Uniform Resource Locator), 
or Web Page Address, which looks something like this: http://www.site.com.

The prefix "http://" must be used to tell the Internet that you want to use 
the HyperText Transfer Protocol. The rest,"www.site.com," is the actual 
address identifying the web site and the document you want to retrieve. 

Your computer's browser software activates embedded graphics designed into 
the document, unless you have turned this feature off in your software. 
Some documents even offer motion video clips an sound bites.

One document can have any number of hyperlinks creating an inter-woven 
system of infinite size and depth. This is how the World Wide Web got its 
name. 

Navigating by menus
-------------------
Many online services use menus to make them easier for novices to use.  
In its simplest form, a menu may look like this: 

    R)ead messages
    Q)uick search available messages 
    W)rite messages
    C)omments to Sysop
    D)ownload programs
    ?) for help
    G)oodbye. This is enough!

Enter a letter (or ?) to select a function. Enter R to read messages. There 
is hardly any need to read the documentation to use this service. 

Internet's Gopher service use the following type of menus:

     The Online World resources handbook (de Presno)

 -->  1.  Introduction.
      2.  The Online World resources handbook/
      3.  Retrieving the handbook/
      4.  Printed versions/
      5.  The Online World Monitor newsletters/
      6.  The TOW mailing list/
      7.  Press here if you have a Web-browser.

 Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu                   Page: 1/1

The "/" at the end of a menu item shows that this choice will give you 
another menu. Failing the "/", the item will give you a file. 

If you access a gopher service using a Web browser, the item numbers are 
replaced by icons. The numbers are not needed any more. The icons tell you 
whether the choices are files, directories, graphics, search services, or 
other things. Just click on the item to make your choice.

CompuServe greets European users with this menu: 

    CompuServe Europe         EUROPE

    COMPUSERVE EUROPE MAIN MENU

     1 About CompuServe
     2 What's New
     3 Member Assistance
     4 Electronic Mail
     5 Personal Computer Support
     6 Company Information
     7 Logon Instructions (Europe)
     8 CompuServe Information Service (U.S.)

Enter '8' to get another menu:

    CompuServe                   TOP

     1 Member Assistance (FREE)
     2 Find a Topic (FREE)
     3 Communications/Bulletin Bds.
     4 News/Weather/Sports
     5 Travel
     6 The Electronic MALL/Shopping
     7 Money Matters/Markets
     8 Entertainment/Games
     9 Hobbies/Lifestyles/Education
    10 Reference
    11 Computers/Technology
    12 Business/Other Interests

You can "go" to Associated Press' newswires or the section for home-
schooling in the Education Forum by entering numbers listed in menus. The 
service is like a tree with menus by every set of branches. 

A code in the upper right-hand corner of each screen tells you exactly 
where you are. The last menu has the code 'TOP' meaning that this menu is 
at the 'top of the tree'. 

By each CompuServe system prompt, the command GO followed by a destination 
code will take you directly to a desired location. Enter GO PCHW to go 
directly to the PC Hardware Forum. 

The GO command will save you time and money. Similar codes and commands are 
used on several other online services. 

On many systems, the first menu presented to the users is a list of 
announcements and new offerings. The following example from GEnie is 
very old, but illustrates our point: 

       GEnie Announcements (FREE)       

  1. July 1991 GEnie Billing Completed.  To review yours, type:....*BILL
  2. Hot Summer Nights continues to SIZZLE.........................*HSN
  3. NEW...Quality Product and Amazing Value in....................SOFTCLUB
  4. LAST CHANCE---Blue GEnie Sweatshirts..........................*ORDER
  5. Color hypermedia in Apple II world. HyperStudio RTC in........A2
  6. Meet the Product Manager, FREE RTC............................SFRT
  7. "Future of Online Gaming" RTC with GEnie Game Designers in....MPGRT
  8. A Revolutionary Credit Service - TRW CREDENTIALS..............TRWCREDIT
  9. 900 Numbers: Ripoff or Good Business Sense - RTC 8/11 9PM.....RADIO
 10. Air Warrior Convention set for Sept.26-29. in Washington......AIR
 11. SEARS Fall/Winter Catalog On-line NOW.........................SEARS
 12. How to Sell your CRAFTS for Profit............................HOSB
 13. Stellar Warrior Campaign starts with a FREE weekend...........WARRIOR
 14. Followup Investment RTC with Mickey Friedman in...............REAL ESTATE
 15. Federation II, the adult space fantasy........................FED

 Enter #, <H>elp, or <CR> to continue?

At the 'Enter #' prompt, enter '7' to go directly to the "Future of Online 
Gaming" conference (RTC=Round Table Conference). Enter H for Help, or press 
RETURN to get to the systems' main menu. 

You can "go" to selected services by entering a videotext page number code 
or a number (selected from the menu). Type 'mail' to get to your mailbox, 
'backgammon' to play, or 'SEARS' to visit the online version of this North 
American shoppers' paradise. 

'Mail' has page number 200. Enter 'm 200' to go there directly. To go to 
Newsbytes' technical news reports by subject, select "5" from menu page 
number 316. 

GEnie even offered a faster way. Like some other services, it let you stack 
commands. Instead of issuing one command, and then wait for the system to 
respond before issuing the next command, stacking allows you to put all 
commands on one line. The command "m 316;5" will take you directly to 
choice 5 from the menu on page 316 without displaying intermediate menus. 

Many online services use the same template. They have commands like "go 
service-name," "join service-name" (or just J), "delta service-name," 
or just the code or name of the offering as in 'mail' and 'sears' above. 

Entering H or ? (for help) usually give you help. Few services are fussy 
about whether you use lower or capital letters in commands. 

On some services, and especially if a selection requires just a letter or a 
number, you do not even have to press return to make it happen. This method 
is used on many bulletin boards. 

Some codes are standard. This is particularly the case with ?, H, or Help 
for more information. 

Test drive
----------
Several commercial systems let you try the service for free or at lower 
rates. You can check what is out there without paying for the exploratory 
connect time, and get some free training in how to use the service. 

CompuServe's Practice Forum (GO PRACTICE) does not carry any connect 
charges, but applicable communication surcharges are still in effect. They 
also have a free 'Guided Tour'. 

Free trials are particularly useful before a search in an expensive 
database. Use DialIndex on KR Dialog. Orbit has DBIN (The database Index), 
and KR Data-Star has CROS. They are master indexes to the databases on the 
system. First, select a general subject area, then enter your search terms. 
The systems will respond with lists of databases and hit counts. 

Note: You must go to the 'real' databases for results. You cannot retrieve 
actual information during a test drive. 

Selecting an expert level
-------------------------
Most services regard all new users as novices. The software designers 
assume that users do not want (or are unable) to read lengthy explanations. 
They think that most users prefer navigation by going from menu to menu. 

Commercial services may support this view for financial reasons, and 
especially when charging for access by the minute. (Some of them let you 
read their help screens for free, though.) 

Menus are important when browsing new offerings, or accessing services that 
we seldom use. Frequent users of a service, however, quickly learn how to 
do things. Menus may soon begin to annoy rather than please. Reading them 
costs money, and it slows our communications down. 

We do not need menus when accessing online services in fully automated 
mode. Your communications program remembers exactly what to do, and does 
all the typing for you. 

There is no point in paying extra for having menus. You'll not read them 
anyway. The aim is to access the service at maximum speed and the lowest 
possible cost. 

Most online services can be tailored to your personal needs and 
preferences. Many let you choose between: 

    * Full menus
    * Short menus
    * A prompt line with a list of the most often used 
      commands, 
    * a prompt character or word (see "prompt" in appendix 4
      for examples). Prompts can be used by automatic
      communication script files to trigger the next action.

If concerned about costs, note that you can use expert mode without being a 
true expert. Just print the menus, and keep them by your keyboard while 
moving around. 

Some users draw 'road maps' of the services to navigate more quickly. 
Others automate the process using automatic communications scripts. 

Tailoring your services
-----------------------
Many online services allow you to tailor the way information is sent to 
you. 

Some communications programs, like Internet browsers, also lets you change 
the way things happen. For example:

    * Most Internet browsers, like Netscape, let you turn graphics ON/OFF. 
      I usually visit World Wide Web pages with graphics viewing set to 
      OFF. When I find something worthy of being seen, I switch the option 
      ON, and reload the page to view. (Click on View, Reload.) 

    * Many Internet browsers are preset to load automatically a selected 
      Web page upon startup. This may take more time than you like. With
      Netscape, you can click Options, Preferences, Styles, and mark off
      "Start with blank page." Alternatively, you can set it to load your
      personal hotlist of sites from your hard disk. Remember to save the
      new settings when done!

The need to tailor the online service's prompts and menus differs 
considerably from user to user. We have all kinds of needs, and use all 
kinds of computers for communication. 

Some screens are large. Other screens can only display a few lines of text 
at a time. Some users even use pocket calculators and handheld computers 
with tiny, tiny screens. 

If you are satisfied with how things are, skip the next couple of pages and 
read from "Connecting the first time." If curious of your options, read on 
for a brief technical overview. 

Besides a selection of various types of menus, you can usually also set the 
following preferences: 

    * What menu is to be the first, when you access the service?
    * The first menu is to be a tailored menu containing your
      favorite offerings, and nothing else.
    * Colors, graphics, or no colors/graphics. 
    * Preferred file transfer protocol (to avoid a question each 
      time you want to transfer a file).
    * Desired terminal emulator, like TTY, VT-100 or VT-52.
    * CAPITAL LETTERS or Mixed Case.
    * Selection of what ASCII character code to represent the 
      DELETE function.
    * How many spaces to insert when expanding TABs in your mail.
    * Number of lines per screen, for example, 24 on an IBM PC, or 
      eight on a TRS-80 Model 100. Determines whether scrolling is 
      to pause after each screenful or not.
    * Determines the number of characters per line (for example, 80 
      lines on a PC, or 40 on a TRS-80 Model 100.)
    * Determines if the linefeed character is to be sent or not.
    * Determines whether blank lines are to be sent.
    * Determines whether the service is to check when you log on to 
      see if you are using special software (as in 'Inquire for VIDTEX' 
      on CompuServe). 
    * The use of 'echo'. Is the service to return the characters 
      that you enter on your keyboard?
    * Use of delay when sending line feeds. (Useful if capturing 
      text to a dumb printing terminal. If text scrolls too fast 
      for the printer, you risk losing some of it.) 
    * Choice of prompt character, or prompt text string. This is
      useful when communicating by script files. On CompuServe, I 
      have asked the system to add the BackSpace character (ASCII 
      character number 8) to the end of all forum prompts. Since
      this character is rarely found in messages or other texts,
      I can safely let scripts depend on this prompt character for 
      unattended communication. 

Displaying information on the screen
------------------------------------
An 'A' is not an 'A' no matter what service you use. If you call Tocolo BBS 
in Japan with a non-Japanese MS-DOS computer, chances are that the welcome 
text will look like this: 

    *--------------------------------------------------------------*
    *  D0:[ BBS    (<^/9] 7.8)                                     *
    *   62>] =3     ---> 3  (@^2K.3 03-205-9315)                   *
    *   3]V3 <^6]   ---> 24 <^6] 6D^3 C=D A-3                      *
    *                    (Wed 9:00-17:00 J R]C I @R 5T=P C^=)      *
    *--------------------------------------------------------------*

You'll need a Japanese ROM (Read-Only Memory) in your computer, a special 
graphics program, or a Japanese language operating system  to have the 
Kanji characters displayed properly on your screen. 

The characters that you see on your computer's screen are based on a code. 
The computer finds the characters to display from a table built into your 
system's hardware or software. 

Most personal computers can be preset to use various tables depending on 
your needs. When communicating in English, you may want it to show Latin 
characters. When writing in Japanese, you may want it to display Kanji 
characters. 

Those writing in Norwegian, often want to use the special Scandinavian 
characters . If the first two of these Nordic characters read like 
the symbols for Yen and Cent, you are not set up for Scandinavian 
characters. If your system is set up correctly, they should look like an 
'o' and an 'O' overwritten by a '/'. 

The code telling your computer what to display, may also contain 
information about where to put characters and what colors to use. 

Thus, an online service may order your computer to display a given 
character in column 10 on line 2, and to print it in blinking red color. If 
you are not set up correctly, these codes may show as garbage on your screen 
rather than as a colorful character in a given position. 

If you call a service set to display text in VT-52 format, and your 
communications program is set accordingly, then you should be OK. VT-52 is 
a setup that makes a program or a service 'behave' like a DEC VT-52 
terminal. 

Being able to view VT-52 coded text on your screen, does not guarantee that 
you can capture this 'picture' to a file on your disk. Your communications 
program may need special features to do that. If these features are 
missing, you are in for a surprise. The text in your capture file may look 
like in this example (it came on a single, long line on my computer): 

  --------------------------------------------------------------------
  **H*J*Y"4   Innhold*Y%>                              *Y&4Emneoversikt
  1   Brukerprofil    6*Y)4Stikkord A-]       2   Bruker-          *Y*4
  veiledning      7*Y,4Informasjons-                           *Y-
  4leverand|rer A-]   3   Teledatanytt*Y.W    8*Y04Personlig indeks   
  4*Y2H                    *Y34Meldingstjenesten  5   Avslutte        
  9*Y64   ]pningsside *00#                     *Y 4TELEDATA            
  880823-1538*Y74                               NTA01-00a*Y74     *Y74*Y74
  --------------------------------------------------------------------

The character '*' in this example refers to the ESCape character (ASCII 
number 27). ESC is used to tell your computer that what follows is a VT-52 
display command. 

The codes following the ESC say where text is to be printed on your screen 
(from line number x and column number y). 

If your communications program cannot save VT-52 coded text in a readable 
way, you'll need auxiliary programs to remove or convert the codes. Some 
communication programs let you take snapshots of the screen, and store the 
result in a file. This usually gives good results, but it may be a 
cumbersome approach. 

Minitel (in France and the U.S.) belongs to a group of online services 
called videotex (or viewdata). They believe that beautiful color graphics, 
large characters, and menus give them a competitive advantage. 

CompuServe is often called a videotex service because of its emphasis on 
menus. However, most call it 'ASCII videotex' as it is not depending on 
special display formats. Their philosophy is that 'plain text' must be 
used to attract users across hardware platforms. 

The viewdata services use graphical display standards with names like 
CEPT, Captain (Character and Pattern Telephone Access Information Network 
System, in Japan), Telidon (Canada), Minitel, Teletel (France), GIF (the 
Graphics Interchange Format), Viewdata, and NAPLPS (The North American 
Presentation Level Protocol Syntax). 

You often need special terminal machines to use some viewdata services. On 
other services, you must use special software plus an emulator card in your 
computer. 

Many MS-DOS based bulletin boards let you set access defaults to colors and 
graphics. Most of them use ANSI graphics in welcome texts and menus. Users 
must set their programs to ANSI (or ANSI BBS) to take advantage. 

Capture these welcome texts and menus to a file on your hard disk, and view 
them with an editor. They are filled with ANSI escape codes, and thus hard 
to read (and search). The good news is that conference and forum mail only 
rarely contain such codes. 

Many users routinely keep captured online information on their hard disks 
for later reference. If this is your intention, make sure that text is sent 
to you in plain ASCII, or TTY mode. 

    TTY sends one line at a time, and only uses the codes TAB, 
    BackSpace, Carriage Return and LineFeed during the transfer. 
    The rest is 'plain text'. 

Many commercial online services offer TTY format. The notable exception is 
your Internet access provider. On the Internet, text based services are 
often best accessed with VT-100 or equivalent. To see graphics, use a 
graphics windows browser. 

If you want 'TTY' or 'ASCII', and these are not on your online services' 
lists of options, try 'Others' or 'Other computers'. These settings usually 
identify your computer as unable to handle 'standard' colors, sound and 
graphics. 

Viewdata pages may provide "selling pictures," but the screens often have a 
low contents of information compared with TTY-based services. They are not 
my favorite services for news in full-text. 

For other applications, like games and weather maps, colorful graphics are 
a definite advantage. 

Connecting the first time
-------------------------
If you have low cost access to a local Internet provider, or unlimited 
financial resources, go ahead and call up services all over the world. 
Learning by doing is exciting. 

If resources are limited and the service is expensive, start by reading 
user information manual. Go online to capture key menus and help texts. 
Print them out on paper for further study before going online again for a 
'real' visit. 

I always hurry slowly during my first visits to a new commercial online 
service. I call up, quickly capture information about how to use it, and 
disconnect. It may take days to study the material. My goal is to find what 
the service offers to plan how to use it most efficiently. 

The first important command to look up is the logoff command. There is 
nothing more frustrating than to get an error message after submitting BYE. 
If lost, try "quit," "exit," "logoff," "off," "logout," and "G" in the hope 
of finding the correct command. These are the most usual variations. You 
should also try ? or HELP. 

If you really can't figure out how to get off a system, just hang up on it,
but be careful. Some systems will continue to charge for a period after you 
have disconnected by hanging up. 

    Note: If you are using a dialup modem to connect to online
    services, make sure that it is always set to watch the 
    presence of the carrier signal. On my modems, this is set
    by the command: AT &D2. If this feature is not set, then
    you may not get disconnected from the online service until
    the phone line is physically disconnected from your modem!

One of the first things that I do, is set my options to expert status, 
though I am obviously an amateur at this stage. 

Often, I also start automating the process during my first visits. I write 
script files for automatic access and quick navigation to key offerings. 
Another good strategy is to look for automated offline readers or systems 
(see Chapter 16 for details). 

Others prefer paper and pencil. They write a list of required commands on a 
piece of paper, like this: 

    Call 0165
    At CONNECT:                   ENTER @SP ENTER
    At the NUI prompt:            Nxxxxxppppp-a170041
    At Enter 'dix' and <Enter>:   dix
    At -- More --:                ENTER
    At Your name:                 Odd de Presno
    At Password:                  hemmelig
    At What do you want to do:
    - when no unread mail         goodbye
    - when mail to read           ENTER

Put the list by your keyboard before calling the service. Follow it 
carefully. After a while you may remember the procedure, and can throw away 
your notes. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART 2: APPLICATIONS


            "Imagination is more important than knowledge"
                             - Albert Einstein


This part of the book is the core of the matter. We want to give you an 
idea of what is out there. 

The bad news is that the online world has too much. We have been forced to 
make a selection. So, if there are important pointers that you feel have 
been left out, please drop me a line. Maybe it can be included in a future 
release of the book. 

Terms used in this book
While references to offerings with terms like "on CompuServe," and "on 
TWICS" may be easily understood, you may not be used to our terms referring 
to resources on the Internet. These include the following: 

    anonymous ftp
    gopher
    telnet
    RFC, FYI, FAQ
    archie
    WWW
    WAIS 

Do not despair. Explanation is given in appendix 6. You can also search the 
book for additional information.

Throughout the book, we will use the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) format 
when referring to Internet resources. These codes are basically

    method://site.name/filepath

The "method" part tells whether the URL points to a hypertext document 
(http), a gopher menu (gopher), an anonymous ftp host for file transfers 
(ftp), etc.. Examples: 

    * Web addresses
      URL: http://login.eunet.no/~presno/index.html
      This means: "Connect me to the site login.eunet.no, and show 
      me the hypertext ~presno/index.html file." This URL will give 
      you the Online World resources handbook's World Wide Web home 
      page. The tilde character in the directory name "~presno" is 
      a special notation used on Unix systems. 

      read under WWW in Appendix 6 for more, including how to get 
      the text from WWW pages by electronic mail! Also, do not forget 
      to read about Lynx. . . . 

    * Usenet Newsgroups (conferences)
      Newsgroup: news.newusers.questions. If you have a specialized
      Usenet news reader, you may enter this newsgroup's name to get a 
      list of recent discussion items. With Web browsers, you usually
      prefix the name with the code "news:" to tell them that you want
      a given newsgroup. Example: "news:newusers.questions"

      Your application must be set to connect you to an NNTP server
      (see Appendix 6).

      Note: Few NNTP servers carry all available newsgroups, so 
      newusers.questions may not be on yours. To read messages posted 
      to unavailable newsgroups, visit DejaNews (see Chapter 10).

    * Transfer of files
      URL: ftp://ftp.eunet.no/pub/text/online.txt
      This means: "Do anonymous ftp to site ftp.eunet.no, and get 
      the file /pub/text/online.txt."  This URL links to the 
      text version of this handbook. 

      You can also use the contents of this address in other ways, 
      for example, for retrieval by email, or by using Internet's 
      ftp command. Read about 'anonymous FTP' and 'FTP by email' 
      in Chapter 12 and Appendix 6. 
    
    * Gopher information resource
      URL: gopher://login.eunet.no
      This is an Internet Gopher address given in a form that can 
      be used directly by World Wide Web browser programs. You can 
      also use the contents of this address in other ways, for 
      example, for retrieval by email, or by using Internet's 
      gopher command. Read under Gopher in appendix 6 for more.


Chapter 4: Hobby, games and fun
===============================

  * Programs. Online adventure games. The virus threat.
  * Hobbies. Holiday travelling. Collecting stamps or coins.
    Roots, music, and online shopping.

Online services have one thing in common with newspapers, magazines and 
books. What they offer, varies from provider to provider. 

The next chapters will focus on the contents of the offerings. Appendix 1 
has details about how to access the major service providers. 

Small online services often have interesting offerings in specialized 
areas, and especially when they are based on local phenomena or events. 
They tend to be more personal. They often present their 'wares' in a local 
language, and offer very large collections of free software. 

The large online services have hundreds of thousands of users. The activity 
is often high. They usually attract interesting (and competent) 
participants to their conferences and forums, have more programs available 
for download and more news sources and databases to search. In short, they 
generally give you a wider choice. 

We will focus on the large international services. These are available from 
anywhere without too much effort, and using them comes surprisingly cheap. 
Therefore, please remember that this book just covers the top of the 
iceberg. Cheaper services may be found elsewhere, and they may even be 
better tuned to your particular areas of interest. 

Locating game software
----------------------
The fastest, easiest and cheapest method is to call an online service to 
download game programs. There's an overwhelming number of programs for all 
types of microcomputers on BBSes, commercial online services, and in 
Internet archives. 

Many games are free. We call them "Public Domain" or "Freeware" programs. 
Others are distributed free. You do not have to pay to get and try them 
out. If you want to use them, however, the copyright owner expects you to 
pay a fee. We call them "shareware" or "user supported" programs. 

When the game program has been transferred to your personal computer, you 
can play without worries about communications costs, or the busy signal on 
your phone line. 

My favorite game is shareware. The name is Arachnid. It is an MS Windows 
solitaire game (patience) made by SP Services, P.O. Box 456, Southampton, 
SO9 7XG, England. The desired registration fee is UKP 15.00 (English 
pounds). You can download the program from my board as WINCARD.EXE. The 
file is 106 kilobytes large. 

WINCARD.EXE is a special distribution file, which contains three games and 
all supporting files. The EXE extension may fool you into thinking that it 
is a program, and in a way it is. The file is a self-extract file, meaning 
that you just enter "WINCARD" on an MS-DOS computer to extract the game 
files from the "package." 

Games are usually distributed in special distribution files. All files used 
by a game (or several games) are put into one file by special software, and 
compressed in size. This makes retrieval of programs easier and cheaper. 
You do not have to download many related files individually. The transfer 
takes less time. (Read in appendix 3 about how to extract programs from 
distribution files.) 

Asia's possibly largest anonymous ftp archives with games software and 
more are at ftp://NCTUCCCA.edu.tw/. You may also want to search the 
archives of the comp.archives.msdos.announce newsgroup using DejaNews' 
Power Search feature. 

GamesDomain is a central reference point for all things "games-related" on 
the Internet (at http://www.gamesdomain.co.uk/). It also points to 
information about PBMs, MUDs, MUSHes, Interactive games, and similar 
offerings. 

GameWeb (http://thegw.com/) offers a comprehensive gaming search engine 
in addition to a cheats database, reviews, demos, patches, game software, 
tournaments, and links to ranked gaming sites on the Internet. 

If you just have email access to the Internet, read this:

  | Try Archie, a distributed index to all the files available by  |
  | anonymous ftp on the Internet. The Archie database maintains a |
  | list of millions of million files containing over 100 Gigabytes|
  | from hundreds of anonymous FTP archive sites.                  |
  |     You can search the database by email to find where files   |
  | are located. Some Archie systems maintain a list of libraries  |
  | all over the world, while others concentrate on a more limited |
  | geographical area.                                             |
  |     Once Archie has told you where desired programs and files  |
  | are located, you can retrieve them by telnet, anonymous FTP,   |
  | FTPmail, and WWW. Read "File transfers through the Internet"   |
  | in chapter 12 for details, and Appendix 6 about how to use     |
  | Archie.                                                        |
  |                                                                |
  | Getting programs by email is a three-step process:             |
  |                                                                |
  | [1] Use Archie to find file names and where they are stored,   |
  | [2] Send a message to an FTPmail server to have them           |
  |     retrieved and forwarded to you by email, and               |
  | [3] Use a utility program to convert the file to a useful      |
  |     format. (See "Binary files transferred as text codes"      |
  |     in Chapter 12.)                                            |

Chances are that online services in your area also have many programs to 
offer. Most free bulletin boards have more software than you'll ever get 
around to try. 

Usually, there is a natural specialization between boards. Those using the 
Unix operating system, have the largest number of programs for such 
machines. Those running on MS-DOS computers, have more programs for such 
computers. 

Some games are trite and bad. Others are brilliant. There are ladder games, 
racer car driving, flight control, war, subsea games, electronic versions 
of traditional games like Backgammon, Yatzy, chess and bridge, educational 
games for geography, mathematics and history, puzzles, fractal programs 
that draw beautiful pictures on your screen, psychological tests, text-
based adventure games, and more. There is something for everybody. 

If you want to get rich in a hurry, go for programs that increase your 
chances of winning horse race bets, or other "real world" money winning 
games. 

If you are into beautiful girls, fill your hard disk with picture files in 
GIF, PCX or other graphics formats. (Sorry ladies, there are not many 
pictures of naked boys around.) There is an abundance of shareware 
programs that will display the pictures on your computer screen. 

Keen users of the more popular games often want to swap tricks and discuss 
experiences: Players of SNES, Nintendo, Gameboy, Nintendo 64, and the 
Virtual Boy regularly meet on the SNES-L mailing list. For information,
check http://www.io.com/~averyc/snes-l-rules.html.

Have you heard about the Internet Go Server? This is where you can play Wei 
Qi online, an Ancient Chinese game. Try: telnet://igs.nuri.net:6969/

The ancient Chinese I-Ching can hardly be called a game. People use it to 
tell their fortunes. Explore the power of prophecy and how it can affect 
you. Concentrate on a problem or question facing you now. When you have it 
well visualized, select http://www.facade.com/Occult/iching/ to get your 
reading. 

Usenet excels when it comes to games. Here are some newsgroups: 

  rec.games.board         Discussion and hints on board games.
  rec.games.board.ce      The Cosmic Encounter board game.
  rec.games.design        Discussion of game design related issues.
  rec.games.empire        Discussion and hints about Empire.
  rec.games.go            Discussion about Go.
  rec.games.misc          Games and computer games.
  rec.games.pbm           Discussion about Play by Mail games.
  rec.games.pinball       Discussing pinball-related issues.
  rec.games.programmer    Discussion of adventure game programming.
  rec.games.trivia        Discussion about trivia.
  rec.games.video.arcade  Discussions about coin-operated video games.

With so much going on, it is difficult to stay current on new programs and 
new versions of old ones. For announcements, check out the Usenet newsgroup 
called comp.archives.msdos.announce. 

  | It is probably easier for you to relate to references like     |
  | "rec.games.video on Usenet," than to TOW@LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU.   |
  | References to mailing lists are made in various ways throughout|
  | the book, as is the case online. This is the basic rule:       |
  |                                                                |
  | On the Internet, mailing lists are 'managed' by programs called|
  | LISTSERV, Majordomo, Listproc, etc. These programs handle      |
  | subscription requests, requests for files, and more. When you  | 
  | see a reference like TOW@LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU, then this means   |
  | that you MUST send your subscription request to one such       |
  | program at the LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU site. Mail to the TOW forum, |
  | however, must be sent to the address TOW@LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU    |
  | to be forwarded to the other members. (TOW is this handbook's  |
  | support forum.)                                                |
  |                                                                |
  | In this book, we typically provide references to these forums  |
  | in the following way:                                          |
  |                                                                |
  |   The TOW mailing list (on listserv@listserv.nodak.edu).       |
  |   The SWONDER mailing list (on majordomo@darkwing.uoregon.edu).| 
  |                                                                |
  | The subscription/signoff addresses are given in parenthesis,   |
  | and the forum's name is typically given as upper case text.    |
  |                                                                |
  | You may also find it useful to read about email addresses in   |
  | Chapter 7, and about LISTSERV in appendix 6.                   |

Computer viruses
----------------
Few online users ever live to see or experience a computer virus, but they 
do exist. So, read this: 

A virus is a small, hidden computer program that can cause the loss or 
alteration of programs or data, and can  compromise their confidentiality. 
It can spread from program to program, and from system to system, without 
direct human intervention.                                                           

The chance of your computer being infected is small, but you are never safe. 
Therefore, download a program for virus detection and identification, like 
VirusScan from McAfee Associates (http://www.mcafee.com). They also have 
virus disinfection programs. 

For background on viruses, start by checking The AntiViral Toolkit Pro 
Virus Encyclopedia (AVPVE) at http://www.avp.ch/avpve/. 

Consider joining the VIRUS-L mailing list. Send the command INFORMATION 
VIRUS-L to listproc@Lehigh.edu to find out how to subscribe. Usenet has
comp.virus, alt.comp.virus, and more.

Did I say listproc@Lehigh.edu? Yes, this is an Internet email address. We 
will talk more about addressing email in Chapter 7. For now, let us 
concentrate on what's out there. 

CompuServe has the Mac New Users Forum (with a Virus Clinic section), the 
McAfee Virus Help Forum, the Symantec AntiVirus Forum, and more. FidoNet 
has a VIRUS echo. ILINK has VIRUS-I. Usenet has comp.virus . 

The good news is that most large providers of computer programs now have 
sophisticated virus scanning programs integrated into their services. 

Chess
-----
First, familiarize yourself with the Chess Frequently Asked Questions files 
at http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/games/chess/. 

CHESS-L, the Chess Discussion List is at listserv@nic.surfnet.nl. 

  | On LISTSERV mailing lists, you subscribe by using the command |
  | "SUB <mailing-list-name> Your-full-name" in the body of your  |
  | email. Replace "Your-full-name" with your real name.          |

To play or watch real-time chess with human opponents, try the Internet 
Chess Club at http://www.chessclub.com. Here, you can play 24 hours a day 
with people from all over the world. Blitz chess and slow chess. Get 
ratings, watch games, make friends, play in tournaments, study games with 
people, search their database of Grandmaster games. Scheduled visits from 
internationally famous Grandmasters. Guest visitors can play unrated games, 
or watch others play, for free. 

Also, check out http://www.brokersys.com/~kcyong/ for links to Xiangqi, 
Weiqi (GO), and Taijiquan. 

Play Chinese Chess on

        telnet://128.103.28.15:5555/

CompuServe has a Chess forum (GO CHESSFORUM) with message sections called: 
Chess Basics, Theory & Analysis, News Wire, Hardware/Software, Casual 
Games, Electronic Knights, Oriental/Variants, Tourneys (Open), USCF Rated 
Games, Team Play, and Time Out. 

Bridge
------
The game of bridge is one of the world's most fascinating card games, with 
the same rules all over the world. For good starting points, link to 
http://www.okbridge.com. If you don't mind paying a membership fee, check 
out BPlive at: http://www.bridgeplayer.com/

Usenet has the rec.games.bridge newsgroup. 

Agreeing on a time for your meeting
-----------------------------------
Interactive games, like bridge and chess, chat, and use of Internet phone 
technology, often lead to the inevitable question: "When should we meet?"

If your partners live in your country, a quick "Let's meet at 20:00!" may 
be enough. It may not be that easy if they live elsewhere. Terms like "My 
time" or "Your time" are often misinterpreted because of differences in 
local daylight savings times (also called "summer time"). 

The solution is to use a time that does not change by season and location. 
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is one such number. It has long been used as a 
basis for standard time around the world, and is also called Zulu time and 
World Time. Normally expressed in 24-hour time. 

There are many services that provide the time right now expressed in GMT.
My favorite is at: http://www.kidlink.org/cgi-bin/gmt. You'll find the
real thing at http://www.greenwich2000.com/time.htm.

Now, just say: "Let's meet at 20:00 GMT." Connect to the Web address above
to find out what this means. If your local time right now is 14:00, and GMT 
is 13:00, then you have a meeting set for 21:00 your time.

Other online games
------------------
Why not investigate online adventure games? There are many alternatives. 
On the World Wide Web, Nintendo is at

    http://www.nintendo.com

Among the offerings is a "chat room." Here, online gamers can talk with 
other gamers, Nintendo's Game Play Counselors, invited guest speakers, and 
video game celebrities. 

Bulletin boards throughout the world invite to role playing games. Some 
have graphics, music and sound effects. Dungeons & Dragons is a popular 
choice. 

On Exec-PC, play Startrek. Select an identity and "play it out" according 
to its character. If a real aficionado, check out rec.arts.startrek.info on 
Usenet. 

STARGAME hosts several roleplaying game and discussion lists. For 
information of available lists, send an email message containing the 
command "lists" to Majordomo@stargame.org. 

MUD is also a popular game. 

  | Multi-User Dungeons (MUD) is a structured and user-modifiable |
  | online environment. It allows users not only to interact      |
  | with each other, but to do role-playing, build and furnish    |
  | living areas and interaction areas, extend and create the     |
  | interactive "space," and make rules for using that space.     |
  |                                                               |
  | As programmers create new types of MUDs, new names appear.    |
  | These include TinyMud, DUM, MOO, MUCK, MUG, and many others.  |
  |                                                               |
  | For information, including addresses to places where you can  |
  | try them out, consult the Frequently Asked Questions files at |
  | http://mailserv.cc.kuleuven.ac.be/faq/faq.html. Perform a     |
  | keyword search for "mud."                                     |
  |                                                               |
  | Then, check out http://www.godlike.com/muds/                  |

Popular choices on CompuServe are strategy games like The Island of Kesmai 
and Megawars. One game can last for weeks at a time. On CIX (England), many 
prefer the multi-user dungeon game DiscWorld. 

If you prefer sport fantasies in the armchair, try Sierra's multiplayer 
Football Online on WorldPlay Entertainment. They also have over 40 
multiplayer games and hundreds of chat rooms, bulletin boards and 
tournaments. (http://www.inngames.com/home.html). 

Nintendo offers online games through the Famicom Networks in Japan and the 
U.S. Your PC must have a special graphics card to play games like GO and 
Shogi, a Japanese game of chess. 

Chat
----
Chat, or "keyboard talking," is a popular attraction, and in particular on 
the large online services. 

Your first attempt will probably be a strange experience. Your monitor 
will look like an unfolding screenplay, with you speaking one of the 
several parts. 

When many people talk simultaneously in chat, incoherent sentences seem to 
fly over your computer screen. It takes some training to be able to read 
what each of them is saying. 

CompuServe's Citizen Band Simulator (GO CB) is an electronic version of the 
hams' short-wave radio. It has 72 CB Simulator channels. You can chat with 
anonymous members, have fun and find new keypals. 

Some users are serious about chatting. Several large companies are heavy 
users, and it also has educational applications. Although this kind of 
talking is a slow process, it has advantages. It is easy to document the 
discussion. People from places geographically far apart can meet and talk 
at a low cost. 

Some online services charge less for chats than for other services. 

Jokes
-----
The India Humor, Jokes & Fun Site (http://www.rajiv.org/ii/index.html)
is filled with jokes, cartoons, funny facts. For South African humour, 
jokes and fun, visit the za.humour newsgroup. 

For the occasional joke, visit these two Web sites: The Barking Spider
(at http://www.winn.com/pwinn/humor/), and The Biggest List of Humor 
Sites On the Web (at http://www.bigron.com/). The latter offered the 
following "favorite" quote: "I want to die in my sleep peacefully like my 
grandfather, not screaming and in terror like his passengers." 

Finally, lean back and enjoy HUMOR (on listserv@uga.cc.uga.edu). It 
distributes humor of all types, topics and tastes.  

My hobby
--------
There are online forums for most hobbies: collection of stamps and coins, 
genealogy, music, holiday travels, skiing, purchase of consumer 
electronics, video, filming, and more. 

The people you meet in these "clubs" share your interests. They come there 
to exchange information and experiences, to listen, swap stamps or coins, 
participate in club auctions, and exploit favorable group discounts when 
buying things for their hobby. 

The main attraction is the open messages that people write to each other. 
Many clubs also have libraries filled with special software, like database 
programs for collectors, and information files. 

The STAMPS mailing list (on listserv@psuvm.psu.edu) is for people who 
love philately.

The SKI-L mailing list on listproc@yukon.cren.org is about all topics 
on skiing except water skiing.  Topics may include alpine and/or Nordic 
skiing, competitions, etc. The GoSKI Network World Resort Database (at
http://www.goski.com) lists over 1,500 mountain resorts, with skier and 
snowboarder reviews, facts, contact information, and snow conditions. It 
said this about Hemsedal in Norway (1996): 

   Hemsedal, Norway
   240 km northwest of Oslo (about 4 hours by train/bus). [IMAGE]

  Vertical Drop: 800m/2,624'
  Lifts:         15 (5 chairs, 10 surface)
  Trails:        30
  Marked Runs:   40 km

  Cross Country: 90 km groomed

  Snow Conditions: 32 06 22 55
  Tourist Office:  32 06 01 56

Music
-----
Sony (Japan) has launched an Internet-based service providing data from its 
music, movie and electronic publishing companies. Here, users can retrieve 
or watch music video clips, and hear brief sound samples from current and 
upcoming projects. Sony Online is at the Web address: http://www.sony.com. 

If you prefer classical music, and have a sound card in your computer, 
point your Internet browser at The WebMuseum Auditorium:

    http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/wm/snd/

Offerings include Johan Sebastian Bach's "Toccata and Fugue in d Minor,"  
Johann Strauss's "Le beau Danube bleu," and Beethoven's "Hymne a la joie."

The LUDWIG mailing list (on listserv@maelstrom.stjohns.edu) is about the 
life and musical compositions of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven. 
The CLASSM-L mailing list is on listserv@brownvm.brown.edu. 

Medieval & Renaissance Music is available from mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk. To 
subscribe, send "join MED-AND-REN-MUSIC [your name]". For Middle-Eastern 
Music, send to middle-eastern-music-request@nic.funet.fi . 

Mail the command "Subscribe UNDERCOVER" to majordomo@pobox.com to join 
the Rolling Stones mailing list. The http://www.stonesworld.com Web page 
pays tribute to the Stones in other ways. Frank Sinatra is on the SINATRA 
mailing list on listserv@vm.temple.edu, and his fan club on the following 
Web address: http://www.sinatraclub.com. The Michael Jackson Internet Fan 
Club is at http://fred.net/mjj/. 

For jazz, try the ILINK conference JAZZ, rec.music.bluenote on Usenet, 
MILES on listserv@hearn.nic.surfnet.nl (about Miles Davis), or BLUES-L at 
listserv@brownvm.brown.edu and the bit.listserv.blues-l newsgroup. On 
another jazz oriented list, SATURN (on listserv@hearn.nic.surfnet.nl), 
they discuss Sun Ra, the free-jazz big band leader.

Visit http://itchy.faa.uiuc.edu/22.html for information about the Elton 
John mailing list. Genesis is at (paperlate-request@atom.ansto.gov.au). 

There's an U2 (Wire) mailing list. For further information, check the FAQ 
at http://www.gartholamew.com/MailingLists/u2-list/.

For an overview of music oriented mailing lists, check up the music 
selection at http://www.liszt.com/.

If interested in New Zealand bands, send the command INFO NZPOP-L to
listserv@mitvma.mit.edu. 

Try http://www.gartholamew.com/MailingLists/hey-joe/ for information 
about the "HEY-JOE" list for fans of Jimi Hendrix and his music. If Bruce 
Springsteen is your choice, check http://www.mcs.net/~kvk/luckytown.html. 

A comprehensive Beatles page is at http://www.sonic.net/~custom/beat.html. 
Usenet has rec.music.beatles. HWY61-L is the Bob Dylan discussion list 
(on listserv@listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu). SWONDER focuses on Stevie Wonder 
(on majordomo@darkwing.uoregon.edu). 

Write to brass-request@gly.fsu.edu to join a discussion on brass band 
music. It is for brass musicians in any sort of group (orchestra, wind 
band, quintet, jazz, etc). See http://www.smsltd.demon.co.uk/ for The 
Brass Band WWW Page. 

"J-Pop" (jpop-request@wystan.bsd.uchicago.edu) has discussions about 
Japanese pop/rock of today. 

Brian Beuchaw invites to the RMUSIC mailing list using these words: 

   Rmusic is a general music discussion list - we talk about *any* kind of 
   music here (from Broadway shows to classical to industrial to 
   electronica to EZ listening and beyond).  Rmusic is short for ouRmusic 
   (we're kinda like a family around here, which is why it's *our* music).  
   The only rule we've really got is no flames - differences of opinions 
   are fine, but no flame wars, please. 

Join by sending "Subscribe RMUSIC" to majordomo@lists.enteract.com 

You want to buy music, preferably at a low price. CDnow! has over 140,000 
CDs, cassettes and videos at discount prices (1995), accepts credit card 
payments, and ships around the world. Web site: http://www.cdnow.com/

Search for artist name, like "Bjork" to order this Icelandic artist's 
"Debut" CD, or "Venus as a boy," and charge it to your credit card. My wife 
wanted classical music by Albinoni, Vivaldi, and Pachelbel played by the 
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

By the way, Bjork is at http://www.bjork.co.uk/bjork/.

Tablature/chords for guitar is available from several archives. To find the 
Online Guitar Archive (OLGA), check the newsgroups alt.guitar.tab, or 
rec.music.makers.guitar.tablature for a list of archive locations. 

There are several Lyric/Music Servers. Here's one:

    http://www.leeds.ac.uk/music/Menu/mus_archs.html

If you're into Chinese music, check out the Web address:

    http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/multimedia/chinese-music/

Choose between Model Beijing Opera, Ceremonial songs and music, Songs 
during the "Cultural Revolution" (mostly for Mao), Dream Of Red Mansion, 
Folk songs and local opera, Historical Voices, Pop songs after the down-
fall of "Gang Of Four," Post Liberation, Pre Liberation, Current Hits, 
Chinese traditional music (various instrumental). Also included are some 
music from Taiwan and the Hong Kong area. 

Usenet has 

    rec.music.country.western 
    rec.music.indian.misc 
    alt.music.ebm 
    alt.music.enya 
    alt.punk 
    alt.rap 
    alt.rave 
    alt.rock-n-roll.hard 
    alt.rock-n-roll.metal 

and over forty other music groups. 

FidoNet has 60S_70S_PROGROCK "about the progressive rock music of the 60's 
and 70's," gospel music (in CHR_GSPL_MUSIC), a club for selling and buying 
between musicians (MUSICIAN'S_SERVICES), and the MUSIC_COMP_101 echo for 
aspiring composers. 

CompuServe's Coin/Stamp/Collectibles Forum has sections for collectors of 
stamps and covers, coins and currency, sports cards, books and media, 
autographs, sports memorabilia, music, dolls and figurines, and more. 

CompuServe's RockNet forum has this structure: 

       Available message sections:      Available file libraries: 
        0 General/Misc.                    0 General Misc
        1 Rock Music                       1 Rock Music
        2 Rock Radio                       2 Rock Radio
        3 Reviews/LK                       3 Reviews   
        4 Q&A/Help                         4 Q&A/Help
        5 Rock Film & Video                5 Rock Film & Video
        6 RockLetters                      6 RockLetters
        7 Trends                           7 Trends
        8 Heavy Metal                      8 Heavy Metal
        9 Old Wave                         9 Old Wave
       10 New Music                       10 New Music
       11 CD Hotline                      11 Compact Discs
       12 Green, Village                  12 Graphics/Programs

You can tailor your RockNet visits to your personal interests. If you are 
into Heavy Metal, limit your readings of messages to those in section 8, 
and possibly 3 and 7. 

The Music and Performing Arts Forum (GO MUSICARTS) is another interesting 
place on CompuServe. Converse with fellow music fans about on topics like 
classical, jazz/blues, Big Band, country/folk and religious music, ballet, 
dance, drama and more. 

Pets
----
DOM_BIRD (on listserv@plearn.edu.pl) is a discussion list for owners, 
breeders and farmers of domesticated birds.  Topics include anything from 
the nutritional requirements, to the shows and events held for displaying 
the many variety of fancy breeds of domesticated birds.  If you wish to 
discuss equipment used for incubating eggs, the veterinary care and 
management of adults or chicks, or find the best way to handle any aspect 
of domesticated bird ownership, you can be expected to be welcome. 

Usenet has:

  rec.pets                Pets, pet care, and household animals in general.
  rec.pets.birds          The culture and care of indoor birds.
  rec.pets.cats           Discussion about domestic cats.
  rec.pets.herp           Reptiles, amphibians and other exotic vivarium pets.
  alt.pets.rabbits        Coneys abound. See also alt.fan.john-palmer.
  alt.pets.hamsters       Pretty popular rodent pets

  alt.aquaria             Fish and Aquarium discussion
  alt.aquaria.killies     Killifish, members of family cyprinodontidae
  sci.aquaria             Scientifically-oriented postings about aquaria

  rec.pets.dogs           Any and all subjects relating to dogs as pets.
  rec.pets.dogs.activities    Dog events: showing, obedience, agility
  rec.pets.dogs.behavior  Behaviors and problems: housetraining, chewing
  rec.pets.dogs.breeds    Breed specific -- breed traits, finding breeders
  rec.pets.dogs.health    Info about health problems & how to care for dogs
  rec.pets.dogs.info      General information and FAQs posted here
  rec.pets.dogs.misc      All other topics, chat, humor,
  rec.pets.dogs.rescue    Information about breed rescue, placing and 
                          adopting
 
Frequently Asked Questions information about dogs is on the Web at 
http://www.zmall.com/pet_talk/dog-faqs/. The Dog Information page (at 
http://www.woofs.org/) also has interesting information. 

The CANINE-L mailing list (on listserv@psuvm.psu.edu) covers a wide 
variety of dog-related topics. The FELINE-L mailing list is for people who 
have cats as companions in their lives (on listserv@psuvm.psu.edu), while 
the Cat Fanciers Home Page at http://www.fanciers.com has a plethora of 
frequently asked questions about all issues cat-related. 
 
CompuServe has the Pets/Animal Forum (GO PETS) with message sections like 
Dogs' World, Cat's Meow, Caged Birds, Reptiles/Exotic, Ask-A-Vet, Horse 
Keeping, Cat Breeders World, The Support Group, Small Mammals, Horse 
Training, Livestock, and a bulky archive with information files. 

For more on pets, try Pets World (http://info-s.com/pets.html). It has 
hundreds of interesting pet related links. 


Wine and food
-------------
Some people prefer to fill the stomach rather than their ears. If this 
sounds right, what about some French culinary art? Visit chef Paul Bocuse 
at the Lyon Life Gastronomy page. Learn how to make Truffles Soup Ilysie, 
and read Paul's wise words about cooking:

   "Memory and hunger are the main ingredients of cooking. I still think
   to the roast calf that my grand mother used to make. I still see her
   digging a small well in the mashed potatoes to pour the sauce whose
   inimitable taste still makes me salivate. Cooking is the dish that
   one places on the table, which steams, which smells good, which one 
   serves twice. There is only one cooking, the good one."

The Web address http://www.ec-lyon.fr/tourisme/Rhone-Alpes/Cuisine/ may 
be hard to remember, but not so with the taste of Paul's truffle soup! 

The EAT-L mailing list (listserv@listserv.vt.edu) is a club for 
FoodLore/Recipe Exchange. You'll find an abundance of recipes in this file 
archive: 

    ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/recipes/

If your interest is more academic, subscribe to FOODWINE (on 
listserv@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu) - "For those seriously interested in the 
academic study of food and its accompaniments in the 1990's, including a 
variety of disciplines, such as marketing, communications, hospitality, 
consumer affairs, hotel and catering management." 

OZWINE is for the discussion of Australian and New Zealand wines. To 
subscribe, send "subscribe" in the body of your email letter to 
ozwine-request@gospel.iinet.net.au.

See http://www.cs.wits.ac.za/faq/wine/WineFAQ.html for South African 
wines, http://vino.eunet.es/vino/index.html for Spanish wines, and
http://www.vinonet.com for German wines. The World Wine Web and The Wine 
Encyclopedia (http://www.winevin.com/) has French and English language 
details about vineyards, viticulture, winemaking and aging by producer and 
vintage. 

Usenet has rec.food.cooking, rec.food.recipes, rec.food.restaurants, 
rec.food.drink, and rec.food.veg for vegetarians. For links to European 
recipes, try http://www.goodcooking.com/euro.htm.

Call CompuServe for the Cooks Online forum (for gourmets), and the Wine 
and Beer Forum (for their throats). The latter even has its own "smoking" 
section, called "Cigars/Pipes." 

On FidoNet, pursue INTERCOOK for words of wisdom on International Cooking. 
On ILINK and RelayNet, join CUISINE. That is where we found the following 
recipe for Mexican Meatloaf: 

        2 lb Ground Beef
        1 ea Bell Pepper, Diced
   10 1/2 oz Cream Chicken Soup
       10 oz Cheddar Cheese
        4 oz Green Chilies, Diced
        1 ea Onion, Chopped
        8 oz Taco Sauce
        1 pk Tortillas
        4 oz Mushrooms (fresh optional)
        2 ea Jalapen's (to taste)

  1. Brown ground beef and drain.
  2. Mix onions, green peppers, mushrooms, green CHILIES, taco 
     sauce, jalapen's and cream chicken soup into skillet with 
     ground beef. 
  3. Simmer until vegetables are soft.
  4. Shred cheddar cheese.
  5. In crock pot or dish, layer meat mixture, cheese, and 
     tortillas; heat until cheese melts.

Bon apetit!

Outdoor life
------------
As usual, Usenet has a lot. These are some examples: 

  rec.backcountry     Activities in the Great Outdoors.
  rec.birds           Hobbyists interested in bird watching.
  rec.boats           Hobbyists interested in boating.
  rec.boats.paddle    Talk about any boats with oars, paddles, etc.
  rec.climbing        Climbing techniques, competition 
                      announcements, etc.

Scouts participate in SCOUTER on FidoNet (International SCOUTING 
Conference) and SCOUTS-L (listserv@tcubvm.is.tcu.edu). Golfers meet in 
GOLF-L (on listserv@listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu). 

Photo enthusiasts may want to start with PhotoNet's Web page, at 
http://www.photonpub.co.uk/photon/photonet/netindex.html. Then, track 
down PHOTO-L. To join the discussion, send your subscription request to 
listproc@csuohio.edu (Command: Sub PHOTO-L Your-Full-Name). 

If you're into 3-d (stereo) photography and closely allied subjects, enroll
in the PHOTO-3D mailing list. Here, they define 3D as the presentation of
separate and different single images for the left and right eyes. (Write to
listserv@bobcat.etsu.edu to subscribe.)

There are clubs for all popular outdoor hobbies.


    | "Contact 3d-request@bfmny0.bfm.com" above means that you must |
    | write a message to this Internet email address with a         |
    | subscription request, or to receive further information       |
    | about how to join. This mailing list does not have automatic  |
    | subscriptions.                                                |

CompuServe's Great Outdoors SIG is for those preferring nature for the 
computer screen. Its sections are called: 

  General/Photography, Scouting, Power Boating, TROUT UNLIMITED, 
  Fishing, Hunting, Cycling, AUDUBON/Birding, Canoe/Kayak/Raft, 
  Camp/Hike/Walk/RV, Snow Sports/Climb, OWAA, CIS/Computers, 
  Firearms, NRA, Environmnt/Wildlife, OUTDOOR LIFE mag. 

If you dream of visiting Alaska to hunt, fish and explore the wilderness by 
canoe, then this is the place. Add the Outdoor Cooking section of the Cooks 
Online Forum to make it perfect. 

CompuServe has a Photography Forum, and its SCUBA Forum has a section for 
underwater photography. There is "Photography" on Exec-PC and The Well, 
PHOTO on RelayNet, and PHOTOSIG on ILINK.

Scandinavian bulletin boards on the MIX network exchange the "JAKT_FRILUFT" 
conference. ILINK offers OUTDOORS, which focuses on outdoor hobbies. 

Roots
-----
Tracing family history used to be difficult. In the days before personal 
computers and data networking, performing the necessary record research in 
far-flung libraries, courthouses and cemeteries could take a lifetime. 
Sometimes logistical barriers prevented the proper research from ever being 
carried out. 

With data networking capabilities, researchers can exchange information, 
tips and family records. Now, a genealogy buff in Toronto or Wien can ask a 
favor of a comrade in Buenos Aires or Sidney to look up a record or two, 
check out a graveyard or provide some missing bit of information about 
local history and family names. Sometimes these networking hobbyists even
discover that they are related! 

ROOTS-L (Roots-L-request@Rootsweb.com), and the many Usenet newsgroups in 
the soc.genealogy hierarchy (like soc.genealogy.misc for starters), are 
all about genealogy. Here, you will get tips about tools and techniques. 
You can exchange information about ancestors, and find new friends and 
partners for joint research, and learn about genealogical Web sites. 

On the World Wide Web, start with the following genealogy links: 

     http://www.genhomepage.com/                 (World-Wide resources)
     http://pibweb.it.nwu.edu/~pib/genealo.htm
     http://www.ucr.edu/h-gig/hist-preservation/genea.html
     http://www.sn.no/disnorge/whoarewe.htm      (Scandinavian resources)

CompuServe has The Genealogy Forum. One message section is called Overseas 
Ancestry. Remember to check out the Family History Library, a newsletter 
bringing news from the library for genealogical research in Salt Lake City, 
U.S.A. (stored in Library 10.) 

Him and Her
-----------
Members of the female sex have their favorite meeting places. Usenet has 
alt.feminism and soc.feminism. Those with limited access to Usenet, may 
subscribe to "feminism-digest." Send email to 

   feminism-digest@ncar.ucar.edu

to get on the mailing list. 

The LIBFEM mailing list (on majordomo@ifi.uio.no) describes its purpose 
as follows: 

   LIBFEM (liberty & feminism): The mailing list for Liberty and
   Feminism; individualist feminists -- feminism based on an
   individual rights approach to feminist issues, supporting
   liberty, diversity and social cooperation.

   The focus of LIBFEM is the classical liberty and individual
   rights perspective as applied to feminist issues, such as
   issues about ideology, politics, culture, gender, etc., to
   create a network for information, discourse, cooperation, 
   encouragement and consciousness raising.  There has always 
   been an element of individualism in the various women and 
   feminist movements, although this element seems to have been 
   somewhat neglected in recent movements.

For more about the list's purpose, send the command INFO LIBFEM to the 
Majordomo address as given above.

There is also the FEMISA list on listproc@csf.colorado.edu, and remember 
to check out this Web site: http://www.igc.org/women/feminist.html 

Bisexuals have "Sappho". See http://www.sappho.org/pub/sappho/ about how 
to join. Then, there are also BIFEM-L (on listserv@brownvm.brown.edu), 
BISEXU-L (on listserv@brownvm.brown.edu), and others. 

Spanish speaking users can subscribe to ARENAL (Lista de discussion para 
hispanos/as que desean acabar con la homofobia). Subscribe by email to 
listserv@mx.gw.com

Usenet has lots of it: soc.motss, alt.politics.homosexuality, 
alt.sex, alt.sex.bondage, alt.sex.pictures.d, alt.sex.motss, and 
alt.sex.pictures. 

Conferences called "SEXUALITY" are alive on FidoNet and The Well. 
CompuServe has a Human Sexuality Adult Forum and a Human Sexuality Open 
Forum. STOPRAPE (on listserv@brownvm.brown.edu) is a Sexual Assault 
Activist List. 

Finally, there are many pictures of nudes in all possible and impossible 
positions. Most of them are childish, some are decidedly pornographic, a 
few are beautiful and erotic. Penthouse Magazine is at the Web address 
http://www.penthousemag.com/, while Playboy Magazine is at 
http://www.playboy.com/. 

The online services' policies vary about what kind of pictures and picture 
programs to make available. The larger the service, the more conservative 
they tend to be. 

Other hobbies
The Popular Mechanics magazine (USA) has a great Web site at

    http://popularmechanics.com/

Programs for hobbyists
----------------------
It is no rule that a service need to have a conference about a hobby, to 
have interesting programs available for downloading. Programs float around 
from service to service much easier than conference items. Still, the best 
programs for a given hobby are normally found on services where hobbyists 
meet to discuss. 

You will find: 

    Chess and bridge programs,
    Morse code training programs for ham amateurs,
    Astrology programs,
    Database systems for keeping track of music cassettes or
      records, video cassettes, books, stamps, coins, etc.
    Information systems for wine lovers,
    Recipe programs (tell me what you've got, and I'll tell
      you what you can make), and much more.

On the Internet, search the Virtual Shareware Library for things of 
interest (see Chapter 10). 

Online shopping
---------------
You can buy almost anything online: video cameras, books, music, Bonsai 
plants, golf equipment, canned cakes from Gimmee Jimmy's Cookies, Levi's 
trousers, a four-door Nissan Pathfinder SE-V6 car, air tickets for Mexico, 
and computer equipment (see "Buying computers and stuff" in Chapter 5). 

Shoppers who let their modem do the "walking" are already a few steps ahead 
of people still stuck shopping the old-fashioned way. Experienced online 
shoppers know that you can tap a world of stores without ever leaving your 
keyboard, and that you can browse and buy with very little effort. 

Some services present their wares "for your information only." It is like 
reading newspaper ads. You must contact the seller to buy. Other services 
have large online supermarkets with many stores, and you can by while you 
visit. 

On the World Wide Web, there's a directory of links to U.S. Shopping Mall 
Retailers at http://www.ecola.com/ez/retail.htm. 

For cars, the BMW-DIGEST list (on majordomo@lists.balltown.cma.com) is 
for lovers of BMW autos. Send the command GET BMW-DIGEST README to the same 
address for information.

There's also an ITALIAN-CARS list (italian-cars-request@sol.crd.ge.com), 
and a BRITISH-CARS list (subscribe by email to majordomo@autox.team.net. 
Add an extra line containing the command "list" to learn what other car 
related mailing lists exist on this server). 

If you're into Skoda cars, visit their Czech Republic Web site (at
http://www.skoda-auto.cz/). 

Beginners, gurus, mechanics and non-mechanics, restorers and daily drivers 
are welcomed. The discussion is about how-to stuff, parts availability, 
mechanical questions, show dates, swap meets, club addresses, favorite 
stories, etc. To subscribe, send a message to robert@whiplash.er.usgs.gov. 

Alfa Romeo (Italy) is at http://www.alfaromeo.com/. Roadsters Muscle Cars 
are at http://www.roadsters.com/muscle.html. Finally, PartsVoice lets
you find auto parts online (at http://www.partsvoice.com/). 

Planning your vacation
----------------------
So get ready for your vacation. The more planning, the more fun and value.  
A simple equation. 

Normally, your first step will be to select a destination, be it next door, 
or in a remote country. You may want to start with an idea about how far 
your money can take you. 

City.Net (at http://www.city.net) combines the features of an atlas, 
gazetteer, and almanac. It offers general information, tourist guides, and 
pictures for thousands of places. Select a region, country, or search for a 
desired city to get information. Comprehensive!

Lonely Planet online (http://www.lonelyplanet.com.au/) is another 
favorite.

UNESCO's World Heritage list (http://www.unesco.org/whc/) contains 
special cultural and natural historic sites around the world worth 
visiting. For links to Virtual Museums around the world, check this British 
resource: http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/world.html.

SETII - The Search Engine for Travel Information on the Internet - is at
http://www.setii.com/. Help you find information on hotels, bed and 
breakfasts, vacation rentals, timeshares, camping, airlines, airport 
information, car rentals, cruises, recreation vehicles, motorcoaches, 
trains, tour operators, and anything else travel related. 

"Hotel Anywhere!, The Internet Travel Grid Home Page" offers a directory 
of thousands of travel related Web sites from over 200 countries, 3500 
locations.  Includes accommodations, airlines, local information, skiing, 
golf, cruise lines, travel agents, Usenet groups, and anything else travel 
related. At http://www.hotelanywhere.com/.

There's another nice travel site at http://www.ypn.com/travel/. It covers 
FTP and telnet sites, mailing lists, America Online, Compuserve, and more 
with links to anything ranging from Amusement Parks, Bizarre Tours, 
Casinos, Gambling and Outdoors to Cruises, Fishing, Golf, Honeymoon, Scuba 
and Skiing. Surfing by country is possible.

If you're looking for links to city night life around the world, try
http://www.sftoday.com/enn2/nitelife.htm. 

On America Online, you can research National Geographic and National 
Geographic Traveler Magazines online. You can look up your destination in 
the electronic Compton's Encyclopedia. 

Brainwave for NewsNet has searchable newsletters focusing on the 
conditions in particular countries or parts of the world (news, travel and 
political risk analysis, political stability, etc.). 

You must check out the Rec.Travel Library, maybe the most comprehensive 
travel and tourism information source on the Internet. They try to maintain 
specific information on destinations around the world, as well as general 
travel tips. The library is at http://www.solutions.net/rec-travel// 

The U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT TRAVEL INFORMATION texts are also interesting.
Their Web site also offers maps and flags: 

   http://travel.state.gov/travel_warnings.html

Their December 16, 1994 bulletin for travellers to Nigeria said:

 "The onset of the holiday season and the continuation of bad economic
 conditions in Nigeria increase the incidence of automobile checkpoints by
 persons wearing police or military uniforms.  Many of these checkpoints
 are not sanctioned by the government, but are improvised, usually in
 darkness, by bands of police, soldiers, or bandits posing as or operating
 with police or soldiers.  The purpose of these unauthorized checkpoints
 generally is to extort cash.  The best defense against unauthorized
 checkpoint shakedowns is to avoid night travel, and act cautiously at all
 times.  Checkpoint personnel should be considered armed and could be
 dangerous."

Check http://www.fco.gov.uk/reference/travel_advice/countries.html to 
balance the U.S. viewpoints with reports from the Foreign and Commonwealth 
Office in London. 

The Central Intelligence Agency-produced World Factbook provides facts
on geography, people, government, economy, communications and defense of 
countries around the world. The full text of the book is available at 
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/nsolo/wfb-all.htm. You may also want 
to consult http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/index.html. 

If you feel like making plans in real detail, why not start with subway 
trips? The Subway Navigator (http://metro.jussieu.fr:10001/) lets you 
find a route in subway networks in several cities around the world. The 
choices include Vienna, Montreal, Santiago de Chile, Prague Helsinki, 
Paris, Berlin, Frankfurt, Athens, Hong Kong, Calcutta, Budapest, Milano, 
Tokyo, Mexico City, Amsterdam, Madrid, Barcelona, Stockholm, Kiev, London, 
New York City, Miami, San Francisco, Washington D.C., and many more. 

The Internet Atlas and Timezone Server (http://www.astro.ch/atlas/) lets 
you search for a destination city anywhere in the world to find the current 
time and date there. Compare with your local time to find the difference, 
and tell relatives left behind.

Moon Travel Handbooks, publishers of travel guides to North America, 
Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, Asia, and the Pacific Islands, 
is at http://www.moon.com/. WebCrawler offers travel guides at 
http://webcrawler.city.net/. 

Have you ever arrived home feeling as though you had been on a whirlwind 
tour of too-touristy sites? A tour bus approach may be the only way to get 
it "all in" during a couple of day's time, but who said you had to see it 
all anyway? 

The best way to learn about the place you want to visit is to have a local 
guide or a fellow traveler familiar with the territory. Someone who can 
direct you to the sights that bus passes and tourbooks overlook. Therefore, 
check out the online conferences and their file libraries also. 

The TRAVEL-L forum (write travel-l-request@lists.utah.edu to subscribe) 
is where everyone is welcome to tell about their adventures or inquire 
about future travels. 

If you want information about indigenous, native, or aboriginal people, 
culture, and issues throughout the world, check out The Center For World 
Indigenous Studies and The Fourth World Documentation Project at 

   http://www.halcyon.com/FWDP/fwdp.html

Consult the Travel Forum on CompuServe for information about SERVAS, a 
global guest/host network linking people in 99 countries who want to share 
their homes and lives. No money is exchanged, and the average stay is two 
days for SERVAS guests.

For travel health information, point your Web browser at

    http://www.intmed.mcw.edu/travel.html

Many conferences and information sources concentrate on particular parts of 
the world. Here are some of them. You may want to supplement with some of 
the sources listed in Chapter 11, and the news providers in Chapter 9. 

Detailed planning
Eaasy SABRE - the American Airlines reservation system - is on the Web at 
http://www.travelocity.com with air fares, hotel accommodations, car 
rental rates in your local currency. You can make reservations, and 
purchase tickets online. 

TravelWeb links the reservation systems of twenty of the largest hotel 
chains with those of the world's airlines. URL: http://www.travelweb.com. 

CNN provides four day weather forecast for over 3.600 cities worldwide 
(http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/). For more weather information, visit 
INTELLiCast (at http://www.intellicast.com/weather/intl/), and AccuWeather 
(at http://www.accuweather.com/). 

Search for additional background information using CompuServe's Magazine 
Database Plus, if you do not mind paying a wee surcharge. Look up places to 
stay in the ABC Worldwide Hotel Listing. 

For distances between cities around the world, their populations, 
elevation, latitude/longitude, try http://www.indo.com/distance/. Learn 
that a bird flying from Lima, Peru to Oslo, Norway must travel over 11,024 
kilometers (6850 miles), unless it has a pretty good built-in compass. ;-)

Finally, before going there, don't forget to adjust your clock. Check 
http://www.stud.unit.no/USERBIN/steffent/verdensur.pl for local time 
around the world just now. 

Africa
------
Africanet (http://www.africanet.com) covers all 56 countries of the 
African continent with information on such subjects as visa requirements, 
climate, airlines, transport, currency. 

The African Studies Program at the University of Pennsylvania (USA) is a 
particularly rich offering of African news and information.  (On the URL: 
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/AS.html)

AFRICA-L is the Pan-Africa Forum discussion list (subscription requests 
for AFRICA-L should be sent to listserv@brownvm.brown.edu). 

ALGNEWS (on listserv@gwuvm.gwu.edu) is the French language Algeria News 
List. TUNISNET (on listserv@psuvm.psu.edu) is The Tunisia Network. 

For EGYPT-NET, the Egypt Discussion and News forum, write 

   egypt-net-request@das.harvard.edu

You will find many links to Egypt and Egyptology resources throughout the 
Web at http://pages.prodigy.com/G/U/N/guardian/egypt.htm. Categories 
include: General Egypt Pages, Pyramids, Sites and Monuments, Egyptian Art 
& Music, Egypt Travel, and more.

Egypt's Regional Information & Communication Network offers country 
profiles for Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia, and information 
about economy, geography, communication, research, government, people. 
(http://www.ritsec.com.eg/) 


While visiting, take a look at Collection of Arabic and Islamic 
manuscripts, Treasures of the Egyptian Museum, and Tut the King. 

For information on Ethiopia, check the soc.culture.ethiopia.misc and
soc.culture.ethiopia.moderated newsgroups.

ZAIRE-L (on listserv@thor.cmp.ilstu.edu) is a discussion list about Zaire 
and surrounding Francophone countries, like Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Gabon, 
Zambia, Angola and Sudan. 

Nigeria On the Net (http://www.nigeria.com/) caters to the Nigerian
community and her friends, and brings Nigerian affairs from a Nigerian 
perspective. 

If you plan a safari in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Malawi, 
Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya, check out these South African offerings: 

   http://www.exinet.co.za/travel/travel.html
   http://www.africa.com/~venture/

The NYASANET mailing list is for Malawians and others interested in things 
Malawian. See http://spicerack.sr.unh.edu/~llk/ about how to subscribe, 
and for information about Malawi.

The Cape Town page is at http://www.aztec.co.za/aztec/capetown.html, and 
for more South African tourism information, check out this Web address: 
http://www.africa.com/captour/. 

The African National Congress (ANC) gopher (gopher://gopher.anc.org.za)
has information about South African history, policy documents, and press 
statements. A summary of South African demographics by region is on 
http://www.exinet.co.za/sa_regn.html.

The South Africa FAQ (http://www.cs.wits.ac.za/faq/africa/africa.html) has 
country specific information on Abyssinia, Eritrea, Malawi, Ethiopia, Sao 
Tome e Principe, and South Africa. The Abyssinia FAQ has information on 
Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Somaliland. 

On Usenet, check out 

  soc.culture.african     Discussions about Africa & things African.
  soc.culture.maghreb     North African society and culture.
  soc.culture.nigeria     About Nigeria
  soc.culture.arabic      Technological & cultural issues, *not* politics.
  soc.culture.somalia     News from Somalia. 
  soc.culture.berber 

There are many South African newsgroups under the za hierarchy, like:

  za.culture.xhosa      For discussions of Xhosa language and culture.
                        (Ingxoxo ngolwini, amasiko nezithete zakwaXhosa.)
  za.events             Conferences, events and happenings nationally
  za.misc               General chat, comments, announcements etc
  za.net.misc           Miscellaneous ramblings on networking in ZA
  za.sport              Finer points of jukskei or the Comrades marathon

The za hierarchy is also distributed outside South Africa. 

You may also find things of interest in soc.culture.misc (discussion about 
other cultures), and soc.culture.native (Aboriginal people around the 
world.) Also, it may useful to search or monitor Usenet more broadly for 
African country specific information using Reference.COM (see Chapter 11). 

CompuServe's Travel Forum has an Africa/Middle East section. 

Asia and The Pacific
--------------------
On the Web, http://www.pata.org is the official site of The Pacific Asia 
Travel Association (PATA). Provides destination and travel info about 41 
member nations through links to their tourist offices. 

The soc.culture hierarchy on Usenet has area codes like afghanistan, 
asian, arabic, asean, australian, bangladesh, china, filipino, hongkong, 
indonesia, israel, iranian, jewish, korean, laos, lebanon, malaysia, nepal, 
new-zealand, pakistan, singapore, sri-lanka, taiwan, thai, turkish, and 
vietnamese. The alt.taiwan.republic is a variant of soc.culture.taiwan, 
only different. 

If your destination in the Middle East, you may find the quarterly MIDDLE 
EAST RESOURCES newsletter interesting. It is published by the Arab World 
And Islamic Resources and School Services (AWAIR) for Social Studies 
Educators. Write awair@igc.org for information. 

The Arab Countries' Sites page (http://www.liii.com/~hajeri/arab.html) is 
also worth a visit. It offers information on Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 
Middle Eastern and African countries, Islam, and Arabic newspapers. The
Saudi Arabia page (http://www.saudi.net/) has information on culture, 
arts, travel, etc., and arab.net (http://www.arab.net/) offers links to 
Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi, 
Arabia Syria, Tunisia, UAE, and Yemen. 

The official travel guide to Singapore, Singapore Online Guide, is at
http://www.travel.com.sg/sog/surf.html. The Singapore Info-Map is the 
country's home page on the net (http://www.sg).

Heading for Australia? Why not check the Australian Back Packers Guide 
(http://www.aaa.com.au/Back_Pack.shtml)? For information about Phuket, 
Thailand, try http://www.phuket.net/. 

Many links and information on exciting Papua New Guinea can be found at
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/PNG/WWWVL-PNG.html, and don't forget 
Mongolia (http://www.magicnet.mn/english/). It's an interesting place to 
visit for horse riding, swimming, trekking, birdwatching, climbing, 
rafting, and more. 

Japan
-----
Sushi, geishas, green tea, bullet trains, and sumo wrestlers. If this is 
your first visit to Japan, consider learning about the territory through 
TWICS in Tokyo. It presents itself like this: 

  "Japan is an island nation, full of communities in villages, 
  towns, and cities squeezed in between the mountains and the sea, 
  with ports of various sizes and shapes through which communication 
  flows between communities. 

  Our own online community is organized in the same terms, an 
  island community "BEEJIMA" (Bee Island), with our village 
  ("MURA"), a port ("MINATO"), and our very own volcanic mountain 
  ("YAMA"). 

  In the village, there is a village office ("YAKUBA"), a community 
  meeting place ("YORIAI"), a high-tech corner ("AKIHABARA") named 
  after the famous electronics district in Tokyo, a health center 
  ("EMEDICA"), a place to hang around and read things ("HON YA"), a 
  school ("GAKKOU"), and a market ("ICHIBA"). The port has holding 
  areas and leads to other parts of Japan ("NIPPON") and the world 
  ("SEKAI").  The mountain has a hot springs ("ONSEN") recreational 
  area, and a lively outdoor bath ("IN THE OFURO") which has become 
  the social center of our island. 

Add to this soc.culture.japan on Usenet, and the following discussion 
lists: 

    CJS-L (Center for Japanese Studies List). Send the command 
          INFO CJS-L to listserv@uhccvm.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu.

If this is your first visit, see http://www.gol.com/jguide/jinfo.html
before you go. Then, visit gopher://gan.ncc.go.jp/11/JAPAN for 
information on Japan's culture, diplomacy, economy, events, food, 
geography, government, history, cultural history, society, and more. 

If you are very determined, try NIHONGO (listserv@utkvm1.utk.edu), a 
forum for discussion of the Japanese language. (The mailing list is 
crossposted to the sci.lang.japan newsgroup on Usenet.) 

Japan's Sumo Association home page (http://www.sumo.or.jp/) offers video 
images of matches from the six grand sumo tournaments held each year, 
wrestler profiles and interviews, a database of previous matches, and 
information about how to buy tickets.

China
-----
There is a map of China at http://www.cnd.org:8014/Other/china.jpg, and 
regional information at http://www.ihep.ac.cn/tour/china_tour.html with 
details about

Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, 
Heilongjiang, Hubei, Henan, Hunan, Inner Mongolia (Nei Monggu), Jiangsu, 
Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanghai, Shan1xi1, 
Shan3xi1, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet (Xizang), Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang. 

The CND InfoBase (http://www.cnd.org) offers many high-resolution scenery 
pictures of China.

The Chinese Community Information Center (http://www.ifcss.org) claims the 
world largest collection of Chinese magazines and newsletters in computer 
file form, as well as Chinese texts, ranging from Confucius classics to 
Wang Shuo's fictions. 

India
-----
Traveller Sergio Paoli in Argentina maintains what is possibly the largest 
collection of links to India related information on the Internet: 

    http://webhead.com/~sergio/india.html
 
The India Network and Research Foundation (USA) offers detailed information
about India, such as tourism (including customs & baggage rules, clickable
map, and images), major news headlines, culture and fine arts, film music,
recipes, sports which include hockey, cricket and tennis. URL:

    http://india.bgsu.edu/

It has links to Embassy of India in Washington, DC (USA) resources, other
Research Resources on India, and several digests (on News, News and
Discussion, Personal Network, Telugu, Faculty).

India Online has information about travel related services and places of
interest (http://indiaonline.com/travel.html). Their travel guide has
tips, things to do, places to visit, means to travel etc. 

A travel agent survey is posted monthly on many Indian related soc.culture
groups. The most recent version can be retrieved by electronic mail to
pkohli@prism.gatech.edu, and at this Web address

    http://www.cc.gatech.edu/grads/k/Prince.Kohli/Prince.Kohli.html

India Online offers information about Indian food, including listings of
Indian Restaurants around the world, recipes, etc:

   http://indiaonline.com/food.html

There are many India-related newsgroups, including:

   + alt.culture.karnataka       Culture and language of the Indian state
                                 of Karnataka.
   + alt.culture.kerala
   + alt.india.progressive       Progressive politics in the Indian sub-
                                 continent.

   + misc.news.southasia         News from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, etc.
   + rec.music.indian.classical  Hindustani and Carnatic Indian classical
                                 music.
   + rec.music.indian.misc       Discussing Indian music in general.
   + rec.travel.asia             Traveling in Asia.
   + soc.culture.indian          Group for discussion about India & things
                                 Indian.
   + soc.culture.indian.info     Info group for soc.culture.indian, etc.
   + soc.culture.indian.telugu   The culture of the Telugu people of India.
   + soc.culture.tamil
   + soc.culture.punjab
   + soc.culture.indian.kerala
   + soc.culture.bengali
   + soc.culture.indian.marathi

There are several mailing lists, including:

    INDIA-D (listserv@indnet.bgsu.edu) - Discussion on the affairs of the
              Indian subcontinent, and issues facing Indians living abroad.
              (Background information at http://india.bgsu.edu/)

    FROI-L (listserv@uafsysb.uark.edu) Friends of India. Write to
              FROI-L-Request@UAFSYSB.UARK.EDU

Tibet
-----
The TIBET-L mailing list is about Tibet and the Tibetan people. Subscribe 
by email to listserv@iubvm.ucs.indiana.edu. 

Indonesia
---------
The Indoz-net (INdonesia-OZtralia-NETwork) mailing list deals with anything 
about Indonesia (on listserv@cc.utas.edu.au). More information at
http://www.gu.edu.au/gint/ozlists/indonesia.html. For Bali, check out
http://bali.simplenet.com/.

Iran
----
The purpose of the Tehran Archive (http://tehran.Stanford.Edu) is to 
distribute materials related to Iran and to Persian culture. Also, check 
out FarsiNet at http://www.farsinet.com/ for links to interesting Persian 
Web sites. 

Central and South America
-------------------------
To brush up your Portuguese, consider joining one of the mailing lists in 
the Brazilian Bras-Net network. The Continental-European part of the list
is called BRAS-NET (on listserv@vm.gmd.de). The BRAS-NET-BRASIL list is 
at listproc@listas.ansp.br. See http://psg.com/~walter/brasnet.html for 
more information.

For general information about other Brazilian interest groups, send the 
command LISTS to listserv@fapq.fapesp.br. 

If you understand Spanish and are intrigued by the old Maya indians, try El 
Mundo de la Cultura Maya at http://www.yucatan.com.mx/mayas/mapamay.htm 

On Usenet, check out 

  soc.culture.latin-america       Topics about Latin-America.
  soc.culture.argentina   All about life in Argentina.
  soc.culture.brazil      Talking about the people and country of Brazil.
  soc.culture.chile       All about Chile and its people.
  soc.culture.mexican     Discussion of Mexico's society.
  soc.culture.peru        All about the people of Peru.
  soc.culture.uruguay     Discussions of Uruguay for those at home and abroad.
  soc.culture.venezuela   Discussion of topics related to Venezuela.

CompuServe's Travel Forum has sections called Mexico/Central America, 
Caribbean, and South America. 

Europe
------
Usenet has

  alt.culture.austrian    You'll find more Austrians in soc.culture.austria.
  soc.culture.austria     Austria and its people.
  soc.culture.french      French culture, history, and related discussions.
  soc.culture.netherlands People from the Netherlands and Belgium.
                            (The newsgroup's FAQ file is interesting.)
  soc.culture.portuguese  Discussion of the people of Portugal.
  soc.culture.spain       Spain and the Spanish.
  alt.comedy.british      Discussion of British comedy in a variety of media.
  alt.fan.british-accent  "Oooh, he just sounds soooo cool!  *Giggle*"
  alt.politics.british    Politics and a real Queen, too.

The soc.culture hierarchy has area codes like british, celtic, europe, 
german, greek, italian, magyar, nordic, polish, soviet, and yugoslavia. 

The United Hostels of Europe homepage has a selection of youth hostels for 
the budget traveller (http://www.hostelwatch.com/hostels/welcome.html). 

If off to England, check the UK Theatre Web http://www.uktw.co.uk/ for a 
list of amateur and professional theatre, opera and dance. Covers the whole 
country. 

Servicom (at http://www.servicom.es) is a gateway into Spain's culture 
and offerings, and in particular if you can read Spanish or Catalan. For
information about Gibraltar, visit http://www.gibraltar.gi/. 

Fancy French jazz? Try http://www.jazzfrance.com/us/. About jazz 
festivals, jazz TV and radio programs, jazz music awards, jazz magazines, 
jazz clubs and concerts throughout France. Information in English and 
French. The French Foreign Office is at http://www.france.diplomatie.fr/. 
For a virtual visit to Paris, try http://www.cnam.fr/louvre/paris/. 

London is at http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/misc/uk/london.html, and Zagreb at 
http://tjev.tel.etf.hr/hrvatska/HRgradovi/Zagreb/Zagreb.html. There are 
links to Copenhagen, Helsinki, Stockholm, Oslo, Aalborg, Gothenburg, and 
other Scandinavian cities at http://www.it-kompetens.com/nordic/.

Finland's Virtual Embassy is at http://virtual.finland.fi/. If you are 
intrigued by northern lights, browse the Northern Lights Planetarium 
(Norway) site: http://www.uit.no/npt/nordlyset/nordlyset.en.html. 

The British Eurodollar car rental company is on the World Wide Web at URL:
http://www.eurodollar.co.uk. Timetables of German railway stations and 
other European cities are at http://www.mcs.net/~dsdawdy/cyberoad.html. 
Also, visit Europe by Eurail at http://www.eurail.com/.

If you want to check up the weather on the British Isles, or plan to travel 
around, check out http://www.uktravel.com/. Today's weather map is at 
http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/weather/images/uk/. 

The Scotland Travels and Business Exchange is at the Web address:

   http://www.ibmpcug.co.uk/~ecs/

To practice your French over the Internet, try at Branchez-vous! at 
http://www.branchez-vous.com/. 

Windows on Italy (http://www.mi.cnr.it:80/WOI/) offers information about 
cities and regions, daily news by ANSA (National Agency of Associated 
Press), cultural tidbits, tourist information, and more. The famous Opera 
theatre Teatro alla Scala of Milano is at http://lascala.milano.it/.

The THRACE mailing list (on listserv@vm.ege.edu.tr) is a forum for 
discussions of Greek West Thracian (A Province in Greece) Turkish Minority 
issues. For a virtual tour of Athen's Acropolis, try WebAcropol, at
http://www.mechan.gsd.ntua.gr/webacropol/. When starting detailed 
planning, check http://www.vacation.forthnet.gr/. 

BALT-L (listserv@listserv.rl.ac.uk) is focusing on the Baltic states. 
European weather forecasts: http://www.csc.fi/molbio/fun/wmap.html.

CompuServe has a European Forum. Its message sections include the European 
Question, an Italian message Section, a French Section, a Nordic Section, 
and the Spanish Section. The International Forum has the Europe/UK/EEC 
message Section. 

The UK Computing Forum's library contains files with tips about affordable 
hotels, and British road signs. GO to The Central Press Features for 
reviews of the top 20 shows in London. Enter GO AF for Air France flight, 
hotel room and car rental information. 

CompuServe's Travel Britain Online is a database of festivals, concerts, 
theater and sporting events, London-only events, a listing of London pubs 
and clubs, and the latest news from the British Tourist Authority. 

North America
-------------
CompuServe let you read reviews of theater performances, books, movies and 
restaurants, opera, symphonies, ballets, dance, museums and art galleries. 
They have information about airline schedules and prices, hotels and the 
latest ski weather forecast. 

The soc.culture hierarchy on Usenet has many interesting newsgroups, 
including soc.culture.canada. 

CompuServe's Travel Forum has sections called United States, Canada, and 
Hawaii. There are also a California Forum, a Florida Forum, West Coast 
Travel, and the Zagat Restaurant Guide. 

For a North American music events calendar, point your Web browser at
http://concerts.calendar.com/.

In addition to this, you will find an abundance of information on travels
in the United States on most major networks. 

xUSSR
-----
REESweb, at http://www.pitt.edu/~cjp/rees.html, offers a comprehensive 
list of links to WWW Servers in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic 
countries, Armenia, Georgia, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Bosnia, 
Chechnya, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldavia, and more. 

Sources are grouped under broad subject areas, such as Language, 
Literature, Music, Art, Culture, Government and Public Affairs, Science, 
Technology, Engineering, Computers, Business, Communications, Economics, 
Law, History, Geography, Sociology. 

Relcom's Window-to-Russia page http://www.kiae.su/www/wtr/ has 
information about almost everything, from finances to securities. 

Usenet has

  soc.culture.bulgaria            Discussing Bulgarian society.
  soc.culture.bosna-herzgvna      The independent state of Bosnia and 
                                  Herzegovina. 
  soc.culture.croatia             The lives of people of Croatia.
  soc.culture.romanian            Discussion of Romanian and Moldavian people.
  soc.culture.yugoslavia          Discussions of Yugoslavia and its people.
  soc.culture.czecho-slovak       Bohemian, Slovak, Moravian and Silesian life.
  soc.culture.soviet              Topics on Russian or Soviet culture. 
  alt.culture.tuva                Topics related to the Republic of Tuva, 
                                  South Siberia. 

Politics
--------
Start by visiting The Links to Government Servers and Information page 
at http://www.eff.org:80/govt.html. It is long, but very comprehensive. 

The Parliamentary Elections Around the World page offers an extensive 
database by country on election results and parties. World Wide Web 
address: http://www.geocities.com/~derksen/election/frame3.htm.

The Politician Government Address Directory contains the addresses of most 
nations' leaders and provincial governors on the planet. Web address:
http://www.trytel.com/~aberdeen/.

These newsgroups are filled with political discussions:

  alt.india.progressive   Progressive politics in the Indian sub-continent. 
  alt.politics.british    Politics and a real Queen, too.
  alt.politics.clinton    Discussing Slick Willie & Co.
  alt.politics.correct    A Neil Bush fan club.
  alt.politics.datahighway      Electronic interstate infrastructure.
  alt.politics.economics  War == Poverty, & other discussions.
  alt.politics.elections  All about the process of electing leaders.
  alt.politics.greens     Green party politics & activities worldwide.
  alt.politics.homosexuality    As the name implies
  alt.politics.korea      A forum for political issues in Korea
  alt.politics.libertarian      The libertarian ideology.
  alt.politics.org.batf   Politics of the U.S. firearms regulation agency.
  alt.politics.org.misc   Political organizations.
  alt.politics.radical-left     Who remains after the radicals left?
  alt.politics.reform     Political reform.
  alt.politics.sex        Not a good idea to mix them.
  alt.politics.socialism.trotsky  Trotskyite socialism discussions.
  alt.politics.usa.constitution   U.S. Constitutional politics.
  alt.politics.usa.misc   Miscellaneous USA politics.
  alt.politics.usa.republican   Discussions of the USA Republican Party.
  alt.religion.sexuality        The politics of sexuality and religion.
  relcom.politics         Political discussions.
  soc.culture.arabic      Technological & cultural issues, *not* politics.
  soc.culture.burma       Politics, culture, news, discussion about Burma.
  soc.culture.jewish      Jewish culture & religion. 
  soc.culture.palestine   Palestinian people, culture and politics.
  soc.culture.polish      Polish culture, Polish past, and Polish politics.
  talk.politics.animals   The use and/or abuse of animals.
  talk.politics.china     Discussion of political issues related to China.
  talk.politics.crypto    The relation between cryptography and government.
  talk.politics.drugs     The politics of drug issues.
  talk.politics.guns      The politics of firearm ownership and (mis)use.
  talk.politics.medicine  The politics and ethics involved with health care.
  talk.politics.mideast   Discussion & debate over Middle Eastern events.
  talk.politics.misc      Political discussions and ravings of all kinds.
  talk.politics.soviet    Discussion of Soviet politics, domestic and 
                          foreign.
  talk.politics.theory    Theory of politics and political systems.
  talk.politics.tibet     The politics of Tibet and the Tibetan people.
  za.politics           Politics in Southern Africa

Amnesty International is at http://www.amnesty.org/, and Greenpeace 
International on http://www.greenpeace.org/. 

DERECHOS-L (write to derechos-l-request@lists1.best.com) is a Spanish 
language mailing list for the discussion of human rights issues (derechos 
humanos).  The list covers human rights in general, but there is an 
especial emphasis on issues of human rights in Spanish speaking countries, 
civil and political rights, and impunity and social reconciliation. Also,
see http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/ for more information.

The Fourth World Documentation Project documents important documents 
about the social, political, strategic, economic and human rights 
situations being faced by Fourth World nations. They have a historical 
archive of the political struggles waged by Indigenous Peoples in the 
Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, Melanesia and the Pacific to assert their 
rights as sovereign nations. (http://www.halcyon.com/FWDP/fwdp.html) 

Clarinet's commercial newsgroups has many offerings (validation required 
for access).

The European Union's Europa site has a "Governments On-Line" home page with
a list of Web addresses providing "a starting point for those wishing to 
locate and explore citizen-oriented information issued by governments and 
other official institutions of European Union member states." Click at 
http://europa.eu.int/en/gonline.html. 

The White House (U.S.A.) is at http://www.whitehouse.gov/, The Tasmanian 
Government Web Server at http://info.dpac.tas.gov.au/, the Australian 
Commonwealth at http://www.agd.com.au/, The Government of Pakistan at
http://www.pak.gov.pk/, Iceland's Althingi at http://www.althingi.is, 
the Japanese Government at gopher://gan.ncc.go.jp/11/JAPAN, the 
Government of the Republic of Croatia is at http://www.vlada.hr/. For 
more sites, try http://www.soc.umn.edu/~sssmith/Parliaments.html. 

Also, take a look at the leads in Chapter 9 and 11. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 5: Home, education and work
===================================

House, garden and finances
--------------------------
Homeowners are logging on to solve their household problems. They check 
into conferences, forums, newsgroups, and mailing lists for feedback from 
contractors, architects, and fix-it experts on anything from broken ceiling 
fans and whistling dryers to rotting decks and other annoyances. They're 
seeking advice on anything related to house, garden, and finances. 

The CHIMNEYS-L mailing list is about chimney maintenance. Topics of 
interest include fire prevention, safety issues, new products, trouble 
shooting, cleaning technics, and anything you can think of about the 
chimney cleaning industry. To subscribe, send an email to 

    LISTSERV@HOME.EASE.LSOFT.COM

Put SUBSCRIBE in the subject line. Put your full name, name of your company 
for affiliation,  state and/or country in the body of the message. 

The newsgroup misc.consumers.house on Usenet is where you can discuss 
anything related to owning and maintaining a house. For antiques, join a 
newsgroup in the rec.antiques hierarchy. First, check out the FAQ file at 
http://www.calweb.com/~smccrory/recantfaq.html. 

Several software libraries offer shareware and public domain programs to 
help you plan and maintain your house. 

There are also personal inventory programs (to help you keep track of 
belongings), and programs to help you plan allocation of the space in your 
home. . . 

Other programs will help you prepare tax return forms, plan next year's 
taxes, calculate interests and down-payments on your loans, and do double-
entry money-management (personal book-keeping and checkbook balancing). 

To succeed as a private investor, the experts say, you must have a strategy 
that is appropriate to your unique circumstances, resources for keeping up 
to date on investment options, and tools for managing the process of 
investing. It sure is an information-intensive activity and a constant 
learning process that requires the up-to-date, exhaustive, and anecdotal 
information that online services are perfectly suited to meet. 

Usenet has several newsgroups under the misc.invest hierarchy. Browse
them at DejaNews: http://www.dejanews.com/info/toplevel.shtml. 

Dow Jones News/Retrieval has a LOT, and be sure to check out the 
Investext service (on Brainwave for NewsNet and others). 

House is also home. To bring more "life" into life, some devote themselves 
to fashion. For links to fashion-related Usenet newsgroups and mailing 
lists, visit http://members.tripod.com/~cjlutz/Usenet.html.

Others consider adopting a child. For information and experiences, check 
out the ADOPTION mailing list on LISTSERV@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU. The 
National Issues Forum on CompuServe has a message section called 
"Adoption Today." 

Then there is television. The Interactive Satellite Chart covers all 
satellite TV channels worldwide with links to broadcasters' home pages.  
URL: http://www.satcodx.com/

Select your region of world for a list of reachable satellites. The regions 
are (1) Europe, Africa and Middle East, (2) North and South America, (3) 
Asia and South Pacific. Click on a satellite, like Hispasat at 30 degrees 
W, for a list of TV channels with frequencies, Web links, encoding schemes 
(if any), sound frequencies, and TV text information. 

Some sample Web addresses for TV stations:

    Deutsche Welle (Germany) - http://www.dwelle.de/language.html
    RTL-2 (Germany) - http://www.rtl2.de
    Swedish TV - http://www.svt.se/
    BBC (United Kingdom) - http://www.bbc.co.uk/
    Sky (United Kingdom) - http://www.sky.co.uk/
    Travel Channel - http://www.travelchannel.com
    Discovery Channel - http://www.discovery.com
    Arte (French/German) - http://www.lasept-arte.fr/
    Hrvatska Radio Televizija (Croatia) - http://www.hrt.hr/

You will find "Die Tages-uebersicht aller Sender nach Genre" for European 
TV channels at Pro Sieben Online at http://www.pro-sieben.de/. Categories 
include Spielfilm, Information, Unterhaltung, Sport, Serie, Musik. 

For links to your favorite TV show's home page and information, check 
http://www.ultimatetv.com/. They want to be "your starting point for 
television-related hot spots across Cyberspace and world-wide." Their 
Ultimate TV List has thousands of links to popular programmes, most of them 
made in the US. 

Some sample links:

    The Jeopardy Quiz Show - 
         http://www.spe.sony.com/Pictures/tv/jeopardy/jeopardy.html
    Late Show with David Letterman - http://www.cbs.com/latenight/

The Internet Movie Database is at http://www.imdb.com/. Addicted TV-
viewers can follow alt.tv.muppets on Usenet, or some of the many other 
offerings in the alt.tv hierarchy of newsgroups. Read about how to get that 
book in Chapter 10 if you would rather read mystery novels by the fire 
place. . . 

If you are interested in traditional Turkish cinema, check out the Web page 
at http://www.art.bilkent.edu.tr/studies/cinstd.html. There's a Russian
movie database at http://www.serve.com/andrey/russian/movie/.

WebMuseum features online exhibits at the world-famous art museum Louvre in 
Paris, France (http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/wm/). 

When we "visited," they offered French medieval art, a collection of well-
known paintings from famous artists, and a tour around Paris, the Eiffel 
Tower and Champs-Elysees. There are also pointers to museums in other 
countries around the world. 

Many of the pictures are large. "The Cry" by Norwegian painter and 
printmaker Edvard Munch was 110 KB in size, so if you have a dial-up 
connection and a slow modem to the Internet, it will take a while. 

The French government has made its JOCONDE database of more than 130,000 
paintings, prints, drawings, photographs, sculptures, and other pieces 
of art kept in over 60 museums throughout France available at 

    http://mistral.culture.fr/cgi-bin/mistral/joconde

The art database can searched by topic, artist, location, century, etc. 

There are even offerings for "the perfect house wife." Personally, I can 
think of no better pastime than origami, the traditional Japanese art of 
folding paper. Try alt.arts.origami. For images showing folded paper
procedures/products, check out alt.binaries.pictures.origami.

Oh, I almost forgot: The Internet BONSAI Club: http://www.bonsai-bci.com/.
They have a mailing list is on listserv@home.ease.lsoft.com. Bonsai is 
the Oriental Art of miniaturizing trees and plants into forms that mimic 
nature. This conference is for the discussion of the art and craft of 
Bonsai and related art forms. On Usenet, try rec.arts.bonsai. A FAQ on 
Bonsai is also available through the nets. 

FidoNet has a long list of interesting conferences:

    HOME-N-GRDN           Home and Garden Questions 
    HOMEAUT               Home Automation
    HOMESCHL              Homeschooling support
    HOME_IMP              Improvements around the house.
    HOME_OFFICE           Home Office 
    HOME_REPAIR           Home Repair and Remodelling 
    ZYMURGY               Beer Homebrewing

The Exec-PC BBS has "Home Repair," Brainwave for NewsNet The FUTUREHOME 
TECHNOLOGY NEWS newsletter, and ILINK the HOMEGARDEN conference. On the 
Well, check out "Homeowners." 

Join CompuServe's Investors Forum to learn how to play the stock and money 
markets, and other moneymaking 'instruments'. Discuss investment techniques 
with others, read reports about economical trends, and retrieve useful 
programs to use on your personal computer. 

CompuServe also has the Gardening Forum. It is operated by the National 
Gardening Association (U.S.A.). 

Ziff-Davis' Magazine Database Plus lets you search and read full-text 
articles from the Good Housekeeping Magazine. You'll find it on CompuServe 
and other services. 

Buying computers and stuff
--------------------------
Each month, tons of articles comparing computers, modems, software and 
gadgets are being published. The good news is that you can find much such 
information on the Web. 

Internet's largest collection of free test reports are available through 
Ziff-Davis' ZD Net search engine. Here, you can search all Ziff-Davis 
publications in one operation: Anchordesk, Computer Life, Computer Shopper, 
FamilyPC, Inter@ctive Week, MacUser, MacWeek, PC Computing, PC Magazine, 
Underground Online, Windows Sources, ZD 3D, ZD Internet Magazine, and Yahoo 
Internet Life. (At http://home.zdnet.com/findit/search.html). 

A search using the term "seagate" (the hard disk manufacturer) found 320 
documents (September 1996). All articles were available in full text. A 
search using "storage technology" found 9,786 documents. I expanded the 
term with 

   "storage technology" and prices

This means that the two first words are to be adjacent, and that the word 
"prices" is also required in found documents. This gave 4,672 documents. 
Finally, I narrowed the query down to 

   "storage technology" and prices and comparative

The result was 2,155 documents. If you are interested in a specific 
product, add the name to the list to narrow the query further. 

ZD Net's hit report lists the most relevant articles first. Ranging is 
reported as a percentage after the date. The report started like this: 

   Magazine Date Title
   PC Magazine 03-26-96 100 PC Magazine: Server Power (03/26/96)
   Computer Shopper 07-00-96 100 Pro Business
   Computer Shopper 06-00-96 100 Shopper's Guide to Hard Drives: 
       Room to Spare
   Computer Shopper 06-00-96 100 Certified to Plug & Play
   Computer Shopper 09-22-96 100 Disk Jockeys

At http://www.pview.com, ZD Net also offers a free, personalized news 
service tailored to include only your favorite topics. Here, you can track 
information on several subjects, issues, or companies, get relevant news 
and press releases from over 650 worldwide sources, get links to the most 
recent ZD Net articles on your favorite topics, and more.

You may also find the Index to Multimedia Information Sources interesting 
(http://viswiz.gmd.de/MultimediaInfo/), and there is usually interesting 
things to be found in Usenet's FAQ texts. Search the contents of Web FAQ 
texts at Planetweb Galactic (http://www.jtr.com/search.htm).

There's a list of hardware-oriented newsgroups sorted by categories at 
http://www.landfield.com/faqs/finding-groups/pc-hardware/. Its categories 
include: 

Networking/networks, PC Networking hardware/cards/cables, Home-built 
personal computers, Laptops & notebooks, Palmtops, Servers, Modems, 
Printers, SCSI devices, Other peripherals, PCMCIA devices, Acer, Dell, 
Gateway, Micron, Zenith, Zeos, Technical topics on PC soundcards, 
Discussion of forsale items (also Macintosh), Monitors/video cards, 
Modems/fax cards/communication, Hard/floppy/tape drives & media, CD-ROM 
drives & interfaces, Computer vendors & specific systems, System chips/RAM 
chips/cache, and Other hardware questions.

The Boston Computer Exchange (http://www.bocoex.com) is interesting if 
considering to sell or buy used computers. While those living outside the 
US may not be prepared to buy from them, it can help find price levels for 
use in local negotiations. 

ZiffNet offers Computer Buyers' Guide through CompuServe. The service 
is an online encyclopedia with specifications for more than 70,000 hardware 
and software products (1996). You can also get detailed information about 
each product's manufacturer. 

In some countries, computer prices are high while import duties are low. 
If this is the case for you, then there may be money to be saved by 
importing directly from the United States. My experiences are good. 

Here are some Internet stores to check out: 

  http://www.internet.net
  http://necxdirect.necx.com:8002/cgi-bin/auth/docroot/index.html?nonce=guest
  http://www.powerexpress.com  Batteries for portable laptops, cellular
                               phones, and camcorders.


Education, teaching and the exchange of knowledge
-------------------------------------------------
Use of modem is opening new worlds of opportunities for students, teachers, 
and institutions alike at all levels. The list of conferences, forums, 
clubs, and services focusing on education -  in its broadest meaning of the 
word - is long. 

No longer is it hard to find information about educational offerings. On 
the Web, one starting point is the international College and University 
Home Pages (http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/cdemello/univ.html). In 
March 1996, it listed 2500 links to universities in 73 countries.  Mainly text. 
You can search by country or name. 

The Study Abroad Programs (http://www.studyabroad.com/) lists programs 
from over 725 institutions in 110 countries. 

There are online courses, workshops, and seminars for students of all ages, 
databases to help you select a school for yourself or your kids, and all 
kinds of discussion forums for educators. 

For examples, check the online distance education catalog of The British 
Open University (http://cszx.open.ac.uk/zx/). It offers undergraduate and 
post-graduate courses (some leading to M.Sc.) for study via the Internet. 

There's a British "Internet Learning Resources Directory " Web page at
http://www.rgu.ac.uk/~sim/research/netlearn/callist.htm with special 
interest lists for the visually handicapped, foreign language resources, 
Internet demographics, and current awareness.

Usenet, BITNET, Internet, and UUCP have long traditions in education. There 
are offerings for teachers within all subject areas, from finance and 
accounting, through history, languages and geography to technical subjects 
on all levels. 

The KIDSPHERE mailing list (originally known as KIDSNET) was set up in May, 
1989. Its purpose is "to stimulate the development of an international 
computer network for the use of children and their teachers." Subscribers 
include teachers, administrators, scientists, developers of software and 
hardware and officials of relevant funding agencies.  Topics of continuing 
interest include: 

   * networks
   * news and mail interfaces suitable for children's use
   * network services for the K-12 audience
   * development of new network services and projects
   * collaborative projects at the national and international level
   * network access for the handicapped

Send your subscription request to kidsphere-request@vms.cis.pitt.edu.

This is a selection of other mailing lists to suggest the span of topics: 

    CIV-ENG-L  (listproc@informer1.cis.mcmaster.ca).
        Civil Engineering discussion
    DRUGABUS (listproc@list.ab.umd.edu)
        Drug Abuse Education Information 
    JOURNET  (listserv@qucdn.queensu.ca) 
        Discussion List for Journalism Ed
    MEDIA-L  (listserv@bingvmb.cc.binghamton.edu)       
        Media in Education
    MUSIC-ED (listproc@artsedge.kennedy-center.org)
        MUSIC-ED Music Education
    NTWFORUM (listserv@indycms.iupui.edu)
        New Technologies in Physics Education
    TAG-L    (listserv@listserv.nodak.edu)    
        TAG-L Talented and Gifted Ed
    WORLD-L  (listserv@listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu)
        Non-Eurocentric World History

Here are some Usenet conferences:

    comp.edu        Computer science education
    sci.edu         The science of education
    comp.ai.edu     Applications of Artificial Intelligence to 
                    Education

The HOME-ED mailing list (majordomo@world.std.com) is for discussion of
all aspects of home education. This includes reasons for homeschooling,
how to help a child learn to read, learning experiences of homeschooling 
families, and how to design or select a homeschooling curriculum. There's a 
home schooling resource page at http://www.midnightbeach.com/hs/. 

The EDUPAGE newsletter is a twice-weekly summary of news items on 
information technology, provided by a consortium of colleges and 
universities "seeking to transform education through the use of information 
technology." Compact and informative. I like it! Typical example:

  FROM CYBERSPACE TO OUTER SPACE
  Internet users can now reach out and touch the Endeavour space shuttle,
  through NASA's Web site: http://astro-2.msfc.nasa.gov.  Information
  available includes Endeavour's exact location over Earth, stellar
  observations by Astro telescopes and sky charts, crew and ground control
  team photos, snapshots of the cockpit, and taped conversations from four 
  of the astronauts.  More than 350,000 requests for shuttle information 
  have poured in since Endeavour's lift-off last Thursday.  (St. Petersburg 
  Times 3/6/95 A1) 

Subscribe by email to listproc@educom.unc.edu. Use the following text: 
Sub EDUPAGE yourfirstname yourlastname. The reports are translated into 
several languages, including French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Hungarian, 
and Portuguese. See http://www.educom.edu/ for translations and back 
issues. 

Here are some other interesting links: 

    Canada's SchoolNet  - gopher://gopher.schoolnet.carleton.ca, or
                          http://schoolnet2.carleton.ca/
    U.S. Department of Education - gopher://gopher.ed.gov, or
                          http://www.ed.gov/
    AskERIC Educational Resources Information Center - 
                          http://ericir.syr.edu

You will find many similar offerings on the commercial services and free 
bulletin boards. 

K12Net is a decentralized network for schools on FidoNet. For information, 
write to braultr@csmanoirs.qc.ca. FidoNet also has

     A_THEIST     A_Theism Education and Enlightenment
     HIGH_ED      Education, Post Secondary
     HISTORY      International History 
     MAC_GAMES    Macintosh Entertainment & Education

CompuServe has 12 forums focusing on education. These include the Education 
Forum, Disabilities Forum, Computer Training Forum, Education Research 
Forum, Science/Math Educational Forum, Foreign Language Forum, LOGO and 
Students Forum. 

Ken and Carrie Loss-Cutler coordinates the section for Home/Alternative 
Education in CompuServe's Education Forum. They educate their two children 
at home instead of sending them to a public school. 

Many online services (including schools and universities) offer students 
accredited courses by modem. Connected Education at the New School for 
Social Research in the United States is one example. Ask in CompuServe's 
Education Forum for more information. The University of Phoenix (U.S.A.) 
offers accredited degrees, master's and bachelor's in business and 
management through courses conducted online. (GO UP on CompuServe.)  

CompuServe's occupational oriented forums include Communications Industry 
Forum, Legal SIG, Environmental Forum, Industrial Hygiene Forum, Firenet 
(for volunteer fire brigades), AAMSI Medical Forum, ASCMD Forum, HealthNet, 
OP-Net Forum, the MICRO MD Network, Aviation SIG, CB Society, and CEMSIG 
(computers and electronics). 

  | There are many private conferences in the online world. All  |
  | conferences referred to in this book are open for anybody to |
  | join, unless explicitly told to be private.                  |

Language learning
-----------------
These are some special language conferences and services are available 
through the Internet: 

    BASQUE-L            Basque, Spanish, French, and English
    Dissemination and exchange of information on Basque culture.
    Subscribe by email to listserv@cunyvm.cuny.edu.

    BASQUE              Basque, Spanish, French, and English
    Moderated discussion about Basque Culture and related topics. 
    Subscribe to listserv@listserv.rediris.es. The list is 
    mirrored to the soc.culture.basque newsgroup. 

    The Vocabulary Builder (at http://home.earthlink.net/~mikcar/) will 
    help you to increase your Spanish Vocabulary. Select a group. Click 
    at each picture to hear the Spanish word. All sound files are in the 
    WAVE format. Categories include: Food, Transportation, Sports, Animals, 
    Verbs, Days, Months, Clothing, Weather, Numbers, and Telling Time. 

    CAUSERIE            French
    Subscribe by email to listserv@inrs-urb.uquebec.ca

    For more in French, why not check out these North African links: 
    The Algerian Scientific and Technical Information Research Center
    (CERIST) at http://www.cerist.dz/esrs/cerist/home.htm

    LEARN-CHINESE 
    Email to listproc@ucdavis.edu

    GAELIC-L            Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic. 
    Subscribe by email to listserv@listserv.hea.ie

    GAKUSEI-L           Beginning Students of Japanese
    Subscribe by email to listproc@hawaii.edu

    NIHONGO             Japanese
    Subscribe by email to listserv@utkvm1.utk.edu


    LANGIT              Italian
    Subscribe by email to listserv@icineca.cineca.it

    BTW-L               Italian
    Subscribe by email to majordomo@inet.it. This is a "distribution-only" 
    mailing-list for ByTheWIRE, a biweekly newsletter written entirely in 
    ITALIAN that covers topics related to the global Internet. You can also
    read it on the Web address http://www.inet.it/btw/home.html.

    UN INDICE suddiviso per soggetto dello spazio Web italiano.  Italian.
    On http://www.mi.cnr.it/IGST

    SWAHILI-L           The African language Kiswahili (Swahili). 
    Write kuntz@macc.wisc.edu to get onto the mailing list. 

    TAMIL-L             Tamil
    Subscribe by email to listserv@vm.urz.uni-heidelberg.de

    TAMIL               Tamil Language & Culture Discussion List
    Subscribe by email to majordomo@tamil.net

    The Spanish Language Page (at http://www.el-castellano.com)
    Information on dictionaries, grammar, translation, forums,
    literature, conferences, Spanglish, etc.

    WELSH-L             Welsh (also Breton, Cornish) 
    Subscribe by email to listserv@listserv.hea.ie.

If English is a foreign language to you, then reading interesting things 
online is in itself a great master. Learning how to write the language is 
not that easy. Often, you may find yourself trying to find a word that 
properly expresses your meaning. 

Casey's Snow Day Reverse Dictionary may not be able to help in such cases, 
but it is worth a try. The service tries to determine matches between a 
query (the definition that you type in) and definitions in the dictionary. 
At http://www.c3.lanl.gov:8064/.

MeanBiz.HispanoNet is a Spanish language mailing list where issues related 
to the Internet and how it can influence the life and businesses of 
Hispanics from all over the world are being discussed. Subscribe by email 
to Lista-MeanBiz.HispanoNet at vallejor@gate.net. For lists of Spanish 
language Web servers and Internet resources, try these pages

   http://mel.lib.mi.us/humanities/language/LANG-spanish.html
   http://www2.mmlc.nwu.edu/mmlc/language/spanish/

ITINET en Espaol is a commercial Spanish language online service offering 
news, conferences, fax and telex. Free demo at telnet://itinet.net. At 
the prompt Usuario: answer ITINET. 

The WWW Human-Languages Page is a super resource for anyone interested in 
foreign languages. Their database contains links to over 1.300 Internet 
resources about more than 100 different languages (1997). 

It lists regional databases across the world where information about 
foreign language Web pages, mailing lists, and newsgroups is stored. It has 
links to Schools and Institutions, Linguistics Resources, Text & Book 
Archives, Languages and Literature, Commercial Resources. Web address: 
http://www.june29.com/HLP/.

Offerings include dictionaries (like "English-German Dictionary"), 
tutorials (like "Let's Learn Arabic," and "Travelers' Japanese Tutorial"), 
literature, other references and resources. 

Languages covered include Aboriginal languages, Afrikaans, African, Arabic,
Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto,
Estonian, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Indonesian,
Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Klingon, Kurdish, Latin, Lojban, Mongolian,
Maori, Native american languages, Nepali, Persian, Philippine, Polish,
Portuguese, Rasta/patois, Romanian, Russian/eastern european, Sardinian,
Scandinavian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog,
Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, Urdu, Viennese, Vietnamese, and Welsh.

For a competitor's offerings, check the Language and Translation links at
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3137/.

Also, make a note about The Ethnologue (http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/) 
for the languages of the world. This is a catalogue of more than 6,700 
languages spoken in 228 countries. Its Name Index lists over 39,000 
language names, dialect names, and alternative names. 

There are Chinese language-related information pages at

    http://www.webcom.com/~bamboo/chinese/chinese.html
    http://www.cnd.org:8022/WWW-HZ/WWWChinese.html

They point to Chinese-language-related resources, has links to viewing and 
listening to Chinese on the WWW, language study courses, educational and
viewer software, FTP sites, and more. 

There's a Teach Yourself Russian Web page (requires installation of KOI-8 
fonts) at http://www.bucknell.edu/departments/russian/language/. The 
Russian Dictionary With Sounds and Images page has pictures of animals and 
food paired with Cyrillic text and recordings of a native speaker 
pronouncing the words. It's World Wide Web address is: 
http://www.wavefront.com/~swithee/dictionary/welcome.html 

If you understand French, and take an interest in "de la Francophonie," 
check out the Web pages of l' Agence de Coopiration Culturelle et Technique 
(ACCT) in Paris, at http://www.francophonie.org/. 

Try http://stp.ling.uu.se/call/french/ for an online course in French. 

Even if you're not in secondary school, you may enjoy the Latin America 
Data Base. This resources for educators has several databases of lesson 
plans, resource materials, teacher partners, a photo archive of images of 
Latin America and the Caribbean, lists of links to embassies, and 100 other 
Internet sites dealing with Latin America or teacher materials. It covers 
various subjects, including Spanish, Social Studies, Science, Mathematics, 
Art and Language Arts. At: http://ladb.unm.edu/www/retanet. 

CompuServe's Foreign Language Forum has the following sections Latin/Greek, 
French, Spanish/Portuguese, German/Germanic, Slavic/E. European, English, 
East Asian, Esperanto, Potpourri/Polyglot, FL Education, Translators, 
Computers/CAI-CALL, The Directory, Others, Jobs/Careers, New Uploads and 
Using the Forum. 

Learning online
---------------
takes different forms in different programs. In some, students simply read 
lecture notes and readings, and interact with their professors via email. 
In others, especially at the graduate level, the exchange of comments among 
students is the highlight of the learning experience.

Unlike students in face-to-face classes, online students usually have ample 
time to review "class discussion" and ponder their contribution before 
entering it. The result is often a high quality of interaction.

Example: KIDLINK
----------------
Many parents and teachers regard the online world as a learning opportunity 
for their kids. Some of them turn to KIDLINK, a global service for children 
through 15 years of age. This free service is operated by a grassroots 
network of volunteers. 

The aim is to get as many children as possible involved in a global dialog. 
To help the kids build a global personal network. 

Before joining the discussion, each youth must respond to the following four 
questions: 

    1. Who am I?
    2. What do I want to be when I grow up?
    3. How do I want the world to be better when I grow up?
    4. What can I do Now to make this come true?

The kids can write in any language, and submit them at the following Web 
page: http://www.kidlink.org/RESPONSE. They can also send them by email
to response@listserv.nodak.edu. 

Once they have submitted their responses, they are invited to 'meet' the 
others in one of the many KIDCAFE forums. There, they can discuss anything 
from pop music to how it is to live in other countries. The cafes are split 
up by language. There are cafes in English, Portuguese, Japanese, Spanish, 
Icelandic, and Scandinavian. Click here for a glance at the action: 

 English:    http://listserv.nodak.edu/archives/kidcafe-individual.html
 Portuguese: http://listserv.nodak.edu/archives/kidcafe-portuguese.html

The service also has forums for collaborate projects between schools, a 
private "chat" network (IRC), an art gallery, and support forums for 
educators. Schools all over the globe integrate it with their classes in 
languages, geography, other cultures, history, environment, art, etc. 

Kidlink grew from an idea in 1990 to over 100,000 participating children in 
114 countries (by November 1997). The work is supported by 38 public mailing 
lists. 

Gateways to knowledge
----------------------
Visit The United Nation Publications's CyberSchoolBus site at 
http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus. Imagine the United Nations as a 
vast land of resources you can travel through. You can stop on the way and 
pick up information on water pollution or on housing and urban problems, 
you can drop in at any one of the four major UN conferences, say the one on 
population held in Cairo, or you can visit all of the peace-keeping sites 
around the world. You can also take a tour of the UN and then stop by the 
bookstore to order instructional materials, charts and posters. 

Exploring Ancient World Cultures (at http://eawc.evansville.edu/index.htm)
is interesting to students of all ages. This introductory, online, college-
level 'textbook' of ancient world cultures is constructed around a series of 
pages consisting of: The Ancient Near East, Ancient India, Ancient Egypt, 
Ancient China, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Early Islam, and Medieval Europe. 

The home pages contain essays by subject specialists, an anthology of readings 
from the period, a chronology, bibliographic resources, hypertext links to 
related sites, and computer graded quizzes. 

You can also navigate the site by topic across cultures. You can click on a 
year and culture, and then another culture, to compare cross-cultural 
developments of the same period. 

We dived into Ancient China, retrieved the chronology of rulers, and got lost 
in pictures of the Great Wall. Did you know that it is over 5,000 kilometers 
long?

The Gateway to World History page has links to documentary archives, and
online resources. You can search for resources by keyword or by subject.
At http://www.hartford-hwp.com/gateway/. Here are some other places to 
try: 

    http://argos.evansville.edu       [Ancient history search engine]
    http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/

Questacon, a hands-on science centre in Canberra, Australia, is at
http://sunsite.anu.edu.au/Questacon/. Discovery Channel Online is at 
http://www.discovery.com. 

Parenthood
----------
The misc.kids newsgroup is for parents, soon-to-be parents, and others 
interested in children. They discuss issues about pregnancy and child 
rearing, ask for advice from others on many parenting concerns, and seek 
and provide support and encouragement about raising kids. Check the Kids 
FAQ out at 

    http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/

The alt.parents-teens newsgroup is for parent-teenager relationships. The 
commercial clari.news.children brings stories related to children and 
parenting. (Validation required for access to Clarinet.)

TWINS is a mailing lists for issues related to twins, triplets, etc. To be 
added to the list, send a message to twins-request@cup.hp.com with the 
word "subscribe" in the text of your mail. For more information, visit this 
Web page: http://www.LND.com/twins/. 

CompuServe's Education Forum as a Child Dev/Parenting section. The Issues 
Forum has a Parent Connection section, and the Seniors Forum a 
"Grandparenting" section. 

Your personal network
---------------------
Network is a word with many meanings. It can be a system set up to 
transport data from one computer to another. It can be an online service 
with many conferences, and a friendly connection between people (like in 
"old boys' network"). Here, we use it in the latter meaning of the word. 

We use our personal networks more than most of us think. We have a chain 
of people who we call on to ask for advice, help, and invite to participate 
in projects or parties. When they ask us for help, we lend a hand. 

The online world has some interesting characteristics. One is that most 
participants in online conferences already have received so much help from 
others that they feel obliged to pay back. They do this by helping others. 

Those who help, know that helping others will be rewarded. The reward, 
however, may not come from the persons that they help. The contributions 
help maintain and develop the online world as one giant personal network. 

A typical example: In CompuServe's Toshiba Forum, I read an open message 
from a user who had bought a 425 megabyte hard disk for his laptop computer. 
I also wanted one, but before placing an order, I wrote to check if he was 
still satisfied with the unit. 

The happy user did more than reply. He told about other vendors and offered 
to help return my computer after the upgrade. He made it clear that he had 
no financial interest in the companies selling the upgrade. By the way, we 
had never been in touch with each others before that date. 

The online world is full of such examples. The list of what people do to 
help others is indeed very long. 

In most conferences and forums you'll get help. Just like that. There is 
always someone prepared to help. Still, it is wise to invest to increase 
the odds of getting quality help when you really need it. This is what to 
consider: 

Your best long range strategy is to be visually present in conferences that 
matter to you. 'Being visually present' means that you should contribute in 
discussions and help others as much as you can. You see, positive    
contributors get a lot more friends and a disproportional amount of help 
from others. 

For example, you may contribute by telling others about your interesting 
finds in the online world. Keep that up over a stream of weeks or months, 
and you may find that others start sending you things, quite unprovoked. 

Helping others is what it takes to build a personal network. One day you 
may need it. It will give you an incredible advantage! I have seen people 
get jobs, partners and clients through such contacts. The online world is 
full of opportunities. 

Watch your words
----------------
Written communications are deprived of the body language and tone of voice 
that convey so much in face-to-face meetings and even in telephone 
conversations. Therefore, it makes sense to work harder to build in humor, 
sarcasm, or disagreement to avoid that your words come across as stupidity, 
rudeness, or aggressiveness. 

One way of defusing misunderstanding is to include cues as to your 
emotional state. One technique is to use keyboard symbols like :-). We call 
them emoticons (Emotional icons. Pictorial representations of the emotions 
of the moment). 

What :-) means? Tilt your head to the left and look again. Yes, it is a 
smiling face. 

Here are some other examples to challenge your imagination: ;-) (Winking 
Smiley), :-( (Sad), 8-) (User wears glasses), :-o (Shocked or surprised), 
and :-> (Hey, hey). 

A bracketed <g> is shorthand for grin, and <g,d&r> means grinning, ducking, 
and running. Some people prefer to write their emotional state in full 
text, like in these two examples: *grin* and *evil smile*. 

Do not misunderstand. You still should not allow yourself to write the most 
appallingly insulting things to other people, and then try to shrug it off 
with a <smile>. 

Watch your words. They are so easy to store on a hard disk. 

Religion
--------
Usenet offers 

  soc.culture.jewish      Jewish culture & religion. 
  soc.religion.christian  Christianity and related topics. 
  soc.religion.eastern    Discussions of Eastern religions.
  soc.religion.islam      Discussions of the Islamic faith.
  talk.religion.misc      Religious, ethical, & moral implications.
  alt.pagan               Discussions about paganism & religion.
  alt.religion.computers  People who believe computing is 
                          "real life."
  clari.news.religion     Religion, religious leaders, 
                          televangelists. (Validation required for access 
                          to Clarinet.) 

The MUSLIMS mailing list carries The Islamic Information & News Net (on 
listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu). ISLAM-L ( listserv@ulkyvm.louisville.edu) 
is a non-sectarian forum for discussion, debate, and the exchange of 
information by students and scholars of the history of Islam. 

The Islamic Computer Resource Guide of the American Arab Scientific Society 
documents bulletin board systems, software, FTP archives, and network 
resources such as online academic conferences and newsgroups related to 
Islamic topics. At: ftp://cs-ftp.bu.edu/amass/home.html. For more, check 
out http://www.islamicity.org/.

BUDDHA-L (on listserv@ulkyvm.louisville.edu) provides a means for those 
interested in Buddhist Studies to exchange information and views.  BUDDHIST 
(on listserv@vm1.mcgill.ca) is a forum for Indian and Buddhist studies. 

The Buddhist Studies WWW Virtual Library is a comprehensive directory of 
Buddhism on the Internet (http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Buddhism.html). It 
has links to sources of information about Buddhist studies networked 
resources, major Buddhism WWW sites, Buddhist texts and translations, 
databases, newsletters and journals, organizations, art, and more. 

The Catholic Kiosk page is devoted to cataloging Catholic resources on   
the Web. Links include parish and diocese information, educational and 
research resources, prolife pointers, and subject menus on various Catholic 
subjects. At http://www.aquinas-multimedia.com/arch/.

BAPTIST (listserv@lsv.uky.edu) is the Open Baptist Discussion List, and
for Scientology , try http://www.scientology.org/.

BELIEF-L (on listserv@listserv.aol.com) is where personal ideologies can 
be discussed, examined, and analyzed. PAGAN-HOME (majordomo@perv.daft.com) 
is for those wanting to explore paganism and neo-paganism. 

Several sacred texts and primary texts of religious interest are available 
by anonymous FTP or LISTSERV. The Bible, the Book of Mormon and the Koran 
(also spelled Quran) are available many places, and in a variety of file 
formats. 

M.H. Shakir's full text translation of the Koran (the Holy Qur'an) are at

    http://ftp.spies.com/Gopher/Library/Religion/Quran/

Here, you will also find the full text of the Bible (King James Version), 
the Book of Mormon, and a "Search the Bible" feature. The WWW Bible Gateway 
(http://bible.gospelcom.net/) offers seven translations of the book in 
six languages, and a contents search service. 

A short file of quotes from the Koran is available from the archives of
listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu. File name: PAKISTAN AL_QURAN. 

You will find an interesting collection of Sanskrit texts at

    ftp://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/pub/john

You can search the Book of Mormon, the Quran, King James' Bible, the 
BUDDHA-L mailing list, and other religious resources at 

    http://www.ub2.lu.se/auto_new/auto_39.html

Use Archie (see Appendix 6) to find other religious texts available through 
the Internet. On FidoNet, check out JVArcServ. 

On CompuServe's Religion Forum (GO RELIGION) you can get into serious 
discussion about topics ranging from Christianity, Judaism, Eastern 
Religions, Islam, Interfaith Dialog, Limbo, Pagan/Occult, to Religion and 
Science, Liturgical Churches, Mormonism, Ethics and Values, and more. You 
may also want to check out the New Age Forum. 

Philosophy, etc.
----------------
Check http://www-personal.monash.edu.au/~sab/index_old.htm for The 
Chinese Philosophy Page. For more links to Su Tzu, Kong Fu Zi - Confucius, 
Tao, Lao Tze, Chinese Classics, and other old Chinese masters, take a look 
at http://www.gac.edu/Academics/philosophy/lchinese.html. 

The PHILCOMM (listserv@vm.its.rpi.edu) discussion list is where you 
debate the philosophy of communication. 

The talk.religion.newage newsgroup focuses on esoteric and minority 
religions & philosophies.

The YOGA mailing list (on majordomo@inet.it) has Italian language 
discussion about yoga. 

If you know what the term New Age is about, then try The New Age Directory 
(on http://www.wholarts.com/psychic/misc.html) for a long list of links.

Job-hunting by modem
--------------------
Unemployment is a global problem, and losing a job is usually a bad 
experience. Job-hunting is the solution. If you have a job, you may be 
looking for something better. 

There are many forums and conferences devoted to job-hunting. FidoNet has 
the JOBS conference, for those with plenty of time, and JOBS-NOW (Job & 
Employment offerings/listings) for those who cannot wait. 

On Bergen By Byte, it is called 'Job_market', and on ILINK CAREER. In many 
countries there are local bulletin boards operated by public employment 
agencies. 

If your potential employers have an email address, you can send dozens of 
job resumes - while reading the newspaper! 

On Usenet, check out misc.entrepreneur and alt.business.misc. The Web 
service at http://www.discribe.ca/yourhbiz/howto/helphint.htm offers 
"Helpful Hints for Home Businesses." You may also find these Web resources 
interesting: 

 http://www.overseasjobs.com/resources/
 http://www.dbm.com/jobguide/
 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/classifieds/careerpost/parachute/parafram2.htm

CompuServe's Working-From-Home Forum is moderated by online gurus Paul and 
Sarah Edwards. Here, home-based business people gather informally to offer 
contacts and political clout. The file library contains back issues of the 
"Making It on Your Own" electronic magazine. The IDEAS.BIZ file in Library 
2 is a list of 101 home-based businesses you can operate with a computer. 

Home based business opportunities may exist within areas such as desktop 
publishing, desktop video, high-tech equipment repair, import and export 
management, and professional practice management. Learn from others in 
forums or conferences on related topics. 

For some, the biggest challenges of being out of work is losing that day-
to-day contact with the people in their industry. The online world is an 
excellent way to stay in touch. Whatever your industry, there are places 
online to hang out, learn the latest developments and stay connected. 

Being a member of an online forum does not mean that you are overtly 
looking for a job - an activity that your current employer may not 
appreciate. By being there, however, you have put yourself out there to be 
discovered. The discovered candidate is always more interesting than one 
who sends in his resume along with 300 other applicants' resumes. 

The good news is that many organizations are also having problems finding 
qualified candidates for their vacant positions, and that some of them are 
turning to the online world for help. This is what one of them did (from an 
online announcement): 

        Because it is difficult to locate qualified candidates for 
   positions in special libraries and information centers, and to 
   help special librarians and information specialists to locate 
   positions, the student chapter of the Special Libraries 
   Association at Indiana University has formed a LISTSERV, SLAJOB, 
   in connection with the Indiana Center for Database Systems. 
        The LISTSERV, available on both the Internet and Bitnet, will 
   help special libraries and information centers in the sciences, 
   industry, the arts and within public and academic libraries to have 
   a central location for announcing special library and information 
   science positions. 
        The LISTSERV is available to individuals or organizations 
   that have an Internet or Bitnet network connection.  For those 
   on the network, subscribe by sending an email message to: 

        listserv@iubvm.ucs.indiana.edu

   Leave the subject line blank and then type the following in the 
   message of the text: 

        subscribe SLAJOB [firstname]  [lastname]




------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 6: Your personal HealthNet
==================================

Health is a concern in most families. Where a family member or a friend is 
suffering from cancer, AIDS, a serious disability, or a rare disease, 
finding help is urgent. 

Fortunately, there are many sources of information for those who want to 
know more. 

First, you should check out the online world's health-related clubs and 
forums. In these, you can meet others with a given disease or problem 24 
hours a day. Those who cannot sleep at night, are free to log in any time 
to "talk" with others. 

The members of these forums often feel part of a community. As in 
communities everywhere, people share both the good times and the not-so-
good times. Many online communities have pulled together during crises, 
sharing the grief caused by the death of a fellow forum member, a loved one 
of a member or, occasionally, a celebrity. 

While the social aspect of joining a forum is important, it may be equally 
important to learn about other people's experiences with alternative 
treatment methods, doctors, medicines, and to get practical advice. 

Second, you should check out Usenet's Frequently Asked Questions texts on 
medicine-related topics. The FAQs represent information that newsgroup 
participants find essential in their disciplines. For example, the diabetes 
FAQ presents collected wisdom about diabetes resources. Read about how to 
retrieve these texts in Appendix 6 (under FAQ).

Here are some examples to illustrate the width of the offerings in the 
online world: 

Emergency medicine
------------------
Practicing First Aid without proper coaching can be as dangerous as not 
doing it at all. A little knowledge can be a dangerous thing! The tips 
found on these links are not meant to be a substitute for attending a 
professional First Aid Course! 

    http://www.westmass.com/redcross/tips.html          (General)
    http://www.familyinternet.com/babycare/dkfirsta.htm (Babies)
    http://www.pe.net/%7Eiddpc1/emergenc.htm            (Dental)

AIDS
----
The U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease home page 
(http://www.niaid.nih.gov/) is a rich resource of AIDS related 
information. The World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS is 
at http://www.unaids.org/, and the Official American Medical Association's 
(AMA) AIDS resource at http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/hivhome.htm.

This Hong Kong page at http://www.iohk.com/UserPages/mlau/aidshome.html 
has general information on AIDS, treatments and infections information, 
organizations, many links, etc. 

Usenet has newsgroups like sci.med.aids (AIDS: treatment, pathology/biology 
of HIV, prevention), bionet.molbio.hiv, sci.med.aids. 

If you do not have access to Usenet newsgroups, send electronic mail to 
majordomo@wubios.wustl.edu with the command "subscribe aids" to receive 
the sci.med.aids moderated news group by email. For more information, see
http://www.aids.wustl.edu.

HIVNET is an international network for HIV and AIDS information and 
discussion. For information, try one of these links

   http://www.hivnet.nl/
   http://hivnet.fhcrc.org/

Try telnet://debra.dgbt.doc.ca:3000 for interactive AIDS documentation 
(simulated conversation). There also exists a FAQ document about AIDS (see 
appendix 6). 

CompuServe has a Human Sexuality Forum, and a MEDSig with associated file 
libraries. Its surcharged ZiffNet database offers full-text articles about 
health topics (Health Database Plus). On the Well, enter "g aids". 

Health Database Plus is called The Health Periodicals Database on BRS and 
KR Dialog. It gathers information from over 240 journals targeted at either 
the lay person or the health professional. 

Example: Kidney disease
-----------------------
In Chapter 1, I told you that my wife has a rare disease called Polycystic 
Kidneys. Let me provide more details about what happened during the "online 
health trip" to CompuServe with her doctor: 

The command "GO HEALTH" gave us the following menu:

    1 HealthNet
    2 Human Sexuality
    3 Consumer Health
    4 NORD Services/Rare Disease
       Database
    5 PaperChase (MEDLINE)
    6 Information USA/Health
    7 Handicapped User's Database
    8 Disabilities Forum
    9 Aids Information
   10 Cancer Forum

Another menu, listing available "PROFESSIONAL FORUMS," had choices like 
AAMSI Medical Forum and Health Forum. We also searched several medical 
databases. 

Menu selection five gave us The National Library of Medicine's database 
(MEDLINE), full of references to biomedical literature. 

This database had more than five million references to articles from 4,000 
magazines from 1966 and up to the time of our search (1991). In 1994, it 
had grown to seven million references. Easy navigation by menus. Easy to 
search. 

Those with no medical training may find it difficult to understand the 
information retrieved from MEDLINE (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/). If this is 
the case for you, consider using databases of consumer health information, 
such as HealthNet or Health Database Plus on CompuServe. 

The AAMSI Medical Forum (MedSIG) is sponsored by The American Association 
for Medical Systems and Informatics (AAMSI). It is for professionals within 
health care, people within associated technical fields, and ordinary 
CompuServe users. Its members meet to find, develop and swap information. 

MedSIG has a library with programs and information files. This is an 
example of what you can find there: 

    ATLAS.ARC          21-Sep-88 30161              

    Keywords: STEREOTAXIC STEREOTACTIC STEREOTAXIS ATLAS THALAMOTOMY 
    MAP FUNCTIONAL GIF
    
    This contains several of the most useful stereotaxic maps from 
    the Schaltenbrand and Wahren Atlas in GIF format.  If you can 
    get GIF into your CAD or drawing program, you can scale the maps 
    to fit your individualized patient's AC-PC distance, thereby 
    generating a customized map for your patient.
    
CompuServe offers many programs for reading GIF files, and converting GIF 
files to other graphical formats. 

Through IQuest, we searched medical databases. Simple menus helped define 
relevant search terms. When done, IQuest searched selected databases for 
us, and presented the selected articles on our local computer screen. 

We used the "SmartScan" search mode in the "Medical research" area. IQuest 
searched several databases with a minimum of manual intervention. 

First, it reported that the following databases would be included in the 
search: 

BRS databases:
  Ageline - Contains  references to and abstracts of materials on 
    aging and the elderly.  Covers psychological, medical, economic, 
    and political concerns.
  AIDS Database -  Includes critically selected articles covering 
    all aspects of AIDS, (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and
    AIDS-related research.
  AIDS Knowledge Base - Provides an online textbook of the most 
    current information on AIDS available from San Francisco General  
    Hospital. 
  Combined Health Information Database  -  For professionals, 
    patients, and the general public, CHID contains references to a 
    variety of materials on arthritis, diabetes, health education,  
    digestive diseases, and high blood pressure. Provides abstracts.
  Embase - Includes extensive abstracts of articles related to 
    biomedicine from medical journals worldwide. About 40% of the 
    references are online only. 
  Rehabdata  -  Covers articles, books, reports, and audiovisual 
    materials dealing with the rehabilitation of the physically and  
    mentally handicapped.  References only.
  Sport Database - Indexes publications dealing with sports, 
    including training, medicine, education, and history. Drawn 
    mostly from English and French with technical articles from 
    other languages. 

KR Dialog databases:
  BioBusiness - Deals with the business aspects of biotechnology and 
    biomedical research. Draws from BIOSIS and MANAGEMENT CONTENTS.
  BIOSIS    Previews  -  Provides international coverage of all 
    aspects of biological science. 
  Cancerlit  - Monitors articles from journals and other technical 
    publications dealing with all aspects of cancer research 
    throughout the world.  Includes abstracts.
  Clinical Abstracts - Covers human clinical study articles of major 
    importance selected from leading medical journals. Includes all 
    aspects of clinical medicine.  Corresponds to Abstracts in 
    Internal Medicine. Abstracts available.
  Life Sciences Collection - Abstracts technical literature in the 
    life sciences from journals and other scientific publications 
    worldwide. 
  Medline (1966 - to date)  - Indexes articles from medical journals 
    published worldwide. Corresponds to Index Medicus, International 
    Nursing Index and Index to Dental Literature. Includes abstracts 
    in roughly 40% of the records.
  SciSearch  -  Monitors worldwide literature across a wide range of 
    scientific and technological disciplines.  Produced by the 
    Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). 

Next, we entered our search term: "LIVER AND CYST/". The search word 
"CYST/" signified "cyst" should match any words starting with these four 
characters. 

While searching, IQuest gave the following progress report:

  Scanning BRS databases.

  Accessing Network...........Completed.
  Accessing Database Host.....Completed.
  Logging on..................Completed.
  Logging on (second step)....Completed.
  Selecting Databases.........Completed.

  Each period equals one line
  of scanned data.  This may take
  several minutes................................

It reported in the same way while "Scanning Dialog databases." 

When the search results were presented, we quickly browsed the article 
abstracts, ordered two articles to be sent us by mail, and typed BYE. 

CompuServe reported "Off at 09:12 EST 17-Nov-88 Connect time = 0:35." The 
two articles arrived in Norway by mail a few weeks later. 

The trip, including visits in medical forums, took 35 minutes. The cost, 
including local telephone and network charges, was US$95. Of this total 
cost, the extra cost of searching through IQuest amounted to US$54.00. 
We all felt that the costs were well justified. 

  | A note about the costs: The online tour was done manually,  |
  | using full menus. We discussed our search strategy while    |
  | connected. This is more expensive than logging off to plan  |
  | the next moves. Also, note that the extra cost of searching |
  | IQuest ($54) was not time dependent.                        |
  |                                                             |
  | The cost of doing an equivalent search today may well be    |
  | lower.                                                      |


Since then, I first promised to donate one of my kidneys to her when the 
time came. This prompted me (in 1993) to join a mailing list for "Organ 
transplant recipients and anyone else interested in the issues" (TRNSPLNT 
on listserv@wuvmd.wustl.edu). 

In October 1995, came D-Day. We were both enrolled at the Rikshospitalet
in Norway. Her two kidneys were taken out, and my left kidney was put in 
there instead. The time at the hospital was critical, and we almost lost 
her. However, in late spring things started slowly to pick up again!! 

If you're facing a transplant, visit The TransWeb - Transplantation and 
Donation page on the Web (at http://www.transweb.org/). It is well-
informed and useful with information of interest to patients as well as 
professionals. 

Alcohol
-------
Has your life been affected by someone else's drinking? The Al-Anon & 
Alateen WWW Server is offered by a world-wide organization for the families 
and friends of alcoholics. Alateen is for teenagers.

If you are concerned about someone else's drinking, or were raised in an 
alcoholic home, then the resource at http://www.Al-Anon-Alateen.org may 
be for you. It offers a self-help recovery program for families and friends 
of alcoholics whether or not the alcoholic seeks help or even recognizes 
the existence of a drinking problem. Information is provided in several
languages.

ALCOINFO (listserv@ecuvm.cis.ecu.edu) is a discussion list for alcohol 
and drug related issues.

Cancer
------
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and 
spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in 
death. Anyone can get cancer. Since incidence rises with age, most cases 
affect adults in mid-life or older. 

Researchers estimate that if everything known about the prevention of 
cancer was applied, up to two-thirds of cancer could be prevented (source: 
The American Cancer Society). 

Internet has the CANCER-L discussion list (listserv@wvnvm.wvnet.edu). 
A while ago, a member from Brazil posted the following 
message on CANCER-L: 

  "A close friend was just diagnosed with acute leukemia of a type 
  called calapositive pre-B linphoplastic. It is supposedly an 
  early diagnosis since he is not anemic. We are very shocked but 
  he is reacting quite bravely and all he wants is to have access 
  to literature on his condition. Are there any new genetic 
  engineering developments effectively clinically available? What 
  is the present state of knowledge about this specific form of 
  leukemia? 

  He was diagnosed three hours ago, is 48 yrs old, and will start 
  chemotherapy tomorrow. He was informed that chemotherapy is quite 
  effective in this type of leukemia. But we wonder if there isn't 
  a possibility to use gene therapy. 

  Any help will be greatly appreciated. - Dora."

Dora had several helpful replies. The following came from a member living 
in the United States: 

  "In response to the request for information on treatment for 
  leukemia, I recommend that you access CancerNet, the National 
  Cancer Institute's mail server on the Internet which provides 
  current information on treatment for leukemia. To request the 
  Contents List and Instructions, send a mail message to 

  cancernet@icicb.nci.nih.gov (Internet address)

  Leave the subject line blank, and in the body of the mail 
  message, enter "HELP."  When you receive the Contents list, 
  request the statement for Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia 
  (cn-101024). 

  There are also News and General Information items, under the 
  Heading PDQ Database Information in the Contents List which 
  provide information on centers which have access to Physician 
  Data Query, NCI's database of cancer treatment information which 
  includes clinical trials information for leukemia. - Cheryl."

CancerNet is the U.S. National Cancer Institute's international information 
center. It offers a quick and easy way of getting recommended treatment 
guidelines from the National Cancer Institute's Physician Data Query 
system. Languages are English and Spanish. Check these links: 

    http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov
    http://wwwicic.nci.nih.gov/icichome.htm
    http://imsdd.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancernet/cancernet.html [Germany]

The National Cancer Center in Tokyo (Japan) is at http://www.ncc.go.jp/.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in France is at
http://www.iarc.fr/

In the CompuServe Cancer Forum's Library 1, retrieve the book "Fighting 
Cancer" by Annette and Richard Bloch (File name: FCBOOK.EXE). 

NYSERNet's Breast Cancer Information Clearinghouse has an information 
server at http://nysernet.org/bcic/. For their "After Diagnosis: Common 
Questions & Expectations of Cancer Patients and Their Families," check 
http://nysernet.org/bcic/subject/diagnosis.html. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) at http://www.who.ch/, and the 
International Union Against Cancer (UICC) (at http://www.uicc.ch) 
present information in English and French. 

OncoLink at http://oncolink.upenn.edu/ is another great resource with an 
abundance of information, and links to other resources on cancer. You can 
WAIS search its library. Another place to search is The Medical Information 
Archives at http://www.medinfo.org/. They also offers a link to an index 
of archived messages from Usenet groups dealing with cancer. 

The German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum)
is at http://mbi.dkfz-heidelberg.de/. Text is in German and English.

CompuServe has a Cancer Forum. The American Cancer Society, Inc.'s forum 
on America Online focuses on the incidence, prevention, diagnosis and 
treatment of cancer. 

Diabetes
--------
A patient oriented Diabetes FAQ document is available at 

   http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/diabetes/top.html

The text has been collected among members of the misc.health.diabetes 
newsgroup. Also, check out these Internet resources: 

   http://www.ability.org.uk/diabetes.html
   http://www.diabetic.org.uk/index.htm
   http://www.niddk.nih.gov/DiabetesDocs.html

The Diabetes News Page (http://www.diabetesnews.com/) provides the latest 
news on diabetes and related subjects, and has informative links. 

The DIABETIC mailing list (at listproc@Lehigh.edu) is where diabetic 
patient can exchange ideas, comments, gripes, fears, or whatever, related 
to his or her condition. Expect to find lots of "real world" accounts about 
living with diabetes. 

Disabilities
------------
Online conferences give equal access to all persons. Everybody is treated 
the same way, regardless if they sit in a wheel chair, have a hearing 
impairment, stutter, cannot speak clearly, have difficulties in thinking or 
acting quickly, or just have a different looks. 

You need not worry about typing errors. Those who read them will never know 
whether it is because you never learned how to write on a computer, or if it 
is because you have difficulties in controlling your movements. 

You alone decide if others are to know about your personal disability. If 
you want it to be a secret, then it will remain a secret. 

Nobody can possibly know that you are mute and lame from the neck and down, 
that computer communication is your main gate into the outer world, and 
that you are writing messages with a stick attached to your forehead. 
Therefore, joining the online world has changed the lives of many people 
with disabilities. 

Computer communications have opened a new world for those who are forced to 
stay at home, or who thinks that it is too difficult to travel. Those who 
can easily drive their car to the library, often have difficulties in 
understanding the significance of this. 

Usenet has alt.education.disabled. It covers all areas of disabilities, 
technical, medical, educational, legal, etc. UUCP has the handicap forum. 
It is presented in the following words: 

    Contact: wtm@bunker.shel.isc-br.com
    Purpose:  The Handicap Digest provides an information/discussion
    exchange for issues dealing with the physically/mentally
    handicapped.  Topics include, but are not limited to: medical,
    education, legal, technological aids and the handicapped in
    society.

CompuServe's Disabilities Forum has sections called: General Interest, 
Develop. Disabilities, Emotional Disturbances, Hearing Impairments, 
Learning Disabilities, Vision Impairments, Mobility Impaired, 
Rights/Legislation, Education/Employment and Family Life/Leisure. 

The AUTISM mailing list on listserv@maelstrom.stjohns.edu is devoted to 
the developmentally disabled, their teachers, and those interested in this 
area. 

The BLIND-L list (listserv@uafsysb.uark.edu) focuses on "Computer Use by 
and for the Blind." BLINDFAM on listserv@maelstrom.stjohns.edu is for 
blind people and their families. Sighted people are welcome to take part if 
any member of their family has a visual impairment. 

DEAF-L (on listserv@siu.edu) is the "Deaf Discussion List," and DEAFBLND 
(on listserv@lsv.uky.edu) the "Deaf-Blind Discussion List." You can 
browse the Deafblnd discussions at the following Web address: 
http://www.tr.wou.edu/archives/deafblnd.html. 

DEAF-MAG (on listserv@listserv.clark.net) is a weekly Deaf Magazine. The 
Central Institute for the Deaf is at: http://cidmac.wustl.edu/. 

STUT-HLP (on listproc@bgu.edu) is a support forum for people who stutter 
and their families. 

On L-HCAP (listserv@listserv.nodak.edu), they focus on Technology for the 
handicapped. BACKS-L (listproc@list.uvm.edu) discusses research on low 
back pain disability. 

The Handicap Digest is an email only digest of articles about all types of 
issues affecting the handicapped. The articles are taken from the Usenet 
newsgroup, the Handicap News (misc.handicap), and various FidoNet 
conferences such as ABLED, BlinkTalk  SilentTalk, Chronic Pain, Spinal 
Injury, Rare Conditions, and others. Subscribe by email to 

    wtm@bunker.shel.isc-br.com

There is a large amount of disability-related information, files and 
programs at http://disability.isc-br.com/. 

ADVOCACY on listserv@maelstrom.stjohns.edu is a discussion list dedicated 
to addressing the issues of people with disabilities in bettering their 
lives and protecting their rights. 

Here are some Web sites devoted to the blind and disabled:

   http://www.nfb.org/default.htm
   http://www.rit.edu:80/~easi/
   http://disability.com

The Internet Mental Health Resources home page (Canada) is at:
http://www.mentalhealth.com/

Drugs
-----
For information about drugs, check out the HealthyWay site in Canada (at
http://www.pei.sympatico.ca/Contents/Health/LISTS/B10-C02_res1.html).
It offers an abundance of information about drug abuse, drug dependence, 
and about drugs like Amphetamines, Cannabis, Cocaine/Crack, Ecstasy, 
Ketamine, LSD, Nitrites/Poppers, Opiates/Heroin, Solvents, Steroids, 
Tranquillizers. 

Here are also Facts About Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines,
Hallucinogens, Inhalants, PCP, and more, plus advice on recognizing and 
helping drug abusers.

Emotional support
-----------------
There are over 200 resources on the Internet offering emotional support. 
Areas covered include Abuse, Addiction, Anxiety and panic, Attention 
Deficit, Broken Relationships, Divorce, Depression, Loneliness, Obsessive-
Compulsive, Personality Disorders, Schizophrenia, Low Self Esteem, Suicide, 
etc. Check out the links at http://www.compulink.co.uk/~net-services/, 
and see the Panic-Anxiety Page http://www.algy.com/anxiety/.

If you are already addicted to the Internet, don't hesitate. Click at
http://www.earthplaza.com/netaholics for "Netaholics Anonymous."

Getting old
-----------
Ageing is focused at http://alpha.genebee.msu.su/agenews.html. The page 
has links to bionet.molbio.ageing, sci.life-extension, and archives of 
old postings at BIOSCI/bionet. 

CompuServe's Issues Forum has a message section called "Seniors." 

Ageline on KR Dialog is a database produced by the American Association of 
Retired Persons. It does an excellent job covering research about older 
persons, particularly on consumer issues and health care, by summarizing 
journal articles and the contents of other published reports. 

While our "face-to-face" world sometimes makes it difficult for older 
people to participate in discussions between young people, this is not the 
situation in the online world. All people are treated the same way. It is 
impossible for others to know your age, unless someone tells them. 

Getting fertile
---------------
The Atlanta Reproductive Health Centre (http://www.ivf.com) informs about 
women's health issues such as infertility and endometriosis. An online book 
for couples describing infertility treatment is included. A photo gallery 
illustrates various problems that result in pelvic pain and infertility. 
Various surgical treatments are shown. Text and graphics explore the latest 
in high-tech fertility options. 

Headache
--------
ACHE - Understanding Headache (at http://www.achenet.org/understand.htm)
is worth a visit for sufferers. Understanding the problem is the first step 
towards solutions. 

Herpes
------
"In the U.S. alone, an estimated 40 million adults have genital herpes, and  
50 million might have oral herpes (cold sores)," said the Herpes Education
page (at http://www.herpes.com/)

It covers symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, treatments, medications, self-
help, pregnancy, recurrences, current research, personal experiences, diet 
and nutrition, products, and have pointers to other Web sites. 

Also, visit http://www.racoon.com/herpes/ for more information and links 
on treatment, support, research. 

Holistic Healing and Health
---------------------------
HOLISTIC-L (on listserv@siu.edu) is dedicated to "providing information 
and discussion on holistic concepts and methods of living which provide a 
natural way of dealing with the challenges of life." Here are some topics 
dealt with in this forum: 

     Various Dimensions of Holistic Healing and Health
     States of Consciousness
     Meditation and the role it plays in spiritual/physical health 
     The impact of a healthy diet - including Herbs and Vitamins
     Bodywork - such as Rolfing, Trager bodywork, Reichian, etc.
     Acupuncture/pressure
     Hypnosis and Biofeedback
     Visualizations and Affirmations
     Spiritual Healing - Psychic healing methods
     Bioenergetics
     The holistic connection between mind and body
     Honest discussion of topics relevant to personal/spiritual 
     growth - And anything else within context for the betterment 
     of the world. 

The following message is typical:

From:    Helen 
Subject: Re: Asthma and Sinus Problems
To:      Multiple recipients of list HOLISTIC 

  My condolences to fellow people allergic to cats.  Cats and 
  strawberries are two of the most allergenic substances.  
  Behavorial changes have proven to be EVERYTHING to me.  The 
  techniques I've employed have helped many others.  First, try 
  sleeping at a 45 degree angle.  This usually requires piling up 
  pillows. The elevation of the head facilitates drainage from the 
  sinuses.  When the situation gets really bad, I've slept sitting 
  up on a couch or arm chair propped up by numerous pillows and 
  cushions.  This technique can take some getting used to, but, it 
  works like a charm and is kinder to your system than drug 
  therapy. 

  Second, try "ephedra" tea.  This is an herb found in Chinese 
  herb shops.  Ask the herbalist how to prepare it. 

  I highly recommend the book "Natural Health, Natural Medicine" 
  by Andrew Weil, M.D. of U of A Med School in Tucson. See pages 
  253-256 for more information on asthma. 

  Fourth, stay hydrated.  This means not only drinking PLENTY of 
  fluids, but humidifying the house (that is if you are not also 
  allergic to molds). 

  Basic behavorial techniques are important....diet, exercise, 
  etc. etc, ...but this is the holistic network...I'm preaching to 
  the choir... 

  Finally, take heart!  Being allergic to cats is not well 
  received by cat lovers...often we're cat lovers ourselves. 
  Depending on the breed of cat, there is a good chance you will 
  eventually habituate to those you are around over the long term.  
  Good luck, the advice about sleeping with your head significantly 
  elevated is the best I have ever given out to fellow sinus 
  problem sufferers. It really works!! 

  Helen.

HomeoNet, a service of the Institute of Global Communications (IGC), is for 
those interested in homeopathic medicine. The Homeopathic Internet Resource 
List (at http://www2.antenna.nl/homeoweb/) is a catalogue of net 
resources on Homeopathy. CompuServe has the Holistic Health Forum. 

Also, check out these Web sites: 

   http://galen.med.virginia.edu/~pjb3s/ComplementaryHomePage.html
   http://www.cc.emory.edu/WHSCL/medweb.html
   http://www.healthwwweb.com/
   http://www.yahoo.com/health/alternative_medicine

List of health information resources
------------------------------------
You'll find a comprehensive guide to Internet Clinical Medicine resources 
at http://www.medmatrix.org/index.asp.

Medscape (http://www.medscape.com/) offers free searching of the National 
Library of Medicine's MEDLINE abstracts database, and lots of information 
and news in full text for practitioners and health care consumers. 

OMNI http://omni.ac.uk/ is a gateway to Internet resources in medicine, 
biosciences, health care and health management. You can browse and search 
the comprehensive list of United Kingdom resources or the best resources 
from around the World. 

At http://galen.med.virginia.edu:80/~pjb3s/Acupuncture.html, you'll find 
a comprehensive list of acupuncture links.

Here are some resources that may be of interest to people not working in 
the health profession: 

  * ALLERGY (listserv@listserv.tamu.edu) -  About all types of human
        allergies - how allergies influence our health and lifestyles, 
        treatments for allergies from the consumer perspective and
        experience, self-help prevention of allergy symptoms, allergy
        self-care, allergy support systems, and basic facts. Web access
        is at: http://www.io.com/allergy/
  * BEHAVIOR (listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu) - Behavioral and Emotional 
        Disorders in Children,
  * HERB at listserv@vm.ege.edu.tr - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 
        discussion. You can search earlier messages using standard 
        Listserv methods (see Chapter 7). This database of previous 
        messages contains a wealth of interesting information.
  * SPORTPSY (listserv@vm.temple.edu):Exercise and Sports Psychology.
  * talk.abortion on Usenet.
  * MALARIA on listserv@wehi.edu.au is a forum for anyone wishing to 
        ask, preach, or communicate on the general subject of malaria. 

These mailing lists often save all messages in log files, and let you 
search these files for topics of interest. Thus, they are both living 
discussion forums and interesting searchable databases! 

Mednews is a weekly electronic newsletter. Its columns bring regular medical 
news summaries from USA Today, Center for Disease Control MMWR, weekly AIDS 
Statistics from CDC, and more. Subscribe to MEDNEWS by sending the 
following command to listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu: 

   SUB MEDNEWS Your-first-name Your-last-name

The World Health Organization provides access to world health statistics, 
WHO press releases, full text of selected WHO publications and more at
http://www.who.ch/.

You can easily find where to find information about different health topics 
provided by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) by using the search 
service at http://search.info.nih.gov/. 

Other health related links
--------------------------
The ChiMed webpage (http://www.soas.ac.uk/Needham/Chimed/) functions as a 
clearinghouse for scholars who study the history of medicine in China. 

Multiple sclerosis - MS : http://aspin.asu.edu/msnews/indexa.htm

  International MS Support Foundation. Hundreds of articles and links.
  For those with MS, their family, and friends.

Diarrhoea: http://www.bdf.org.uk/leaflets/diarrhoe.html

Many additional health and medicine links: http://www.HealthAtoZ.com/

Smoking
-------
The NOSMOKE2 mailing list is a support forum for people recovering from 
addiction to cigarettes.  It is for anybody with an interest in quitting 
smoking or in helping others quit. To subscribe, send email mail to 
maiser@earth.execnet.com. Command: "subscribe nosmoke2 user@address."

Also, there's another ex-smoker mailing list, the name is EXSMKR-L, at
listserv@psuvm.psu.edu.

(Avoid Usenet's alt.smokers - about "Puffing on tobacco," the CIGAR-L 
mailing list of The Cigar and Pipe Society at listserv@american.edu, 
and the Cigar & Pipe Smokers Forum, CIGARPIPE-L on 
listserver@switchsoft.com.) 

The U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has their Web 
home page at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/nhlbi/nhlbi.htm For comprehensive 
information about cardiology, coronary care, angioplasty, heart attack, 
stroke, vascular disease, tachycardia, angina, cholesterol, blood pressure, 
heartburn, atherosclerosis, hypertension, see http://www.hearthome.com/. 

Red Cross and Red Crescent
--------------------------
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has a 
presence at http://www.ifrc.org/. The International Committee of the Red 
Cross (ICRC) is at http://www.icrc.ch.

Computers and health
--------------------
Oh, yes! Almost forgot Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI). You may know it as 
typing injury. Start by browsing The Typing Injury FAQ document at 
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dwallach/tifaq/, and follow the leads. 
 
The RSI Newsletter is for people who suffer from keyboard related injuries.  
It is regularly posted to the SOREHAND mailing list, for Discussion of 
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Tendinitis, etc. Subscribe by sending email to 
listserv@itssrvl.ucsf.edu. 

There is a Chronic fatigue syndrome / Myalgic encephalomyelitis Web page
at http://www.cais.com/cfs-news/

If you have even the slightest pain in your arm or shoulder that could be 
related to your use of a computer, check out these leads. Personally, I 
lingered too long, and it took me over nine months to be reasonably well 
again. 

Act now!

The Visible Man
---------------
For 3-dimensional digitized images of the human body, point your browser at 
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html. Beware! While 
these pictures are very interesting, they are also big. You may also want 
to try Human Anatomy On-line at http://www.innerbody.com/.

If you need more, visit Galaxy Net's Medicine page at

  http://galaxy.einet.net/galaxy/Medicine.html

It contains several subject areas as well as powerful search engines tied 
to specialty and subspecialty areas.  Galaxy searches Internet documents  
and offers listings tied to specialty areas and topical interests. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 7: Electronic mail, telex, and fax
==========================================

Electronic mail may well be the most popular applications of online 
services, and its usage is growing at a phenomenal rate. 

Way back in 1994, BIS Strategic Decisions (USA) forecasted over 25 billion 
email messages for the coming year, more than twice the number for 1992. 
By one estimate, over a trillion email messages were sent during 1996. 

In May 1997, the Electronic Messaging Association (USA) projected that the 
number of email users would surpass 108 million by the year 2000, and that 
those users would receive more than 7 trillion messages per year.

If a given email service charges you US$30 per hour, it will cost you a 
meager US$0.075 to send one typewritten letter (size A-4, or around 2,200 
characters). On the Internet, the cost is almost negligible for many users. 
See Chapter 15 for a breakdown of this cost. 

If you live in Norway, and send the letter by ordinary mail to a recipient 
in Norway, postage alone is US$0.52 (1994). The cost is seven times higher 
than when using email. 

To send the same letter from Norway to the United States by ordinary mail 
will cost 11 times more than email. The letter takes several days to reach 
the destination, while email messages arrive almost instantly. 

Often, you can send email messages to several recipients in one operation,
and without paying extra for the pleasure. Compare with what it costs to 
send to several parties using fax! 

You do not have to buy envelopes and stamps, fold the sheet, put it into 
the envelope, and bring it to a mailbox. Just let the computer call your 
favorite email service to send the letter. 

The recipient does not have to sit by the computer waiting for your mail. 
The message will be automatically stored in his electronic mailbox. He can 
read it when he has time. 

The recipient can print it locally. It will be a perfect document, no 
different to one typed locally. He can correct, make comments, and email it 
onwards to a third party. In this way several people can work jointly on a 
report. There is never any need for you to re-type the text from scratch. 

When you receive several messages, you can very quickly create replies to 
them one at the time at your keyboard, and then send them in one go. No 
need to feed five different pieces of paper into a fax machine or envelopes 
for five different people. 

Where you can find a telephone, you can also read mail. In most countries, 
communicating by email is easy and economical. 

The simple but miraculous thing about email is that you can easily and 
exactly quote the point to which you are replying. It is truly a revolution 
in communication. 

  | Some online services have a limit on the size of your mailbox.  |
  | If you receive a lot of mail, you must regularly read and make  |
  | room for new. If your mailbox is full, new mail may be rejected |
  | without warning.   You may never know that a person tried to    |
  | reach you. Select a service that has room for all your mail!    |

How to send email?
-------------------
Many users just "talk" with an email program to send and receive mail. 
Internet users of programs like Pegasus Mail and Eudora typically compose 
mail before calling the access service. They click on a "write new mail" 
icon, enter an email address, a subject, write the text, and click at Send. 

When all outgoing messages have been composed, they logon to the Internet.
Their mail is sent in one batch, and incoming messages are retrieved. The 
interaction with the online service is transparent to the user. Simple. 
Safe. Quick. Cheap. (see Chapter 16 for more on automatic email programs). 

CompuServe users of programs like OzWin or TAPCIS do it in a similar way.
However, they can also do it manually. This is what it normally takes to 
do that: 

    Type GO MAIL to get to the "post office," and then COMPOSE. 
         "Start writing," says CompuServe. Type your message
    manually, or send a file (text or binary). Type /EXIT when 
    done. 
         "To whom?" asks CompuServe. You enter: "Odd de Presno
    75755,1327," or just my mailbox number (75755,1327).
         CompuServe asks you to enter Subject. You type: "Hello,
    my friend!" Your message has been sent. 
         A few seconds later, the message will arrive in my 
    mailbox. If I am online to CompuServe at the moment, I will 
    probably read it right away. If not, it will stay there until I 
    get around to fetch it. (For a fast reply, try my Internet 
    address instead.)

Other systems require different commands to send email. The Login host in
Oslo (Norway) is a Unix system connected to the Internet. So is The Well 
in San Francisco. On these systems, mail can be sent using these commands: 

    Type "mail presno@login.eunet.no". When the computer asks for 
    "Subject:," enter "Hello, my friend!" 
         Type your message, or send a pre-prepared text. When done, 
    enter a period (.) in the beginning of a line, and the message 
    is on its way.

Though the commands for sending email differ between systems, the principle 
is the same. All systems will ask you for an address, and the text of your 
message. On some, the address is a code, on others a name (like ODD DE 
PRESNO). The same applies to the email programs.

Most systems and programs will ask for a Subject title. Many will let you 
send copies of your mail to other recipients (Cc:). 

Some services let you send binary files as email. Binary files contain 
codes based on the binary numeration system. Such codes are used in 
computer programs, graphics pictures, compressed spreadsheets, word 
processed text files, and sound files. 

Email to Fax and back
---------------------
Many online services let you send your messages to millions of fax 
machines, as telex (to over 1.8 million telex machines), and as ordinary 
paper mail. We have tested this successfully on CompuServe, MCI Mail and 
other services. 

On CompuServe, replace "Odd de Presno 75755,1327" with "FAX:  4737027111". 
My fax number is +47 370 27111. 

On MCI Mail type "CREATE:". MCI asks for "To:," and you type "Odd de Presno 
(Fax)." MCI asks for "Country:". You enter "Norway". By "RECIPIENT FAX NO" 
enter "37027111" (the code for international calls). The country code for 
Norway, 01147, is added automatically. By "Options?," press ENTER. When MCI 
Mail asks for more recipients, press ENTER. Type your message, and have it 
sent. 

Some commercial services let you send faxes worldwide from the Internet. 
Examples: FAXiNET (Email: info@awa.com. Also handles inbound addresses), 
and InterFax (Email: faxmaster@pan.com). 

The FAQ "How can I send a fax from the Internet?" is posted regularly to 
alt.internet.services, alt.online-service, alt.bbs.internet, 
alt.answers and news.answers on Usenet. To get the most recent version, 
check http://www.savetz.com/fax/.

Email to Telex
--------------
To send a telex, you'll need the recipient's telex number, an answerback 
code, and the code of the recipient's country. If the message is meant for 
telex number 871161147, answerback ZETO, and country Russia (country code 
871), enter "TLX:871161147 ZETO" when sending from CompuServe. 

Postal delivery of email
------------------------
By entering "POSTAL," CompuServe will send your mail to a business 
associate in California or Brazil as a professional laser-printed letter. 
It will take you through the process of filling out the various address 
lines. The letter may well arrive faster than through ordinary mail. You
can also send for paper delivery through MCI Mail, and some other services.

When the recipient is using another mailbox system
--------------------------------------------------
When the recipient is using your mailbox service, writing addresses is 
simple. Not so when your email has to be forwarded to mailboxes on other 
online services through the Internet, X.400, or similar. 

A typical inter-system email address consists of a user name, a mailbox 
system code, and sometimes also routing information. The problem is that 
there is no universal addressing format. Finding out how to write a given 
address may be surprisingly difficult. 

Some services are not set up for exchange of email with other services. 

If your favorite system lets you send mail to other services, make a note 
about the following: 

    * You need to know the exact address of your recipient, and
      whether he is using this mailbox regularly. Many users have
      mailboxes that they use rarely or never. For example, do not
      try to send mail to my mailbox on Dow Jones News/Retrieval. 
      I only use the service sporadically. 

      Think of the easiest way for a recipient to respond before 
      sending a message to him or her. 

    * You may need to know how to rewrite the recipient's address 
      to fit your system. For example, you may have to use a domain 
      address to send through Internet, and a different form when 
      sending through an X.400 network. (More about this later.)

    * The recipient's mailbox system may not be on a network that
      has an email exchange agreement with your system's network(s). 
      Sometimes, you may have to use a commercial email relay service 
      to get your mail across (see Chapter 9). 

    * You may need to know how to route a message through other systems 
      to arrive at its destination. For example, mail from the Ulrik 
      computer in Oslo for Dominique Christian on the Difer system in
      Paris (France) used to be routed through a center in London. 

      Example: If you have problems sending email to me at the address
      presno@login.eunet.no, then you may succeed by rewriting it as
      presno%login.eunet.no@listserv.nodak.edu . The message will then go
      to listserv.nodak.edu, which will turn it into presno@login.eunet.no
      and forward it there. (More under Domain Name addressing below.)

    * While it may be easy to enclose binary files when sending to
      someone on your system, this may be impossible when sending
      across mailbox system boundaries.

    * While it may be possible to send text containing embedded control
      codes and special language characters to users of your system,
      they may disappear when sent to people elsewhere. Your safest bet 
      is to send your text as standard 7-bit ASCII text (see Appendix 4). 
      It is the lowest common denominator between computers, software, 
      networks, and users.

      Example: A user in Norway tried to send the Norwegian language
      line: "Jeg bor p Karlsy i Troms, Norge." The text was stored 
      using Windows Latin1. The receiver got: "Jeg bor pe Kalsxy i 
      Troms, Norge." Another user received the word "p" as "p=E5." 

      If you are using WordPerfect or Word for Windows on an MS-DOS
      computer, consider storing your text as DOS text before sending. 

Internet
--------
Internet's core network has gateways for electronic mail to systems on many 
other networks. When we include these systems and their connections, we 
call it the Matrix, or WorldNet (see Appendix 1 for more). 

If you are on the Matrix, you can send email to users on networks like 
EUnet, JANET, Uninett, BITNET, UUCP, CompuServe, MCI Mail, EcoNet, 
PeaceNet, ConflicNet, GreenNet, Web, Pegasus, AppleLink, Alternex, Nicarao, 
UUNET, FredsNaetet, PSI, Usenet, FidoNet and many others. You can send to 
people using Bergen By Byte in Norway, TWICS in Tokyo, and Colnet in Buenos 
Aires. 

When people talk about this phenomenon, they often refer to it as "Internet 
mail," even if they are just using the Internet as kind of an advanced 
telephone exchange. 

Let us take a closer look at the art of addressing mail through the 
Internet and the Matrix. 

Domain name addressing
----------------------
On the Internet, the general form of a person's email address is: 

    user-name@somewhere.domain

My main, international Internet mailbox address is: 

    presno@login.eunet.no

Read the address from left to right. First, the local name of the mailbox 
(my name abbreviated). Next, the name of the mailbox system or another 
identification code (here Login), the name of the institution or company 
(here EUnet, a Norwegian Internet provider), and finally the country (NO 
for Norway). 

People have sent mail to my mailbox from New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Guatemala, 
Peru, India, China, Greece, Iceland, and Armenia using this address. 

Some of them had to send their mail through a gateway to the Internet, and 
the address sometimes had to be changed accordingly: 

Users of AppleLink use presno@login.eunet.no@INTERNET# . Those on JANET use 
presno%login.eunet.no@eanrelay.ac.uk. On SprintMail, use ("RFC-822": 
<presno(a)login.eunet.no>, SITE:INTERNET) . CompuServe subscribers use 
INTERNET:presno@login.eunet.no . 

The core of these address formats is "presno@login.eunet.no," in one way or 
the other. 

We call the core addressing format a Domain Naming System. "LOGIN.EUNET.NO" 
is a domain. The domain may also contain reference to the name of a company 
or an organization, like in twics.co.jp, compuserve.com, or IGC.ORG. The 
CO, COM, and ORG codes identify TWICS, CompuServe and IGC as companies or 
organizations. 

To send mail from the Internet to my CompuServe mailbox, use: 

    75755.1327@compuserve.com

Normally (except on AppleLink), a domain address can only contain one @-
character. When an address has to be extended with gateway routing 
information, replace all @-characters to the LEFT in the address by %-
characters. Here is an example: 

BITNET uses a different addressing method (USER@SYSTEM). On some Internet 
systems, you can simply use the address: USER@SYSTEM.BITNET , and the 
email system will handle the routing for you. 

If this method doesn't work, you may use a gateway into BITNET. You may 
route through CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU by composing an address like this: 

    USER%SYSTEM.BITNET@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU

The rightmost @ in this address is maintained. The one to the LEFT has been 
replaced with a %. The term ".BITNET" tells the gateway machine where to 
forward the message. 

The following will happen: First, the message will be sent to system CUNYVM 
at the EDUcation site CUNY. CUNYVM investigates the address, and discovers 
that the message is for BITNET. It cuts off all text to the right of 
"USER," and replaces the % with an @. The message is forwarded to the 
mailbox USER on the BITNET system SYSTEM. Replace USER and SYSTEM with real 
addressing data.

Bang addressing
---------------
"Bang" is American for "exclamation point" (!). The UUCP network uses it 
in their variation of the domain addressing scheme. 

Example: User Jill Small on Econet in San Francisco used to have the 
address pyramid!cdp!jsmall . Read this address from right to left. The name 
of her mailbox is to the right. The name of the organization is in the 
middle. "Pyramid" is the name of the network. 

   | Note: The ! character has a special function on Unix computers.  |
   | You may have to type the address as pyramid\!cdp\!jsmall to      |
   | avoid unwanted error messages. The \ character tells Unix to     |
   | regard the next character as a character, and not as a system    |
   | command. You can also precede other problematic characters with  |
   | \ in case of problems.                                           |

Some email systems can use bang addresses directly. If your system is 
unable to handle them, then you must send these messages through a gateway. 
The American host UUNET is a frequently used gateway. If routing through 
UUNET, you may write the address like this: 

    pyramid!cdp!jsmall@uunet.uu.net

If your system refuses to accept exclamation points in addresses, try 
converting the address into a standard Internet address. Write the address 
elements in the Internet sequence (left to right). Replace the exclamation 
points with %-s, like this: 

    jsmall%cdp%pyramid@uunet.uu.net

This method works most of the time. If it works, use this addressing form. 
Bang paths may fail if an intermediate site in the path happens to be down. 
(Most UUCP sites are registering Internet domain names now. This helps 
lessen the problem of path failures.) 

Some messages must be routed through many gateways to reach their 
destination. This is the longest address that I have used:

   hpda!hplabs!hpscdc!hp-lsd.cos.hp.com!oldcolo!dave@uunet.uu.net

It used to be the address of a user in Colorado, U.S.A.. Today, he can be 
reached using a much shorter address. 

If you are on UUCP/EUnet, you may use the following address to send 
email to Odd de Presno: 

   login.eunet.no!presno. 

Addressing international electronic mail sometimes looks like black magic. 
To learn more, read some of the books listed in Appendix 5. 

Another source is the conference INFO-NETS (General network forum). Here, 
the Internet postmasters discuss their addressing problems. Activity is 
high, and you will learn a lot about the noble art of addressing. (This is 
not the place to ask for Olav Janssen's Norwegian email address, though. 
This question should be sent to a Norwegian postmaster.) You can subscribe 
by email to INFO-NETS-request@NIC.SURFNET.NL.

  | Hint: You may search the database of old INFO-NETS messages by|
  | email to listserv@vm.gmd.de. See "Directories of services     |
  | and subscribers" below for information about how to search    |
  | LISTSERV databases.                                           |

cc:Mail gateways
----------------
Many Local Area Networks have been connected to the global Matrix of 
networks. CompuServe offers a cc:Mail gateway. Lotus cc:Mail is a PC Lan 
based email system used in corporate, government and other organizations. 

When sending from CompuServe Mail to a cc:Mail user through this gateway, a 
typical address may look like this: 

    >mhs:pt-support@performa

To send to this user from the Internet through CompuServe's MHS gateway, 
write the address like this: 

    pt-support@performa.mhs.compuserve.com

Other vendors of LAN gateways use different addressing methods. 

X.400 addressing
----------------
X.400 is a standard for electronic mail developed by ITU-TSS. It is used on 
large networks like AT&T Mail, MCI Mail, Sprintnet, GE Information System, 
Dialcom, and Western Union, and on public and private networks throughout 
the world. 

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) uses X.400 as a transport mechanism for 
coordination of electronic part ordering, stock control and payment. X.400 
is used to connect EDI systems between companies and suppliers. 

The X.400 addressing syntax is very different from domain addressing. To 
send a message from an X.400 mailbox to my address (presno@login.eunet.no), 
you may have to write it like this: 

   (C:NO,ADMD:uninett,PRMD:uninett,O:eunet,OU:login,S:presno)

Alas, it's not so standard as the domain addressing schemes. On other X.400 
networks, the address must be written in one of the following formats - or 
in yet other ways: 

   (C:US,A:Telemail,P:Internet,"RFC-822":<presno(a)login.eunet.no>)

   ("RFC-822": <presno(a)login.eunet.no>, SITE:INTERNET)

   '(C:USA,A:TELEMAIL,P:INTERNET,"RFC-822":<presno<a>login.eunet.no>) DEL'

   (site: INTERNET,ID: <presno<a>login.eunet.no>)

   "RFC-822=presno(a)login.eunet.no @ GATEWAY]INTERNET/TELEMAIL/US"

   S=presno/OU=login/ORG=eunet/P=uninett/C=no

To send from the Internet to a mailbox I once had on a Norwegian X.400 host 
(Telemax), I had to use this address: 

   /I=D/G=ODD/S=PRESNO/O=KUD.DATASEKR/@PCMAX.telemax.no

To send from the Internet to Telemail in the US, I have used this: 

   /PN=TELEMAIL.T.SUPPORT/O=TELENET.MAIL/ADMD=TELEMAIL/C=US/@sprint.com

If must route your message through gateways, then complexity increases. One 
Norwegian UUCP user had to use the following address to get through to me: 

  nuug!extern.uio.no!"pcmax.telemax.no!/I=D/G=ODD/S=PRESNO/O=KUD.DATASEKR/"

To send from an X.400 system to my CompuServe mailbox, I have used the 
following address elements: 

       Country = US
       ADMD = CompuServe
       PRMD = CSMail
       DDA = 75755.1327

The addressing methods used on X.400 systems vary. Example: Some use the 
code C:USA rather than the ISO country code C:US. MCI Mail uses C:NORWAY, 
C:USA, and C:SWEDEN. 

Here are some important X.400 codes: 

    C       the ISO country code (on most services)
    ADMD    domain code for public system (abbreviation A)
    PRMD    domain code for connected private system 
            (abbreviation P)
    O       organization name 
    OU      organization unit
    S       surname (last name)
    G       given name (first name)
    I       initials (in the name) 
    DDA     domain-defined attributes, keywords defined and 
            used by the individual systems to specify mailboxes
            (user name, list, station, user code, etc.), direct
            delivery devices (attention name, telex addresses,
            facsimile, etc.)
    PN      personal name 
    (a)     the character @ cannot be used when routing messages
            from X.400 to Internet. Try (a) instead.
    (p)     the character % cannot be used when routing messages
            from X.400 to Internet. Try (p) instead.
    (b)     the character ! (used in "bang" addresses).
    (q)     the character " used in email addresses.
    RFC-822 this code tells X.400 that an Internet domain address
            follows. Does not work on all X.400 systems.
            (See http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc822.txt)

The space character (ascii 032) is a special challenge. Some services let 
you replace it with an '_' character. If the X.400 gateway supports MIME, 
you may be able to use the hexadecimal code (=20) as specified in RFC1341 
(see "quoted-printable"). If you do, remember to replace the '=' character 
with =3D, as in '/S=3DPRESNO' (instead of '/S=PRESNO'). 

Addressing mail from the Internet to/from X.400 is difficult, unless the 
mailer header of a received message gives the senders address in the 
proper addressing format.

To set up an email link between an Internet and an X.400 mailbox, start by 
trying to send an email from either mailbox to the other. If one of them 
succeeds, then the mailer header of the received message may explain how to 
send a reply. 

Example: This is a typical Internet mailer header on a message received 
from an X.400 service:

  From MSGSUPPORT@smc-tm22.sprint.com Thu Oct 27 02:44:55 1994
  Return-Path: <MSGSUPPORT@smc-tm22.sprint.com>
  Received: from sprintf.merit.edu (sprint.com) by grida.no with SMTP 
          id <AA02280>; Thu, 27 Oct 1994 02:44:52 +0100
  Received: from sprint.com by sprintf.merit.edu (8.6.5/merit-1.0)
          id VAA01624; Wed, 26 Oct 1994 21:45:12 -0400
  X400-Received:  by mta merit in /PRMD=internet/ADMD=telemail/C=US/; 
          Relayed; Wed, 26 Oct 1994 21:44:54 -0400 
  X400-Received:  by /ADMD=TELEMAIL/C=US/; Relayed; Wed, 26 Oct 1994 
          21:41:29 -0400 
  Date:  Wed, 26 Oct 1994 21:41:29 -0400
  X400-Originator:  MSGSUPPORT@smc-tm22.sprint.com
  X400-Recipients:  non-disclosure:;
  X400-Mts-Identifier:  [/ADMD=TELEMAIL/C=US/;UGJE-6721-7167/27]
  X400-Content-Type:  P2-1984 (2)
  Content-Identifier:  VL72373  27
  From: MSGSUPPORT@smc-tm22.sprint.com
  Message-Id:  <UGJE-6721-
          7167/27*/S=MSGSUPPORT/O=SMC.MSG.TM22/ADMD=TELEMAIL/C=US/@MHS> 
  To: PRESNO@GRIDA.NO
  Subject:  RE: HELP

Here, it is simple. Both the Return-Path line and the From: line have the 
correct Internet address. 

If the mailer header does not contain such information, converting the 
X.400 addresses into a RFC-822 addresses may well be regarded as a black 
art. Also, note that you cannot send email from the Internet to all X.400 
users on the globe. Some gateways are only accessible from commercial 
services, like CompuServe and MCI Mail. 

For example, continued attempts to send from an Internet mailbox in Norway 
to an X.400 address in a Nigerian company failed, while mail to/from 
CompuServe worked well. 

Returned mail
-------------
Once you have learned the basics of Internet mail, it is relatively easy. 
However, be ready for some glitches and hiccups based on incompatibilities 
between different email systems and gateways, differences in protocols, 
clients, etc.  While this is not an "Internet problem" by itself, it will 
look like one. 

Returned mail is one of the results. When an email address is incorrect in 
some way (the system's name is wrong, the domain doesn't exist, whatever), 
the mail system will bounce (route) the message back to the sender. This 
will also happen if the receiver's mailbox is full. 

The returned message will include the reason for the bounce. 

The most common error is addressing mail to a non-existent account name or 
network address. For example, I have seen many users trying to send mail to 
LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU using LISTSERV@VML.NODAK.EDU. When written in lower 
case letters, it is easy to think that the number "1" in the address is the 
letter "l". Alas, the result is an error message.

Let us construct an error when sending to LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU. Send a 
mail to "pistserv@VM1.NODAK.EDU". 

This address is wrong. Below, you will find the full text of the bounced 
message. It contains much technical information, and most lines have no 
interest. Also, the message is much larger than the original message, which 
contained three lines only. 

When browsing the bounced message, note that it has three distinct parts: 
(1) The mailer header of the bounced message itself (here, the 13 first 
lines), (2) The text of the error report (from line 14 until the line 
"Original message follows:"), and (3) the mailer header and text of your 
original message (as received by computer reporting the error): 

  From MAILER@VM1.NoDak.EDU Fri Dec 18 12:54:03 1992
  Return-Path: <MAILER@VM1.NoDak.EDU>
  Received: from vm1.NoDak.edu by pat.uio.no with SMTP (PP) 
    id <07610-0@pat.uio.no>; Fri, 18 Dec 1992 12:53:54 +0100
  Received: from NDSUVM1.BITNET by VM1.NoDak.EDU (IBM VM SMTP V2R2)
    with BSMTP id 9295; Fri, 18 Dec 92 05:53:27 CST
  Received: from NDSUVM1.BITNET by NDSUVM1.BITNET (Mailer R2.07) 
    with BSMTP id 3309; Fri, 18 Dec 92 05:53:26 CST
  Date: Fri, 18 Dec 92 05:53:26 CST
  From: Network Mailer <MAILER@VM1.NoDak.EDU>
  To: presno@login.eunet.no
  Subject: mail delivery error
  Status: R

  Batch SMTP transaction log follows:

  220 NDSUVM1.BITNET Columbia MAILER R2.07 BSMTP service ready.
  050 HELO NDSUVM1
  250 NDSUVM1.BITNET Hello NDSUVM1
  050 MAIL FROM:<presno@login.eunet.no>
  250 <presno@login.eunet.no>... sender OK.
  050 RCPT TO:<pistserv@NDSUVM1>
  250 <pistserv@NDSUVM1>... recipient OK.
  050 DATA
  354 Start mail input.  End with <crlf>.<crlf>
  554-Mail not delivered to some or all recipients:
  554 No such local user: PISTSERV
  050 QUIT
  221 NDSUVM1.BITNET Columbia MAILER BSMTP service done.

  Original message follows:

  Received: from NDSUVM1 by NDSUVM1.BITNET (Mailer R2.07) with BSMTP id 3308;
   Fri, 18 Dec 92 05:53:25 CST
  Received: from pat.uio.no by VM1.NoDak.EDU (IBM VM SMTP V2R2) with TCP;
     Fri, 18 Dec 92 05:53:23 CST
  Received: from ulrik.uio.no by pat.uio.no with local-SMTP (PP)
            id <07590-0@pat.uio.no>; Fri, 18 Dec 1992 12:53:24 +0100
  Received: by ulrik.uio.no ; Fri, 18 Dec 1992 12:53:18 +0100
  Date: Fri, 18 Dec 1992 12:53:18 +0100
  From: presno@login.eunet.no
  Message-Id: <9212181153.AAulrik20516@ulrik.uio.no>
  To: pistserv@VM1.NODAK.EDU
  Subject: test

  index kidlink

The first part of the bounced message is usually of no interest. Hidden in 
the second part, you will find the following interesting line: 

  554 No such local user: PISTSERV

Ah, a typo! 

If your original message was long, you are likely to be pleased by having 
the complete text returned in the third part of the bounced message. This 
may allow you to get away with a quick cut and paste, before resending to 
the corrected address. 

The text and codes used in bounced messages vary depending on what type of 
mailbox system you are using, and the type of system that is bouncing your 
mail. 

Above, MAILER@VM1.NoDak.EDU returned the full text of my bounced mail. Some 
systems just send the beginning of your original text, while others (in 
particular some X.400 systems) just send a short note telling the reason 
for the bounce. 

  | Note: If you don't understand why a message bounces, contact |
  | your local postmaster for help. Send him a copy of the full  |
  | text of the bounced message up to - and including - the line |
  | "Subject:" at the bottom. (There is no need to send him the  |
  | TEXT of your original message! Just the header information.) |

Returned due to error in contents
---------------------------------
When you write a message to a real person, you are usually free to format 
the text any way you want. However, not so when the recipient is a computer 
program, like a LISTSERV, Gophermail, or a World Wide Web by email server.

Example: This book is being updated regularly. Information about where to 
find the electronic version can be retrieved by sending an email to 
listserv@listserv.nodak.edu. Put the command "GET TOW.WHERE" in the body 
of your mail. 

Type in this command starting in your mail's line 1, column 1, If the text 
starts with something else, chances are that you will get an error message 
rather than the requested information. 

Many users access the Internet through gateways from a company's internal 
mail system, and some of these mailers insist on adding extra information 
to the text, like in this Swedish example: 

  Microsoft Mail v3.0 IPM.Microsoft Mail.Note
  Fr}n: Johan Svensson
  Till: TOW
  Ang}ende:  Message headers
  Datum: 1994-07-23 19:39
  Prioritet:
  Brev-ID: FE0257B9
  Konversation-ID: FE0257B9

If the mail system's administrator is unable or unwilling to let you send 
Internet mail without such extra headers, then you have problems. To get 
around it, check if it is possible to send your message as a file. 

Replying to an Internet message
-------------------------------
On the Internet, electronic messages have a common structure that is common 
across the network. On some systems, you can reply by using a reply 
command. If this feature is not available, use the sender's address as 
given in the mail header. 

The bounced message contained two mail headers: the header of my original 
message (in part three), and the header of the bounced message (in part 
one). 

The 'good' reply address is laid out in the 'From:' header. Thus, this 
message contains the following two 'good' addresses: 

  From: Network Mailer <MAILER@VM1.NoDak.EDU>
  From: presno@login.eunet.no

The Network Mailer located the second address line in my original message, 
and used this address when sending the bounced message. 

  | Note: there is no point in sending a message back to             |
  | MAILER@VM1.NoDak.EDU since this is the address of an automatic   |
  | mail handling program. Write to Postmaster@VM1.NoDak.EDU to talk |
  | to a "real person" at this computer center.                      |

The exact order of a message's header may vary from system to system, but 
it will always contain the vital 'From:' line. 

  | Note: Exercise caution when replying to a message sent by a      |
  | mailing list. If you wish to respond to the author only, make    |
  | sure that the only address you are replying to is that person's. |
  | Do not send it to the entire list!                               |

How do I know that my message is received?
------------------------------------------
On some networks, it is outright impossible. On others, you can require 
that an automatic acknowledgement be returned, when your mail has been 
received. 

On the Internet, users can often have their mailer add the Return-Receipt-
To:<sender's email address> line to the mail headers. 

   | Replace "sender's email address" with your real address.        |

Some mailers allow users to automate this. The final MTA (message transfer 
agent) will then send a "received" receipt to the specified address. 

Privacy
-------
The level of online privacy differs by network, service, and application. 
Whatever these services may claim, always expect that someone, somewhere, 
can watch, even record. 

All mailbox services have at least one person authorized to access your 
personal mailbox in case of an emergency. Most of the time they do not 
have a right to read it without your permission, but they can. 

In some countries, mailbox services may let outsiders (like the police) 
routinely read your private email to check for 'illegal' contents. Here, 
email is not safer than ordinary mail. 

The good news is that most 'inspectors' and 'sysops' are good, honest 
people. On the other hand, it is useful to know your situation. 

It is not safe to send sensitive information (like credit card details) by 
private electronic mail. True, the chance of an outsider getting hold of 
and take advantage of such information is very small, but it is not safe. 

On the Internet, it is child's play for some people to intercept your mail. 
The typical email message travels through many computers. At each computer, 
people can access your personal and business correspondence. 

However, with so much mail traveling the network, it is highly unlikely 
that they will, but they can. 

    Encrypt your email to protect sensitive information. Encryption
    also guarantees the identity of the sender of a message, a most
    useful attribute when financial transactions are involved.

The PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) software has become the Internet standard 
for encryption of email and files so snoops cannot read them. Get the 
current freeware version from http://www.pgp.com.

For more information on encryption, check out the following sources: 

    http://world.std.com/~franl
    http://www.agora.stm.it/N.Ferri/crypto.htm
    http://www.eff.org/pub/EFF/Policy/Crypto/
    http://www.chem.swin.edu.au/~graeme/pgp.html

Sometimes, we need to be certain that a message was written by the sender 
quoted in the mail's message header. As it is child's play to send an 
Internet message carrying other people's return email address and name, 
you may want to use PGP to make sure the correspondence is authentic. 

For this reason, be very skeptical if you ever get a message purportedly 
from your Internet access provider telling you to change your password to 
"k00l/d00d!" 

Privacy is also a concern when talking in the open. Always assume that 
someone is recording all that is being said in online conferences, chats, 
and other interactive social gatherings. In chats, anyone using a personal 
computer as a terminal can log the conversation, or use screen dump to 
capture 'interesting parts'. 

Many PC users can scroll back the screen. They can wait and decide whether 
to save the conversation in a file until after the conversation has taken 
place. With these capabilities widely available, users of chats and talk 
should always assume that their conversations are being recorded. 

Do not say indiscreet things in small, informal discussions. Others may 
record and repost it under embarrassing circumstances. An unauthorized 
forward of your private correspondence is extremely easy, and completely 
outside your control!

Some people routinely use anonymous remailers when sending email to Usenet 
newsgroups or persons to make sure that the recipient (and snoops) cannot 
tell their real name or email address. I never use these services, but note 
that some do as you may be at the receiving end. For more on anonymous 
mail, check out the alt.privacy.anon-server newsgroup. 

For more on privacy, check out ETHICS-L (listserv@vm.marist.edu). The 
files RFC 1113 through 1115 are about 'Privacy enhancements for Internet 
electronic mail' (Available from http://ds.internic.net/rfc/)

Usenet has alt.privacy (Privacy issues in cyberspace), alt.security.pgp, 
comp.society.privacy, comp.security.pgp.announce, comp.security.pgp.tech, 
comp.security.pgp.discuss, comp.security.pgp.resources, and more.

Email: When everything fails
----------------------------
Data communications is simple - when you master it. Occasionally, however, 
you WILL lose data. You may even experience the worst of all: losing unread 
mail on your hard disk. 

A while ago, this happened to my sister. She logged on to her mailbox 
service using the communications program Procomm. 

After capturing all her mail, she tried to send a message. For some reason, 
the computer froze. It was impossible to close the capture file. She had to 
switch the power OFF/ON to continue. All retrieved mail was obviously lost. 

One day, I had a similar experience. After having written a long and 
difficult letter, something went wrong. The outfile was closed without 
warning. The resulting file size was 0 bytes. 

Both problems were solved by the MS-DOS program CHKDSK run with the /F 
option. If you ever get this problem, and have an MS-DOS computer, try 
CHKDSK or Scandisk. They may save your day. 

Anonymous mail
--------------
Some day, you may want to send a message anonymously. Internet's Anonymous 
re-mailers let you do that. For a list of servers and directions, send a 
message to mg5n+remailers@andrew.cmu.edu.  This address automatically 
responds with a copy of the list. 

Check out the alt.privacy.anon-server and alt.anonymous newsgroups for 
more on anonymous email.

Finding a friend's email address
--------------------------------
The best method of finding a friend's email address is usually to call 
your friend and ask. Many people have several mailboxes. Only by asking 
will you find out which mailbox is being used!

So, you don't know the telephone number? On the Web, try find it by 
following the links at http://www.contractjobs.com/tel/. This site offers 
links to online telephone, fax, and business directories around the world. 

Sometimes, the information given you by the recipient is not enough. Maybe 
the address needs an extension for mail to be routed through gateways to 
the destination. 

Another typical problem is that the syntax of the address is wrong. Perhaps 
you made a mistake, when you wrote it down (KIDCAFE-TOPICS became KIDSCAFE-
TOPICS). 

The return address in the received messages' mailer headers may be wrong. 
It may use a syntax that is illegal on your email system, or it may suggest 
a routing that is unknown to your system. When trying to send mail to this 
address, the Mailer-Daemon complains: "This is a non-existent address." 

Again, the first person to contact for help is your local postmaster. On 
most Internet hosts this is simple. If you have a mailbox on the ULRIK 
computer at the University of Oslo, send a request for help to 
postmaster@ulrik.uio.no . If you are on COLNET in Buenos Aires, send to 
postmaster@colnetr.edu.ar . 

POSTMASTER is also the address to turn to on BITNET. Users of FidoNet or 
RelayNet, should write to SYSOP. 

It may not be that simple to locate the postmaster on UUCP. The postmaster 
ID may exist on some systems, but often he's just a name or a user code. 

The InterNIC WHOIS Web page lets you search for information about known 
Internet networks, gateways, independent system numbers (ASN's), domains, 
hosts, organizations or groups, at http://rs.internic.net/cgi-bin/whois. 
To use WHOIS, simply type in your target string (example: kidlink.org). 

You can also get the information by email to MAILSERV@INTERNIC.NET. In 
the subject of the message, write the command WHOIS host-machine-name. Do 
not write anything in the text (will be ignored). You will get a report of 
the desired mailbox computer, and the address of the local postmaster.  
Example: 

    To:       MAILSERV@INTERNIC.NET
    Subject:  WHOIS AERO.ORG
    Text:

Sometimes, you just do not know the name of a recipient's mailbox computer. 
When this is the case, start at the "top of the pyramid." 

Say your desired recipient lives in Germany. The ISO country code for 
Germany is DE (read in Appendix 6 about these codes). Send the message 

    To:       MAILSERV@INTERNIC.NET
    Subject:  WHOIS DOMAIN DE
    Text:

This will give you the email addresses of the main postmasters for this 
country. Most postmasters are willing to help, but most of them are very 
busy people. It may take days before they get around to respond to your 
inquiry. 

There are over 100 other "whois-servers" in more than 15 countries. The 
systems whois.nic.ad.jp and whois.ripe.net cover Japan and Europe. The rest 
of them provide information about local users. (A list is available on 
ftp://sipb.mit.edu/pub/whois/whois-servers.list.) 

Directories of subscribers and services
---------------------------------------
While many hosts let you search lists of local users, no complete global 
directory of available electronic addresses exists. 

Several services on the Internet offer help. My favorite is the Usenet 
address database at http://usenet-addresses.mit.edu/. It is also 
accessible by email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu. To query, put the 
following in the body of your text: 

    send usenet-addresses/[name searching for]

The "name" should be one or more space-separated words for which you want 
to search. Since the search is "fuzzy" (that is, all the words you specify 
do not have to match), you should list all words you think might appear in 
the address, including first and last name, possible username, and possible 
parts of the host name. The case and order of the words you list are 
ignored. (Send the command "send usenet-addresses/help" to this address for 
more information.) Example: 

    send usenet-addresses/odd de presno

X.400 systems use an address directory according to ITU-TSS standard X.500 
that connect several directories. The developers hoped that routing of 
X.400 messages may eventually be done automatically without the user 
needing to know the identity of the recipient's mailbox computer. However,
it never became a big success.

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) has been introduced as
an alternative to X.500. Many hope that it will become the comprehensive 
Internet wide e-mail address directories of the future. It is a subset of 
the Directory Access Protocol (DAP) used to build X500-based directories. 

The information contained in LDAP databases will include vital data such as 
name and e-mail address, and can include supplemental data including 
address, phone, fax, and even the person's public key which can be used to 
encrypt messages the user is sending them. For more information, see the
LDAP home page at http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/.

Supplement by checking out the "How to find people's E-mail addresses FAQ"
at: http://www.qucis.queensu.ca/FAQs/email/finding.html.

Dialcom
-------
is a commercial, global online service, which have many nodes in Africa and 
Latin America. To send mail from one Dialcom system to another, use the 
syntax 6007:EWP002. This address points to mailbox EWP002 on system number 
6007. 

FidoNet
-------
Users of this global network can send and receive mail to/from the 
Internet. For example, a FidoNet user may use the following method to send 
to my Internet address: 

    Send the message to user UUCP at 1:105/42. The first line of 
    the TEXT of the message should contain:

      To: presno@login.eunet.no 

    Add a blank line after the address before entering the text
    of your message.

FidoNet addresses are composed by three or four numbers;

        zone:net/node
        or
        zone:net/node.point

The FidoNet address 1:105/42 has three elements. "1:" tells that the 
recipient lives in Zone number 1 (North America). 105/42 refers to Node 
number 42, which receives mail through Net number 105. This node has an 
automatic gateway to the Internet. 

Another example: Jan Stozek is sysop of "Home of PCQ" in Warsaw, Poland. 
The Node number of his BBS is 10. He receives mail through Net number 480. 
Poland is a country in Europe, Zone number 2. The address to his system is: 
2:480/10. His user name is Jan Stozek. 

You can send an Internet message to anyone in FidoNet by using the 
following template: 

 <firstname>.<lastname>@p<point>.f<node>.n<net>.z<zone>.fidonet.org

Where <firstname> is the person's first name
      <lastname>  is the person's last name

To send a message from the Internet to Jan, use this address: 

    Jan.Stozek@f10.n480.z2.fidonet.org

One final example: Ola Garstad in Oslo has the FidoNet address 2:502/15. 
Use the address Ola.Garstad@f15.n502.z2.fidonet.org , when sending mail to 
him through the Internet. 

An updated list of global FidoNet nodes can be retrieved from most 
connected BBS systems. (More in Appendix 1.)

Junk mail
---------
Junk mail, also called spam, is one of the curses of modern society. We're 
talking about email messages that you never asked for, unsolicited 
commercial mail. Typically, they contain advertising of some product, 
service, business, scheme, Web-site, etc. 

Junk mail takes time to retrieve, browse, and then delete one by one. It 
distracts. For some, it may grow out of proportions, and become a major 
nuisance. Most users must pay to receive it, to a local phone company or an 
Internet service provider. 

What to do? If you get on someone's mailing list, you can ask the sender to 
take you off that list. This may help a little, but now much. There are so 
many spammers out there. 

Personally, I usually just delete these messages, and keep quiet. My 
communications costs are low, and it often seems to take too much effort to 
get off that list. Besides, there's no point in helping the sender find 
out if my address is correct. 

Others go a long way to protect themselves by being wary of giving out 
their email addresses, and of subscribing to newsgroups and mailing lists. 
However, the only 100 percent effective method is to close your mail 
account, and open another one. Then you'll be safe, for a while. 

If you're at all active on the net, your address will be quickly picked up 
by spammers. It's easy! Programs like Email Magnet can scan Web sites, 
newsgroups, and chat channels to retrieve any string looking like an email 
address. 

List brokers offer megabytes of lists or CD-ROMs full of addresses to 
anyone willing to pay. Organizations and individuals offer to send spam 
mail to names in their private databases. For a fee, of course. 

Filtering is one way to go. Most modern email programs have a filtering 
function that lets you automatically send spams to Trash. They'll filter 
out mail from given senders, and if they find certain strings in the 
subject title or the body of the text.

Spam stoppers are used to prevent hostile software to pick up your email 
address from Usenet newsgroup. A spam stopper is additional characters that 
makes your address invalid while making it possible for real users to find 
out what your real address looks like. 

You can also buy mail-related utility programs, like MailJail, a mail 
filtering add-on for the Eudora email programs. It's first release came
with 250 rules to help thwart spam mail. (See http://www.mailjail.com.)

Example: One of my email addresses is presno@grida.no. By instruction my 
news reader to show it as presno@remove-this-bit-for-my-real-address, the 
information is made useless for spam software. 

Some users even join initiatives like the SPAM Filter, a free register of 
people who do not want to receive junk mail. It aims at using their list to 
filter their addresses against addresses collected by programs such as 
Floodgate (which automatically builds mailing lists from newsgroup 
postings). At http://www.scot.demon.co.uk/spam-filter.html. 

Finally, Whenever you subscribe to an email based mailing list, make sure 
to save the welcome message that the service returns on your disk. These 
messages usually contain information about how to get off the list if the 
volume should become too high. You may find it easier to consult these 
files than by trying to get off by writing the mailing list administrators. 

There's a FAQ on spam at http://ddi.digital.net/~gandalf/spamfaq.html, 
and a the SPAM-L mailing list at listserv@peach.ease.lsoft.com.

For more information
--------------------
The Inter-Network Mail Guide describes how to send mail between mail 
systems like AppleLink, BITNET, BIX, CompuServe, Connect-USA, EasyNet, 
Envoy, FidoNet, GeoNet, Internet, MCI, MFENET, NasaMail, PeaceNet, Sinet, 
Span, SprintMail, and others. 

The guide is posted monthly to the Usenet newsgroups comp.mail.misc and 
news.newusers.questions. You can search it at 

  http://alabanza.com/kabacoff/Inter-Links/cgi/inmgq.cgi

It is also available by anonymous ftp as 

  ftp://ftp.csd.uwm.edu/pub/internetwork-mail-guide. 

The "Frequently Asked Questions: How to find people's E-mail addresses" 
document is regularly posted to the Usenet group news.answers. (Retrieval 
information is given under FAQ in Appendix 6.) 




------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 8: Free expert assistance
=================================

It may sound too good to be true, but many computer experts are prepared to 
help YOU without expecting a cent in return. The same applies to experts in 
many other areas. 

You have an impossible decision to make. A lawyer has a dotted line that 
requires your signature, or a surgeon has a dotted line in mind for your 
upper abdomen. You're not comfortable with the fine print or the diagnosis 
and wonder if a second opinion is in order. Just ask to get help. 

If you have problems with a communications program, post a message in a 
suitable Usenet newsgroup, or on a bulletin board. This is also the thing 
to do if you want to sell equipment. Learn from other people's experiences 
with the computers and software you plan to buy. 

Chances are that you will get a reply - if your subject or query attract 
attention. In the process, you'll meet new friends, and be able to follow 
the development in a dynamic marketplace. 

The following message from the alt.winsock newsgroup is typical: 

    Wed, 14 Feb 96 14:57:18 EST
    From: Robert Donahue
    RE: FREQUENT DISCONNECTION OF PPP. NEED HELP!!!

    In article <4ft882$18v@mloeff01.ived.nec.gmeds.com>,
    bz418c@ttp.natp.gmeds.com says...

     >problem. But recently I have got a very strange problem: 
     >I was disconnected every time after I got PPP connection 
     >for a while. The disconnection happens most likely when 
     >I was downloading a big file using Netscape or CuteFTP 
     >(I can only get about 200KB before the line drops),  but 
     >it also happens sometimes when I click on regular web pages. 
     >This problem didn't exist before with the same software

    Sounds a little like a problem I had a while back. My modem would hang 
    up the phone at random (usually during a big transfer). It turned out 
    to be the bios in my modem. The early US Robotics 28.8K Sportster had a 
    bug that would cause them to hang up instead of down-shifting the baud 
    rate when the phone line got cranky. I forgot the revision number of 
    the bad bios. I had to get a new bios chip from US Robotics to fix the 
    problem. I would never had known what the problem was if my service 
    provider hadn't posted a warning. 

    Bob D. 

Many users prefer open conference messages to private email for their 
technical discussions. This gives "the group" a chance to read, comment, 
provide additional facts, and return with new questions. 

One simple question may give an overwhelming number of responses, but most 
contributions are likely to be useful and educational. Since the discussion 
is public, consider it a feature of your personal online university. Offer 
opinions when you have something to contribute, or keep silent. 

Stop by a technical forum where beta testers and programmers hang out, and 
you'll probably get a concise, three-sentence answer. Stop by a forum 
dedicated to helping users fire up a new product, and you may find long, 
chatty, but informative diatribes. Different forums. Different responses. 

In most conferences, some members are critical to "lurkers." A "lurker" is 
someone who read without ever contributing. Don't let them get to you. It 
is legitimate to remain silent. Most others are also there to watch and 
learn only. 

If you consider buying a newly released computer program, tune in to the 
section of your favorite online service that deals with products from this 
manufacturer. Count complaints and error reports before buying. 

When your new program has been installed on your system, return for other 
users' experiences and practical advice. Pay back your dues by reporting 
your own experiences in the process. 

  | Focus on conferences and newsgroup where many competent users   |
  | hang out. There, you will usually get faster and better replies |
  | to your questions. Asking other users may be faster and better  |
  | than searching. Complement by searching Dejanews (Chapter 10).  |

If you have never visited a BBS, call one in your neighborhood to get a 
feel for how they work. Most of them can be accessed free. Usually, their 
only requirement is for a self-presentation before being granted full 
access to their system. 

Most bulletin boards have conferencing and archives filled with shareware 
and public domain software. Many have files or bulletins listing telephone 
numbers of other boards in your country or area. 

The trick is to find know-how. The larger the online service or conference, 
the more skilled people are likely to "meet" there regularly. If the local 
bulletin boards fail to satisfy your needs, try the Internet or some large 
commercial services. CompuServe and Exec-PC are two services in the top 
league. BIX is another good source of information for professional 
computer specialists. 

One exception: When you need contact with ONE particular person, who knows 
YOUR problem in detail, go where this person usually hangs out. 

Examples: If you buy modems from Semafor A/S, the best place for expert 
advice is Semaforum BBS (tel. +47-370-11710). If you have a Novell local 
area network, visit the Novell forums on CompuServe. 

For expert advice about how to use the Eudora email program, check out the 
comp.mail.eudora.ms-windows (MS Windows), or comp.mail.eudora.mac 
(Macintosh) newsgroups. There is also an EUDORA mailing list (subscribe to
majordomo@cc.rochester.edu), and an EUDORA-PRACTICE-LIST (subscribe to
listproc@uwex.edu). 

The site at http://www.internetvalley.com/top100mag.html provides links 
to the top 100 computer- and software-related Web magazines.

Internet related resources
--------------------------
The Winsock-based TCP/IP Application Software group contains:

  comp.os.ms-windows.apps.winsock.mail
       Winsock-based electronic mail applications and utilities
  comp.os.ms-windows.apps.winsock.news
       Winsock-based Usenet news readers and servers
  comp.os.ms-windows.apps.winsock.misc
       Winsock-based applications other than news and email

Usenet also has: 

  comp.os.msdos.mail-news
       Administering mail and news software on Windows and MS-DOS.
  comp.protocols.tcp-ip.ibmpc
       Discussions about the use of TCP/IP on PC systems

NETSCAPEWEBMASTER is a discussion list for Netscape Webmasters to trade 
tips, techniques, and other information. For subscription information, see
http://www.mustang.com/subscribe/subscribe.htm.

LINUX-WIZ (on listserv@tcbbs.net) is the Linux operating system Wizards 
discussion List. 

For users of MS-DOS computers
-----------------------------
Usenet has many newsgroups in the comp.os.ms-windows and comp.os.msdos 
hierarchies. Those focusing on Microsoft Windows are usually divided into 
these groups: Setup and Installation, General (Windows 3.x, Windows 95, and 
Windows NT), Application Software, Winsock-based TCP/IP Application 
Software, Software (Compatibility Issues), Networking, Programming and 
Software Development (Techniques, Development Tools, and Device Drivers), 
Visual Basic and Delphi Groups, Windows Archives (FTP and Web sites), and 
Other Related Groups. 

The Setup and Installation newsgroups are:

  comp.os.ms-windows.setup.win3x
       Questions and problems with setting up and configuring Windows 3.x
  comp.os.ms-windows.setup.win95
       Questions and problems with setting up and configuring Windows 95

The Windows Archives newsgroups are:

  comp.archives.ms-windows.announce
       MODERATED. Announcements for new and/or updated Windows ftp/web
       sites, uploads to sites and other information.
  comp.archives.ms-windows.discuss
       Discussions about Windows ftp/web sites.

Here are some other newsgroups to wet your appetite:

  comp.os.ms-windows.announce
       MODERATED.  Announcements and news about Windows applications,
       drivers, events etc.
  comp.os.ms-windows.pre-release
       Discussion about unreleased and future versions of Windows
  comp.os.ms-windows.apps.comm
       Communications and fax applications

There are also many discussion lists, like: The MS Excel Question and 
Answer List: (EXCEL-G at listserv@peach.ease.lsoft.com), CLIPPER (at 
majordomo@ccc.uba.ar), and QBASIC (on listserv@maelstrom.stjohns.edu) 
for discussions of tips, tricks, and instructions related to the QBasic and 
QuickBasic programming languages. Browse the QBASIC archives at 
http://rdz.stjohns.edu/qbasic/. 

The pages at http://www.kingsoft.com/qaid/ offers a lot of interesting 
information, both on Windows 95 and Visual Basic. 

There's a WIN97 mailing list (on listserv@maelstrom.stjohns.edu) devoted 
to the Microsoft Windows 97 operating system.  

The Microsoft Technical Support Knowledge Base offers access to tens of 
thousands of product-support documents. Articles tell about new developments 
in software programs, and how to most effectively use a particular package. 
You can search by product name, and by keywords. At: 
http://www.microsoft.com/kb/default.asp.

Many CompuServe forums are operated or sponsored by software and hardware 
vendors, like: 

Adobe Systems Inc., Aldus Corp., Ashton-Tate Corp., Autodesk Inc., Borland 
International, Broderbund Software Inc., Buttonware Inc., Cadkey Inc., 
Crosstalk Communications, Customs Technologies, Enable Software, Datastorm 
Technologies Inc., Microsoft Systems, Nantucket Corp., Lotus Development 
Corp., Novell Inc., Peter Norton Computing, Quarterdeck Office Systems, 
Quicksoft, Sun Microsystems (TOPS Division), Symantec Corp., Toshiba, 
Turbopower Software, and WordPerfect Corp. 

They also have hundreds of independent support forums with associated 
libraries of files and programs. For help with Lotus 1-2-3, there are two 
CompuServe forums. For Ami Pro support, visit CompuServe's LDC Word 
Processing Forum. 

On the Internet, send your WordPerfect related questions by email to 
support@wordperfect.com. They also have a BBS on the Internet address 
http://www.wordperfect.com. 

For owners of Amiga computers
-----------------------------
Usenet's comp.sys.amiga hierarchy has entries like advocacy, announce 
applications, audio, datacomm, emulations, games, graphics, hardware, 
introduction, marketplace, multimedia, misc, programmer, reviews and more. 

Abstracts of comp.sys.amiga conferences are available through several 
mailing lists, like AMIGAHAR (listserv@vm.gmd.de). 

FidoNet has a long list of conferences for Amiga users:

   AMIGA              Amiga International Echo
   AMIGAGAMES         Amiga Gaming
   AMIGA_COMMS        Amiga Communications Software and Hardware 
   AMIGA_DESKTOP      Amiga Desktop Publishing
   AMIGA_INFO         AMIGA_INFO
   AMIGA_LC           Amiga Lattice/SASC C Echo
   AMIGA_NET_DEV      Amiga Network Developers.
   AMIGA_PDREVIEW     Amiga PD Reviews & Requests
   AMIGA_PERFECT      Amiga Word Perfect & Word Processing
   AMIGA_PROG         Amiga Programmer's International Conference 
   AMIGA_SYSOP        Amiga SysOp's Discussion/ADS Echo
   AMIGA_UG           Amiga User's Groups
   AMIGA_VIDEO        Amiga Video and Animation

Exec-PC has the Amiga Hardware and Amiga Software conferences, and a large 
library with shareware and public domain files. ILINK has the AMIGA 
conference. 

Most online services have "Find this File" commands. The most powerful ones 
are often found on free bulletin boards. 

On CompuServe, type GO AMIGA to get to CBMNET and get the following welcome 
menu: 


   Amiga Forums
    1 Amiga Arts Forum
    2 Amiga Tech Forum
    3 Amiga User's Forum
    4 Amiga Vendor Forum
    5 Amiga File Finder

   Commodore Forums
    6 Commodore Arts and Games
    7 Commodore Applications Forum
    8 Commodore Service Forum
    9 Commodore Newsletter

A while ago, we visited CBMNET to find a communications program. From the 
menu above, selection five took us to The Amiga File Finder service, and 
this menu: 

   File Finder AMIGA

    1 About File Finder
    2 Instructions For Searching
    3 How to Locate Keywords

    4 Access File Finder

    5 Your Comments About File Finder

Choice four lets us search for files using keywords, file creation dates, 
forum names, file types, file name extension, file name or author. Our 
choice was searching by keywords. The result was a long list of 
alternatives: 

   Enter Search Term: comm

   Amiga File Finder

    1 AMIGATECH/C Programming  COMSRC.ARC
    2 AMIGATECH/C Programming  PMDSRC.LZH
    3 AMIGATECH/C Programming  PNTSRC.LZH
    4 AMIGAUSER/Communications  BBSIND.LZH
    5 AMIGAUSER/Communications  INTOUC.ARC
    etc.

By entering numbers, we asked for short descriptions of file number 4 
through 13. Here is one of them: 

   Filename : INTOUC.ARC  Forum: AMIGAUSER 
   Lib: Communications  Lib #: 5 
   Submitter: [76702,337]   24-Mar-89 
   Size: 51200   Accesses: 157 

   This is a modified Comm1.34.  It supports both VT100 and ANSI. 
   The VT100 emulation is based on Dave Wecker's VT100 program. 
   There is automatic dialer, split screen that is configurable, 
   phone book, and other nice features. 

This is what we were looking for. First, enter GO AMIGAUSER to get to the 
forum. Enter "DL 5" to get to Downloading Library number 5. INTOUCH.ARC was 
retrieved using the CompuServe Quick B transfer protocol. This protocol is 
usually the most efficient choice on this service. 

  | CompuServe has several File Finder services. These include    |
  | PCFF (MS-DOS computers), MACFF (Macintosh), GRAPHFF (for      |
  | Graphics), ATARIFF (Atari computers), AMIGAFF.  Use the GO    |
  | command to access, as in GO PCFF .                            |

Apple users
-----------
Macintosh users should take a look at this Internet site:

    http://www.nexor.com/public/mac/archive/welcome.html

For shareware, try http://www.fagg.uni-lj.si/cgi-bin/vsl-front (The
Virtual Software Library).

Apple's Web server, at http://www.apple.com, maintains interesting links 
to the company's libraries, and to sites where freeware and shareware for 
Apple products may be retrieved. 

The Apple Technical Information Library is Apple's official technical-
support database. In late 1995, it contained over 12,000 articles on all 
aspects of Apple products, old and new. The Apple Assistance Center uses 
the same database to answer customer's questions. 

Articles offer advice on trouble shooting, compatibility, workarounds, and 
more (see http://support.info.apple.com/support/support.html). 

There is the APPLE2-L mailing list. Usenet has several newsgroups, 
including:

    alt.sources.mac         Source file newsgroup for the Apple 
                              Macintosh computers
    comp.sys.apple2         Discussion about Apple II micros.
    comp.sys.apple2.comm    Apple II data communications.
    comp.sys.mac.digest     Apple Macintosh: info&uses, but no programs. 

FidoNet has an APPLE conference. CompuServe has Apple II Programmers 
Forum, Apple II Users Forum, Apple II Vendor Forum, Mac Community Clubhouse 
Forum, Mac Developers Forum, Mac Fun/Entertainment Forum, Mac Hypertext 
Forum, Mac New Users/Help Forum, Mac System 7.0 Forum, Mac System Software 
Forum, MacUser Forum and MacWEEK Forum. 

Similar services are found on many other online services. You will also 
find conferences devoted to support of popular commercial software for 
Apple computers. 

Other computers
---------------
There are so many types of computers: Atari computers, the TRS-80 series 
and others from Tandy, DEC computers, mainframes from IBM, Hewlett-Packard 
computers, CP/M machines, users of LDOS/TRSDOS or OS9, Apricot, Z88, 
Timex/Sinclair, Archimedes, Psion, and Armstrad. 

Even so, there is a high chance that you can find online support for most 
of them, even if the vendor went out of business years ago. For such 
computers, CompuServe is a good place to start. 

For journalists and authors
---------------------------
ProfNet is a cooperative of more than thousand international public 
information officers giving journalists and authors quick and convenient 
access to expert sources. Mostly, members represent colleges, universities, 
and a wide range of government, corporate, and non-profit entities 
oriented to scholarship and research. 

There is no fee for conducting ProfNet searches, nor is there any limit to 
the number or frequency of your queries. For information or to deliver 
queries, write to profnet@sunysb.edu. In submitting, specify your news 
organization, the nature of the search project, the nature of the expertise 
sought, and the time frame and how a response is wanted. 

Marketing
---------
For a list of mailing lists of interest for advertising, public relations, 
and marketing, try http://www.webcom.com/impulse/list.html. 
 
Utilities
---------
Sure, you can use the Internet as a calculator! For links to converters and 
calculators, try http://www-sci.lib.uci.edu/HSG/RefCalculators.html. 

CALCULATORS ON-LINE has links to Unit Conversion (temperature, weight, 
area, etc.), Agriculture & Horticulture, Automobile, Code Translators,
Distance (How Far is it?), Finance - Loans, Mathematics, Statistics,
Medical & Health Science, Navigation/GPS, Nutrition, Radiation & EHS 
Safety, Science & Engineering, Aeronautics, Sunset & Tide, Weather, etc.

Here is more than any one could ever hope to use or fear to need in a 
lifetime!

Try http://www.dna.lth.se/cgi-bin/kurt/rates/foreign/websvcs.html for
currency exchange rates. Select a currency, like Norwegian Krone or 
Philippine Pesos, and the other currency of choice from a list of 37 (July 
97). The exchange rate between the two currencies will then be displayed.

For more information about currencies, try the Currencies of the World page 
at http://pacific.commerce.ubc.ca/trade/currencies.html. Besides valuable 
background information, it provides daily exchange rates for 49 currencies. 


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 9: Your electronic daily news
=====================================

   Read national and global news before they are announced by the 
   traditional media. Get those interesting background facts. Read 
   special interest news stories that seldom appear in print. 

Sure, you read newspapers, watch TV, and listen to radio, but did you know 
how limited their stories are? Are you content with the same old fires and 
murders, terrible things that happen day in and day out?

Traditional news media just give you a small part of the news. Their 
editors are not concerned about YOUR particular interests. They serve a 
large group of readers, viewers or listeners with different interests in 
mind. 

Go online and discover the difference. Online news has an enormous width 
and depth. Besides "popular" news, you will find stories that few editors 
bother to print. This may give you better insight in current developments, 
and in as much details as you can take. 

Balance your news intake between traditional and digital offerings, letting 
one complement the other. Get your news in whatever format and time frame 
that suit your needs. Decide what stories are important based on your own 
interest, and enjoy the feeling of freedom, diversity, and power. 

Most commercial online services offer news, and free news is exploding on 
the Internet. Most stories come from large news agencies and newspapers. 
Often, you can read and search articles from magazines, newsletters and 
other special publications. 

Although not as convenient to carry as a real newspaper or as easy to watch 
as the 6 o'clock news, online news is a valuable resource for those whose 
jobs depend on up-to-date information. The ability to search today and 
yesterday's news makes it particularly useful. 

You can even take it one step further: Access raw news feeds from major 
world wire services, automatic article-clipping folders, Internet mailing 
lists, and paperless electronic newsletters. Interact with the digital 
media as broadcast and print outlets bring their stories, staffers, and the 
occasional name-in-the-news into the realm of the modem. 

The cost of reading a given news item varies by online service. An article 
that sets you back three cents on one service, may cost two dollars to read 
on another, or be free on the Internet. 

Note: Expect it to be many times more expensive (or cheap) to read the same 
article from the same news provider on another online service. So, compare 
prices. 

National news
-------------
In Norway, we can read local language news from print media like Dagens 
Naeringsliv, Aftenposten, Kapital, and news wires from NTB and other local 
sources. Local language news is available online in most countries. 

Reading local news on national online services used to be more expensive 
than on major global online services. As competition among global news 
providers escalates, this is changing. In addition, many newspapers now 
offers articles for free on the World Wide Web. Here are some examples: 

The Daily Record and Sunday Mail, a Scottish tabloid newspaper based in 
Glasgow, is at http://www.record-mail.co.uk/rm/. The site offers News, 
Sport, Features, a Magazine section, Tourism information, Historical 
Information, Telephone Dating, Competitions, Cartoons, Crossword, Agony Aunt, 
Picture Gallery and much more. 

Aftonbladet (Sweden) is at http://www.aftonbladet.se, and Dagbladet 
(Norway) at http://www.dagbladet.no/. 

For a country by country listing of online newspapers throughout the World, 
check http://www.webwombat.com.au/intercom/newsprs/. There's a World News 
Index at http://www.stack.nl/~haroldkl/ with links to daily news 
providers on the Internet, spanning the entire globe. More links are given 
below. 

International news
------------------
My favorite provider of free daily international news top stories is
Integrated Newswire's World News section. On the Web, their stories are at 
http://www.artigen.com/newswire/world.html. This is a selection of 
headlines dated December 17, 1996: 

  Boeing merger creates airline superpower     Johannesburg Star
  Zimbabwe earmarks farms for seizure          Johannesburg Star
  Annan to press U.S. on U.N. debt             MSNBC World
  Mother Teresa suffers erratic heartbeat      MSNBC World
  Unions, Courts Deliver Blows to Milosevic    Reuters World
  Several Said Hurt in Attack on Saddam's Son  Reuters World
  Rwandan refugee tide swells                  CNN World News
  Amid tensions, Arafat telephones Netanyahu   CNN World News

Their offerings also include Information Technology News, Science & 
Technology News, and Business News.

At Infoseek's News Center (http://www.infoseek.com), you can search for 
specific names, phrases or words in the past 30 days of news stories from 
Reuters, Business Wire and PR Newswire. In addition, you can search 
current headline news as published by Chicago Tribune, CNN, Los Angeles 
Time, MSNBC, and The New York Times. Click to access the full texts. 

You can "Personalize" your news, and have Infoseek deliver only the news 
that interests you every time you return to the site. Also, you can have 
news headlines sent you by email. 

Once per week, my communications system sends off a message to the WWW by 
email service at agora@kamakura.mss.co.jp (ref. Chapter 12). The message 
contains the command 

   send http://www.mediainfo.com/ephome/news/newshtm/webnews/globarc.htm

After a while, a list of files in the Global Interactive News Briefs 
Archive arrives in my mailbox. Each brief contains a digest of articles 
about the Internet printed in media around the world. I return the URL of 
the most recent news brief to the Agora server to receive the full report.

Some time ago, a well-known Norwegian industrialist visited my office. I 
showed off online searching in Brainwave for NewsNet newsletters, and 
stumbled over a story about his company. 

"Incredible!" he said. "We have not even announced this to our Norwegian 
employees yet." 

Sometimes, American online services give news from other countries earlier 
than you can get it on online services from within these countries. Besides, 
you may prefer stories in English. 

Most Norwegians prefer to read news in Norwegian. The Japanese want it in 
their language, and the French in French. If they can get the news earlier 
than their competitors, however, most are willing to read English. 

Few master many languages. Unless you live in a country where they talk 
Arabic, Chinese or French, chances are that you cannot read news in these 
languages. English, however, is a popular second choice in many countries, 
and it has become the unofficial Esperanto language of the online world. 

Reading news translated from another language has its risks. Translators 
often make mistakes. One common reason is time pressure, another inadequate 
knowledge of the source language. Their cultural background may prevent 
them from writing an unbiased shorter version of the source text. 

The risk of inaccuracies increases when a story, for example initially 
translated from Spanish into English, are being translated into a third 
language. 

Avoid news that has been translated more than once, or risk the following 
type of experience:

    On September 19, 1991, Norwegian TV brought news from Moscow.
    They told that Russian president Boris Yeltsin had a heart 
    attack. 

    The online report from Associated Press, which arrived 7.5 
    hours earlier, talked about "a minor heart attack" with the
    following additional explanation: "In Russian, the phrase 
    'heart attack' has a broader meaning than in English. It is 
    commonly used to refer to a range of ailments from chest pains 
    to actual heart failure." 

Still, expect your "personal online daily newspaper" capable of giving you 
the news faster and more correctly than traditional print media. Some news 
is only available in electronic form. 

Seven minutes in 1991
---------------------
On September 19, I called CompuServe to read news and gather information 
about online news sources. 

According to my log, I connected through Infonet in Oslo (see Chapter 13). 
The total cost for seven minutes was US$6.00, which included the cost of a 
long distance call to Oslo. (Today, using CompuServe's Standard Pricing 
Plan, the cost is much less!) 

I read some stories, while they scrolled over the screen. All was captured 
to a file on my hard disk for later study. The size of this file grew to 
32.000 characters, or almost 15 single-spaced typewritten pages (A-4 size). 
If I had spent less time reviewing the lists of available stories, seven 
minutes would have given a larger file. 

Right after having logged on, a menu of stories appeared on my screen. The 
headline read "News from CompuServe." 

The two first items caught my attention, and I requested the text. One had 
20 lines about an easier method of finding files in the forum libraries,
the other ten lines about writing addresses for international fax messages. 

The command GO APV gave me Associated Press News Wires. You will find many 
similar short-cut tricks in the online services' user manuals. This command 
produced the following menu: 

    AP Online                  APV-1

     1 Latest News-Updated Hourly
     2 Weather
     3 Sports
     4 National
     5 Washington
     6 World
     7 Political
     8 Entertainment
     9 Business News
    10 Wall Street
    11 Dow Jones Average
    12 Feature News
    13 Today in History

I entered "9" for business news, and got this list of stories: 

    AP Online

    1 Women, Minority Businesses Lag
    2 Child World Accuses Toys R Us
    3 UPI May Cancel Worker Benefits
    4 Drilling Plan Worries Florida
    5 UK Stocks Dip, Tokyo's Higher
    6 Dollar Higher, Gold Up
    7 Farm Exports Seen Declining
    8 Supermarket Coupons Big Bucks
    9 Cattlemen Tout Supply, Prices
    0 Tokyo Stocks, Dollar Higher

    MORE !

The screen stopped scrolling by "MORE !" Pressing ENTER gave a new list. 
None of them were of any interest. 

Pressing M (for previous menu) returned me to the "APV-1" menu. On 
CompuServe, such videotext page numbers are given in the upper right corner 
of each menu display. I selected "World" for global news, which gave: 


    AP Online

    6 Two Killed In Nagorno Karabakh
    7 Yugoslavia Fighting Rages On
    8 Storm Kills Five In Japan
    9 Afghan Rebels Going To Moscow?
    0 19 Killed in Guatemala Quakes

    MORE !8

Oh, a storm in Japan! Interesting. I was due to leave for Japan soon, and 
entered 8 at the MORE ! prompt to read. My screen was filled with text in a 
few seconds. 

"This is for later study," I thought, pressed M to return to the menu, and 
then ENTER to get the next listing: 


    AP Online

    1 Bomblets Kill American Troops?
    2 No Movement On Hostage Release
    3 Baker Plans Return To Syria
    4 Baker, King Hussein To Confer
    5 Madame Chiang Leaving Taiwan?
    6 Baker Leaves Syria for Jordan
    7 Klaus Barbie Hospitalized
    8 Iraq Denounces U.S. Threat
    9 Yelstin Said Resting At Home
    0 SS Auschwitz Guard Found Dead

    MORE !

Here, I used another trick gleaned from the user manual. Entering "5,6,9" 
gave me three articles in one batch with no pauses between them. Five 
screens filled with text. If I had read the menu more carefully, I might 
also have selected story 0. It looked like an interesting item. 

"This is enough the Associated Press," I thought,  and typed G NEWS for an 
overview of all available news sources ("G NEWS" is an abbreviation for "GO 
NEWS," or "GO to the main NEWS menu"): 


    News/Weather/Sports         NEWS

     1 Executive News Service ($)
     2 NewsGrid
     3 Associated Press Online
     4 Weather
     5 Sports
     6 The Business Wire
     7 Newspaper Library
     8 UK News/Sports
     9 Entertainment News/Info
    10 Online Today Daily Edition
    11 Soviet Crisis

First, a quick glance at 6, which presented itself in these words: 
"Throughout the day The Business Wire makes available press releases, news 
stories, and other information from the world of business.  Information on 
hundreds of different companies is sent daily to The Business Wire's 
subscribers." 

Then choice 7: "This database contains selected full-text stories from 48 
newspapers from across the United States. Classified ads are NOT included 
in the full-text of each paper." 

Their list of newspapers included Boston Globe, Chicago Tribune and San 
Francisco Chronicle. The latter is known for its many inside stories from 
Silicon Valley. 

Choice 8 gave news from England. There, I selected UK News Clips, and 
received the following menu of news reports: 

  U.K. News Clips

   93 stories selected

   1 RTw  09/19 0818  YUGOSLAV AIR FORCE HITS CROATIAN COMMUNICATIONS
   2 RTw  09/19 0755  CROATIA BATTLES CONTINUE AS EC PONDERS PEACE FORCE
   3 RTw  09/19 0753  ARAB PAPERS SAY MOSCOW WANTS MIDEAST PARLEY DELAYED
   4 RTw  09/19 0749  DOLLAR STANDS STILL, SHARES DRIFT LOWER IN ...
   5 RTw  09/19 0729  EARNINGS GLOOM REVERSES LONDON STOCKS' EARLY GAINS
   6 RTw  09/19 0716  SOVIETS NEED 14.7 BILLION DOLLARS FOOD AID, EC SAYS
   7 RTw  09/19 0707  IRA SAYS IT KILLED TIMBER YARD WORKER IN BELFAST DOCKS
   8 RTw  09/19 0706  BRITISH CONSERVATIVE CHIEF PLAYS DOWN TALK OF ...
   9 RTw  09/19 0630  FINANCE RATES
  10 RTw  09/19 0603  REUTER WORLD NEWS SCHEDULE AT 1000 GMT THURSDAY ...

The numbers in column four signify the release times of the stories. The 
articles are fed continuously from the news wires. 

Next stop was the UK Newspaper Library. Here, you can search in full-text 
stories from The Daily and Sunday Telegraph, Financial Times, The Guardian, 
UK News. The latter offers selected articles from The Daily & Sunday 
Telegraph, Financial Times, The Guardian, Today, The Independent, Lloyd's 
List, The Observer, and The Times/Sunday Times. (The latter two are on the 
Web at http://www.the-times.co.uk.)

In 1991, the rate for searching the UK Newspaper Library was US$6.00 for up 
to ten hits. For another US$6.00, I could get a menu with an additional ten 
stories. The rate was US$6.00 to read the full text of selected stories. 
These rates were added to CompuServe's normal access rates. 

  | For more about "clipping" of news, check out Chapter 11. This |
  | Chapter is also contains pointers to business related news.   |

The news service "Soviet Crisis" was my final destination. It was just a 
few weeks after the attempted coup in Moscow, and I was eager for reports. 

OTC NewsAlert had the following interesting story: 

   OTC  09/19 0750  FIRST ENGLISH LANGUAGE SOVDATA DAILINE IS LAUNCHED

The selection gave three screens with information about a new online 
service. Briefly, this is what it said: 

   "The SovData DiaLine service includes an on-line library of more 
   than 250 Soviet newspapers, business and economic periodicals, 
   profiles of more than 2,500 Soviet firms and key executives that 
   do business with the West, legislative reports and other 
   information."

It also said that part of the database was available through LEXIS-NEXIS,
and soon through KR Data-Star, FT Profile (http://www.ft.com), 
Reuters, Westlaw, and GBI. Undoubtedly, the name has changed by now. 

Finally, a fresh story about the fate of the KGB. I read another fifty 
lines, entered OFF (for "goodbye CompuServe"), and received the following 
verdict: 

    Thank you for using CompuServe!

    Off at 09:03 EDT 19-Sep-91
    Connect time = 0:07

Seven minutes. Fifteen typed pages of text. US$6.00. Not bad!

An overwhelming choice
----------------------
I assume that your "daily online newspaper" will contain other stories. If 
you are on the Internet, consider signing up with Clarinet, an electronic 
publishing network service that provides commercial news and information, 
including live UPI wire service news (http://www.upi.com). 

ClariNet provides general, international, sports, technology, entertainment 
and professional financial news, as well as special features and columns. 
It offers over 1,000 current articles per day, sorted into 250+ groups, in 
their full length and original versions. 

On Usenet, ClariNet gateways newsgroups like: 

     clari.feature           Feature columns and products
     clari.biz.economy       Economic news and indicators
     clari.biz.industry      Groups for various industries
     clari.biz.world_trade   GATT, Free Trade, Trade Disputes
     clari.tw.top            Top Technical Stories  

A feed of ClariNet news is available for a fee and execution of a license.  
their e.News Web page (http://www.clari.net) presents a menued structure 
of ClariNet's 300 news categories via hypertext links. Capsulated current 
news summaries are available free to visitors. These "tearsheets" are 
excerpts from the top 10 news stories selected from the 1,000 or more 
stories run daily in the e.News. 

NewsPage provides commercial news at http://www.newspage.com. With more 
than 25,000 pages refreshed daily, over 2,500 topic areas broken down into 
240 categories within more than 20 industries, it covers a lot of ground. 
They claim receipt of up to 20,000 news stories each day from over 700 
English language sources - newspapers, magazines, trade weeklies, 
newsletters, news, and press release wires. (October 1996) 

You can read preselected news by topic area, or create your own 
"individualized" issue based on your own keywords. 

NewsPage's sources include the following international titles: Newsbytes, 
Advertising Age International, Euromarketing, Inter Press Service, 
ITAR/TASS, Lloyd's List, Korea Economic Daily, Kyodo News International, 
Network World, Nikkei English News, OPEC News Agency, Reuter Business 
Report, Reuter E.C. Report, Reuter European Business Report, Reuters Asia 
Pacific Business Report, Traffic World, Xinhua News Agency, Agence France 
Presse, Asian Aviation News, BioWorld Today, BioWorld Weekly, Business 
China, Business Eastern Europe, Business Europe, Business Latin America, 
European Media Business & Finance, International Banking Regulator, 
International Petroleum Finance, Japan Chemical Week, PHARMA Japan, Reuter 
Corporate World News, Reuter Energy Report, Reuter Money News Service, 
Reuter Transcript Report, Reuter World News Service, World Airline News, 
World Airport Week, World Gas Intelligence.

Reading article abstracts is free. By paying a symbolic subscription fee,
you get access to the full texts. Individual Inc., the people behind 
Newspage, offers a Japanese language NewsWatch service in cooperation with 
Toshiba and Mitsui. 

For general news, start with major newswires, like Associated Press, Agence 
France-Presse, Xinhua, Reuters, and the like. They are available on many 
commercial services including CompuServe, and KR Dialog. 

You'll find pointers to broadcasting sources of news in many languages at 
http://www.it-kompetens.com/broad.html.

Choices include BBS, Channel 4 (United Kingdom), Deutsche Welle (Germany),
Teletekst from NOS (Holland), Scandinavian broadcasters, Community 
Broadcasting Association of Australia, CBS, Radio Japan, the Internet 
Multicasting Service, US-based radio stations, CPB and NPR (USA), Radio 
Canada, Radio France, Radio and TV schedules from Finland, and more. 

Searching the news
------------------
News Index (http://www.newsindex.com/) is a news only search engine. It 
indexes current articles from hundreds of sources from around the world. It 
is not an archive, but a resource for finding more information on current 
topics you are interested in. 

Use it to read different versions of a story, and hopefully derive some 
semblance of what actually occurred. Use it to find multiple sources if 
your first choice want to charge you for reading it. 

By following a large number of papers, you can follow ongoing stories as 
they happen. Use it to monitor what goes on within a topic of interest.

Search for a topic by submitting keywords. Hits containing all keywords are 
listed first. Click on the link to get an article's text. 

Here are some other search engines focusing on today's news:

    NewsBot      (http://www.wired.com/newbot/)
    NewsWorks    (http://www.newsworks.com/)
    NewsBot      (http://www.newsbot.com/)
    NewsTracker: (http://nt.excite.com/)
    Wisewire     (http://www.wisewire.com/)
    TotalNews    (http://www.totalnews.com/)

Computer, Communication, Internet News
--------------------------------------
For free daily news about the Web, NewsLinx - Daily Web News - is a 
favorite. Check http://newslinx.com/ to see why. The page for May 3, 
1996, simply started like this: 

     , Full Speed Ahead For The Internet (c|net)
     , Can't Sell Famous Web Names" (Boston Globe)
     , Gates Says Don't Worry About Web Jambs (News Tribune)
     , Pointcast Network Hot (Chicago Tribune)
     , Create Web Pages With "Liquid Motion" (Web Review)

     , Web Connects Siblings (Boston Globe)
     , Job Searching On The Web Becoming Standard (Detroit News)
     , Germany Plans Minor Net Regs (Reuters)
     , Computer Checkup Via Web (Interactive Age)
     , Strange Unibomber Site (Web Review)

Click on a title to get the full text. 

NewsLinx features links to stories culled from the mainstream press, with 
an update posted each business day. Although there are many business or 
technology listings on the Web, this service provides links to the best 
stories, a simple one page interface, and focus exclusively on the Web. 

C|Net's NEWS.COM (http://www.news.com) is another fine source for this 
kind of news, as is The New York Times' Computer News Daily section (at
http://computernewsdaily.com/). NEWS.COM is divided into several 
sections, and focuses on products and services being developed for the 
Internet, stories on hardware and systems, Intranets, and technology 
business news. A free electronic newsletter is also available. 

NewsPage (http://www.newspage.com) offers commercial news within these 
categories 

  Computer Hardware & Peripherals Computer Hardware & Peripherals
  Computer Software Computer Software
  Computer Professional Services Computer Professional Services
  Data Communications Data Communications
  Interactive Media & Multimedia Interactive Media & Multimedia
  Semiconductors Semiconductors
  Telecommunications 

If you are into computers, you owe it to yourself to check out Newsbytes. 
This service offers global headline news from bureaus around the world. The 
stories are sorted in sections with names like IBM, UNIX, Government, 
Telecom, Trends, Business, Apple, Personal Computers, DOS, Windows, Pen, 
Networks, General, Education, Health, Online, Broadcast, Legal, Personal 
Digital Assistant, Chips, Super Computers. A favorite! 

Brainwave for NewsNet has a long list of newsletters that you can read or 
search online.  Back issues are also available. The offerings include CD 
Computing News, Computer Reseller News, Electronic Materials Technology 
News, Electronic Trade & Transport News, Electronic World News, High Tech 
Ceramics News, Online Product News. 

News is more than news
----------------------
After some time, your definition of the notion "news" may change. Since so 
many conferences are also interesting sources, they should also be a part 
of your news gathering strategy. Check in regularly to read what members 
say about what they have seen, done, heard, or discovered. 

Professional news reporters have also discovered this. Online conferences 
are popular hunting grounds for writers of the traditional press. 

FidoNet has many conferences with specialized news contents, including: 

      ANEWS                 News of the US and World
      BBNS                  BBS News Service
      BIONEWS               Environmental News

Many CompuServe forums have news sections. If you are into Hot News and 
Rumors about Amiga Computers, read messages in section 3 of the Amiga Tech 
Forum. 

Consumer Electronics Forum has the section "New Products/News." The 
Journalist Forum has "Fast Breaking News!" The Motor Sports Forum has 
"Racing News/Notes." The Online Today Forum has "In the News." 

Below, we have therefore combined the traditional news providers with 
conferences to provide some interesting sources sorted by part of the 
world: 

Links to news spanning the globe
--------------------------------
The Web service at http://www.cs.vu.nl/~gerben/news.html works like a 
switchboard of free global news and weather links. The links go to 
providers of "daily news as you would find in a newspaper or radio or TV 
news broadcast of reasonable quality." Focus is on news delivered through 
the Web, Gopher, or similar interface, rather than on what is delivered by 
telnet and mailing lists. 

The home page lets you jump to categories like World, North Western Europe, 
South Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, U.S.A., The 
rest of North and South America, Other lists of news sources. 

The "World" category links to services like OneWorld daily news service, 
United Nations press release highlights, United Nations radio (audio), 
Amnesty International news releases, Ecumenical News International, World 
Council of Churches press releases, Around-the-world news from Discipling a 
Whole Nation, Reuters News in French, and Reuters News in German. 

"Other lists of news sources" lists "Daily News - Free Internet Sources," 
by Sam Sternberg and Lauri Saarinen, The Omnivore, WWW Virtual Library: 
Journalism, Pointers to news services from Yahoo, Global Journalism Links,
Journalistic resources page, News page of our local Public Service, 
Newsboy, On-Line Newspapers by Elizabeth Shamblin, I giornali su Internet,
CRAYON, Local news sources, Finding news about China, La prensa latina,
News & Electronic Forums (mainly about Latin America), Electronic 
magazines, and Network news and media (from Russia-On-Line, see also 
http://www.online.ru/). 

There's a competing service in the United States called HomeTown Free-Press 
(at http://www.GoThere.com/hometown.htm). It offers over 1,500 links to 
free local news and information sites in Africa, Antarctica, Asia, 
Australia and New Zealand, Eastern and Western Europe, Middle East, North, 
South and Central America, West Indies (March 1996). Sites include 
newspapers, radio and television stations, schools, civic and civil 
organizations. 

Editor & Publisher Interactive collects data on just about every online 
newspaper in the world. As of October 9, 1997, their database had 2,302
online newspaper entries. The number of newspapers on the World Wide Web 
was 2,227. (At http://www.mediainfo.com/ephome/npaper/nphtm/online.htm)

On their Web page, you can list papers by continent by clicking on an 
Interactive World Map. You can full text search to locate individual online 
publications or list papers by country. 

WRAL-TV5 (http://www.wral-tv.com/news/international/) delivers free 
international news via continuous feeds from Reuters, Associated Press and 
The Sports Network. 

United Nations Daily Highlights: http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest.htm.

Finally, check out http://sun.bucknell.edu/~boulter/crayon/ for the free
"CReAting Your Own Newspaper" (CRAYON) service. Mark off your selected 
batch of information sources, and have a customized newspaper delivered to 
you. 

Africa
------
Usenet has (Validation required for access to Clarinet): 

  clari.world.africa.south_africa
                          News from South Africa.
  clari.world.africa      News from other African countries.
  clari.world.mideast     Also covers news on Egypt.

PeaceNet's World News Service offers six digests on Africa, covering 
different regions of the continent, with coverage from the Inter Press 
Service (IPS): 

  Africa - General Overview of the Entire Continent
  Southern Africa - Kalahari, Cape and Islands
  West Africa - Niger Basin
  West Central Africa - Congo-Logone
  North Africa - Maghreb and Niles
  Eastern Africa News - Rift Valley and Red Sea

IPS' writers are all local people covering the areas in which they live, 
and their articles appear three days after copyright. Other sources include 
the Pacific News Service, the United Nation Information Centre, Third World 
Network Features, PeaceNet and EcoNet. 

For a list of digests (including other regions and worldwide coverage of 
specific issues), prices and instructions about getting a free one month 
trial subscription, write to pwn-info@igc.org. 

Somalia News Update is irregularly published out of Sweden. Email to:
bernhard.helander@antro.uu.se.Subject: Somalia request. Body: Ask nicely.
TSSNEWS (on listserv@psuvm.psu.edu) brings news of the Tunisian 
Scientific Society. 

The Weekly Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg, South Africa) offers news by 
email. Write wmail-info@wmail.misanet.org for subscription information, 
or look it up on the Web (http://www.mg.co.za/mg/). A one year 
subscription costs $100. 

The searchable Weekly Mail & Guardian news archive goes back to July of 
1994. (At http://wn.apc.org/wmail/issues/. Registration required.) 

Zambia's controversial newspaper, The Post in Lusaka, has a full online 
service at http://www.zamnet.zm/zamnet/post/post.html.

See http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/english/Wetter/index.html#europe for 
European and World weather information including pictures.

ZAMNET provides links to the Africa Information Afrique News Archive. The 
archive contains articles from Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, 
Malawi, Namibia, SADC, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and 
Zimbabwe published over several years. gopher://lechwe.zamnet.zm/11/News 

China
-----
China Daily On the Web (http://www.chinadaily.net/cndy/cd_cate1.html)
delivers English language news from China under the headings Top News; Home 
News; China Business; World Business; Money; Opinion; Sport; Feature; World 
News. 

CND (China News Digest) is a voluntary non-profit organization aiming at 
providing news and other information services about China-related affairs. 
All CND services are free of charge. Back Issues of the China News Digest 
are at http://www.cnd.org.                                 

CND's English language publications include CND-Global (three issues per 
week), CND-US (one issue per week), CND-Canada (one issue per week), CND-
Europe/Pacific (one issue per week), CND-China (two issues per month). 

China News Service & Agency (http://www.chinanews.com/) offers daily 
business news from China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to subscribers. 

The Ta Kung Pao Chinese Daily has daily coverage of news about China and
Hong Kong in Chinese (http://www.enmpc.org.hk/takungpao/). Requires Big5 
or GuoBiao software to read. 

Usenet has 

  clari.world.asia.china       News of China
  clari.world.asia.hong_kong   News of Hong Kong.
  talk.politics.china     Discussion of political issues related to China.

Japan
-----
Japan Press Network (http://www.jpn.co.jp/) provides the latest news 
covering Japan's high-tech industries as well as finance, economics and the 
Japanese press. 

Usenet has clari.world.asia.japan (News of Japan). Also, see PeaceNet's 
World News Service above. (Validation required for access to Clarinet.)

Nikkei (on FP Profile) has an English language service with news articles 
from Nikkei and other Japanese newspapers.

Middle East
-----------
The Middle East News Network publishes daily news, analysis and comments 
from 19 countries in the Middle East produced by Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish 
and Persian press. You can read these news through Reuters (for example, on 
NewsGrid/CompuServe), Down Jones News/Retrieval, and Information Access. 

Usenet has

  clari.world.mideast     News from the Middle East. Includes Lebanon, 
                          Jordan, Syria, Cyprus, Kuwait, Afghanistan. 
  clari.world.mideast.arabia  Saudi Arabia and the other nations of
                              the Arabian Peninsula (Qatar, the United
                              Arab Emirates, Yemen, Oman, and Bahrain).
  clari.world.mideast.iran    News of Iran
  clari.world.mideast.iraq    News of Iraq
  clari.world.mideast.israel  News of Israel
  clari.world.mideast.turkey  News of Turkey. (Validation required for 
                              access to Clarinet.) 

Arabnet (http://www.countrylink.com/) brings up to the minute Arabic news 
in Arabic characters. 

For uncensored (by the Israeli) Palestinian news, check the Birzeit 
University site (http://www.birzeit.edu/palnews/war). 

Other countries in Asia and the Pacific
---------------------------------------
The "Top 10 News from Asia" page (http://www.asianmall.com/top10news/) 
features a selection of top Asia-related news Monday through Friday. You 
can read archived news for the past two months. Sources are selected 
newspapers or magazines. Other offerings include Weather Outlook, Local 
Time, and an extensive Public Holidays page. 

For interesting links to sources of political, social and economic news 
about mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Tibet, check 

   http://freenet.buffalo.edu/~cb863/china.html

PeaceNet's World News Service has a Southeast Asia digest. It includes 
coverage from the Inter Press Service (IPS) on Vietnam, Thailand, Hong 
Kong, Japan, Cambodia, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, The People's Republic of 
China, Malaysia and the region as a whole. (Email: pwn-info@igc.org)

The Star, Malaysia's leading English-language daily newspaper, brings its 
news at http://www.jaring.my/~star/. Singapore's Straits Times is at
http://straitstimes.asia1.com/.

The BERITA-L list (on listserv@postoffice.cso.uiuc.edu) carries news 
(only) about Malaysia, Singapore, Islam, and of other ASEAN countries when 
of interest to Malaysians or Singaporeans. Since the topics are somewhat 
unrelated, MY, SG and IS topics have been set up so subscribers can avoid 
uninteresting postings (selective reading). 

Some mailing lists bring a steady flow of news from various sources. 
SEASIA-L - The Southeast Asia Discussion List (at listserv@msu.edu) - 
is one example. it is "designed to facilitate communication between 
researchers, scholars, students, teachers, and others interested in 
Southeast Asian studies with an emphasis on current events." 

SEASIA-L defines Southeast Asia loosely as Burma/Myanmar across to Hong 
Kong and down through Australia and New Zealand. Regularly, it brings full-
text news stories from Inter Press Service, regional news agencies, and 
newspapers/radio. Some examples: 

On Jul. 30, 1992, a full-text story from IPS:  "PHILIPPINES: RAMOS URGES 
REPEAL OF ANTI-COMMUNIST LAW." On Aug. 13, 1992, full-text story from The 
New Straits Times (Singapore): "Schoolgirls involved in flesh trade, says 
Farid." On Aug. 31, "ANTI-VIETNAMESE FORCE TURNS UP IN CAMBODIA" (Reuter). 

SEASIA-L also brings "underground" reports like "The Burma Focus," a 
bimonthly newsletter published by the All Burma Students' Democratic Front. 

The INDIA-L mailing list (on listserv@indnet.org) is The India News 
Network, while PAKISTAN (on listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu) is the Pakistan 
News Service. 

Usenet has 

  clari.world.asia.india  News of India. (Validation required for access 
                          to Clarinet.) 
  alt.india.progressive   Progressive politics in the Indian sub-continent. 
  soc.culture.bangladesh  Issues & discussion about Bangladesh.

  clari.world.asia.south  News of South Asia, including Pakistan, 
                          Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Bhutan, 
                          Nepal, and Myanmar.
  misc.news.southasia     News from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, etc. 
  bit.listserv.pakistan   Pakistan News Service. 
  bit.listserv.pns-l      Pakistan News Service Discussions. 

  clari.world.asia.koreas News of North and South Korea.

  alt.culture.indonesia   Indonesian culture, news, etc.
  bit.listserv.seasia-l   Southeast Asia Discussion List.
  clari.world.asia.southeast  News of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, 
                          Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, 
                          Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines.

  clari.world.asia.central   News of the Asian former Soviet republics: 
                          Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, 
                          Kirghizistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Tadzhikistan. 

  clari.world.oceania     News of the Pacific Islands and Papua New Guinea 
  clari.world.oceania.australia      News of Australia
  clari.world.oceania.new_zealand    News of New Zealand

Request subscription to a Bangladesh News Digest by sending an email to 
dwright@metz.une.edu.au. The Hindu, a national Indian newspaper, is 
experimenting with an online edition at http://www.webpage.com/hindu. 
IndoLink, an interesting source of Indian news, information, articles, 
is at: 

  http://www.genius.net/indolink/index.html

Central and South America
-------------------------
PeaceNet's World News Service has a Latin America and the Caribbean digest 
with coverage from IPS. The America Latina digest is the Spanish language 
equivalent. The digests feature regular news from sources like La Agencia 
Latinoamericana de Informacio'n (ALAI), Third World Network's Revista del 
Sur, and Tercer Mundo Econo'mico. (Email: pwn-info@igc.org) 

Usenet has

  clari.world.americas    News on the Americas, usually outside the USA 
                          and Canada. (Validation required for access to 
                          Clarinet.) 
  clari.world.americas.caribbean  News of the island nations of the 
                          Caribbean, including Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican 
                          Republic, and Jamaica. 
  clari.world.americas.mexico     News of Mexico.
  clari.world.americas.central    News of Central America: Panama, 
                          Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, 
                          Guatemala, and Belize. 
  clari.world.americas.south      News of South America.

A selection of current news articles about and concerning Peru from 
foreign newspapers and magazines is distributed by listasrcp@rcp.net.pe. 
Subscribe by sending the command "add NOTICIAS you-email-address." Sample 
news items are available at http://www3.rcp.net.pe/rcp/rcp-noti.html.

News from Cuba, Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa is available daily 
from Radio Havana, Cuba. Email: radiohc@tinored.cu. El Tiempo (Colombia)
is at http://www.eltiempo.com/. There's another source of news as seen 
from a Cuban perspective at http://www.netpoint.net/~cubanet. Text is in 
Spanish and English.

Europe
------
Start by visiting http://www.cs.vu.nl/~gerben/news.html for European 
daily news and weather. Here are links to Radio Amsterdam, Deutsche Welle, 
Der Spiegel, L'Unione Sarda (Italy), RTI (Ireland), Baltic News Service, 
The Vogon News Service (target is British ex-patriots) and The Electronic 
Telegraph in United Kingdom, Bulgarian news, Croatian Radio News, Danske 
nyheder (Denmark), Gazeta Wyborcza on-line (Poland), and much more. 

You can search the Guardian OnLine Archives in England at the following Web 
address: http://www.cityscape.co.uk/cgi-bin/kidofwais.pl, and the 
Economist is at http://www.economist.com/. 

For a peek at El Peridico de Catalunya (Spain), point your browser at 
http://www.elperiodico.es.

The Austrian "Wiener Zeitung" claims to be the oldest existing daily 
newspaper in the world (neary 300 years old). Its Web page covers domestic 
and world news in German, general information about Austria's government, 
the house of parliament, the president, articles from the weekly computer 
page, and the Friday supplement, reviews of books, records and cultural 
events, a chess page, and more. (http://www.oesd.co.at/wz/wz.htm) 

A daily news bulletin from Radio Prague (Czech Republic) is available by 
email from cr@radio.cz. Select language by sending the commands 'subscribe 
English' or 'subscribe Czech'. A weekly review of the Czech press prepared 
by journalism students at Charles university is at listserv@earn.cvut.cz.
Subscribe by mail using the command 'sub car-eng firstname lastname' (for 
the English language version). 

For more English language daily news covering the Baltic countries, check
http://www.cs.vu.nl/~gerben/news.html.

The Dutch language Internet newspaper InterNetKrant brings news from the 
Netherlands at http://www.es.ele.tue.nl/ink/#english.

News about Flanders and Belgium Dutch is available from Rijksuniversiteit 
Gent (in Dutch). For information about how to subscribe, send an empty mail 
message to msr@elis.rug.ac.be, with the word HELP in the subject line. 

You may also want to try the News, Magazines & Information Servers page at 

    http://www.wb.utwente.nl/explore/news_main.html

Der Spiegel (Germany) is at: http://www.spiegel.de.

Usenet has (Validation required for access to Clarinet):

  clari.world.europe.benelux    News of Belgium, the Netherlands, and
                                Luxembourg.
  clari.world.europe.alpine     News of Austria, Switzerland, and 
                                Liechtenstein 
  clari.world.europe.france     News of France and Monaco.
  clari.world.europe.germany    News of Germany.
  clari.world.europe.greece     News of Greece.
  clari.world.europe.iberia     News of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra.
  clari.world.europe.ireland    News of the Republic of Ireland.
  clari.world.europe.italy      News of Italy and San Marino.
  clari.world.europe.northern   News of Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
                                Finland, and Iceland.
  clari.world.europe.union      News about the European Union: the European 
                                bureaucracy, the European Parliament, and 
                                other EU institutions. 

The HELLENIC NEWS database is at http://www.greeknews.ariadne-t.gr/. For 
a page with Greek newspapers, try http://www.spark.net.gr/perip_e.html. 

On the IRL-POL mailing list on listserv@listserv.hea.ie, members 
discuss current Irish politics. 

Dow Jones News/Retrieval offers full text from Wall Street Journal Europe, 
Agence France-Presse, the Paris-based International Herald Tribune, the 
Guardian, and others from the United Kingdom. 

Need newspapers in other languages than English? LEXIS-NEXIS carries Le 
Monde (in French), Suddeutsche Zeitung (in German), and La Stampa (in 
Italian). They have The Agence France-Presse wire service in French. 

GBI (tel: +49 89 957 0064) has an extensive full text coverage of the 
German press. The offerings include the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the 
Neue Zrcher Zeitung, and tageszeitung from Berlin. 

The Vatican Radio is at http://www.wrn.org/vatican-radio/, and The Radio 
Vaticana Kurznachrichten (in German) at http://www.kath.de/rv/. More 
links to international broadcasters: http://www.wrn.org/stations.html. 

The NORWAVES mailing list distributes digested news from Norway ( English). 
Subscribe by email to listserv@nki.no using the command "SUBSCRIBE NORWAVES 
Your Name". Web address: http://www.nki.no/~morten/norwaves.html

If you know French, check out Frognet, a service of the French embassy in 
Washington. In their own words, this is what it is all about (sorry for 
the missing accents!): 

  Frognet est le Club des francais et francophones residents hors de France 
  sur Internet. L'inscription au Club, vous permet de recevoir chaque jour 
  ouvrable le journal de RFI (Radio France Internationale). Ce journal est 
  libre de tout droit d'auteur. Sa large diffusion est autorisee  et meme 
  encouragee,  et ce a tous les niveaux. 

Subscribe to FROGNET by email to listproc@list.cren.net. By the way, FROG 
is an abbreviation for the French Researcher Organization... But there is 
more! Also check out the Francopholistes l'annuaire des listes de diffusion 
francophones page at http://www.cru.fr/listes/. 

North America
-------------
There's an abundance of online news sources covering North America. We are 
therefor just including a few pointers here, like

    The Wall Street Journal  -  http://wsj.com
    The Washington Post      -  http://www.washingtonpost.com
    USA Today                -  http://www.usatoday.com
    Los Angeles Times        -  http://www.latimes.com

Newslink (http://www.newslink.org) offers links to many U.S. newspapers, 
broadcast networks and affiliates, magazines and publishers, and sites of 
special journalistic interest on the World Wide Web.

Automatic background information on this service is available by sending 
any sort of email to info@newslink.org. 

Check out the URL http://www.cs.vu.nl/~gerben/news.html for more.

xUSSR
-----
Press Rover (http://www.russianstory.com/rover/) offers free full text 
search of an archive of Russian newspapers and periodicals. Your search 
may be limited to the following areas: Government & Society, Business & 
Economy, Culture & Arts, and Family & Entertainment. Payment is required 
for document retrieval only. 

At http://users.aimnet.com/~ksyrah/ekskurs/rusnews.html, there's a 
Russian News Links page with links to Federal News Service, Izvestia, ITAR-
TASS, InterFax/Maximov, Nezavisimaya gazeta, Pravda-5, and an extensive 
list of other Russian newspapers and magazines on the Internet, including 
audio radio resources. 

This Web page also have good coverage of other NIS countries, including 
Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Kirghizistan, Azerbaijan, The Baltics.

PeaceNet's World News Service offers an Eastern Europe (including Russia 
and the CIS) digest with coverage from the Inter Press Service (IPS). For 
information, contact pwn-info@igc.org. 

The Jamestown Foundation publishes The Monitor, a daily digest of news 
reports from Russia and other former Soviet republics. Information:
http://www.jamestown.org. 

Latest news from Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus and Central Asia is 
available from Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (http://www.rferl.org/). 
In addition to news briefs, RFE/RL offers features, analysis, special 
reports, and press reviews. Countries covered include Azerbaijan, Belarus, 
Bulgaria, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Latvia, Lithuania, 
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Slavic, Tajikistan, Tatar-Bashkir, 
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. 

Several Russian newspapers, including Commersant Daily, Nega, and press 
services like Postfactum and Interfax, have digests or complete editions 
available for Relcom network subscribers, usually for a nominal fee. 

A hypertext, English-language  version of the St. Petersburg Press weekly 
is at http://www.spb.su/. This Web page also offers Severo-Zapad, a daily 
news source for information about northwest Russia. 

INCO (Moscow), in cooperation with the East-West Project, Institute of 
Central/East European and Russian Area Studies, Carleton University 
(Canada), publish the ANALYTICA MOSCOW: Politica Weekly Press Summary 
newsletter. The January 7-13, 1995 was about 30 Kb, and had the following 
contents:

     1.  Government of National Revival formed in Chechnya
     2.  Chechnya War
     3.  Political Institutions
     4.  Political Figures
     5.  Foreign Relations
     6.  Dossier:
          a) Background of newly-appointed Minister of Justice,
             Valentin Kovalev
          b) The State Committee on the Military-technical Policy of the
             Russian Federation

Contact: inco@glas.apc.org .

GlasNews (U.S.A.) is a quarterly publication on East-West contacts in all 
aspects of communications - including journalism, telecommunications, 
photography, opinion research, advertising and public relations. At:

    http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/~aboyle/glasnews/master.html

The Russian Press Electronic Courier newsletter brings free digests of news 
titles from media throughout Russia and the other CIS countries (Ukraine,
Byelorussia, the Baltic States, the Trans-Caucasus and Central Asia). 
Covers Political events; business and culture; ethnic conflicts and peace 
negotiations; political and public organizations; elections and 
appointments; polls and statistical reports; and other topics. 

Subscribe to RPEC by email to listproc@solar.rtd.utk.edu. Put the command 
"Subscribe RPEC Your Name" in the body of your mail. A topical monitoring 
and clipping service is also available in English and/or Russian. For more 
information, contact wps@ic.redline.ru.

For a fee, East View Publications (http://www.eastview.com/) offers 
searchable databases of articles from the daily Russian newspapers 
Nezavisimaya Gazeta and Sevodnya. 

Usenet has (Validation required for access to Clarinet):

  clari.world.europe.balkans      News of the former Yugoslavia, Romania,
                                  and Bulgaria
  alt.current-events.bosnia       The strife of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  soc.culture.bosna-herzgvna
  alt.news.macedonia              News of Macedonia in the Balkan Region.

  clari.world.europe.central      News of Poland, the Czech Republic, 
                                  Slovakia, and Hungary.

  clari.local.georgia             Local news. 
  alt.current-events.ukraine      Current and fast paced Ukrainian events.

  clari.world.europe.russia       News of Russia.
  relcom.bbs.list                 Lists of Russian-language BBSes. 
  talk.politics.soviet            Discussion of Soviet politics, domestic 
                                  and foreign. 

English-language news from Croatia (ex-Yugoslavia) is available at 
http://www.carnet.hr/news/media_eng.html. 

UUCP has a service which brings regular news bulletins from Poland (Contact: 
przemek@ndcvx.cc.nd.edu). 

BosNet distributes information relevant to the events in/about Republic of 
Bosnia-Hercegovina. Daily posting typically consists of newsbriefs compiled 
from reports by UPI, RFE/RL, NYT, Reuter, as well as other sources, such 
as: LA, SF, Chicago dailies; WP, WSJ, The Economist, White House, New 
Republic, Boston Globe, various Ministry Reports, FPB, etc. Information at 
http://www.balkaninstitute.org/. You can also find it on Usenet as 
bit.listserv.bosnet. 

CET-ONLINE is a free daily English language news service produced by 
Central Europe Today. It features political, economic and business news as 
well as feature stories that chronicle the living and working environment 
in Central Europe. Subscribe by email to cet-online-request@eunet.cz by 
putting the command SUBSCRIBE in the body of your mail. 

DJNR offers full text from Soviet Press Digest, Moscow News, and others. 

Special interest news
---------------------
Freedom Press (http://www.lglobal.com/TAO/Freedom/) is the world's oldest 
anarchist publishing group (founded in 1886). The FPI mailing list (on 
majordomo@tao.ca) sends extracts from their publications with an emphasis 
on news. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 10: Finding a needle in a bottle of hay
================================================

There is little doubt that the databases of the online world contain nearly 
everything needed to complete a major research project, fuel an 
information-needy business, or just help get the school homework done. 

Online research is faster, provides more depth and is cross-referenced to 
help researchers locate obscure resources. It makes you an "instant expert" 
on a subject matter. The main problem is learning how to get a confident 
grip on the searching process. 

Prepare by clipping
-------------------
Experienced users regularly "clip" news from online services, and store 
selected parts of what they get on their personal computers' hard disks. 
They use powerful tools to search their data, and know how to use the 
information in other applications. (More about clipping in Chapter 11.) 

Regular clipping of news is highly recommended. It is often quicker and 
easier to search your own databases, than to search online. Your data is a 
subset of previous searches. Therefore, the stories on your disk are likely 
to have a high degree of relevancy. 

There are many good programs for personal computers that let you search 
your personal data for information. See Chapter 14 for ideas. 

While secondary research can never replace primary information gathering, 
it often satisfies most information needs related to any task or project. 
Besides, it points in the direction of primary sources from where more in-
depth information may be elicited. 

When your personal database fails to deliver
--------------------------------------------
Regular "clipping" can help you build a powerful personal database, but it 
will never satisfy all information needs. Occasionally, you must go online 
for additional facts. 

When this happens, you may feel like Don Quixote, as he was looking "for a 
needle in a bottle of hay." The large number of offerings is bewildering. 
To succeed, you'll need a sound search strategy. 

Your first task is to locate useful sources of information. The next, to 
decide how best to find that specific piece of information online. You must 
plan your search. 

Although one source of information, like an online database, is supposed to 
cover your area of interest, it may still be unable to give you what you 
want. Let me explain with an example: 

     You're tracking a company called IBM (International Business
     Machines). Your first inclination is to visit forums and clubs
     concerned with products delivered by this company. There, you 
     plan to search message bases and file libraries. 

     The search term IBM will probably give so many hits that you 
     almost drown. To find anything of interest in these forums, 
     your search terms must be very specific. 

     General news providers, like Associated Press, may be a better 
     alternative. Usually, they just publish one or two stories on 
     IBM per week. Don't expect to learn about details that are not 
     of interest to the public. 

     AP's stories may be too general for you. Maybe you'll be more
     content with industry insiders' expert views, as provided by
     the Brainwave for NewsNet newsletters OUTLOOK ON IBM, or THE REPORT 
     ON IBM. 

The level of details in a given story depends in part on the news 
providers' readers, and the nature of the source. The amount of "noise" 
(the level of irrelevancy) also varies. In most public forums, expect to 
wade through many uninteresting messages before finding things of interest. 

Try the following strategy: 

  Step 1: Locate sources that provide relevant information,

          Selecting sources is half the battle in making a good 
          search! You probably won't find what you need if you're
          not looking in the right place.

  Step 2: Check if the information from these sources is at a
          satisfactory level of details, and that the volume 
          is acceptable (not too much, nor too little). 

  Step 3: Study the service's search commands and procedures, 
          PLAN, and then SEARCH.

Locating interesting sources
----------------------------
Step 1 is not an easy one. There is such an abundance of directory services 
and pointers.

On the Internet, two free favorite starting points are Digital Equipment 
Corp.'s Alta Vista service, and HotBot. 

The Alta Vista search service indexes millions of Web pages, and maintains 
a full-text index of more than 8,000 Usenet newsgroups updated in real-
time. Its Advanced Option lets you limit a search by giving start and end 
dates, by combining words and phrases using AND, OR, NOT, and NEAR 
operators. 

Check out Alta Vista at http://www.altavista.digital.com/ (USA), or at 
the Australian mirror (http://www.altavista.yellowpages.com.au/). 
European users should use http://www.altavista.telia.com. It offers 
searches in Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Icelandic, 
Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Swedish, and UK English.

There's an Asia-wide mirror site at http://altavista.skali.com.my, and
a Spanish-based mirror site at http://www.altavista.tsai.es.

  | It's only worth using Alta Vista if you bear in mind the sort |
  | of material which might be posted in your subject area. Since |
  | anyone can publish almost anything on the Web, pages vary -   |
  | from personal pages set up by any student who has Internet    |
  | access, to those set up academic or research institutions,    |
  | those set up by not-for-profit organizations, and those from  |
  | commercial organizations.                                     |

In August 1996, HotBot (http://www.HotBot.com) claimed an index of 54 
million full-text Web pages, plus Usenet newsgroups and selected Internet 
mailing lists. This is far more than Alta Vista has, and in some cases
it will let you find more. 

HotBot supports Boolean AND/OR/NOT, and phrase searching. It provides 
relevance feedback with retrieval. It also supports chronological, domain, 
and geographic searches, as well as media type searches such as Java, VRML, 
and Acrobat, but does not have as powerful search features as Alta Vista. 

Sometimes, I play Alta Vista against HotBot for maximum result. If I want a 
query to contain a string from a Web address, Alta Vista would be my first 
choice. If I want currency and depth, then I'd usually prefer HotBot. In 
other cases, network access speed will decide. If getting to one of them 
takes to long, I go to the other. 

Watch these strong competitors: 

   http://www.excite.com and 
   http://ultra.infoseek.com/. 

Meta-searching
--------------
Meta-search agents let you search several search engines in one operation.
For example, Super Searches (http://www.searches.com/) searches major 
search engines like Alta Vista, Excite, Galaxy, HotBot, Lycos, Web Crawler, 
Yahoo, WWW Yellow pages, Meta crawler, Dejanews, Aliweb, Hotbot, Lycos, 
and more. 

Here are some others to try: 

  Dogpile:    http://www.dogpile.com
  Highway61:  http://www.highway61.com/

One word of warning: The meta-search agents treat the product of search 
engines as data: changing it, organizing it, and making it simpler to use 
for the consumer, without understanding that this information is more like 
a publication than raw data. 

Usually, these services do not support Boolean, temporal, or proximity 
operators. Set building is not possible.

Searching a topic area
----------------------
Narrowing a search down to a specific topic area can be a challenge with 
the general search engines. Sometimes, you may be better off using a more 
targeted search service. 

There are many services linking you to topic area search engines. Example:
SEARCH.COM (http://www.search.com/) links you to search services within 
areas like Arts, Automotive, Business, Computers, Directories, Education, 
Employment, Entertainment, Finance, Government, Games, Health, Housing, 
Legal, Lifestyle, News, People, Politics, Reference, Science, Shopping, 
Sports, Travel, Usenet, and Web. 

Some other interesting offerings: 

    http://www.newsindex.com/             Today's news
    http://www.cosmix.com/motherload/     Many topic areas.
    http://www2.zdnet.com/locator/        Computer companies, hardware,
                                            software, peripherals.
    http://www.webplaces.com/search/      Clip art, icons, background
                                            images, animations, sound clips
    http://www.achoo.com                  Health
    http://www.Healthatoz.com             Health
    http://thegw.com                      Games on the Internet.
    http://www.cyberark.com/noah.htm      Animals

Searching for non-US information
--------------------------------
No search engine indexes the whole Web, and most US based services tend to 
be best at US contents. US services focusing on other geographical areas 
tend to miss local organizations having registered .com, .org, or other 
global addresses. 

For contents in other geographical areas, you may be better served by 
engines specialized on these areas. Examples: 

   Europe:            http://www.euroferret.com/
                      http://euroseek.freeside.net/
   India:             http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/4195/india.htm
   India/Pakistan/
   Sri Lanka/Nepal/
   Bangladesh:        http://www.samilan.com/
   Israel:            http://www.vci.co.il/
   Middle East:       http://www.arabseek.net/
   Russia:            http://search.interrussia.com/
   Scandinavia:       http://www.polarsearch.com/
   South Africa:      http://www.ananzi.co.za/
   United Kingdom:    http://www.cybersearch.co.uk
   More links:        http://www.beaucoup.com/1geoeng.html

Non-English language searches
-----------------------------
There are major structural differences between languages. An indexing system 
built for English text may therefore not be suitable for a text written in 
the language you're searching, and in particular if the other language uses 
special fonts. Using special purpose search engines may be the way to go in 
such cases. Some options: 

   Arabic:    http://www.alidrisi.com/main1.htm
   French:    http://lokace.iplus.fr/
              http://www.ecila.fr
   German:    http://www.aladin.de/
              http://www.dino-online.de/suche.html
   Italian:   http://ragno.ats.it/indexuk.html
   Japanese:  http://www.juno.sfc.keio.ac.jp/NSE-NS/
              http://www.lawresearch.com/v2/Cejapan.htm
   Spanish:   http://www.ctv.es/USERS/gobib/hispano.html

Another problem using the English language search systems is that you don't 
just have to understand English to get the most out of them, you'll have to 
understand English well. 

Searching Usenet
----------------
After searching the Web, my next step is usually The Deja News Research 
Service, a large indexed database of archived Usenet news from over 15,000 
topic-specific groups. It typically gives you access to Usenet ranging back 
to March, 1995. This amounts to over 175 Gbytes of searchable data (April
1997). URL: 

  http://www.dejanews.com/

You can use the service for research, or to locate interesting newsgroups 
worth your subscription. 

DejaNews' filter lets you limit what records will be searched by a query. 
A search can be limited by date, author, and newsgroup name (using 
wildcards, or range operators), OR and AND boolean operators, wildcards 
(compan* matches companies, company, etc.). You can combine search elements 
using parentheses, and more. 

The order of the records in the hit list reflects how often the words you're 
searching for appear, as well as the importance you have given the posting 
date. This scoring gives you the records that best match your search at the 
top of the list. 

Once you have found an interesting message in a hitlist, you can retrieve 
the thread by clicking on the subject line as it appears at the top of the 
screen. 

InfoSeek is a commercial service on the World Wide Web that allows you to 
search many Internet newsgroups, news and business information from real-
time newswires, publications, broadcast programs, financial and government 
databases, World Wide Web pages, mailing list archives, and technical 
support information (including over a year of Computer Select database of 
the full-text and abstracts of about 100 computer magazines). 

Queries can be entered as plain English, or by just entering key words and 
phrases. Point your browser at http://www.infoseek.com. There is a 
Japanese language version at http://japan.infoseek.com. 

Searching Mailing lists and Web forums
--------------------------------------
Reference.COM (Chapter 11) indexes messages posted to several mailing 
lists and Web forum. This includes KIDLINK's announcement lists, and this 
handbook's support forum (The list TOW at listserv@listserv.nodak.edu).

Several mailing lists let you search their archives of postings through 
the Web. All postings to the TOW mailing list since 1993 can be searched at 
http://listserv.nodak.edu/archives/tow.html. Hits can be filtered by 
strings found on the subject line, strings in the author's email address, 
or by giving a date range. 

Microsoft lets you search several of their mailing lists, including those 
on ATL, ActiveX, Active Server Pages Scripting, Authenticode, CIFS, Client 
Scripting, Cryptographic API, Distributed COM-Based Code, Internet Explorer 
Html. See http://microsoft.ease.lsoft.com/Archives/index.html. 

Some other examples:

At http://listserv.hea.ie/lists/, there are many lists focusing on Irish, 
Celtic and Gaelic culture and languages. 

The http://list.nih.gov/archives/ page leads mainly to medicine and health 
related lists, while http://listserv.nodak.edu/archives/ carries all 
public Kidlink lists. 

Other sites include 

  http://listserv.spc.edu/archives/
  http://listserv.american.edu/archives/
  http://listserv.uta.edu/archives/

Searching specialized databases
-------------------------------
If you are looking for more specialized databases, try The Internet Sleuth 
(http://www.isleuth.com/). It links to over 2,000 searchable databases 
on the Internet on a wide variety of subjects. 

Sleuth's categories include: Agriculture, Economics, Internet, Regional, 
Education, Legal, Sciences, Astronomy, Employment, Literature, Shopping, 
Aviation, Engineering, Mathematics, Social Sciences, Biology, Physics, 
Entertainment, Medicine, Software, BioSciences, Environment, Arts, Music, 
Sports, Business, Finance, News, Technology, Business Directories, Food & 
Drink, People, Trade & Industry, Chemistry, Genealogy, Travel, Commercial 
Databases, Government, Politics, Usenet News, Companies, Health, Computer 
Related, Recreation, Veterinary, Humanities, Reference, Web Search Engines. 

Then, there's the Invisible Web. These are the terabytes of information 
available in digital form through hidden databases that cannot be seen or 
searched directly by most Web search engines.  

At One (http://www.at1.com) has a unified index of data existing in the 
commercial online services realm. They're indexing the databases of America 
Online, Brainwave for NewsNet, Questel-Orbit, Mecklermedia/iWorld, EyeQ 
from DataTimes, Knight Ridder's Dialog service, United Nations, Baseline, 
Digital Ink (Washington Post), Phillips Publishing, Grolier, Public 
Broadcasting System (PBS), and others. By January 1997, At One had 5.7 
terabytes of information contracted to the service. They also have a 
clipping service, and an URL change warning service. 

Your "last" resort
------------------
If your success is still meagre, consider asking other onliners for advice. 
Actually, as this may often be a fast way to interesting sources, you may 
even want to put it higher on your list.

When looking for information about agriculture and fisheries, visit forums 
and conferences about related topics. Ask members what they are using. 

If you want information about computers or electronics, ask in such 
conferences. 

  | When you do not know where to start your search, ask others! |
  | Their know-how is usually the quickest way to the sources.  |

DejaNews will help you locate relevant newsgroups for your questions. To 
find interesting mailing lists, check out the Liszt Index of Electronic 
Mailing Lists at http://www.liszt.com/. It can also be searched by email 
to liszter@bluemarble.net. Send a blank message for instructions.

The Liszt Index lets you enter any word or phrase to search their directory 
of over 71,618 listserv, listproc, majordomo and independently managed 
mailing lists (as of March, 1997). It will not allow you to search the 
message bases, but it sure will help you locate potentially interesting 
discussions. 

The Listserv home page (http://www.tile.net/tile/listserv/index.html)
lets you sort LISTSERV discussion groups by 1st letter of list name, by 
country, by server name, and more. The description pages of the individual 
discussion groups, however, is not to much help. Try Publicly Accessible 
Mailing Lists at http://www.neosoft.com/internet/paml/index.html for an 
alternative.

Also, there are over 37,000 Web based discussion forums (Nov 25, 1996). 
Search for discussions of interest at http://www.forumone.com/. 

If you are still out of luck, check out GEnie's Home Office/Small 
Business RoundTable, a hangout of online searchers. On CompuServe, visit 
the Working From Home Forum' section for information professionals (#4), 
and the section for new librarians in the Journalism Forum. 

Patent searchers are a very specialized group. They discuss common problems 
on KR Dialog's DialMail. Their bulletin board is named PIUG. 

Note: There is much free information on the Internet, but be prepared to 
pay for current and relevant information. Your payment is for filtering,
sorting, and emphasizing of what matters to you. 

Read the user manuals
---------------------
Some online services let you retrieve their user information manuals by 
modem for free. Others send them to all users, while some charge extra for 
them. If they do, buy! They're worth their weight in gold. 

The user manuals from KR Dialog, Dow Jones News/Retrieval and CompuServe 
make good reading. The latter two also publish monthly magazines filled 
with search tips, information about new sources, user experiences, and 
more. KR Dialog distributes the monthly newsletter Chronolog. 

Whenever it is possible to retrieve these help texts in electronic form, 
consider doing that. It is often faster to search a help file on your disk, 
than to browse through a book. 

Monitor offerings
-----------------
Professional information searchers watch the activity in the online world. 
They subscribe to announcements about new offerings, regularly search 
databases for new sources of information, and read about new services. 

On most online services, you can search databases of available offerings, 
and a section with advertisements about their own 'superiorities'. Keep an 
eye on what is being posted there. 

InterNic Information Service has an announcement-only service at 
listserv@lists.internic.net called NET-HAPPENINGS. It is a favorite for 
monitoring Internet's offerings. 

The service distributes announcements about tools, conferences, calls for 
papers, news items, new mailing lists, electronic newsletters like EDUPAGE, 
and more. Send a message with the word "help" in the body of the text for 
subscription information. Note: Consider using the digest option (send the 
command SET NET-HAPPENINGS DIGEST on a separate line after your SUBscribe 
request). You can also set it to Index for even shorter notifications
(SET NET-HAPPENINGS INDEX).

Net-happenings is also distributed through comp.internet.net-happenings. 
The full net-happenings archives can be searched and retrieved at 
http://scout.cs.wisc.edu/scout/net-hap/index.html.

NEW-LIST regularly distribute notices about new discussion lists 
(conferences). Subscribe by email to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu. Use the 
following command: 

  SUB NEW-LIST Your-first-name Your-last-name

You can search and browse the NEW-LIST list's notification postings at 
http://listserv.nodak.edu/archives/new-list.html.

"Seidman's Online Insider" at http://techweb.cmp.com/ng/online_insider/ 
is an informative newsletter. You can subscribe to have it delivered weekly 
to your Internet mailbox. Send mail to listserv@peach.ease.lsoft.com. In 
the BODY of your mail enter: SUBSCRIBE ONLINE-L [Your Full Name] . 

Heriot-Watt University Library (England) publishes the free _INTERNET 
RESOURCES_ Newsletter. Emphasis is on Engineering, Science, and Social 
Science related sources in the United Kingdom. You can read it at

   http://www.hw.ac.uk/libWWW/irn/irn.html

You can subscribe to have an alerting message, plus the table of contents 
sent via email, each time a new issue appears. 

The Usenet newsgroup alt.internet.services focuses on information about 
services available on the Internet. Services for discussion include:

  * things you can telnet to (weather, library catalogs, 
    databases, and more),
  * things you can FTP (like pictures, sounds, programs, data)
  * clients/servers (like MUDs, IRC, Archie)

Every second week, a list of Internet services called the "Special Internet 
Connections list" is posted to this newsgroup. It includes everything from 
where to retrieve pictures from space by FTP, how to find agricultural 
information, public UNIX, online directories and books, you name it. 
   
Brainwave for NewsNet lets you read and search the following newsletters:  
Worldwide Videotex Update, Worldwide Databases (#PB44), Online Newsletter, 
The Online Newsletter, the Information and Database Publishing Report, and 
The Online Libraries and Microcomputers. 

They can also be read and searched on KR Dialog and KR Data-Star, as part 
of the Information Access PTS Newsletter Database. Information Access is a 
full-text database with specialized newsletters for business and industry. 
It is also on NEXIS. 

On The Well, read the "News from Around Well Conferences" topic to learn 
about developments. 

The LINK-UP magazine is an interesting paper source. In North America, 
contact Learned Information Inc., 143 Old Mariton Pike, Medford, NJ 08055-
8707, U.S.A. In Europe: Learned Information (Europe) Ltd., Woodside, 
Hinskey Hill, Oxford OX1 5AU, England. An online version is available 
through ZiffNet's Business Database Plus on CompuServe. 

Two monthly magazines, Information World Review and  FULLTEXT SOURCES 
ONLINE from BiblioData Inc. (U.S.A.), are also available through Learned 
Information. (BiblioData, P.O. Box 61, Needham Heights, MA 02194, U.S.A.) 
Learned Information's "Learned InfoNet" is at 

  http://info.learned.co.uk/

Brainwave for NewsNet has the newsletter Information Today from Learned 
Information. It covers online services, CD-ROM, multimedia, imaging, 
library automation, electronic networking and publishing, document 
delivery, copyright issues, and the hardware and software essential to the 
delivery of electronic information. 

More sources about sources
--------------------------
Scott Yanoff updates an interesting, selected list of Internet resources 
twice per month. Get it by email from inetlist@aug3.augsburg.edu, or from 

   http://www.spectracom.com/islist/
   ftp://ftp.csd.uwm.edu/pub/inet.services.txt

John December's "Information Sources: the Internet and Computer-Mediated 
Communication" has pointers to information describing the Internet, 
computer networks, and issues related to computer-mediated communication. 
It lists Internet texts for new users, comprehensive Internet guides, and 
specialized and technical information. At 
http://www.december.com/cmc/info/index.html

The Gale Directory of Databases contains detailed descriptions of over 
10,000 publicly available databases accessible through an online vendor or 
batch processor or for purchase on CD-ROM, diskette, or magnetic tape, or 
as a handheld product (Feb, 1996). It is a comprehensive guide to the 
electronic database industry worldwide. 

The directory is available in print, on CD-ROM, through KR Dialog and 
other commercial services, and through Gale Research's subscription-based 
Web service (at http://galenet.gale.com/). They also offer listings of 
database producers and vendors, and a free Gale Guide to Internet Databases 
called Cyberhound On-line (http://www.cyberhound.com). 

For lists of electronic journals about the Internet ("E-zines" or 
"Ejournals"), click at http://www.edoc.com/ejournal/

Several electronic journals and newsletters are available through the 
Internet, covering fields from literature to molecular biology. For a 
large list, try http://www.meer.net/~johnl/e-zine-list/. 

The NEWSLTR list distributes various network newsletters. Subscribe by 
email to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu. Offerings include: Edupage, Hitek, 
HPC, Infosys, IAT Inforbit, and many more. 

The Argus Clearinghouse offers over 1,000 topical guides to the Internet's 
information resources.  The guides are created by librarians and other 
information professionals, and cover a diverse range of topics, from 
Theatre, Law, and Chemistry to Midwifery. Access on this Web address: 
http://www.clearinghouse.net/ 

Interested in CD-ROM? The database at http://www.microinfo.co.uk/ offers 
details about thousands of information products and services - mainly CD-
ROMs. Products are classified in 27 topics ranging from agriculture and 
food to theology. 

Practical hints about online searching
--------------------------------------
We cannot give a simple, universal recipe valid for all online services. 
The best approach on one service, may be useless on others. 

Besides, recommendations will vary considerably depending on whether you 
want "focused searches" designed to find and retrieve a specific set of 
documents providing a specific set of information, or "satisficed searches" 
designed to find just some hits that are "good enough" regardless of the
source.

On some services, searching starts by selecting databases or type of 
source. This may help you get rid of some irrelevancies. On other services, 
this selection is assumed. 

The next step is to enter your search words (or text strings), and a valid 
time frame (as in "between 1/1/90 and 1/1/91"), where such an option is 
available. 

Here are some sample search terms used on the net: 

   SONY AND VIDEO         The term SONY and the term VIDEO. Both
                          words must be present in the document
                          to give a match.

   VIDEO*                 search for all words starting with
                          VIDEO. "*" is a wild-card character
                          referring to any ending of the word.
                          VIDEO* matches words like VIDEOTEXT 
                          and VIDEOCONFERENCE. 

   SONY WITHIN/10 VIDEO   Both words must be present in the text,
                          but they must not be farther apart than
                          ten words. (Proximity operators)

   IBM OR APPLE           Either one word OR the other.

Some services have adjacency operators, and some automatic truncation. 
Truncation allows searching on different word endings or plurals with the 
use of a truncation wild card symbol. For example, if the truncation symbol 
is *, then the search term econ* will return items that contain economics, 
economy, economic, and econometric. Car* will return items that contain 
cars and cartoon, so it is advisable to use truncation symbols carefully.

Many services let you reuse your search terms in new search commands. This 
may save you time (and money), when you get too many hits. For example: if 
IBM OR APPLE gives 1,000 hits, limit the search by adding "FROM JANUARY 
1st.," or by adding the search word "NOTEBOOK*". 

Most services offer full online documentation of their search commands. You 
can read the help text on screen while connected, or retrieve it for later 
study. Expect the quality of these texts to be variable, but browse them 
all the same.

Make a note about the following general tricks: 

The use of ANDs and ORs
-----------------------
is called Boolean searching. It allows search terms to be put into logical 
groups by the use of connective terms. 

Using AND, OR, and NOT search operators may seem confusing at first, 
unless you already understand the logic. Here are some hints that you may 
find helpful: 

Use the Boolean operator AND to retrieve smaller amounts of information. 
Use AND when multiple words must be present in your search results 
(MERCEDES AND VOLVO AND CITROEN AND PRICES). 

Use OR to express related concepts or synonyms for your search term (FRUIT 
OR APPLES OR PEARS OR BANANAS OR PEACHES). 

The purpose of NOT is avoid listings of irrelevant records. Be careful when 
using this operator. NOT gets rid of any record in a database that contains 
the word that you've "notted" out. For example, searching for "IBM NOT 
APPLE" drops records containing the sentence, "IBM and Apple are computer 
giants." The record will be dropped, even if this is the only mention of 
Apple in an article, and though it is solely about IBM. 

Use NOT to drop sets of hits that you have already seen. Use NOT to exclude 
records with multiple meanings, like "CHIPS Not POTATO" (if you are looking 
for chips rather than snack foods). 

Often, it pays to start with a "quick-and-dirty" search by throwing in 
words you think will do the trick. Then, look at the first five or 10 
records, but look only at the headline and the indexing. This will show you 
what terms are used by indexers to describe your idea and the potential for 
confusion with other ideas. 

Use proximity operators to search multiword terms. If searching for "market 
share," you want the two words within so many words of another. The order 
of the words, however, doesn't matter. You can accept both "market share" 
and "share of the market." 

Relevance ranking, and more
---------------------------
Some claim that boolean searches only find between 20 - 25 percent of the 
relevant information. The problem is that you must know the terms to search 
on before you begin. Many people don't know these terms and cannot guess 
them. 

Several online services are busy trying to supply better "search engines" 
using techniques like natural language searching, relevance ranking, and 
concept searching. 

Relevance ranking tries to measure how closely the retrieval matches the 
query, usually in quantitative terms between 0 and 100 or 0 and 1,000. It
usually provides a ranked listing of search results, with a score for the 
relevance of the result, based on the occurrences of the terms used and 
also their position in the document. It provides somewhat the same results 
as AND searching. Also, it offers the benefits of OR searching as all the 
terms in a query need not be present in the result. 

Alta Vista (http://www.altavista.digital.com/) offers both boolean and 
enhanced relevance ranking searches. For example, you can require that 
selected terms be found in the results. The query "+apples +bananas 
oranges" will not find a document missing the words apples and bananas. 
Those files that contain oranges will listed before those that do not 
contain this word, but files without this word will also be listed. 

Some services let you search specific types of information. For example, 
Alta Vista allows searches for characters or words in an URL (a Web 
address), or a hyperlink. 

    Application: My Web pages are at http://login.eunet.no/~presno/. The 
    query "+link:eunet.no/~presno/ -url:eunet.no/~presno/" will most likely 
    find all links to my pages on other Web servers except my own. The "-" 
    character in front of a word works as a NOT operator. The "link:" 
    phrase is for searching in hyperlinks across the Internet. The "url:" 
    code lets you search in the URL addresses of the found pages.

Key Word In Context (KWIC) searching will return the key word and N words 
near the key word to give the user the context in which the key word was 
found. 

Phrase Searching allows searching of phrases when available. Note that some 
systems can be confusing if you think "Online World" is searching the two 
words together as a phrase, when in fact the engine is searching Online OR 
World. 

Fuzzy searching is another interesting concept. This option allows you to 
search when you don't know the exact spelling of the word. Some systems 
use the Soundex algorithm invented over 70 years ago to search name files. 
Names that sound alike should have the same Soundex number. It uses these 
basic rules: 

    - Vowels are ignored.
    - Consonants that sound alike in a pronounced name have the 
      same "number".
    - Successive consonants with the same number are counted as one
      (Willitt is equal to Wilith).

Note: The information available in English language may be just a small 
part of that available in a country's national language. When English 
language sources fail to meet the need at hand, consider the services of a 
skilled bilingual searcher. 

Spelling errors are very common reasons for search failures. Make sure you 
have that terminology term or person's name right. Also, names are not 
spelled the same way in all countries, and those who produce texts also 
make spelling errors. For example, the name of the composer Tchaikowsky is 
supposedly spelled in 36 different ways on the nets. 'Ciaikovsky' is one of 
them. 

Searching file libraries
------------------------
The commands used to find files are similar to those used in traditional 
databases. Often, you can limit the search by library, date, file name, or 
file extension. You can search for text strings in the description of the 
contents of a file, or use key words. 

On the Internet, the Virtual Shareware Library is a favorite. The page at

   http://castor.acs.oakland.edu/cgi-bin/vsl-front

links to a front end which catalogues about 120,000 software files 
available from the 22 largest shareware and freeware archives on the 
Internet (1996). Its search engine lets you search descriptions, locate, 
retrieve, or order files. 

Narrow your search by stating the desired hardware or software platform, as 
in Commodore Amiga, Atari, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, 
Novell Netware, IBM OS/2, Unix/Linux, etc. 

Use Boolean operators (AND and NOT), specify case requirements, use 
wildcards (like *, | and ?), delimit by file creation dates, demand matches 
in paths and file names, and limit the size of the search report. 

Using a program like Netscape, just click on the desired files to have them 
transferred to your local disk. Easy. 

To search a huge database of files on the Internet, try FTP Search at
http://ftpsearch.ntnu.no/ftpsearch. In September 1996, their index 
contained over 62 million files. 

FTP Search features advanced search options to help you narrow down to the 
file you want, including case insensitive/sensitive substring searches, 
limiting to a given domain and path, as well as many formatting options. 

On bulletin board systems, there are many different search methods. 

   Example: You're visiting a bulletin board based on the BBS 
   program RBBS-PC. You want a program that can show GIF graphics 
   picture files.  Such files are typically described like this: 

 VUIMG31.EXE     103105  07-15-91 GIF*/TIFF/PCX Picture Viewer/Printer   

   From left to right: file name, size in bytes, date available,
   and a 40 character description.

   You can search the file descriptions for the string "gif". You
   do this by entering the term "s gif all". This will probably 
   give you a list of files. Some will have the letters GIF in 
   the file name. Others will have them in the description field. 

CompuServe has several special "Find this File" services.

Searching conferences and forums
--------------------------------
On Usenet, it is easy. Simply connect to The Deja News Research Service 
above. Many mailing lists maintain log files, and offer ways of searching 
them. Often, you must be a subscriber to search, so it is more cumbersome. 

Many services have commands for selective reading of messages. For example, 
on CompuServe you can limit your search to given sections. You can also 
select messages to be read based on text strings in the subject titles. The 
command 

   rs;s;CIS Access from Japan;62928

displays all messages with the text "CIS Access from Japan" in their subject 
titles starting with message number 62928. Most users have their programs 
do this automatically for them. For examples, OzWin and TAPCIS handles this 
well.

Such message filtering is also common in Usenet newsreaders. For example, 
the Free Agent program from Forte Advanced Management Software, Inc. lets 
you go online to retrieve message headers, mark off those you want to read, 
and then call back to retrieve the selected message bodies. (Free Agent is 
at http://www.forteinc.com/forte/.)

Searching by email
------------------
When searching a database stored on another continent, then the speed of 
response may be a problem. In such cases, note that several databases on 
the Internet can be searched by email. 

Reference.COM (Chapter 11) allows for searching of Usenet postings, while 
the Agora-servers let you search many databases using World Wide Web by 
email services (Chapter 12). 

MCI Mail and MCI Fax have a program called Information Advantage, under 
which online services and newsletters can deliver search results and other 
information over the online services. KR Dialog, Dun & Bradstreet, and 
Individual Inc. have signed up for the program. 

You can request a search by direct email to say KR Dialog. The search 
results will be returned to you via MCI Mail or MCI Fax. 

Using discussion lists through the Internet
-------------------------------------------
For instructions about how to get a directory of LISTSERV based mailing 
lists, send the following email message: 

   To:  listserv@listserv.nodak.edu
   Subject: (keep this blank)
   Text: 
   LIST GLOBAL

You will receive a LONG list of available sources of information. The list 
dated March 8, 1996, had over twenty-three thousand lines. Each mailing 
list is described with two lines. Here are some examples from the list: 

 Network-wide ID  Host address and list description
 ---------------  ---------------------------------
 AARWA-L          listserv@postoffice.cso.uiuc.edu
                  African & Africa Related Women's Assoc.  (AARWA)

 AAT-L            AAT-L-request@LISTSERV.UIC.EDU
                  Art & Architecture Thesaurus Discussion List

 ACADEMIA         listserv@technion.technion.ac.il
                  Academia  -  Forum on Higher Education in Israel

 BBS-TR           listserv@vm.ege.edu.tr
                  BBS Listesi (Turkish)

 CAPES-L          listproc@listas.ansp.br
                  Grupo de discussao da CAPES

 EUROTRI_CV       majordomo@uv.es
                  Foro de las OTRIs de la Comunidad Valenciana

 HIRIS-L          listserv@icineca.cineca.it
                  HIgh Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy - List

The column "Network-wide ID" contains the names of the mailing lists. "Full 
address and list description" contains the email addresses that members 
use when submitting discussion items, and a short textual description of 
each conference. 

Keep the list on your hard disk. This makes it easier to find sources of 
information, when you need them. 

Subscribing to mailing lists
----------------------------
These mailing list, also often called 'discussion list', work like online 
conferences or message sections on bulletin boards, but technically they 
are different. (Read about KIDLINK in Chapter 2 for background 
information.) 

All these lists are controlled by a program called LISTSERV on the host 
given under "Full address" above.  Thus, to subscribe or signoff to the 
AAT-L mailing list above, write to listserv@listserv.uic.edu.

Mailing lists offer "conferencing" with the following important functions: 

   * All "discussion items" (that is, electronic messages sent to 
     the lists' email address) are distributed to all subscribers.
   * Messages are usually automatically stored in notebook archives.
     You can search these log files, and you can have them sent
     to you as electronic mail.
   * Files can often be stored in the lists' associated file libraries
     for distribution to subscribers on demand.

The term "Network-wide ID" signifies that you do not need to subscribe by 
email to the host running a mailing list's LISTSERV. If there is a LISTSERV 
on a host in a country closer to where you live, then you can subscribe to 
this rather than to the remote. This helps keep the total costs of the 
international network down. 

   Example:
   You live in Norway. There is a LISTSERV in nearby Finland at
   listserv@fiport.funet.fi. You can send your AAT-L subscription 
   request (SUBSCRIBE AAT-L FirstName LastName) to this address, 
   rather than to listserv@uicvm.uic.edu. 

Use the addresses in column two when sending messages to the other members 
of the discussion lists, but DO NOT send your subscription requests to this 
address!! Your mail will be forwarded to all members. Chances are that 
nothing will happen, while everybody will see how sloppy you are. 

So, you subscribe by sending a command to a LISTSERV. The method is similar 
to what we did when subscribing to Infonets in Chapter 7. If your name is 
Jens Jensen, and you want to subscribe to CAPES-L, send this message to a 
LISTSERV: 

   To:  (enter a preferred LISTSERV address here)
   Subject: (You can write anything here. Will be ignored.)
   Text: SUB CAPES-L Jens Jensen

When your subscription has been registered, a confirmation text will be 
returned to you. Note that some mailing lists will ask you to return a 
subscription confirmation before accepting.

From now on, all messages sent to the list will be forwarded to your 
mailbox. (Send "SIGNOFF CAPES-L" to this address to unsubscribe from the 
mailing list.) 

Some lists will forward each message to you upon receipt. Others will send 
a periodic digest (weekly, monthly, etc.). 

To send a message to HIRIS-L, send to the address in column two above. 
Send to 

   HIRIS-L@ICINECA.CINECA.IT

Review the following example. Most mailing lists will accept these 
commands. 

Example: Subscription to the China list
---------------------------------------
CHINA-NN is listed as follows in the List of Lists: 

   CHINA-NN   listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu (Peered)
              China News Digest (Global News)

You can send your subscription request to listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu. 
Scandinavians may subscribe by mail to listserv@fiport.funet.fi. North 
American users can also send their mail to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu. 

If your name is Winston Hansen, write the following command in the TEXT of 
the message 

   SUB CHINA-NN Winston Hansen 

When you want to leave CHINA-NN, send a cancellation message like this to 
the LISTSERV where you subscribed: 

   To: listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu
   Subject: (nothing here)
   SIGNOFF CHINA-NN

If you subscribed through listserv@fiport.funet.fi, sending the SIGNOFF 
command to listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu will get you nowhere. Send to 
listserv@fiport.funet.fi.

Never send the SIGNOFF command to the discussion list itself! Always send 
to the LISTSERV. 

Searching mailing list log files
--------------------------------
Many mailing lists maintain logs of messages sent through the list. Search 
commands differ both by mailing list system, and version number. Check with 
the administrator or other members of your lists about how to search these 
resources. 

To search mailing list log files controlled by listserv@listserv.nodak.edu, 
send an email with the following command in the text of your mail: 

    search <keyword> in <list name>

Replace <keyword> with your desired search term, and <list name> by the
name of the list.

Example: To find all messages in the log files of the KIDLINK mailing list 
containing the word "janeiro" (as in Rio de Janeiro), send the following
command to the Listserv's email address:

    search janeiro in Kidlink

The Listserv returns the following type of report (Abbreviated. Only the 
first hit is shown below):

   From: "L-Soft list server at North Dakota HECN (1.8c)"
  
   > search janeiro in kidlink
   -> 15 matches.

   Item #   Date   Time  Recs   Subject
   ------   ----   ----  ----   -------
   000373 93/10/06 00:06   54   The first response from France


   To order a copy of these postings, send the following command:

   GETPOST KIDLINK 373 

   >>> Item #373 (6 Oct 1993 06:46) - The first response from France
   I will also give speeches in Maceio (the site of the
   Portuguese language KIDLINK forums), Rio de Janeiro,
                                               ^^^^^^^
   and Goiania/Goias. A lot of fun!

You could also restrict searches like this:

   SEARCH search_string IN KIDLINK SINCE 96/01/01
   SEARCH search_string IN KIDLINK WHERE SENDER CONTAINS NATHAN

The Usenet resource
-------------------
Some Usenet information articles are being posted regularly. These texts 
tend to be useful both for novice and experienced users, and usually fall 
into one of these groups: 

  1. How-to articles explaining the basics and fine points of network 
     usage, standards, etc. Examples: "How to Read Chinese Text on 
     Usenet," and "How to find more information about blues and jazz." 

  2. Introductory notes about one or more newsgroups, covering policies 
     for submissions to that group, usage, etc. Common questions and 
     answers pertinent to a newsgroup(s). 

  3. Indexes of archives, or pointers to archives for various groups.  
     Periodic newsletters, calendars, pointers to publications.
     Examples: "PostScript interpreters and utilities index," "Index to 
     the rec.radio.amateur.* Supplemental Archives," and "FidoNet 
     Newsletter."

  4. Statistical information and reports about Usenet; tables of Usenet 
     hosts, links, etc. 

  5. Miscellany, including small useful sources, "fun" lists, and more. 

For a list of periodic postings, check out this page

   http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/
 
It will provide an alphabetic list of all Usenet FAQs found in the 
news.answers newsgroup.  Many of the FAQs in this list are presented in 
the same format as they appear in the newsgroup, while others have been 
further processed and split into additional documents. Click on individual 
FAQs to read. 

The list of newsgroups and mailing lists is available on hosts that run 
Usenet News or NetNews servers and/or clients in the news.lists news 
group.
   
The members of news.newusers.questions and alt.internet.access.wanted 
will readily accept your help requests. 
   
Other sources available through the Internet
--------------------------------------------
The Galaxy service offers: Search Galaxy Pages, Find Galaxy Entries, Search 
the World Wide Web, Search Gopher Space, Search Hytelnet Services (includes 
traditional ``top-down'' interface), and has pointers to searchable indexes 
and databases at many other sites. Point your WWW browser at

  http://galaxy.einet.net/search.html

  | Free vs. commercial sources: On commercial online services,  |
  | the profit motive provides continuous pressure to keep data  |
  | plentiful and approachable. On the Internet, the information |
  | you'll find is there often because of someone's good will.   |
  | So, unless the resource is sponsored or commercial in another|
  | another way, beware of outdated information.                 |

With one command given to the commercial Northern light Search engine (at
http://www.nlsearch.com/), users can hunt through more than 1,800 books, 
magazines, journals, newswires and databases that aren't generally 
available via the Web (1997). Searching the database is free, but there is
a modest fee for documents actually retrieved. A typical item is said to 
cost about a dollar. 

The list of sources is sorted by Arts & Entertainment, Business, Books & 
Literature, Careers, Cars, Computers, Education, Fashion, Food & Cooking, 
General Reference, Health & Fitness, History, Hobbies, Home Electronics, 
House, Investing, Kids, Military, News, Parenting, Product Information, 
Politics, Science, Special Interest, Sports, Vacations. 

Their General Reference group includes Africa News Service, African 
Affairs, Aging, Asian Folklore Studies, Asian Survey, Business Wire, 
Collier's Encyclopedia, Compass Middle East Service, East European Politics 
& Societies, East European Quarterly, Economic Geography, Europe, Europe-
Asia Studies, Futurist, Germanic Review, Greece & Rome, Inter Press 
Service, ITAR/TASS News Agency, Journal of Asian & African Studies, Journal 
of European Studies, Journal of International Affairs, Journal of Palestine 
Studies, Latin American Research Review, MEED Middle East Economic Digest, 
NACLA Report on the Americas, Pacific Affairs, Russian Life, Russian 
Review, Scandinavian Studies, SwissWORLD, UPI, World Press Review, Xinhua 
News Agency, Ziff-Davis Wire Highlights, and more. 

The Electric Library (http://www.elibrary.com) has more than 1,000 
publications in its archive (1996). Users can enter a plain English 
question to search over 900 full-text magazines, over 150 full-text 
newspapers, over 2,000 complete works of literature (Shakespeare, Monarch 
Notes), 20,000 photographs, news wires, television and radio transcripts, 
book, movie and software reviews, and Compton's Encyclopedia. They also 
have a dictionary, thesaurus, almanac, fact books, and more. 


How to get more out of your magazine subscriptions
--------------------------------------------------
To garner new subscribers and keep current readers, magazine publishers 
turn to online services to create an ancillary electronic version of their 
print product. 

Their readers are being transformed from passive recipients of information 
into active participants in publishing. 

You can "talk" with PC Magazine's writers through ZiffNet on CompuServe. 
Their forums function as expert sources. Here, you will often learn about 
products and trends sometimes before the magazines hit the newsstand. 

Britain's two best-selling PC magazines share the PC Plus/PC Answers Online 
forum on CompuServe (GO PCPLUS). The Australian PC WEEK is at the Web 
address http://www.pcuser.com.au.

Time magazine has a forum on America Online. There, readers can discuss 
with magazine reporters and editors, and even read the text of entire 
issues of Time electronically before it is available on newsstands. Time 
Warner's book authors and editors are on CompuServe. 

Time Warner's Pathfinder (http://pathfinder.com) provides the full text 
of Time magazine, including a feature called Time Daily, updated with the 
latest stories each evening around 8 p.m. ET. 

InfoWorld used to have forums on the net, but stopped because they did not 
make any money off it. However, they still provide access to the full text 
of their news, views, and reviews through various means, including Computer 
Select, the Internet Shopping Network (http://www.internet.net), InfoSeek,
LEXIS-NEXIS, Individual, NewsEdge, and DataTimes. 

The Online World handbook, the one you are reading now, has a forum. For 
information about how to join, send email to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu. 
In the text of your message, write the command GET TOW.MASTER . 

PC Magazine (U.S.A.) is one of those magazines that arrives here by mail. 
We butcher them, whenever we find something of interest. The "corpses" are 
dumped in a high pile on the floor. 

To retrieve a story in this pile is difficult and time consuming, unless 
the title is printed on the cover. Luckily, there are shortcuts. Connect to 
ZD Net Search. Here, you can search for stories. Once you have a
list with title references, turning the pages gets much easier. However, 
as the articles are in full text, you may not want to hit for the floor at 
all. 

On CompuServe, ZiffNet offers Computer Database Plus. It lets you 
search through more than 250,000 articles from over 200 popular newspapers 
and magazines. The oldest articles are from early 1987. Their database is 
also available on CD-ROM, but the discs cover only one year at a time. 

CDP contains full-text from around 50 magazines, like Personal Computing, 
Electronic News, MacWeek and Electronic Business. Stories from the other 
magazines are available in abstracted form only. 

To search, you pay extra per hour. In addition, you pay a fee per abstract 
and per full-text article. These fees are added to your normal CompuServe
access rates. 

ZiffNet also offers Magazine Database Plus, a database with stories from 
over 130 magazines (1994) covering science, business, sport, people, 
personal finance, family, art and handicraft, cooking, education, 
environment, travel, politics, consumer opinions, and reviews of books and 
films. 

The magazines include: Administrative Management, Aging, Changing Times, 
The Atlantic, Canadian Business, Datamation, Cosmopolitan, Dun's Business 
Month, The Economist, The Futurist, High Technology Business, Journal of 
Small Business Management, Management Today, The Nation, The New Republic, 
Online, Playboy, Inc., Popular Science, Research & Development, Sales & 
Marketing Management, Scientific American, Technology Review, UN Chronicle, 
UNESCO Courier, U.S. News & World Report, and World Press Review. 

In Chapter 11, we present another ZiffNet magazine database: the Business 
Database Plus. 

Magazine Index (MI), from Information Access Company (U.S.A.) covers over 
500 consumer and general-interest periodicals as diverse as Special 
Libraries and Sky & Telescope, Motor Trend and Modern Maturity, Reader's 
Digest and Rolling Stone. Many titles go as far back as 1959. 

Although most of the database consists of brief citations, MI also contains 
the complete text of selected stories from a long list of periodicals. It 
is available through KR Dialog, CompuServe, BRS, KR Data-Star, Nexis, 
Dow Jones News/Retrieval, and others. 

The Ei Compendex Plus database from Engineering Information in the U.S. 
offers information on various disciplines of engineering, from marine to 
chemical to electrical to nuclear. On CDP Online, Dialog, and Orbit. 

What to do if you have so many references to a given magazine that you want 
to check it out? Try the Electronic Newsstand. It is available at the Web 
address http://www.enews.com/, and has links to over 2,000 magazine sites 
(1996). If you like, you can subscribe (with discounts) to over 300 of 
them. 

Finding that book
-----------------
Many libraries are accessible through the Internet. For a list of links to 
library WWW servers, look up Libweb: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Libweb,
or webCATS (http://library.usask.ca/hywebcat/). Both Libweb and webCATS
have geographical indexes with links to libraries in Africa, Americas, 
Asia/Pacific Rim, and Europe/Middle East. 

Some libraries can be searched by Internet mail. This is the case with 
BIBSYS, a database operated by the Norwegian universities' libraries. 

I am into transcendental meditation, and therefore constantly look for 
books on narrow topics like "mantra." To search BIBSYS for titles of    
interest, I sent a mail to genserv@pollux.bibsys.no. The search word was 
in the subject title of the message. By return email, I got the following 
report: 

    Date:         Fri, 21 Jul 93 13:54:18 NOR
    From: GENSERV@POLLUX.BIBSYS.NO
    Subject:      Searching BIBSYS

    Search request   : MANTRA 
    Database-id      : BIBSYS
    Search result    : 5 hits.

The following is one of the references that I forwarded to my local library 
for processing: 

    Forfatter : Gonda, J.
    Tittel    : Mantra interpretation in the Satapatha-Brahmana 
                / by J. Gonda.
    Trykt     : Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1988.
    Sidetall  : X, 285 s.
    I serie   : (Orientalia Rheno-traiectina ; 32)
    ISBN      : 90-04-08776-1
    1  - UHF  90ka03324 - UHF/INDO Rh III b Gon

The British Library is at http://www.bl.uk/. The Web site "Book Lovers: 
Fine Books and Literature" has links to writers and poets, libraries, 
publishers and booksellers, both of new and second hand/antiquarian books. 
URL: http://www.xs4all.nl/~pwessel/ 

The Complete Guide to Online Bookstores is a handy guide to the net's 
offerings (at http://www.paperz.com/bookstores.html). Their list is 
broken down into categories like: Academic bookstores, Alternative, 
Archive, Australian, Automotive, Business & Career, Children's, City, 
Computer & Technical, Cooking, Co-Ops & Book Trading, Gay & Lesbian, 
General, German, Health & Nutrition, How-To, Israeli, Irish, Martial Arts, 
Medical & Chiropractic, Multilingual, Museum, Mystery & Fantasy, Future 
Fantasy, Nature, Organizational, Photographic, Progressive, Rare Books, 
Religious, Special Interest, Spiritual, Swedish, Travel, University & 
College, and more. 

Roswell Computer Books Ltd.'s online book store (Canada) has a large 
database of titles. Check it out at http://www.roswell.com/.

The Internet Book Shop in the United Kingdom offers over 750,000 (1995).
It's URL is: http://www.bookshop.co.uk/.

Book Stacks Unlimited (http://www.books.com/) offers over 410,000 titles. 
Search online, read book reviews, enter order and credit card information 
to have the books shipped. They also offer several free virtual volumes. 
The competitor at http://www.amazon.com claims over 1.5 million titles. 

For more on science fiction, retrieve a public copy of William Gibson's 
self-destructing electronic book "Agrippa" from: 

    ftp://bush.cs.tamu.edu//pub/misc/erich/agrippa

You may also want to browse a copy of a parody, at

    ftp://bush.cs.tamu.edu//pub/misc/erich/agr1ppa

The North American bibliographic reference database "Books in print" is 
available on BRS and CompuServe. 

The South African Bibliographic and Information Network is at 

    http://www.sabinet.co.za/. 

OCLC's WorldCat is a reference database covering books and materials in 
libraries worldwide. Their Online Union Catalog (OLUC) is the world's 
largest and most comprehensive bibliographic database. Web address:
http://www.oclc.org. 

Bookworms may appreciate the DOROTHYL list (listserv@kentvm.kent.edu), 
and especially if they like Agatha Christie, Josephine Tey and Dorothy L. 
Sayers. The Mark Twain forum (TWAIN-L) is at listserv@yorku.ca, and a 
mailing list for bizarre, disturbing, and offensive short stories (WEIRD-L) 
is at listserv@brownvm.brown.edu. 

For Stephen King, check out http://www.wco.com/~pace/king.html. Usenet 
has alt.fan.holmes, and there is a "Sherlockian Connection" Web page with 
many links at http://www.bcpl.lib.md.us/~lmoskowi/holmes.html. 

The Internet Poetry Archive is available through the World Wide Web. The 
URL is http://sunsite.unc.edu/dykki/poetry/. It brings selected poems 
from several contemporary poets in different languages, including text, 
photo of poet, voice of poet reading the poem, select bibliography, and 
brief biographical note. 

If you are into Very Rare Books, visit the Vatican Library, one of the 
world's oldest and most tightly restricted libraries. Founded in the mid-
1400s, the library houses over 150,000 manuscripts and a million printed 
books, including 80,000 books published during the first fifty years of the 
printing press. 

Digital images of several full printed volumes, manuscripts, and artworks 
are gradually being made available through the Internet. 200 of its most 
precious manuscripts, books, and maps -- many of which played a key role in 
the humanist recovery of the classical heritage of Greece and Rome, is 
available at http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/toc.html.

If quite impossible to locate a given book, try EXLIBRIS, the Rare Books 
and Special Collections Forum at listproc@library.berkeley.edu. At 
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byform/mailing-lists/exlibris/, you can 
browse the forum's archived messages by month.

The Bibliophile Mailing List is for collectors and sellers of old, rare, 
scarce, and/or out-of-print books.  It is a forum for buying, selling, and 
trading books. Subscribe by email to biblio-request@smartlink.net with 
the word SUBSCRIBE in the body of your mail, or do it from their Web site: 
http://www.auldbooks.com/biblio/index.html 

On Usenet, they have alt.books.reviews, k12.library, alt.books.technical, 
rec.arts.books, and more. 

CompuServe has a section for book collectors in the Coin/Stamp/Collectibles 
Forum, and a Weekly Book Chat section in the ScienceFiction & Fantasy 
Forum. In the Electronic Mall, you can buy books directly from Ballantine 
Books, Penguin Books, Small Computer Book Club, The McGraw-Hill Book 
Company, Time-Life Books and Walden Computer Books. 

Online books
------------
You needed strong muscles to read the earliest books. In ancient Babylonia
and Assyria, books consisted of numbered collections of rectangular clay 
tablets. They were inscribed with cuneifom and packaged in a labeled 
container. Taking a book from the shelf and carrying it to a reading table 
required the help of several assistants.

Today, you'll find full electronic versions of books on the World Wide Web 
and in other types of Internet archives. 

The first issue (version 1.0) of this virtual book is one example. You can 
find it in the archives of Project Gutenberg, whose goal is to develop a 
library of 10,000 public domain electronic texts by the year 2000. You can 
retrieve it to your disk for later reading, or read it with your Web browser. 

Project Gutenberg is at http://promo.net/pg/. The offerings include The 
Complete Sherlock Holmes Mysteries, Aesop's Fables, The Unabridged Works of 
Shakespeare, The Love Teachings of Kama Sutra, Tarzan, The Oedipus Trilogy 
(Sophocles), Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee, Frankenstein, Alice's 
Adventures in Wonderland, The Holy Bible, Peter Pan, The Holy Koran, 
Roget's Thesaurus (1911), Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, and The World 
Factbook (CIA). 

The Electronic Text Center (http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/) offers a 
collection of thousands of English, French, German, Japanese, and Latin 
texts. 

The Alex Catalog of full-text Electronic Texts gives pointers to more 
offerings (at http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/stacks/alex-index.html). The 
catalogue is divided into Search the catalog, Browse the catalog (by 
author, date, host, language, subject, or title), and Information about 
cataloging Internet resources. 

Books in other languages
------------------------
On the Internet, there are a rapidly growing number of library online 
public-access catalogs (OPACs) from all over the world. Some provide users 
with access to additional resources, such as periodical indexes of 
specialized databases. More than 270 library catalogs are online (1992). 

An up-to-date directory of libraries that are interactively accessible 
through Internet can be had at 

     gopher://libgopher.cis.yale.edu:7000/11/Libraries

The CASLIN Czech and Slovak Library Information Network is at 
telnet://beta.nkp.cz. Login: aluser . Use your Internet address as 
password. It contains over 30.000 sample records of Czech books from 
between 1983 and 1993 (1994). The code used for national characters is ISO 
8859-2 (also called ISO Latin-2).  

For Chinese books in Chinese (and in English language), check the China 
International Book Trading Corporation at http://www.cibtc.co.cn/.

Non-Chinese speaking people will probably classify Chinese poems as 'rare'. 
Many of them are impossible to read, unless your computer can handle the 
special characters, and you know their meaning. 

Interested? Subscribe to CHPOEM-L (listserv@listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu). 
Be prepared to use your Big5 and GuoBiao utilities. 

Searching dictionaries and encyclopedias
----------------------------------------
OneLook Dictionaries, The Faster Finder (http://www.onelook.com/), lets 
you search words in several dictionaries and glossaries in one operation. 
In October 1996, it had 246,263 words in 49 dictionaries indexed. A search 
for "backbone" returned definitions in six specialized dictionaries. 

A search can be limited to specific dictionaries/glossaries sorted in 
groups like Computer/Internet, Science, Medical, Technological, Business, 
Sports, Religion, Acronym, and General Dictionaries. 

The Research Institute for the Humanities in Hong Kong offers extensive 
links to reference works, dictionaries and thesauri in many languages:

    http://www.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Ref.html#dt

The offerings include Chinese, Dutch, English, Esperanto, French, German, 
Greek, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Norwegian, Qur'anic Arabic, Russian, 
Slovak, Spanish and Welch dictionaries; Dictionary of Acronyms; Quotations;
Abbreviations for International Organizations; History-related reference 
works; Philosophy-related reference; Computer-related reference; White & 
Yellow Pages; Maps; Encyclopaedias.

The Places for THINKers web (http://think.ucdavis.edu/central/) has links 
to sources like Webster's Dictionary, Roget's Thesaurus, Bartlett's 
Familiar Quotations, and FAQs about Copyright. 

I wanted quotes for a speech for my wife's birthday, and entered "wife". 
Here are two examples of what I found in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations: 

   Euripides. 484-406 B. C.
   ... Man's best possession is a sympathetic wife.

   Plutarch. 46 (?)-120 (?) A. D.
   ... Pittacus said, "Every one of you hath his particular plague, and
          my wife is mine; and he is very happy who hath this only."

Try http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/HTML/Dictionaries.html for more 
dictionaries.

Research-It! (http://www.iTools.com/research-it/research-it.html) has 
free searching of dictionaries, thesauri, language translators, acronyms, 
quotations, maps, phone numbers, postal information, package tracking, 
financial info and more. 

The real Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases can be found at
http://www.thesaurus.com/.

At the Phrase Finder page (http://www.shu.ac.uk/web-admin/phrases/), type 
in a word to get a list of phrases related -in some way- to that word. The 
database includes: Lines from Shakespeare (or phrases related to the word 
Shakespeare), Quotations (or phrases related to the word quotation), and 
One-liner jokes. 

Searching and reading well-known encyclopedias like Grolier's Academic 
American in full text costs money. Some services, like CompuServe and Dow 
Jones News/Retrieval, give you access at discount prices. 

Telnet to CompuServe (telnet://compuserve.com) to browse The American 
Heritage Dictionary. This example is from one of my trips: 

             THE AMERICAN HERITAGE
        DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
                Third Edition
                Copyright 1992
    Houghton Mifflin Company.  All rights reserved.

     1 Introduction
     2 Users Guide

     3 Search Dictionary

    !3

    Search term: grassroot

    grassroots 
    ========================================
    grass*roots

    plural noun (used with a sing. or pl. verb)  
    (1) People or society at a local level rather than at the center of major
    political activity. Often used with the. (2) The groundwork or source of
    something. 

    noun attributive. 
    (1) Often used to modify another noun: a grassroots movement; a grassroots
    constituency. 

On the Internet, these works are often only available for closed groups, or 
for those willing to pay. The Encyclopaedia Britannica is available for a 
fee. The subscription form is available through WWW on http://www.eb.com. 

You can search Webster by email to jfesler@netcom.com using the following 
type of command in the subject line:

    #webster [word to search for]

Example: Putting "#webster parenthood" in the subject line gave:

    par.ent.hood \'par-*nt-.hu.d, 'per-\ n : the position, function, or 
        standing of a parent

For some time, though, the "information-for-free" enthusiasts have been 
working on an alternative, the Internet Encyclopedia, or Interpedia. The 
idea is for volunteers to write cooperatively the new encyclopedia, put it 
in the public domain, and make it available on the Internet. 

Unlike any printed encyclopedia, the Interpedia could be kept completely 
up-to-date.  It could include hypertext links to discussions, and perhaps 
evolve into a general interface to all resources and activities on the 
Internet. 

For more information, subscribe to the Interpedia mailing list by sending a 
message to interpedia-request@telerama.lm.com. The body of your message 
must contain the word 'subscribe' and your e-mail address, as follows: 
subscribe your_username@your.host.domain 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 11: Getting an edge over your competitors
=================================================


    We must be willing to risk change to keep apace with rapid 
    change. 

    The key is moderation and balance, supported by enough 
    information to allow meaningful feedback. 

    Going online requires adaption by management and staff in 
    developing the necessary skills and vision.

This chapter starts with how to use the networks to manage projects. Next, 
we will show you how to watch competitors, prospects, suppliers, markets, 
technologies, and trends. It winds down with marketing and sales by modem. 

Project coordination
--------------------
Several services offer rental of private online conference areas to 
businesses. Corporations are discovering that such conferencing is 
efficient when coordinating a group of people geographically far apart 
from each other. 

Online conferences are also useful when team members are constantly on the 
move and hard together face-to-face. 

Some claim that people are more candid and meetings more efficient when 
they communicate online. They favor online discussions for brainstorming 
and productivity tasks, even when individuals and facilities are available 
for face-to-face meetings. 

Many international companies use such services regularly. The applications 
range from tight coordination with suppliers and subcontractors, to 
development of company strategies, and new organizational structures. 

Renting an online conference room has advantages over doing it in-house: 
The company does not have to buy software, hardware, expensive 
communications equipment. It does not need to hire people to operate and 
maintain the conferencing system. The more international the business, the 
better is the external alternative. 

Many Internet access providers offer email based distributed conferencing 
for private groups. Some also offer interactive, live chats in private 
virtual meeting rooms on the net. CompuServe is one alternative. 

For ideas about how to set up and operate a coordination conference, study 
how volunteer organizations do it. One place to check out is KIDPLAN, one 
of several coordination conferences used by KIDLINK (see Chapters 2 and 5). 

KIDPLAN is usually most active during April and May each year. This is when 
their annual projects are being closed down, and new projects are started. 
Read the dialog between coordinators to get an idea of how the medium is 
being used. 

Old conference messages are stored in notebook files. You can have the full 
coordination dialog for a given month sent you by email. Send all 
requests for notebook files to 

    listserv@listserv.nodak.edu

Getting notebook files is a two-step process. In your first message to the 
LISTSERV, ask for a list of available files. Do this by using the following 
command in your email: 

    INDEX KIDPLAN

The LISTSERV will return a list. The following part is of particular 
interest: 

 101/2/  KIDPLAN  LOG9105B   ALL OWN V      80  2397 91/05/14 
     23:40:22 Started on Wed, 8 May 91 00:11:09 CDT
 102/2/  KIDPLAN  LOG9105C   ALL OWN V      80  3141 91/05/21 
     20:44:16 Started on Wed, 15 May 91 01:24:51 CDT
 104/2/  KIDPLAN  LOG9105D   ALL OWN V      80  2685 91/05/28 
     22:34:31 Started on Wed, 22 May 91 17:01:21 +0200

Do not worry about the details. You are only interested in file names, and 
dates. The file LOG9105B contains all messages from 8 May 1991 until 15 
May. 

If you want all these three files, send a message to the LISTSERV with the 
following commands: 

    GET KIDPLAN.LOG9105B
    GET KIDPLAN.LOG9105C
    GET KIDPLAN.LOG9105D

The notebook files will be forwarded to your mailbox. 

Note: Some mailbox services have restrictions on the size of incoming mail. 
This may prevent you from receiving large notebook files. If this happens, 
contact your local postmaster for help. 

Some email systems are unable to forward your return-address correctly to 
LISTSERV. If you suspect that this is the reason for lack of success, try 
the following commands: 

    GIVE KIDPLAN.LOG9105B TO Your-Correct-Return-Address
    GIVE KIDPLAN.LOG9105C TO Your-Correct-Return-Address
    GIVE KIDPLAN.LOG9105D TO Your-Correct-Return-Address

Making it work
--------------
Making online conferences and task force meetings work, can be a challenge. 
Most of the dialog is based on the written word. The flow of information 
can be strong. This may cause an information overload for some members.

To overcome this, consider appointing a moderator-organizer for your online 
conference. This person: 

  Adds value by setting agendas; summarizing points; getting
  the discussion(s) back on track; moving on to the next
  point; mediating debate; maintaining address and member
  lists; acting as general sparkplug/motivator to keep things
  flowing by making sure that contributions are acknowledged,
  relevant points are noted, new members are welcomed, silent
  "Read-Only Members" are encouraged to participate, and the
  general atmosphere is kept appropriate to the goals of the
  conference/task force meeting.

Great online conferences do not just happen. Those set to get the meeting 
fired up and keep the discussion rolling must work hard on it. 

The meeting's organization may depend on the number of participants, where 
they come from, the exclusivity of the forum, and the goal of the meeting. 

In large meetings, with free access for outsiders, the best strategy may be 
to appoint a Moderator-Editor. This person 

  filters contributions, gathers new information, summarizes
  scattered contributions, does background research. 

Filtering may be desirable when conferences are open to customers and 
media. Its main purpose, however, is to help participants cope with the 
absolute flow of information. 

A conference can have an educational purpose. You can bring in someone who 
can add value by bringing experience and expertise to the group. 

You also need someone to do the dirty jobs everyone expects to be done - 
but never notices until they are not. This person keeps the show running by 
serving as a benevolent tyrant, sheriff, judge, mediator, general 
scapegoat, and by playing a role in setting the general policy and 
atmosphere of the meeting. 

Now, back to the 'normal' applications of the online resource. 

Watching what others do
-----------------------
Peter Drucker says (Forbes ASAP 8/29/94, p. 104):

  "Most CEOs still believe that it's the chief information officer's job
   to identify the information he requires. This is, of course, a
   fallacy. The information officer is a toolmaker; the CEO is the tool
   user.

   ... the information you need -- the really important information -- 
   you cannot truly get from your information system. Your information 
   system gives you inside information. But there are no results inside 
   a business."

At the heart of any profit-making company is sales. No matter how wonderful 
the technology or how dedicated the manufacturing staff, without sales, the 
company fails. To sell products and services, you need sources for 
identifying potential buyers. With a little ingenuity, you can probably 
create your own list of targeted sales leads, simply using your modem. 

How would cosmetics sell in Japan? What about sneakers in Mexico? In the 
age of the global business community, questions about expanding product 
services beyond national borders abound. 

It is safe to claim that the best business opportunities are outside your 
company, in the external world. 

Companies need to watch customers and markets, find technologies to help 
develop and build products, research new business actions, find new 
subcontractors and suppliers, people to hire, and persons to influence to 
boost sales. 

In this marketing age, where sales calls cost hundreds of dollars and 
business-to-business marketers use the telephone or the mails to reach 
prospects, maintaining complete and accurate market lists is important. 

There are many other questions: What are our most important customers and 
their key people doing? What new products are they promoting? Who are their 
partners? What else may influence their willingness to buy from us? 

What prices are our major suppliers offering other buyers? Should we get 
other sources for supplies? What major contracts have they received 
recently? Will these influence their ability to serve our needs? 

What new technologies are available now, and how are they being used by 
others? 

Threats are the reverse side of opportunities. What are our competitors 
doing? What products and services have they launched recently? Are they 
successful? What are our competitors' weaknesses and strengths? What 
relationships do they maintain with our most important customers? How is 
their customer support functioning, and what methods are they using in 
their quality assurance? 

Are new trade regulations being introduced in important foreign markets? 

Each company has its own priorities when it comes to watching the external 
environment. The information needs differ depending on what products and 
services are being offered, the technological level of the company, the 
markets that it addresses, and more. 

Needs and priorities also differ by department and person, for example 
depending on whether a user is the president, a marketing manager, product 
manager, sales person, or has a position in finance or production. 

Remember your priorities when online. You cannot possibly capture and 
digest all information that is out there. Your basic problem is to find the 
right information in the right form at the right time. 

Consider appointing an online manager. Select and empower a central manager 
to oversee the process of exploiting the online resource. A "make-things-
happen" person, who can also be a contact point for upper management. 

Monitoring your own business
----------------------------
What kind of news about your company is being published? What do others 
say about your products and services? What kind of exposure do your new 
product announcements get in the media? 

Monitoring other people's Web pages
-----------------------------------
By subscribing to NetMind (http://www.netmind.com/URL-minder/), you can 
get a notification by email each time an identified Web page changes. You 
can also have it track changes in file archives (FTP addresses in URL 
format), and gopher resources. 

Hook it up to your competitors' What's New or Product Description pages to 
stay current on changes. The service is free.

The Informant is also a notification service that lets you track changes in 
information on the Web. At http://informant.dartmouth.edu/. 

You can enter several sets of keywords, like "crypto+laws+freedom+speech." 
At given periodic intervals, the Informant will use the Alta Vista or Lycos 
search engines to find the ten Web pages that are most relevant to your 
keywords. If a new page appears in the top ten, or if one of the previous 
top ten pages has been updated, the Informant sends you a notification by 
email.

You can also enter URLs (Web addresses) that are of particular interest to 
you. At given periodic intervals, the Informant checks these Web pages, and 
sends you email if one or more of them have been updated. 

Upon receipt of a notification, you can return to the Informant for a table 
of the Web pages that are new or updated. The service is free. Registration 
is required. 

Build your own, local 'database'
--------------------------------
It does not take much effort to check one hundred different topics from 
multiple online sources on a daily basis. The computer will do it for you. 

You do not have to read all stories as carefully as you would with printed 
material. Most experienced users just read what is important now, and save 
selected parts of the retrieved texts on local disks for later reference. 

We handle printed material differently. Most of us make notes in the 
margins, underline, use colors, cut out pages and put into folders. These 
tricks are important, as it is so hard to find information in a pile of 
papers. 

Not so with electronic information. With the right tools, you can locate 
information on your computer's disk in seconds. 

In seven seconds, I searched the equivalent of 2000 pages of printed text 
for all occurrences of the combined search words 'SONY' and 'CD-ROM'! The 
search tool was a shareware program called LOOKFOR (see Chapter 14). It 
searched 4.2 megabytes on an 80486-based notebook computer. If you use an 
indexing program, the search may be completed even faster. 

During a typical work day, my personal "databases" usually give me more 
direct value than what I have on paper, or can get online. 

My disks contain megabytes of texts retrieved from various online services, 
but only what I have decided to keep. My personal databases contain more 
relevant information per kilobyte than the online databases that I am 
using. Searching the data on my disk often gives enough good hits to keep 
me from going online for more. 

  | You will often get better results when searching your own subset |
  | of selected online databases,  than  when you go  online to find |
  | information. It is usually easier and faster.                    |

On the other hand, your in-house database will never be fully up-to-date. 
Too many things happen every day. 

Also, the search terms used for your daily intake of news will never cover 
all future needs. Occasionally, you have to go online to get additional 
information for a project, a report, a plan. 

Updating your database means going online regularly to find supplementary 
information. 

  | Regular monitoring gives the highest returns, and is required |
  | to get an edge over your competitors.                         |

For beginners, the best strategy is often to start with the general, and 
gradually dig deeper into industry specific details. Let us review some 
good hunting grounds for information, and explain how to use them. 

Clipping the news
-----------------
Too much to read and not enough time to read it? If you feel this way, you
are not alone. Keeping up with critical developments that affect you and 
your business can be a daunting task. "Clipping" cannot do the reading for 
you, but it sure can help you gather and manage business information more 
efficiently. 

Several online services offer 'clipping services'. They select the news 
that you want - 24 hours a day - from a continuous stream of stories from 
newspapers, magazines, news agencies and newsletters. 

You select stories by giving the online service a set of search terms. The 
hits are sent to your electronic mailbox, for you to read at will. 

Many make the news available as soon as they have been received by 
satellite. The delay before used to protect the interests of print media is 
disappearing. Online services usually deliver news sooner than print media, 
radio and television. 

'Clipping' gives an enormous advantage. Few important details escape your 
attention, even if you are unable to go online daily. The stories will stay 
in your mailbox until you have read them. 

'Clipping' on the Internet
--------------------------
Reference.COM is a personalized conference postings delivery service that 
covers over 150,000 newsgroups (Usenet), mailing lists, and Web forums. You 
subscribe by submitting keywords that describe your interests. Postings 
that match your profiles (based on content, no matter which conferences 
they fall into) will be sent you periodically via email. 

You can access the service at http://www.reference.com. For instructions 
on the email interface, send a message with the word "help" in the message 
body to the address email-queries@Reference.COM. 

The search profiles can include operators like AND, OR, AND NOT, WHERE 
ORGANIZATION CONTAINS, WHERE SUBJECT CONTAINS, and WHERE date <=>. You can 
adjust the frequency of delivery, the volume of articles, and the length of 
subscription. 

One interesting application of the netnews service is to find which 
newsgroups may or may not be covering a subject area. When you have found 
the names, subscribe to those for direct inquiries, postings of queries, to 
converse with experts, etc. 

ZD Net offers a free, personalized news service at http://www.pview.com, 
tailored to include only your favorite topics. 

PointCast Inc. (http://www.pointcast.com) provides free personalized news 
from Reuters. S&P Comstock's stock ticker, SportsTicker, AccuWeather, and 
Variety. Select to receive news on any of 35 industry topics. 

For a modest fee, NewsPage (see Chapter 9) will send you a customized 
daily news report right to your electronic doorstep. The report will 
contain the day's headlines and news-briefs relevant to your needs. To get 
the full text of a selected article, connect to the shown Web page and 
read it. 

Clarinet allows the use of software filters to display only messages 
that include certain keywords, and can subscribe to subsets of the wire 
service offerings. Users' newsreaders can do some individualized filtering 
as well. 

Knight-Ridder's News Alert (http://www.newsalert.com/) provides fee-based 
filtered information from AFX (European business news), A.M. Best, Business 
Wire, Comline Business News (Japanese business news), Federal News Service, 
Futures World News, Global Information Network, Knight Ridder Financial, 
PR Newswire, Sports Ticker, US Newswire, and other sources. Email and fax 
delivery available. 

World News Connection (WNC) is a foreign news alert service from the U.S. 
Government. For a moderate fee, you get access to time sensitive news 
gathered from thousands of foreign media sources, including political 
speeches, television programs and radio broadcasts, and articles from 
newspapers, periodicals, and books. 

Contents include unclassified military, political, environmental and 
sociological, scientific and technical data and reports from around the 
world. All the material is translated into English. Regional categories 
covered include: Central Eurasia, East Asia, Near East & South Asia, China, 
East Europe, West Europe, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa. Note: U.S. 
information is not included. URL: http://wnc.fedworld.gov/. 

Some subscription plans include clipping. Define the type of information in 
which you are interested. On a daily basis, WNC will review all articles 
being added to the service, identify those meeting your profile, and email 
them to your mailbox. 

The San Jose Mercury News (California, USA) offers a low-cost news clipping 
and screening service called NewsHound (http://www.hound.com). For a 
modest monthly fee, relevance ranked articles are delivered to users' 
mailboxes filtered from sources like the New York Times News Service 
(http://nytsyn.com/), the Knight-Ridder Tribune News Service, the Knight-
Ridder Tribune Business Wire, the Associated Press, Scripps-Howard News 
Service, PR Newswire, Business Wire, and the Kyodo News Service of Japan. 

CARL (Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries, U.S.A.) offers a table of 
contents alert service. Users with an "UnCover profile" may create a list 
of journal titles in which they are interested.  When the next issue of any 
of those titles is entered into UnCover, the table of contents will 
automatically be emailed to them.  Ordering an article is as easy as 
replying to the email message. Information: uncover@carl.org, and at
http://uncweb.carl.org/. 

'Clipping' on CompuServe
------------------------
CompuServe's Executive News Service (ENS) monitors over 8,000 stories 
daily from sources like Deutsche Press-Agentur (Germany), Kyodo News 
Service (Japan), ITAR/TASS (Russia), Xinhua News Agency (China), Pacific 
Rim News Service, The Washington Post, OTC News-Alert, Reuters Financial 
News Wire, Associated Press, UPI, Reuters World Report, IDG PR Service, 
Inter Press Service (IPS), Middle East News Network, European Community 
Report, and Dow Jones News Service. 

One of them, Reuters, has 1,200 journalists in 120 bureaus all over the 
world. They write company news reports about revenues, profits, dividends, 
purchases of other companies, changes in management, and other important 
items for judging a company's results. They write regular opinions about 
Industry, Governments, Economics, Leading indicators, and Commerce. 

Reuters also offers full-text stories from Financial Times and other 
leading European newspapers. Its Textline is a database with general and 
business news from some 2,000 publications in Western and Eastern Europe, 
North and South America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. It includes 
Reuters' own news services, and translated abstracts of stories from some 
17 languages. The database reaches back more than 10 years and is updated 
at around one million articles per year. (Textline is also available on 
Nexis, KR Data-Star, Clarinet, and KR Dialog.) 

The IDG PR Service distributes high-tech related news gathered by the 
staffs of IDG's magazines.  The InterPress Service covers Third World 
countries. The Middle East News Network integrates the contents of 28 
information sources covering this region of Asia. 

The Executive News Service lets you define up to three 'clipping folders'. 
Supply 'key phrases' that define your interests. These key phrases will be 
used for searching stories as they are sent. Hits will be 'clipped' and 
held in a folder for you to review at your convenience. When creating a 
clipping folder, you set an expiration date and specify how many days a 
clipped story is to be held. 

To browse the contents of a folder, select it from the menu. Stories can be 
listed by headlines or leads. Select those you want to read, forward to 
others as email, or copy to another folder. Delete those that you do not 
need. 

Defining key phrases is simple. The important thing is not to get too much, 
nor too little. General phrases will give many unwanted stories while too 
narrow phrases will cause you to miss pertinent stories. Example: 

    The phrase APPLE COMPUTERS will only clip stories that have the
    words APPLE and COMPUTERS next to each other. This may be too 
    narrow. Specifying just APPLE or just COMPUTERS would be too
    broad. Entering APPLE + COMPUTERS is a better phrase since the
    words can appear anywhere in the story, and not necessarily 
    next to each other. 

ENS carries an hourly surcharge over base connect rates. 

Other clipping services
-----------------------
Sprintmail's clipping service (U.S.A.) scans stories from more than 15 
international newswires. FT Profile's E-mail Alert searches daily on that 
particular day's issue of the Financial Times. 

Dow Jones News/Retrieval has NewsScan (//CLIP). It can deliver by fax or 
email to a mailbox on another online service. 

Financial Times' thirty international business reports - grouped within 
four primary industry segments - are available through //CLIP. So is 
Intelligence Reports, which cover more than 100 countries. They monitor 
news stories from these countries' own media. 

Filtering may also be used when retrieving news through QMail gateways on 
BBSes. For example, I use the 1stReader program for communications with a 
Norwegian PCBoard BBS that carries hundreds of newsgroups and mailing lists 
from Usenet, Internet, BITNET, and other networks. By having 1stReader 
upload a list of  keywords through the BBS' QMail door, all new messages 
containing these words or phrases from given conferences will be 
selectively retrieved, compressed, and downloaded. A powerful feature! 

There are clipping offerings on Prodigy, and a host of other services. 

When clipping is impossible
---------------------------
Many services do not offer clipping. On these, you can use various methods 
of regular, selective reading. 

Many conferencing systems let you select messages to read by keywords. 

BIX Keyword Indexer lets you search public conferences after a key word 
or phrase and reports hits. Then it offers you to review (or retrieve) 
messages of interest. 

CompuServe's forums have efficient 'read selective' and 'quick scan' 
commands. Another trick is to limit your reading to specific message 
sections. 

The high forum message volume is a special problem on this service. Old 
messages are regularly deleted to make room for new ones. (Often called 
"scroll rate.") Some popular forums do not keep messages for more than a 
couple of days before letting them go. You must visit often to get all new 
information. 

Many bulletin boards can be told to store unread messages about given 
topics in a compressed transportation file. This file can then be retrieved 
at high speed. Special communication programs (often called offline 
readers) and commands are available to automate this completely. 

Powerful scripts and offline reader programs (see Chapter 12) can do 
automatic selection of news stories based on the occurrence of keywords 
(for example, a company name) in headlines or the messages' text. 

Subscription services
---------------------
It is useful to dig, dig, and dig for occurrences of the same search words, 
but digging is not enough. Unless you periodically scan "the horizon," you 
risk missing new trends, viewpoints and other important information. 

It can be difficult to find good sources of information that suits your 
needs. One trick is to watch the reports from your clipping services. Over 
time, you may discover that some sources bring more interesting stories 
than others. Take a closer look at these. Consider browsing their full 
index of stories regularly. 

If your company plans exportation to countries in Asia, check out MARKET: 
ASIA PACIFIC on Brainwave for NewsNet. The newsletter is published 
monthly by W-Two Publications, Ltd., 202 The Commons, Suite 401, Ithaca, NY  
14850, U.S.A. (phone: +1-607-277-0934). Annual print subscription rate: 
US$279. 

The index itself may be a barometer of what goes on. Here is an example. 
Note the number of Words/Lines. Do these numbers tell a story? 

   July 1, 1993

   Head #  Headline                                             Words /Lines
   ------  ---------------------------------------------------- ------------
       1)  THE PHILIPPINES IS AT A TURG POINT                      616/78
       2)  CHINA AND KOREA WILL LEAD REGIONAL ECONOMIC BOOM        315/41
       3)  ASIAN COMPENSATION IS STILL LOW, BUT RISING QUICKLY     303/38
       4)  CONSUMER GOODS WON'T BE ALL THE CHINESE BUY             221/29
       5)  WOMEN BEAR THE BRUNT OF CAMBODIA'S TROUBLES             284/34
       6)  TAIWAN MAKES A MOVE TOWARD THE CASHLESS SOCIETY         243/29
       7)  TIPS ON MANAGING CULTURAL HARMONY IN ASIA               264/37
       8)  TAIWANESE BECOME MORE DISCERNING, HARDER TO REACH       217/27
       9)  DIRECT MARKETING HEADED FOR GROWTH IN SINGAPORE         205/27
      10)  TOURISM IN MALAYSIA WILL GROW                           610/76
      11)  CHONGQING: FUTURE POWERHOUSE                          2708/342

It is a good idea to visit Brainwave for NewsNet to gather intelligence. 
Review indexes of potentially interesting newsletters. Save them on your 
hard disk for future references. You never know when they may be of use. 

The newsletters within computers and electronics bring forecasts of market 
trends, evaluation of hardware and software, prices, information about IBM 
and other leading companies. You will find stories about technological 
developments of modems, robots, lasers, video players, graphics, and 
communications software. 

The Management section contains experts' evaluation of the economic climate 
with forecasts, information about foreign producers for importers, tips and 
experiences on personal efficiency, management of smaller companies, and 
office automation. 

Other sections are Advertising and Marketing, Aerospace and Aviation, 
Automotive, Biotechnology, Building and Construction, Chemical, Corporate 
Communications, Defense, Entertainment and Leisure, Education, Environment, 
Energy, Finance and Accounting, Food and Beverage, General Business, 
Insurance, Investment, Health and Hospitals, Law, Management, 
Manufacturing, Medicine, Office, Publishing and Broadcasting, Real Estate, 
Research and Development, Social Sciences, Telecommunications, Travel and 
Tourism, Transport and Shipping. 

Several newsletters focus on specific geographical areas, like: 

   * THE EXPORTER (Published by Trade Data Reports.  Monthly
     reports on the business of exporting. Functionally divided
     into operations, markets, training resources, and world
     trade information.)

   * SALES PROSPECTOR (Monthly prospect research reports for sales
     representatives and business people interested in commercial, 
     and institutional expansion and relocation activity. Grouped 
     by geographic area in the United States and Canada.) 

OPEC Daily Bulletin is a daily news report on oil prices, exploration, and 
consumption.

Other newsletters focus on technology intelligence: 

    Advanced Manufacturing Technology
    ---------------------------------
    Reports on desktop manufacturing, computer graphics, flexible
    automation, computer-integrated manufacturing, and other 
    technological advances that help increase productivity.

    High Tech Materials Alert
    -------------------------
    Reports on significant developments in high-performance 
    materials, including alloys, metallic whiskers, ceramic and
    graphite fibers, and more. Concentrates on their fabrication,
    industrial applications, and potential markets.

    Futuretech
    ----------
    Provides briefings on focused, strategic technologies that 
    have been judged capable of making an impact on broad 
    industrial fronts. Includes forecasts of marketable products
    and services resulting from the uncovered technology and its
    potential impact on industry segments.

Advanced Coating & Surface Technology, Electronic Materials Technology 
News, Flame Retardancy News, High Tech Ceramics News, Innovator's Digest, 
Inside R&D, Japan Science Scan, New Technology Week, Optical Materials & 
Engineering News, Performance Materials, Surface Modification Technology 
News, Genetic Technology News, Battery & Ev Technology, and much more. 

Databases and forums with an international orientation
------------------------------------------------------
Internet users have access to thousands of sources of current government 
information from around the world -- census data, Supreme Court decisions, 
world health statistics, company financial reports, weather forecasts, 
United Nations information, daily government press briefings and much 
more. 

Census data
-----------
For global demography and population information, check this Australian 
resource http://coombs.anu.edu.au/ResFacilities/DemographyPage.html.

At http://grid2.cr.usgs.gov/globalpop/1-degree/, you can retrieve a 
population database depicting the worldwide distribution of population in a 
1X1 latitude/longitude grid system. There are other global population 
databases at http://grid2.cr.usgs.gov/globalpop/1-degree/description.html
and http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbprint.html.

Market data
-----------
World Competitiveness On-line (http://www.imd.ch/wcy_over.html) offers 
the World Competitiveness Yearbook published by International Institute for 
Management Development. The Yearbook aims to "capture in a single index the
capacity of a country's economic structure to promote growth." 

The European Union has a Market Access Sectoral and Trade Barriers Database 
at http://mkaccdb.eu.int.

Emerging Markets Companion (http://www.emgmkts.com/) is another window 
into the emerging economies of Asia, Latin America, Africa and Eastern 
Europe. 

The IPE mailing list is for the discussion of international political 
economy. Topics include NAFTA, regional trading blocs, trade regimes, 
international debt, long cycles, historical world systems, EEC, currency 
and market crises, democracy and governance in Latin and South America, 
Africa and Asia, commodity negotiations. To subscribe, send the command 
"Sub IPE" to: mailserv@csf.colorado.edu. 

On Usenet, check out the biz and clari.biz hierarchies of newsgroups for 
leads (biz = business postings). Many ClariNews groups cover the business 
and financial world, including these: 

    clari.biz.economy.world   Covers economic news, including inflation,
                        unemployment and other economic news. (Validation 
                        required for access to Clarinet.)  
    clari.biz.industry.agriculture   The agriculture, fishing and forestry 
                        industries. 
    clari.biz.world_trade   News about international trade: GATT, free 
                        trade and trade disputes. 

The International Affairs Network offers a comprehensive hypertext guide to 
the worldwide network-accessible resources available to scholars in the 
study of International Affairs at http://www.pitt.edu/~ian/ianres.html.
The guide contains pointers within such areas as: International Political 
Economy, Foreign Policy, Economic Development, Technology, Science, and 
Environmental Policy, International Law, Area Studies Resources, and more. 

There is another interesting international law resource on the World Wide 
Web, at http://www.law.ecel.uwa.edu.au/intlaw/.

The Transport Web (http://www.transportweb.com) is an information service 
for the international transportation industry.

Information Access Company (USA) provides several reference and full-text 
databases targeted at businesses. Coverage includes news and information on 
companies, industries, products, markets, and applied technologies, and on 
subjects such as computers, marketing, management, health, law, aerospace, 
popular culture, and scholarly research. 

PROMPT (Overview of Markets and Technology) is IAC's largest database. It 
provides international coverage of companies, markets and technologies in 
all industries. 

The IAC databases are available on commercial online services such as CDP 
Online, DataTimes, KR Dialog, Data-Star, ESA (European Space Agency), 
Financial Times Profile (England), CompuServe, and others. They are 
regularly published on CD-ROM. (http://www.iacnet.com) 

Users of KR Data-Star, LEXIS-NEXIS, and Reuters have access to 
international political and economic coverage from the British Broadcasting 
Corporation (BBC). Split into five regional parts across over 140 
countries, Summary of World Broadcasts makes up a daily political document, 
with coverage of legislation, policy, labor issues and foreign relations. 
The Weekly Economic Report covers topics such as energy, agriculture, and 
transportation. (BBC is also at http://www.bbc.co.uk.)

ZiffNet offers the Business Database Plus through CompuServe. You can 
search in full-text stories from around 550 North American and 
international publications for industry and commerce (1993). 

The articles are about sales and marketing ideas, product news, industry 
trends and analyses, and provide company profiles in areas such as 
agriculture, manufacturing, retailing, telecommunications, and trade. This 
is a partial list of the database's magazines: 

    Agribusiness Worldwide, Air Cargo World, Beverage World, Beverage World 
    Periscope Edition, Business Perspectives, CCI-Canmaking & Canning 
    International, CD-ROM Librarian, Chain Store Age - General Merchandise 
    Trends, Coal & Synfuels Technology, Communication World, Communications 
    Daily, Communications International, Consultant, Cosmetic World News, 
    Dairy Industries International, Direct Marketing, Financial Market 
    Trends, Financial World, Food Engineering International, Forest 
    Industries, Gas World, Graphic Arts Monthly, The Printing Industry, 
    High Technology Business,  International Trade Forum, Investment 
    International, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of 
    Marketing Research, Medical World News, OECD Economic Outlook, The Oil 
    and Gas Journal, Oilweek, Petroleum Economist, Plastics World, 
    Purchasing World, Restaurant-Hotel Design International, Seafood 
    International, Supermarket Business Magazine, Training: the Magazine of 
    Human Resources Development, World Economic Outlook, World Oil. 

Use CompuServe's Consumer Report to spot trends in the consumer markets for 
appliances, automobiles, electronics/cameras, home. EventLine (IQuest, 
CompuServe) watches international conferences, exhibitions, and congresses. 
The Boomer Report concentrates on the habits of the "the baby-boom 
generation." 

Trade Show Central is a large searchable database of international trade 
shows (http://www.tscentral.com/). 

CompuServe's Global Crisis Forum has message sections covering the xUUSR, 
The Balkans, Baltic Republics, The Old East Bloc, The Middle East, Bosnia, 
Somalia, Iraq, and Worldwide Business. 

The Business Dateline contains news from more than 150 regional business 
publications in the United States and Canada. If you have a niche market, 
chances are that the Predicast newsletters cover it (Dow Jones). 

The ABI/Inform business database (UMI/Data Courier) contains abstracts and 
full-text articles from 1,000 business magazines and trade journals (1994). 
Includes the World Bank Research Observer. 

Market research reports from Frost & Sullivan are available through Data-
Star. It produces over 250 market reports each year, in 20 industrial 
sectors. These reports cover results of face-to-face interviews with 
manufacturers, buyers and trade association executives, supplemented by a 
search and summary of secondary sources. 

Ways of doing business
----------------------
International Business Practices is full text of a U.S. Department of 
Commerce reference work that provides overviews of import regulations, free 
trade zones, foreign investment policy, intellectual property rights, tax 
laws and more in 117 countries. Check this resource out at

    http://WWW.UMSL.EDU/services/library/tjldoc.html


Brainwave for NewsNet has the Worldwide Business Practices Report. It 
offers monthly detailed information on such country-specific topics as 
business customs and protocol, negotiating tactics and bargaining tips, 
marketing strategies travel recommendations, local government regulations, 
social interaction and etiquette, safety and health issues. 

  | You should also take a look at the continent related pointers |
  | listed in Chapter 4 and 9!                                    |

Stock/financial information
---------------------------
The Syndicate (http://www.moneypages.com/syndicate/finance/foreign.html) 
is filled with links to stock exchanges and financial information around 
the world. Besides the usual United States links, you'll find links to 
countries like Austria, Canada, Costa Rica, Finland, France, Germany, 
Ghana, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, 
New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, 
Turkey, United Kingdom, and countries in Latin America. 

The Italian FINANCE AREA page (http://www.tsi.it/finanza/index.html)
is another good source for global finance information. For links to banks 
around the world, check http://www.gwdg.de/~ifbg/bank_2.html. GATTs
World Trade Resource Directory Index is at 

   http://www.gatts.com/gatts_docs/World_Trade.HTML

The AINTACC-L mailing list (at listproc@scu.edu.au) hosts discussions 
about international accounting.

CitiBank Global Report on CompuServe provides detailed information on 
worldwide economic issues, real-time foreign-exchange, fixed-income rates, 
country profiles, company profiles, and activity on the international bond 
markets. 

International organizations
---------------------------
United Nations (UN) is at http://www.undp.org. This site carries UN DPI 
Press Releases, General Assembly, Security Council and ECOSOC resolutions, 
and more. 

United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) offers several 
searchable databases at http://apps.fao.org/lim500/agri_db.pl. Their 
FAOSTAT Database contains extensive agricultural data from many countries. 
Data is provided for production, trade, commodity supply and demand 
balances, population, land use, and fisheries.  

For more, try the Official WEB Locator for the United Nations System of 
Organizations (at: http://www.unsystem.org/) is needed. Categories on their 
home page include: Alphabetical Index, Official Classification, What's New, 
Frequently Requested Information, Related Information and Other 
International Organizations. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) is at http://www.who.ch, The United 
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) at http://www.unicef.org, and UNESCO at 
http://www.unesco.org. 

OECD (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) is at 
http://www.oecd.org/. The organization is a forum permitting governments 
of 29 industrialized countries to study and formulate policies in economic 
and social spheres. It offers economic data on the members states, analysis 
of nonmember countries, and links to statistical resources on the net. 

Usenet has clari.world.organizations with news of The United Nations, the 
Organization of American States, the Council on Security and Cooperation in 
Europe, and other major international organizations. (Validation required 
for access to Clarinet.) 

For more links to international organizations, point your browser at 
http://www.lawresearch.com/v2/Ciorgs.htm.

Locating country-specific information
-------------------------------------
Below, there are many pointers to country-specific information, sorted by 
continent. To get more, try this trick: 

Search the Internet using Alta Vista (http://www.altavista.digital.com/. 
See Chapter 10). Compose a query that contains the international standard 
top-level code for the country in question (click on link in Appendix 6 
for a list of country codes). Insist that the code be present in the URLs 
of found resources. Qualify further by adding other words or phrases if 
your query gives too many hits. 

Example: +url:.kr 

"+url:" insists that the preceding string be found in the URL. "KR" is the 
top-level code for Korea. This code is often found at the end of the 
location part of URLs pointing to this country, unless the server uses a 
non-country specific code (like .net or .com). This query is likely to 
include http://www.kois.go.kr in your hit list. It is the Web address of 
Korea's Information Ministry. 

Expect the two character code to exist in URLs pointing to resources in 
other countries also. However, the result is usually good. For example, MN 
is the code for Mongolia. Using "+url:.mn" in your query will also find 
URLs like http://www.an.cc.mn.us/depts/he/raynauds.html. 

Africa
------
Brainwave for NewsNet has several interesting newsletters 

   Africa Intelligence Report
   Africa News On-Line
    - political, economic and cultural developments
   Country Risk Guides: Sub-Saharan Africa
   Country Risk Guides: Mid-East & North Africa
   Investext: African Region
   Monthly Regional Bulletin - Southern Africa, 
   PRS-Forecasts: Mid-East & North Africa
   PRS-Forecasts: Sub-Saharan Africa
   Southern Africa Business Intelligence

The SUDAN-L mailing list (on listserv@emuvm1.cc.emory.edu) is where you 
will find information and sources of information about Sudan. 

The Information Bank on African Development Studies (IBADS) is a mailing 
service provided by the Africa Technical Department at the World Bank.  Its 
aim is to send out information about development studies on Sub-Saharan 
Africa. 

IBADS offers an index and a list of abstracts of studies undertaken by the 
Africa Technical Department at the World Bank.  It will eventually be 
expanded to include full-text reports, and development studies undertaken 
by other units in the World Bank and other development, academic, and 
research organizations worldwide. Subscribe by sending the following 
command 

  Subscribe IBADS First-Name Last-Name

to listserv@tome.worldbank.org. On separate lines, add information about 
specialty, organization, address, and subject of interest. The World Bank 
is at http://www.worldbank.org/.

For leads in South Africa, start with ExiNet. This South African trade 
information resource (http://www.exinet.co.za/) has information on South 
African Exporters, South African Trade Fairs and Exhibitions, Travel and 
Tourism, South African Publications, South African Property, and South 
African Demographics: A Regional Summary. 

ExiNet boasts a database of over 70,000 South African companies. Mail to 
exinet@aztec.co.za for information. 

Other South African sources on the Web includes: The Africa Commercial home 
page in Cape Town (http://www.africa.com/), and Compustat on the URL:
http://www.os2.iaccess.za/. 

African Census data is at http://lexis.pop.upenn.edu/world/africa. See 
http://grid2.cr.usgs.gov/globalpop/africa/ for the African Population 
Database. The South African politics online page is at

   http://unpsun3.cc.unp.ac.za/UNPDepartments/politics/saonline.htm

CompuServe's International Trade Forum has the Africa/Middle East message 
section.

If you want to check out information servers on the African continent, 
check http://www.cnuce.cnr.it/RINAF/. 

Japan
-----
JETRO, the Japan External Trade Organization, provides Japanese government 
procurement information from Kampo, the governments official journal, 
alongside economic information about Japan, at 

    http://www.jetro.go.jp/

One hyperlink points at "Japan Economic Trends, Industry, Markets, Business 
Practices." This page contain such things as First Steps in Exporting to 
Japan, Doing Business in Japan, and The Japanese Consumer. 

The QUALITY mailing list (on listserv@pucc.princeton.edu) is for Total 
Quality Management (TQM) in Manufacturing & Service Industries. The topics 
for discussion include JIT, ISO 9000, Deming and JIS (the latter two are 
Japanese Quality Standards). Check out the mailing list's archive for files 
of interest.

Usenet has comp.research.japan about The nature of research in Japan. 
(Moderated).

Also, see the WWW Organization's Virtual Library, and check out 

   gopher://gan1.ncc.go.jp/11/JAPAN/Economy



JIST (http://www.jst.go.jp/EN/JICST/ServiceGuide/), The Japan Information 
Center of Science and Technology, offers a range of commercial English 
language databases in the broad spectrum of science, technology and 
medicine (since 1975). 

Orbit has an English language database of Japanese technology. It contains 
abstracts of articles, patents and standards from more than 500 Japanese 
magazines. Reuters offers the Yomiuri Shimbun, Japan's best-selling daily 
newspaper. Tradstat (KR Data-Star/KR Dialog) offers Japanese import and 
export statistics. 

Dow Jones News/Retrieval brings full-text stories from the Japan Economic 
Newswire (Kyodo News International), which covers Japanese company, 
industry and financial markets; government, defence and science news. (On 
KR Dialog as File 612.) 

Dow Jones also brings full-text stories from over 70 other international 
publications including New Era Japan, New Food Products in Japan, New 
Materials Japan, and PDS's Japan Auto Industry Survey, Power Asia. 

Business Database Plus (CompuServe) has IDC Japan Report, Inc., Japan 
Economic Newswire, and Kyodo. CompuServe's Japan Forum has a Business & 
Industry section, and more. You may also find information about Japan in 
the International Forum. 

Brainwave for NewsNet has the following newsletters and services: 

   Comline Japan Daily: Biotechnology
   Comline Japan Daily: Computers
   Comline Japan Daily: Electronics
   Comline Japan Daily: Industry Automation
   Comline Japan Daily: Telecommunications 
   Comline Japan Daily: Transportation
   Japan Digest (business briefings)
   Japan Computer Industry Scan
   Japan Consumer Electronics Scan
   Japan Economic Institute (JEI) Report
   Japan Energy Scan
   Japan Policy and Politics
   Japan Semiconductor Scan
   Japan Science Scan
   Japan Transportation Scan
   Japan Weekly Monitor
   Japanese Telecommunications Scan
   Jiji Press Ticker Service
   Kyodo News Service
   New Era: Japan
   Tokyo Financial Wire

Comline's industry news covers several hundred Japanese journals and 
newspapers. It is also available in Predicast's Newsletter Database.

For science and technology, consider the JICST-E file on STN. 

The Investext database has English language profiles of thousands of 
Japanese companies sourced from Teikou, Japan's largest business credit 
agency. 

Kompass Online has information about Japanese companies. LEXIS-NEXIS, KR 
Dialog, NiftyServe, PC-VAN, and G-Search have the Teikoku Databank, with 
directory and income information about over one million Japanese firms.

Middle East
-----------
ArabNet (http://www.arab.net/) focuses on the Arab world in the Middle 
East and North Africa, and offers links and information about Algeria, 
Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait Lebanon, Libya, 
Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, 
Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen. 

The official Saudi Arabia page is at http://www.saudi.net/.

The Israel Industry R&D Information System (MOP) have an information server 
at http://www.matimop.org.il/. There's a weekly newsletter called "The 
Arab Press on Israel" at http://www.arutz7.jer1.co.il/meiri.htm. 

The Israel Information Service is at http://www.israel.org/ (some 
documents are in French and Spanish). Choices include Basic Statistics, The 
Economy, Culture, Communications and Media, and Basic Laws and Legal 
Issues. Information is also available by email to ask@israel-info.gov.il 

CompuServe's International Trade Forum has an Africa/Middle East section.
Business Database Plus (also on CompuServe) has Israel Business, MEED 
Middle East Economic Digest, Middle East Agribusiness. 

Kompass Online has information about companies in Israel. 

Other countries in Asia and the Pacific
---------------------------------------
AFX Asia (http://www.indoexchange.com/afx) delivers 400+ subscription-
based Asian financial news stories from all of Asia each day. Operated by 
providers such as Financial Times Group, AFP, Nikkei, and Australian 
Association Press.

Asia Pulse, a real-time commercial intelligence wire designed for corporate 
users, can be accessed at http://www.infomarket.ibm.com/. It delivers 
information about Asian infrastructure, private investments, government 
procurement, company and industry developments, politics, exports, retail 
trade, and regulatory issues. Covers 50 industries in over 20 countries.

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) home page is at 
http://www.apecsec.org.sg with information about the 18 current members' 
economies, calendar of APEC activities, press releases, and more. 

The Asian Development Bank is at http://www.asiandevbank.org/.

Nikkei (on FP Profile) has the Business Times, Straits Times (also on
http://www.asia1.com.sg/straitstimes/), the Far East Economic Review, the 
Bangkok Post. 

The Far Eastern Economic Review Interactive Edition (Hong Kong) is 
available for free at http://www.feer.com/. They focus on Asian current 
affairs, business, economies and investment. 

Dun & Bradstreet (http://www.dnd.com) has hard-to-find company 
information on developing markets such as Indonesia, the Philippines, 
Thailand, and Malaysia. 

Tradstat has import and export statistics on Hong Kong and Taiwan. Asia, 
Inc., the Hong Kong published business magazine, has an electronic version  
at http://www.asia-inc.com. It contains articles of Asia's executives and 
their enterprises, daily financial information, and more.

The Hong Kong Trade Development Council (at http://www.tdc.org.hk) offers
comprehensive trade and business information on Hong Kong and Mainland 
China, online trade enquiry, trade fair registration, and more. 

Singapore Business Times is at http://www.asia1.com.sg/biztimes. 

KR Dialog's ASIA-PACIFIC DATABASE covers business and economics in Asia and 
the Pacific. It contains over 80,000 references from newspapers, magazines 
and other sources in North America and international. 

The Asia-Pacific Dun's Market Identifiers on KR Dialog is a directory 
listing of about 250,000 business establishments in 40 Asian and Pacific 
Rim countries. 

Dow Jones/News Retrieval has the Asian Wall Street Journal. Reuters' 
Textline on KR Dialog provides good business and general coverage of the 
region. 

Brainwave for NewsNet has the following newsletters and services:

   Asian Aviation News
   Asian Economic News
   Asian Infrastructure Monthly
   Asian Political News
   AsiaPacific Space Report
   Country Risk Guide: Asia & The Pacific 
   Investext: Asian Region
   Market: Asia Pacific
   Power Asia
   PRS Forecasts: Asia & The Pacific 
   Telenews Asia
   Vietnam Market Watch
   Xinhua English Language News Service 
   Inter Press Service International (IPS) provides regular updates on
      the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and ASEAN.

The ELC file on LEXIS-NEXIS contains financial and marketing information on 
some 9,000 Southeast Asian corporations (1993). Kompass Online has 
information about companies in Australia, Hong Kong, Israel, Indonesia, 
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and Taiwan. 

To join CORMOSEA (Committee on Research Materials on Southeast Asia), send
a subscription request to Kent Mulliner <MULLINER@OUVAXA.CATS.OHIOU.EDU>.

Textile Asia and Bisnis Indonesia are in the Globalbase database. This 
source offers around 350 trade journals, newspapers, and business magazines 
spanning 40 countries (1993). On KR Data-Star (Label EBUS), KR Dialog (File 
583), FT Profile (Label INF), and others. It has 87 Asian publications 
(1994). The coverage includes The Australian, Japan Times, Asia Computer 
Weekly, Asia Money & Finance, South China Morning Post, Korea Economic 
Weekly. 

The ABI/Inform business database (UMI/Data Courier) contains abstracts and 
full-text articles from the Asia Pacific Journal of Management, and 
Business Korea. 

CompuServe has the Australian/New Zealand Company Library, the Asia/OZ/NZ 
and the Africa/Middle East sections of the International Trade Forum. Also, 
check out the Australian Associated Press Online newswire service. 

China
China Dimensions (at http://plue.sedac.ciesin.org/china/) offers China 
Administrative Regions GIS Data, GB Codes for the Administrative Divisions 
of the People's Republic of China, Fundamental GIS: Digital Chart of China 
with layers for roads, railroads, drainage system, contours, populated 
places and urbanized areas, access to the China Census of Population, Data 
on Population and Agriculture, Data on Provincial Economic Yearbooks, 
China Micro-Economic Database, Agricultural Statistics, Data on Hospitals 
and Epidemiology Stations, and the Priority Program for China's Agenda 21. 
Many data sets are available at the county level. 

China Import/Export News is a weekly newsletter of international business 
information about import/export to/from China and the Pacific Rim. The 
newsletter is distributed by the mailing list CHINA-LINK. Subscribe by 
email to listserv@ifcss.org. 

For details about how to subscribe to the China News Digest, send the word 
INFO to cnd-info@cnd.org. On the Web, they're at http://www.cnd.org/

For business news from China, weekdays, check out Daily China Headline 
News. Send the command SUB HEADLINE to listserv@asiainfo.com to subscribe. 
Here is a sample news item:

        * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

  Ref. No: 94061501
  Newsgroup: General News and news in other industries
 Category: Marketing, Investment
    Title: Automobile plastics mart bode well
     Date: Wednesday, June 15, 1994
 Keywords: Auto plastic;Market analysis

      It is estimated that one domestic made automobile use plastics about
    40-45kg. China will turn out 2 million automobiles by the year of 2000.
    This year, the automobile plastic requirement is 28,000 ton. Comparing 
    the production, the auto plastic will be undersupplied.

        * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

For General Information about the service, mail to INFO@AsiaInfo.com. 
KR Dialog has Chinese Patent Abstracts in English. 

China Business News (http://www.business-china.com/news/index.htm) 
publishes updated economic news to those into doing business with China. 

Reports on World Bank Projects in China are at

    http://www.ait.ac.th/Asia/wb-reps/wb-cn.html

Here, you will find a China Country Economic Memorandum and GNP per capita. 
There are reports on Industrial crop marketing, Highway development, Power 
sector, Urban environment services, Disease prevention, Financial sector 
development, Railway development, Education, Gas development, Forest 
resource development, Telecommunications, and more. 

A WWW service for the Chinese community exists at http://www.edu.tw/. 
Most of the local texts support Chinese BIG5 only. 

Kompass Online has information about companies in China. 

India
There is a comprehensive Web site about India, it's economy and industry, 
called the Indian Economy Overview, at http://www.m-web.com/. The site 
has complete coverage of the recent Indian Financial Budget, including full 
text, live coverage, commentary, analysis and reactions. 

The non-profit National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI), whose aim is 
to promote "trade, investment and technology flow among different 
countries," is at http://www.nic.in/ncti/. For statistical information 
about economy, population, etc., see http://www.nic.in/gistnic/.

Check IndiaWorld at http://www.indiaworld.co.in/open/. Their offerings 
include Indian news, business and entertainment information with links to 
India Daily, khoj daily, The Indian Express and The Financial Express, 
Madhya Pradesh Chronicle, India Trade Daily, and more.

The Economic Times, the largest selling business daily in India, is at
http://www.economictimes.com/.

Kompass Online has information about Indian companies. 

Other Asian pointers
The Asian Studies area of the WWW Organization's international directory of 
networked research and educational resources (WWW Virtual Library) can be 
reached at http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVL-AsianStudies.html. It tracks 
information and research resources (ftp, gopher, wais, www)  for Burma, 
China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Papua New 
Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam. 

Check http://coombs.anu.edu.au/asia-www-news.html to follow developments 
regularly. 

Eurasia Research Center (http://eurasianews.com/erc/homepage.htm) offers 
links to news and other resources on the Balkans, Baltic States, Central 
Europe, the Caucasus, formerly Soviet Central Asia, Russia, Belarus, Iran, 
Ukraine, Moldavia, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. 

The EXPORT-IMPORT-INVEST Vietnam - Business Directories pages on the Web
are at http://www.cgtd.com/global/vietnam.html. Texts in English, French, 
Spanish, and German.

Central and South America
-------------------------
Organizacion de los Estados Americanos (OEA) has an information server at
http://www.oas.org/shomepag.htm (in Spanish and English). Their "Programs 
and Issues" page gathers information on current OAS activities in the areas 
of trade, democracy, environment, human rights, drug abuse control, 
telecommunications and information infrastructure, and others. Every 
country in the Americas is a member of the OAS (except Cuba). 

Latin America Related Information Service is at http://lanic.utexas.edu/.
You can also reach it by email to gopher@lanic.utexas.edu, and by telnet 
to telnet://lanic.utexas.edu (login: lanic). 

Tradstat has import and export data on Brazil and Argentina. For South 
American census data, try http://lexis.pop.upenn.edu/world/latin_america.

The Latin American Data Base (LADB) has SourceMex (economic news and 
analysis on Mexico), Chronicle of Latin American Economic Affairs (reports 
on trade policy, privatization, monetary policy, and macro-economic 
figures), and Central America Update. The database is available by 
telnet://ladb.unm.edu (user name and password required), and through KR 
Dialog, Dow Jones News/Retrieval, and BRS. For information, check 
http://ladb.unm.edu/. 

The Caribbean Economy mailing list is on CARECON (listserv@yorku.ca).

RNP - Rede Nacional de Pesquisa (National Research Network) in Brazil has 
a WWW server at http://www.rnp.br/ with links to most ftp, gopher and WWW 
servers in Brazil. Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial offers 
Brazilian patents data on URL: http://www.bdt.org.br/bdt/inpi/.

Brainwave for NewsNet has these newsletters 

   Brazil Service
   Country Risk Guide: THE AMERICAS
   EcoCentral: Central American Economy & Sustainable Development
   Environment Watch: Latin America
   Investext: Latin American Region
   Latin America Intelligence Report
   Latin America Opportunity Report
   Latin American Telecom Report
   Market: Latin America
   Mexico Service.
   Mexico Trade and Law Reporter
   Notisur - Latin American Affairs
   PRS Forecasts: South America

Dow Jones has Mexico Service, InterAmerican Opportunities, and Latin 
America Opportunity Report. 

CompuServe's International Trade Forum has a South & Central America 
message section. 

The European Common Market and Central Europe
---------------------------------------------
Those exporting to the EEC need to master languages like German, French, 
Italian, and Spanish besides having a working knowledge of English. 
Conversation is the easy part. The problem is writing, and especially when 
the task is to translate technical expressions to the languages used within 
the Common Market. 

Check out ECHO's Eurodicautom multilingual online dictionary for help. It 
contains translations of scientific and technical terms, contextual phrases 
and abbreviations in all official languages of the European Union. You can 
choose between Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, 
Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. URL: 
http://www2.echo.lu/echo/databases/en/eu92.html. 

Select a source language for simultaneous translation. The translation is 
word-for-word, but may be put in the correct context if required. 

The Europe Homepage (http://europa.eu.int/) offers multi-lingual 
information on the European Union's goals and policies. EUROPA represents 
EU's institutions, and is run by the European Commission. Here are also 
links to official documents from the Union, publications, online services, 
statistics, news, and other Web servers of the area. 

The Common Market's free database service, I*M-EUROPE (Information Market 
Europe), is set up to "support the actions of DGXIII of the European 
Commission in stimulating the European electronic information services 
market and multimedia content industries." It offers information on topics 
such as the Telematics Applications Programme, the INFO2000 programme, Task 
Force Multimedia Educational Software, and links for more about EU's 
organizations and programmes. At: http://www.echo.lu/. 

The European Commission's CORDIS (Community Research and Development 
Information Service) is a database of all European Community information 
related to Research and Technological Development programmes. 

At http://www.cordis.lu/, you're offered multi-lingual searches in 
databases on topics such as News, Programmes for finding opportunities in 
your research areas, Projects for Who is doing What, Results for exploring 
Innovation, Partners for your Business Research, Publications for Key R&D, 
Published Items, Contacts to People who Can Help, Acronyms relevant to 
Community R&D, Understanding EU R&D decision making, and more. Here are 
also links to R&D in the European Union. 

The EC's DANTE (http://www.dante.net/) provides advanced international 
computer network services for the European research community. The WISE 
Information Board on R&D Activities in the European Union is at
http://www.igd.fhg.de/wise/.

ACTS NewsClips is a bi-weekly newsfeed about developments in the European 
Commission's Advanced Communications Technologies and Services programme.
You can read it at http://www.at.infowin.org/ACTS/IENM/Newsclips/, or
sign up for deliveries by electronic mail.

The Zagreb Stock Exchange is at http://www.zse.hr/. The Vienna Stock 
market (Austria) is at http://www.wu-wien.ac.at/cgi-bin/boerse1.pl. The 
language is German. 

For economics, check out http://netec.wustl.edu/NetEc.html for access to 
BibEc (bibliography of working research papers), and WoPEc (a collection of 
working papers). 

The European Business Directory (http://www.europages.com/) offers 
economic analyses and indicators on the main European markets, and 
practical information for doing business in Europe. Information is 
available in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. 

Dun & Bradstreet (http://www.dnb.com) offers company profiles of more 
than two million European companies. 

Brainwave for NewsNet also has the following newsletters and services

   Agence France-Presse International news
   Aviation Europe
   Coal UK
   Country Risk Guide: Europe
   EC Energy Monthly
   Environment Watch: Western Europe
   European Community: Business Forecast
   European Energy Report
   European Media Business & Finance
   European Savings Market
   European Venture Capital Journal
   Financial Times Full Text
   German Business Scope
   Market: Europe
   News From France
   North Sea Letter
   North Sea Rig Forecast
   Northern Ireland News Service
   Opportunities Briefing: Central Europe
   Power Europe
   PRS Forecasts: Western Europe
   Today's Financial Times
   The Week In Germany
   West Europe Intelligence Report

For up-to-the-minute news from England, try the Press Association Online's 
wires at http://www.pa.press.net/. The British IEE (Institution of 
Electrical Engineers) are at http://www.iee.org.uk/. Search their IEE 
Library Online Catalog. In 1996, it held some 65,000 books and pamphlets 
covering all aspects of electrical engineering, electronics, manufacturing 
and control engineering, computing, IT, and telecommunications. 

On CompuServe, enter GO PAO to get to the Press Association service. The UK 
Company Library on CompuServe has financial information about more than 
1.2 million British companies from sources like Extel Cards, ICC British 
Co. Directory and Kompass UK.  

ZiffNet's Business Database Plus on CompuServe has Market Research Europe. 

The ELC file on LEXIS-NEXIS contains financial and marketing information 
on some from 45,000 European corporations (1993). NEXIS-LEXIS also offers 
La Vie Francaise, a French-language weekly magazine on business and 
investments. La Stampa, the third largest newspaper in Italy, is available 
in full text. While the language is Italian, indexing by subject and type 
is provided in English as well. 

Tradstat (on KR Data-Star/KR Dialog) has import and export trade statistics 
on all major European countries collected by European national statistical 
agencies and international bodies. 

KR Data-Star is strong on information of Europe: 

  European Community: Tenders Electronic Daily, a database of European 
  Community contract offers. Its Textline is an excellent source of 
  information about European companies. CELEX (European Community Law).
  European Chemical News. Dun & Bradstreet European Marketing File.
  DRT European Business Reports. Business Opportunities in Europe. ABC 
  EUROPE: European Export Industry. Euromonitor Market Reports. Euromonitor 
  Market Direction. Spicers Centre for Europe - European Community Law.
  Spearhead - UK Analysis of EC Law.

  Austria: Creditreform -  Austrian Companies. Hoppenstedt - Austria.
  KREDITSCHUTZVERBAND - Austrian Companies.

  Benelux: the Belgian newspaper De Financieel Ekonomische Tijd (in 
  Flemish), INFOTRADE - Belgian Company Financial Data, Hoppenstedt - 
  Benelux. 

  France: The FRFF/FREFF files hold balance sheets of over 335,000 French 
  companies (1994). Telefirm - French Companies Register. French Companies 
  - Full Financial Data. Firmimport/Firmexport - French Importers/Exporters. 
  Le Monde. SCRL French Companies Financial Profiles.

  Germany: German Business & Industry Directory, German Business 
  Opportunities, Aerzte Zeitung Online, BDI German Industry, Biotechnology 
  Information. Creditreform - German Companies. German Buyers' Guide. 
  EcoRegister - German Company Registrations. EcoNovo - German Companies in 
  Bundesanzeiger. German Business Statistics. German Company Financial 
  Data. FINF-TEXT - German Company News. Hoppenstedt - Germany. 
  ManagementInfo Wirtschaft. Sueddeutsche Zeitung. Wer Gehoert zu Wem - Who 
  Belongs to Whom. Who Supplies What? (Germany & Austria). ZVEI 
  Electro/Electronics Buyers' Guide. 

  Italy: Il Sole 24 Ore, L'Impresa, and Il Mundo Economica in Italian.
  Italian Company Profiles - Financial. MAST - Market Structure and Trends 
  in Italy. Sistema Ditte Operanti con l'Estero. La Stampa.

  Switzerland: In its Swiss News Agency wire service, you have a choice of 
  French or German. Credit Suisse Information on the Swiss economy. Swiss 
  Educational Documentation. Neue Zuercher Zeitung. Serials in Swiss 
  Libraries. Swiss Newswire. Societe Generale de Banque - Banking. 
  Schweizer Handelszeitung. ELSA Swiss Sportwire. Dun & Bradstreet Swiss 
  Companies Dun & Bradstreet. Swiss Companies Full Financial Data. 

  Scandinavia: Trademarks and applications for Denmark, Norway, Sweden and 
  Finland. 

  United Kingdom: Key British Enterprises Financial Performance. ICC Full-
  text UK Company Reports ICC Directory of UK Companies ICC UK Financial 
  Datasheets. JordanWatch - UK Companies. Pharm-line - UK Pharmacy. British 
  Trademarks. UK Importers.

On Dow Jones News/Retrieval, you can search full text articles from Wall 
Street Journal Europe, Agence France-Presse, the Paris-based International 
Herald Tribune, the Guardian, and others from the United Kingdom. 

Country reports, Financial Focus, Political focus, and International 
Economic Outlook from the Union Bank of Switzerland, and more can be found 
in the Quest Economics Database (QED) on KR Data-Star, FT PROFILE, and 
Genios. 

Investext offers a series of stockbroker research reports on European 
companies and sectors from around 400 contributors based on the continent. 
Their reports offer detailed analysis, important financial data, and 
forecasts on everything from the mayor players to the small manufacturing 
firms. Investext is available through KR Data-Star, LEXIS-NEXIS, KR 
Dialog, Dow Jones News/Retrieval, and others. 

The German Company Library (on CompuServe) offers information about some 
48,000 German companies from databases like Credit Reform and Hoppenstedt's 
Directory of German Companies. Its European Company Library contains 
information about over two million companies in the area. 

LEXIS-NEXIS brings news and background information about companies and the 
different countries in Europe. Their Worldwide Companies database contains 
company profiles, balance sheets, income statements, and other financial 
data on the largest companies in 40 countries. 

LEXIS-NEXIS also has Hoppenstedt German Trade Associations directory, 
four more newsletters from the Europe Information Service: Europe Energy, 
Europe Environment, Transport Europe and European Insight, a weekly brief 
on European Community-related happenings. 

GBI offers more than 100 databases and two million documents on companies, 
markets and business literature (1994). 

LEXIS-NEXIS has databases with information about English and French law, 
and other law material from Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland and 
North America. 

Their Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory has information on over 700,000 
lawyers and law firms worldwide. The directory can be used for referrals, 
selection of associate counsel, and evaluation of competitive counsel. 

Check out KOMPASS EUROPE when planning exports to the EEC. Its database 
contains details about companies in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, United 
Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden and Norway. (On 
KR Dialog) Try GENIOS for more on Germany. The German Federal Government 
is at http://www.government.de.

ILINK has the EEC-I conference (Discussion about the European Common 
Market). FT Profile offers full-text searches (and a clipping service) in 
stories from Financial Times. The database is being updated daily at 00:01. 

Ziffnet's Business Database Plus has Agra Europe, Belgium: Economic and 
Commercial Information, British Plastics & Rubber, British Telecom World, 
The Economist, Erdol und Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochemie: Hydrocarbon 
Technology, EuroBusiness, Euromoney, Europe 2000, European Cosmetic 
Markets, European Rubber Journal, Report on the Austrian Economy, Royal 
Bank of Scotland Review, swissBusiness. 

The International Trade Forum on CompuServe has a European Community 
section. CompuServe also has the Associated Press France en Ligne wire 
service. 

Globalbase has Nouvel Economiste among its many offerings. Questel offers 
access to 250,000 logos and images of French trademarks (1993), and  
patent information from several European countries. Their URL is: 

   http://www.questel.orbit.com/patents/

KR Dialog, Orbit, and STN are also great sources for patents data. 

Users of cc:Mail throughout Europe can receive business news from First! 
for cc:Mail (tel: +44 491 579 600) directly into their mail system. The 
service scans some 12,000 stories daily before automatically providing 
customers with those relevant to their needs. Agence Presse France is among 
the sources. 

Scandinavia
-----------
Before meeting with people from Norsk Hydro, go online to get recent news 
about the company (Chapter 9). It will only take a couple of minutes. What 
you find may be important for the success of your meeting. 

If you know the names of your most important competitors, use their names 
as keywords for information about recent contracts, joint venture 
agreements, products (and their features), and other important information. 

KOMPASS ONLINE offers information about over 180,000 companies and 34,000 
products in Scandinavia, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, and Great Britain. 
The information is presented in the local language of the different 
countries. 

KOMPASS is used by easy menus. You can search by 

   * company name
   * product or service (optionally using an industry 
     classification code for companies or products)
   * number of employees, type of business, postal number,
     telephone area code, export area, year of incorporation,
     bank affiliation.

The database is available through Affaersdata (Sweden). New users pay a one 
time fee of around US$85. Searching costs around US$3.00 per minute. 

Affaersdata in Sweden also offers the Swedish-language service "Export-
Nytt," which brings short news stories about export/import from all over 
the world. Information providers are the Swedish Export Council, the 
Norwegian Export Council, and the Suomen Ulkomaankauppaliitto in Finland. 

The TYR database on the Finnish service VIEXPO (tel.: +358 67 235100) 
offers information about 2,500 companies in the Vaasa and Oulu regions with 
addresses, phone numbers, contact persons, main products, revenues, and SIC 
industry classification codes. 

CompuServe's International Trade Forum has the NonEEC Europe & CIS section. 
Business Database Plus has The Finnish Trade Review. 

North America
-------------
There are so many sources focusing on North America, and we have already 
mentioned several. This section is therefore kept intentionally short. 

The U.S. Commerce Department's Economic and Statistics Administration 
offers STAT-USA (http://www.stat-usa.gov/), which provides statistical 
information on economy, energy, foreign trade, business, and industry. Fee-
based subscription required. 

The White House is at http://www.whitehouse.gov, the subject index of 
online government information at http://www.fedworld.gov/#usgovt, and The 
Government Information Locator Service at 

    http://info.er.usgs.gov/gils/index.html

The National Technical Information Service provides access to more than 100 
U.S. Government operated bulletin boards and online systems:

    http://www.fedworld.gov

Official Gazette, a weekly publication from the United States Patent and 
Trademark Office, is offered at http://www.micropat.com. It covers new 
patents and trademarks, expired and reinstated patents, re-examination and 
re-issue applications, announcements, changes in procedures and requests 
for comments. Its archive contains every issue from the last 20 years. 

You can search a US Patent Database at http://patent.womplex.ibm.com/. 
Data includes bibliographic information about the patents, claims, 
reference and abstract information. You can view the images, and order 
patents online. 

The EDS Shadow Patent Office's email patent search service is on 
spo_patent@spo.eds.com. Send the word "help" in the body of your text for 
instructions. SPO is also on http://www.spo.eds.com/patent.html. 

A daily news service on global patenting activities are available from 
patent-news-request@world.std.com. 

Statistics Canada is the country's national statistical agency. It is at 
http://www.statcan.ca. Kompass Canada is also an interesting source. 

PRESSline is a database of press releases, pictures and logos that is 
available free of charge. (http://www.pressline.com) Companies and 
organizations are charged a small fee for storing their releases. In 
English, German, and French.

Information on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is available 
from several sites, including http://www.nafta.net/.

Usenet has misc.invest.canada  (Investing in Canadian financial markets).

xUSSR and former Eastern Block countries
----------------------------------------
InfoMarket (at http://www.fe.msk.ru/lat/infomarket/ewelcome.html) brings 
Russian Securities Market News in English, and is an invaluable source for 
Russian commercial financial information.

LEXIS-NEXIS, KR Data-Star, FT Profile and Reuters have many 
interesting sources. 

DJNR offers full text from BizEkon News, and others. Through DATATIMES, you 
can research  English-language versions of The Budapest Sun and the Prague 
Post. 

Subscribe to the Prague Financial Monitor newsletter by sending an email
to prague-fm-request@eunet.cz. Put the command SUBSCRIBE in the body of 
your mail. You can also check it out at http://www.eunet.cz/.

The Central Europe Online Navigator (http://www.centraleurope.com/) 
publishes daily news an industry reports on Czech and Slovak Republics, 
Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Includes political and economical analyses. 

Click on telnet://ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu, and login as ex-ussr to access a 
database of xUSSR-related files. 

The European Information Network, a Prague-based Web publishing company, 
posts daily Russian news reports at http://www.russiatoday.com/. The site 
offers a databank of information about election laws, Russian government 
addresses and the Russian constitution. 

There is a Russia-American World Wide Web Server at the URL locator:   
http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/. 

Maximov News - Information And Guide To The Russian Federation - offers
full-text news, contact and information sources from the former Soviet 
Union. At http://www.maximov.com/. In English and Russian.

The St. Petersburg Business Journal (monthly) is at http://www.spb.su/.

The EKONOMIKA mailing list on listproc@pub.vse.cz is about Czech economy.
The language is primarily Czech, but English is accepted too. 

The Financial Izvestia weekly, the joint publication of London Financial 
Times and Moscow-based Izvestia, is available by email. The complete feed 
includes the full text of all articles published in the Russian language 
newspaper, and financial and statistical tables on the commodities and 
financial markets. Write Legpromsyrie at root@sollo.soleg.msk.su for 
information. 

Brainwave for NewsNet has the following newsletters: 

   Baltic Business Report
   Czech Republic Business & Investment News
   East Europe Intelligence Report
   East Europe & Former Soviet Telecom Report
   East European Business Law
   East European Energy Report
   East European Insurance
   East European Markets
   Eastern European Energy Report
   Eastern Europe Finance
   Federal News Service Kremlin Transcripts
   Finance East Europe
   Poland Business Report
   PRS Forecasts: Eastern Europe
   Russia Express Executive Briefing
   Russia Express Contracts
   Russia/CIS Intelligence Report

Ziffnet's Business Database Plus has Soviet Aerospace & Technology. KR 
Data-Star has the Baltic News Service. 

CompuServe's International Trade Forum has a NonEEC Europe & CIS message 
section.

How to monitor your competitors
-------------------------------
Sales managers need to know what competitors are doing. Lacking this 
knowledge, it is risky to maneuver in the market. 

Start by making a strategy for online market intelligence. Here are some 
practical hints: 

 (1) Select online services that offer clipping of stories and 
     information based on your search words or phrases. Examples: 
     //TRACK on Dow Jones News/Retrieval, The Executive News Service 
     on CompuServe. Use such services for automatic monitoring of 
     stock quotes and business news. 

 (2) Read what investment analysts and advisors write about your 
     competitors. Most markets are well covered by databases and 
     other sources of information. 

 (3) Read what competitors write about themselves. Their press 
     releases are available from online databases in several 
     countries. 

 (4) Compare your competitors with your own company and industry. 
     Items: stock prices, profits, revenue, etc. 

 (5) Regularly monitor companies and their particular products. 

 (6) Watch trend reports about your industry. Search for patterns and 
     possible niches. 

 (7) Save what you find on your hard disk for future references. 

Can you get everything through the online media? Of course not! 

Do not expect to find production data, production formulas, detailed 
outlines of a company's pension plan, or the number of personal computers 
in a company. Such information rarely finds its way to public databases. 

Intelligence by fax
-------------------
Financial Times' Profile has Fax Alert. Predefine your interests using 
search words. Stories will be cut and sent to your personal fax number 
whenever they appear. Price depends on the number of characters sent.

Other online services offer similar services. 

Using the modem as a marketing tool
----------------------------------
Many companies - large and small - use the networks as a marketing 
instrument. 

Some set up inexpensive bulletin board systems to provide technical support 
to customers. McAfee Associates, Inc. in California is one example. They 
offer technical information, help, upgrade software, list of agents, 
technical bulletins with lists of products, and new products through 
agents' support BBSes all over the world. 

To keep in touch with customers all over the world, Microsoft, Toshiba, 
Quarterdeck, Digital Research, Tandy, Novell and hundreds of others have a 
presence on the Internet.  

The Internet provides an unparalleled way to present the image it wishes to 
project, and to communicate all its messages to a diversity of self-
selecting, interested audiences.  Businesses can also use their Internet 
presence as an intelligence-gathering device, a valuable feedback loop, and 
an early warning system for itself - at an amazingly low cost. 

Microsoft's Knowledge base is one example. Their database collection of 
case-study examples, tips, updates and related articles about Microsoft 
products is available on the Web as http://www.microsoft.com/. 

Here are some other interesting examples to check out: 

    http://www.pizzahut.com/
    http://sunsolve1.sun.com
    http://www.mastercard.com
    http://www.americanexpress.com
    http://login.eunet.no/~presno

Mind you, having a Web page has no value if nobody visits it. Make sure 
you send information about your site to the net's announcement services!

First, study the FAQ-document "How To Announce Your New Web Site" (at
http://ep.com/faq/webannounce.html), WebCom's "Publicizing Your Web Site" 
(http://www.webcom.com/html/publicize.shtml) - which also includes 
"Registration to Spanish Indexes" - and the Internet Advertising Resource 
Guide (http://www.admedia.org). 

For discussions about Internet Advertising/Marketing techniques, join the 
I-Advertising mailing list (http://www.exposure-usa.com/i-advertising/).

Other interesting places include the Online Advertising Discussion lists (at
http://www.tenagra.com and http://www.o-a.com/), and The Internet-Sales 
Moderated Discussion List (at http://www.mmgco.com). For a long list of 
Marketing-related Discussion and Announcement Groups on the net, visit 
http://www.wolfbayne.com/lists/. 

Then, find a service that can help you submit your Web address widely to 
the net's search engines and directories. Here are some ideas: 

    comp.infosystems.www.announce
    net-happenings@is.internic.net
    http://www.openmarket.com
    http://www.yahoo.com/
    http://galaxy.einet.net/
    doylej@liberty.uc.wlu.edu -  Net-link

Finally, browse "The Executive Guide to Marketing on the New Internet" at 
http://www.industry.net/guide.html, and study ActivMedia's focus look at 
online marketing trends (http://www.activmedia.com). 

Marketing and sales by modem
----------------------------
The Americans have a gift for this. You meet them in online forums all over 
the world, in person or through agents, and especially in computer oriented 
conferences and clubs. 

Their main strategy is reference selling. Make key customers happy, and 
make sure they tell others. 

In Chapter 5, I told you what happened when a member wrote about his 
upgrade to a 425 megabytes hard disk in CompuServe's Toshiba forum. It made 
me place my order with his preferred seller. 

One common sales strategy is to be constantly present in relevant 
conferences, and spend a generous amount of time helping others. This takes 
time. By proving competence and willingness to help, you build a positive 
personal profile. This profile is the key to business, information about 
competitors and other benefits. 

To drop quickly into a conference to post an "advertisement," is a waste of 
time. The message may be read by some, but chances are that you will be 
criticized (in public) for having "polluted their environment" with a 
commercial message. On the Internet, it is considered inappropriate to send 
out unsolicited information. 

A North American business person tried this approach. He posted a long 
sales letter to all conferences and newsgroups that he could find. The 
text started like this: 

 Subject:      Court Ordered Liquidation - Computer Memory 
               - CPU's & DSK Drives

 Choice Trading Company, Court Appointed Liquidators, have been
 assigned to liquidate the following Multi-Million Dollar inventory
 of computer Memory Chips, CPU's and Hard Disk Drives. All items are
 new and come with applicable manufactures warranty. Prices quoted
 include all state and local taxes plus shipping and handling.

 Order                                                 Cost
 Number   Mfg.       Description                      (EACH)

 Memory

 1524    Toshiba    30 Pin Simms 1x3     70ns  1 meg  $ 25.00
 1525    Toshiba    30 Pin Simms 1x9     70ns  1 meg    25.00

 etc.

Three days later, his mailbox was closed. Furious users had bombarded it 
with everything from hate mail to megabytes of rubbish. His access provider
had to close down the account to avoid serious operational problems. 

Another reason for not using the "advertisement" strategy is that the 
volume of information in the best conferences for your marketing effort 
probably is too high to make traditional advertisements worthwhile. 

When you distribute commercial information, preface it with a concise 
summary that can be followed-up with more detail if requested. Also, make 
sure that the information provided is of significant value to readers. 

If you're an entrepreneur running a home business, visit the Usenet group
at misc.entrepreneurs.

International trade
-------------------
The International Trade Network is on the IntlTrade mailing list. It is for 
advertisements of exports, imports, services, and direct investments. Trade 
advertisements may be posted gratis by anyone, and are relayed worldwide by 
email to subscribers in a daily digest. For information, send email to 
majordomo@world.std.com with the following in the body of the text (leave 
the subject blank): INFO INTLTRADE , or check out the mailing lists' Web
site at http://www.intltradezone.com/.

You'll find a glossary of terms used in the business of trading at
http://centrex.com/terms.html.

Check out the International Trade Forum on CompuServe. Message areas and 
libraries are divided into geographical parts of the world, as well as 
topic of general interest. Separate message sections are set up for traders 
to network and make contacts that may lead to deals. 

Electronic mail
---------------
Here is a list of other useful applications of electronic mail: 

    * to distribute lists of important prospects quickly to your 
      sales force,
    * to avoid lengthy telephone conversations,
    * to receive order information faster and more efficiently than
      by traditional mail or fax (and from a larger geographical area),
    * to distribute quickly reports and memos to key people all
      over the world,
    * to send new prices and product announcements to customers,
    * to exchange spread sheets and analyses between users of
      personal computers.

If this isn't enough, ask for information from the International Business 
Network at 70724.311@compuserve.com (70724,311 on CompuServe). 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART 3: WORKING SMARTER

In some countries, the costs of communication are outrageously high, in 
others almost free. In some places, it is rare to experience noise on the 
telephone line, while it may be almost impossible even to connect at 2400 
bits/s in other countries. 

Another problem is one of affluence. The Internet has given us all too many 
powerful resources. How do I get the best out of Internet without drowning 
in unneeded details? What is the recommended approach? What pitfalls to 
avoid? How to get more done in less time without upgrading my connection to 
the net? 

Working smarter is the theme in this part of the book. 


Chapter 12: Practical tips
==========================

This chapter is about: Favorite Internet tools. Speed and safety. Surfing 
strategies. The World Wide Web and Usenet by email. Handling email 
overload. Getting off that mailing list. Copyright and other legal matters. 
Unwritten laws about personal conduct. File transfers through the Internet. 
Fax services weigh less than a portable printer. 

Favorite Internet tools
-----------------------
Working smarter is a matter of having the right tools, and being able and 
willing to use their features. The programs below are now my favorite tools 
for tapping the Internet resource. They all work under Microsoft Windows. I 
use version 3.11. 

Winsock
The Trumpet Winsock shareware program. I have used it successfully on dial-
up SLIP, PPP, SLiRP, and TIA (The Internet Adapter) lines. If you need help 
when setting it up, consult the alt.winsock newsgroup. See Chapter 15, 
and Appendix 2. The program can be retrieved from libraries all over the 
Internet. 

Internet's "Swiss Army Knife"
Netscape (http://www.netscape.com/) is one of my favorites for World Wide 
Web, Gopher, finding files, and file transfers. There are versions for 
Unix, Macintosh, and Windows platforms. 

My two other Web browser favorites are Microsoft Internet Explorer (at 
http://www.microsoft.com/), and Opera (http://www.operasoftware.com). 

These programs sure work fast and reliably with my Internet providers, 
though old-fashioned text-only Lynx works faster!. 

Hint: Consider leaving the graphics behind when using Netscape to travel
the Web at much higher speeds. Click on Options, Autoload Image, and Save 
Options to turn off. When you need to see the images, click Load Images.
Do the same if using the others.

Lynx
----
Most of my Web accesses are done using Lynx. I call my Internet provider, 
get the Unix prompt, and just enter "lynx URL" to get it at lightening 
speed. See Appendix 6 for details. It even allows you to enjoy the Web 
using DOS and your old communications program. I run it off a batch file. 

Electronic mail
Eudora used to be the most used email program on the Internet, but now I'm 
not so sure any more. Many people use their Web browsers for mail these 
days. 

The free version (3.0) is my current favorite. It is reliable, and have 
strong filtering features. Information at http://www.eudora.com/. Check
http://www.eudora.com/techsupport/online.html for list of online support 
forums and resources. 

Pegasus Mail (http://www.pegasus.usa.com) is also free. I have tested it 
on SLiRP and TIA/SLIP connections, and a straight PPP line. It has buttons 
for the "Prev" and "Next" message in your pile of unread mail. You can 
search forwards and backwards for a string, a full word, with or without 
case specified. Strong filtering features. 

For information, try http://risc.ua.edu/pub/network/pegasus. The program 
is supported by mailing lists and newsgroups, like comp.mail.pegasus-mail. 

Both programs can be set up for Mailto: handling in popular Web browsers.

Chat
Check out the mIRC shareware program for Windows 3.x and Windows 95. Many 
IRC links are built into mIRC for you. Just click and go. The software may 
be retrieved at http://www.mirc.co.uk.

Usenet netnews
The Free Agent netnews program from Forte Advanced Management Software, 
Inc. is particularly interesting for dialup modem users. You can set it
for online or offline operation to balance convenience and economy. 

I have used my Microsoft Windows version successfully both over a PPP, 
SLIP, SLiRP, and TIA/SLIP dialup connection. Having a color screen is 
important. 

Free Agent lets you quickly sample threads and newsgroups. You can perform 
many online tasks at once: You can browse articles in one newsgroup while 
retrieving headers for another, or download long articles while continuing 
to browse. 

It does multi-level article threading, using both the subject and the 
article ID. You always know exactly what posting an article is responding 
to. It offers Watch and Ignore commands for threads, and rapid navigation 
within and among threads.  

You can post and receive articles with binary attachments, with automatic 
splitting and combining to span multiple messages.  If the attachment is 
viewable (for instance, images or sound) you can view it from within the 
news reader.  

For information, link to http://www.forteinc.com/forte/. To hear what 
others think, check out alt.usenet.offline-readers, alt.winsock, 
news.software.readers, and the CompuServe WINCON forum. 

Speed and safety
----------------
Read about MNP, ITU-TSS V.42, and V.42bis in Appendix 2. These are popular 
methods for automatic error correction and compression of data. Compression 
gives faster transfers of data. 

To use them, your modem must have these features built-in. They must also 
be enabled in the modem of the service that you are calling. 

Compression is particularly helpful when sending or receiving text, for 
example news stories and conference messages. It gives faster transfers. 

They are not of much help when transferring precompressed texts and 
programs. They may even make file transfers with protocols like ZMODEM, 
Kermit, and XMODEM impossible. If this happens, temporarily turn off the 
MNP and V.24/V42bis settings in your modem (more about this in Appendix 2). 

The more advanced your software is, the more time it may take to learn how 
to use it efficiently. The rewards are lower telephone costs, faster 
transfers, and less time spent doing technical online work. 

Pegasus Mail and Eudora for Internet mail let you retrieve your full 
mailbox in one batch, and reply to your mail offline. When finished, you 
can shoot them back to your mailbox for distribution in one shot.

Some BBSes and online services let you retrieve conference messages using a 
get or grab function. This function often comes in two versions: 

    * Grab to display: New messages and conference items are 
      received in an uninterrupted stream without stops between 
      items. Retrieval of text can happen at maximum speed. 

    * Grab to compressed file: New messages and conference items 
      are selected, automatically compressed and stored in a file. 
      The file is then transferred automatically using ZMODEM or 
      some other protocol. 

Read about 'offline readers' in chapter 16 for more about this. 

Recommended. 

Surfing strategies.
-------------------
Frank Burns of the American online service MetaNet is spokesperson for the 
strategy Scan - Focus - Act. 

On your first visits to a new online service, you SCAN to get an overview 
of what is being offered and find out how to use it most efficiently. Notes 
are made of interesting bulletins, databases, conferences, messages, news 
services, public domain and shareware programs, games, and more. 

Capture everything to disk. Don't study it until disconnected from the 
service. Rate the material to prepare for your next moves: FOCUS and ACT. 

    | New Netscape users may have problems doing this. However,  |
    | it is not as complex as it sounds, and in particular if    |
    | you take the trouble to retrieve shareware utilities like  |
    | Cache Master or Web Saver from the net. They let you read  |
    | and search the Web texts saved in Netscape's cache on your |
    | hard disk. Use http://www.shareware.com to locate them.    |

    | Another option is to have Netscape mail you the pages.     |

As you learn about offerings, users and applications, your use of the 
services changes. Things that caught your attention on your first visits, 
lose to discoveries. Some applications may be promoted to "something I want 
to do again," like when you decide to read a given news report on Monday 
mornings. 

Here are some other hints: 

    * Find out what you do NOT need to know and have enough 
      self-confidence immediately to discard irrelevant material. 
      Walk quickly through the information. Select what you need 
      now, store other interesting items on your hard disk, clip 
      references, and drop the remainder of your capture file. 

    * Learn when and how to use people, computers, libraries and 
      other resources. Prepare well before going online. Note that 
      the online resource may not necessarily be the quickest way 
      to the goal. If you want the name of Michael Jackson's latest 
      album, you may get a faster answer by calling a local music 
      shop. . . . 

    * Make an outline of how to search the service before going 
      online. If required, start by going online to collect help 
      menus and lists of search commands (unless you already have 
      the printed user information manual). Study the instructions 
      carefully, plan your visit, and then call back. 

Often, it may be useful to do trial searches in online data captured to 
hard disk during previous trips. Do this to check if your use of search 
words is sensible. 

Who knows, you may even find what you are searching for right there.  
Besides, you must use the correct search terms to find what you are looking 
for. 

Write your search strategy on a piece of paper. If you know how to write 
macros for your communications program, consider writing some for your 
planned search commands. - Few people can type 240 characters or more per 
second. Using macros may save you time, frustration and money. 

It may be wise to do your search in two steps. On your first visit: Get a 
LIST of selected headlines or references, and then log off the service. 

Study your finds, and plan the next step. Then call back to get full-text 
of the most promising stories. 

This strategy is often better than just 'hanging online' while thinking. 
When you feel the pressure of the taximeter, it is easy to make costly 
mistakes. 

Novices should always go the easiest way. Don't be shy. Ask SOS Assistance 
services for help, if available. When using commercial services, invest in 
special communication programs with built in automatic online searching 
features. They are designed to make your work easier. 

Limit your search and avoid general and broad search terms. It is often 
wise to start with a search word that is so 'narrow' that it is unlikely to 
find articles outside your area of interest. Your goal is not to find many 
stories. You want the right ones. 

    | You should periodically go back to the SCAN phase, and not |
    | concentrate on FOCUS and ACT alone.                        |

Using email gateways to Internet resources
------------------------------------------
Things are so simple with Netscape. If you want a file, just click on the 
link, and it gets transferred to your hard disk. Still, some people opt to 
do it by email. One reason may be that it is the only way they can get 
them. Another good reason is to save time. 

For most users, time is an important consideration. There is connect time 
(may cost you money), the number of minutes it will take to get a task 
done (calendar time), and the number of minutes and hours you must "work" 
to complete a desired task. 

If you must complete a task by 11:55, then a direct connection to the 
remote source may be the only answer. Interactive methods like the World 
Wide Web, Gopher, anonymous ftp, and telnet are the probable choices.

However, as the number of people using the Internet grows, response time 
periodically is slow. If you are out of luck, then that important file from 
somewhere may snail toward you at a speed less than 300 bits per second. To 
sign on to a remote telnet site can take minutes. You may have to wait what 
feels like a small eternity for the next WWW page or gopher menu to show 
up. 

If getting more out of your hours online, then read on. Batch processing of 
online work can save you much waiting time. 

On the Internet, there are servers set up to give you Web pages by email.
There is FTPmail, the batch alternative to ftp transfers of files. Archie 
can be used by email. GopherMail lets you browse Gopher menus by email (see 
Appendix 6). Sure, it may take more time to get the desired information, 
but you will not waste time waiting in front of your display. 

You can even search many data bases on the Web by email! 

Batch searches of what others say on specialized matters is another 
exciting opportunity. (See the discussion on how to search LISTSERV log 
files, and archives of other mailing list systems, in Chapter 7 and 10). 

The World Wide Web by email
---------------------------
Many services let you request Web pages by email.  For a list, check
ftp://ftp.mailbase.ac.uk/pub/lists/lis-iis/files/e-access-inet.txt, and
ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsintro.faq.

The method described below works with my current favorite, a Web by email 
service called Agora in Japan. For help instructions, check the following
Web page: http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/htdocs/Agora/Help.txt, or send a 
message containing the world Help to agora@dna.affrc.go.jp. 

You'll find some other fine Web by email services at w3mail@gmd.de,
agora@kamakura.mss.co.jp, agora@www.eng.dmu.ac.uk, and 
getweb@usa.healthnet.org. 

Request WWW pages by sending email to agora@dna.affrc.go.jp. Put the 
retrieval commands in the BODY of your mail, like this 

   send <URL>

The term "URL" may be thought of as a Web address. See Appendix 6 for more 
and explanation. Here's an example: If you send the following command: 

   send http://www.eunet.no/~presno/presno.html

to the Agora Web page server, then a copy of my personal WWW page will be 
returned to you by email. 

An interactive user of the World Wide web can "click" on marked hypertext 
words, or mark them in other ways, to retrieve associated pages with 
information. The WWWmail user does this by resubmitting URL codes found 
appended to the received pages to the Agora server address. 

Words of warning:

 * If the requested document is too large, this WWWmail service
   will only send you the first 5,000 lines.

 * If the service is unable to connect to the requested WWW server,
   you will receive an error message without much explanation. The
   reason may be a spelling error on your part, but also that the
   network connection between the LISTSERV and the requested server
   was "bad" at the moment. Therefore, check your spelling, and try
   again.

 * Only the first 5 lines of requests will be processed. 

Agora Server Help files (ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wshelp.faq) is 
a collection of help texts from various providers of www by email services.
It is useful to help you select the best provider for your jobs. Also, use 
the file to find how to satisfy special needs, like 

 * Retrieval of a web page, plus all linked pages in one operation.
 * Email a web page to another user's address. 
 * Sending binary data in an uuencoded format.
 * Splitting very long web addresses over two or more lines.
 * Get the output converted into PostScript, compressed file (Gnu zip).
 * Access to password protected files.
 * Get a Web-document and all inline-images as body-parts of a MIME-mail
   (Content-Type: multipart/mixed).
 * Retrieval of up to 5 megabyte files.
 * Restrict the size of received web pages.
 * Format the output for 80 columns of text.
 * Fill out html forms.
 * Receive special language characters as quoted-printable (Mime).

Make sure you test the German service (see http://w3gate.gmd.de/)! Then, 
see http://members.aol.com/bombagirl/freeware/email4u.txt for more hints. 

Searching databases by mail
---------------------------
It is also possible to search many databases by WWWmail. The trick is to 
find the correct URL to use when submitting your search terms. Some are 
given in our examples below. 

The search URLs of some popular search engines are also given in WWWmail 
service's help texts. For example, send the word HELP to Agora to receive 
hints on searching Lycos, Yahoo, the WAIS server at Oxford University, 
WebCrawler, Hyper RFC, MetaCrawler (http://www.metacrawler.com/), 
Veronica, and Alta Vista. 

If a desired service is not on the list, you can often find out yourself:
First, log on to make a manual, interactive search using almost any 
browser. Save the reported Web address (URL) of the resulting report for 
analysis. Finally, test variations of this URL with different search words 
to find one that works. 

Using the Lynx browser, first make a search using a typical combination of 
search terms. When the hit report is on your screen, press "=" to show file 
and link information. Mail this data to yourself, or make a copy before 
logging off. 

Then, investigate the URL under "File that you are currently viewing." 
Locate your original search terms among the codes of the URL, replace them 
by new search terms, and send the revised URL back to the search service to 
see if it works. 

Note: Search URLs are usually long and cumbersome. Therefore, experienced 
users often save them as templates on disk for easy retrieval and editing 
on-the-fly. Many email clients, like Pegasus Mail, let you pick from a list 
of permanently saved messages, edit, and then send off the revised search 
command with a click. 

Other users tie frequently used search commands to specific keystrokes. 
Example: Enter keyword "news" followed by Ctrl-E to have the string "SEND 
http://www.newsindex.com/cgi-bin/process.cgi?query=" put into the text of 
your mail. Add search words, and you're ready to send. 

Searching today's news
----------------------
In Chapter 9, we mentioned the News Index news only search engine. To find 
today's articles about the term "netpc" using Agora, send this command: 

   SEND http://www.newsindex.com/cgi-bin/process.cgi?query=netpc

To search for two terms, like "sun" and "java", use this command:

   SEND http://www.newsindex.com/cgi-bin/process.cgi?query=java+sun

Searching Alta Vista
--------------------
If you want information about a person named Bill Gates, try this command 
(write it on one line): 

   SEND http://altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q
   &what=web&fmt=.&q=bill+gates

For AltaVista searches you must separate words with a "+"sign. All searches 
are exact, no trailing dot required. The codes have the following meanings:

   &q=search term(s)
   &what=news (for newsgroups) or web (for web searches)
   &fmt= blank (for standard search)

It also works with more complex commands. For example, I made a search for 
all occurrences of the word "presno" in all Web documents except those 
containing "presno" in the URL. In Alta Vista parlance, we do this with 

   presno -url:presno

Using Agora, I did it with the query

   SEND http://altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q
   &what=web&fmt=.&q=presno+-url:presno

A standard search in newsgroups (first 30 matches) is done with:

   SEND http://www.altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q&what=news
   &fmt=&q=bill+gates

Some options:

   Compact form searches: replace &fmt= with &fmt=c
   Detailed form searches: replace &fmt= with &fmt=s
   To get the next 25 matches: add start query value &stq=30 (start at 30)
   Add number of queries to return value &nbq=25 (get next 25)

   Example: SEND http://www.altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q
            &what=web&stq=30&nbq=30&fmt=&q=spam

For advanced queries, play around with the following parameters:

   Replace query?pg=q with query?pg=aq
   Replace &fmt= with &fmt=.
   Change &q= to &q&r=
   Add dates:
   start date &d0=20%2Fmmm%2Fyy   
                where mmm = month abbreviation and yy = year
   end   date &d1=30%2Fmmm%2Fyy   
                where mmm = month abbreviation and yy = year

Example: Advanced search on Web sites - first 25 matches between 20Feb95 
and 30Mar96 

   SEND http://www.altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=aq&what=web
   &fmt=.&q&r=bill+gates&d0=20%2Ffeb%2F95&d1=30%2Fmar%2F96

More about AltaVista at ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsalta.faq.

Searching DejaNews
------------------
Searching this service is more complex as your query must be inserted into 
the middle of a long SEND command. Search for "Bill Gates" by using this 
command (on one single line): 

   send http://search.dejanews.com/nph-dnquery.xp?query=bill+gates&default
   Op=AND&svcclass=dncurrent&maxhits=20

For DejaNews searches you must separate words with a "+"sign. For power 
searches, alter the default values used above as follows: 

   &defaultOP=AND or OR
   &svcclass=dncurrent or dnold
   &maxhits=30, 60, or 120
   &format=terse (concise) or verbose (detailed)
   &threaded=0 (listed) 1 (threaded)
   &showsort=score, newsgroup, date, author
   &agesign=1 (prefer new), -1 (prefer old)
   &ageweight=1 (some), 0 (great), 3 (none)

Send the word "help" to agora@kamakura.mss.co.jp for more information 
about using this Agora server.

For more details and tips about searching the Web by email, check out
http://www.wp.com/resch/esearch.txt, and the following FAQ files

    DejaNews: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsdeja.faq
    Excite: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsexcite.faq
    HotBot: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wshotbot.faq
    InfoSeek: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsiseek.faq
    Metacrawler: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsmeta.faq
    Yahoo: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsyahoo.faq
    FTP Search: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsftp.faq
    MedLine: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wsmedlne.faq
    TheList: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/gb/gboyd/wstlist.faq

Usenet by email
---------------
You can retrieve a list of recent postings to a given newsgroup by sending 
email to a WWW by email service. Use use the following type of commands: 

  send news:alt.winsock            (returns a list of recent postings)
  deep news:alt.winsock            (returns the list AND the postings)

The first command (send) will give you a list like this:

                          Newsgroup alt.winsock,  Articles 26012-26031

   (Earlier articles[1]...) Articles in alt.winsock
   "Program wanted" - Leslie Mark Styles[2]
   "[HELP] twinsock (makefile vs Makefile)" - Scott Ehrlich[3]

   *** References from this document ***
   [orig] news:alt.winsock
   [1] news:alt.winsock/25992-26011
   [2] news:175@lmsprog.win-uk.net
   [3] news:3d04qm$c72@narnia.ccs.neu.edu

Now, if you want article [3], just send a mail back to the WWW by email 
service with the following command in the body of your mail 

   send news:3d04qm$c72@narnia.ccs.neu.edu

Note: Some Agora servers may return the list of recent postings to you
in html format, presented something like this:

   <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Newsgroup: alt.winsock</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><H1>
   Newsgroup: alt.winsock</H1>HERE WE CAN PUT INFORMATION AND EXTRA LINKS 
   <LI><A HREF="32365905.2574992@newsvr">
       Re:Determining Winsock Version</A> David Beaver
   <LI><A HREF="5164ar%2424k_002@fan.net.au">
       NEEDED - Someone who really knows KA9Q,DOS and PPP dialup</A> Steve
   <LI><A HREF="3236b2aa.45939574@192.249.1.30">
       Re:Eudora Mail Program for Win95</A> J. Wayne Waller

These lists are harder to read unless you use an offline Web browser. To 
retrieve individual items, the trick is to isolate the address codes 
between the two html code pairs'<A HREF="' and '">' in the list. 

Example: The first article above is written by David Beaver, and the title 
is "Re:Determining Winsock Version". The associated address code is given
as "32365905.2574992@newsvr". You can send this code to a WWW by email 
service as given above using the format

   send news:32365905.2574992@newsvr

More Usenet by email tricks
---------------------------
Many newsgroups are connected to mailing lists that you can subscribe to 
by email. Articles submitted to the newsgroup through these mailing lists 
will often pass through a moderator, who reviews the submissions before 
posting them. 

In some cases, articles are stored in log files that may be searched. In 
other cases, you can have selected newsgroup articles sent to you by email. 

  | Some mailing lists will not let you search unless you are a |
  | subscriber to the given list. However, you may not have     |
  | the time, nor be interested in, reading all the postings.   |
  | You just want those items containing your specific keywords.|
  |                                                             |
  | For example, I want to track references to this book.  The  |
  | search term "Online World" is likely to give too many false |
  | hits. Regular searches for the word "Presno" is a better    |
  | search strategy.                                            |
  |                                                             |
  | The trick is to adjust your subscription, so you will       |
  | receive no mail. You can achieve this by sending an email   |
  | to the LISTSERV in question containing this command:        |
  |                                                             |
  |     SET <list name> NOMAIL                                  |
  |                                                             |
  | Now, search whenever you like.                              |

For a list of newsgroups with associated mailing lists, send mail to 
listserv@cc1.kuleuven.ac.be containing the command "//NNHELP" for 
instructions. Add "//NEWSGROUPS" for a current list of available 
newsgroups. 

Many documents that appear periodically in newsgroups are available for 
retrieval over the net. Read under FAQ in Appendix 6 about how to retrieve. 

Reference.COM (see Chapter 11) lets you search for recent Usenet articles 
that are already in the local database on this host. For example, to search 
for articles related to "information filtering," send an email message to 
email-queries@Reference.COM containing the following command in the TEXT 
of your mail: 

     find 'information filtering'

Several News Mail Servers let users post to Usenet news by email. Note that 
none of these support all existing newsgroups. Example: Send your mail to 
[news-group-name]@cs.utexas.edu . Replace [news-group-name] with the name 
of the desired newsgroup, as in mail comp-sys-misc@cs.utexas.edu . 

Other News Mail Servers: 

   [news.group.name]-news@newsbase.cs.yale.edu
   [news.group.name]@pubnews.demon.co.uk
   [news.group.name]@dispatch.demon.co.uk
   [news.group.name]@paris.ics.uci.edu
   [news.group.name]@crs4gw.crs4.it

Send a messages to mg5n+remailers@andrew.cmu.edu for a list or remailers 
with detailed instructions. For information on anonymous remailers, try
http://www.skypoint.com/~gimonca/anonmail.html. 

Note: All gateways will reject posts without Subject lines. Also, make you 
read about the Unwritten Laws about Personal Conduct below before using 
this feature!

Handling email overload
-----------------------
It is easy to get overwhelmed by the quantity of messages in mailing lists 
and discussion groups. Luckily, there are things you can do.

Learn more about the software you use for reading mail. Some programs have 
filtering features that permits automatic storage of incoming mail in 
folders or files depending on sender, subject, or other characteristics. 
This potentially makes it easier to follow discussions on mailing lists. 

Many programs let you create a list of all incoming mail organized by
subject header. You may find this to be a big help as headers usually 
reflect what is being discussed. 

Do not feel that you must read every message. If the header does not show 
anything interesting, just skip it. If curious, you can always look at one 
of the messages to see what the general area of discussion is about before 
deciding. 

Learn about the capabilities of the LISTSERV, Majordomo, or LISTPROC that 
distribute the conference messages. Using features like DIGEST or INDEX can 
reduce your load (see Chapter 13).

A LISTSERV will also allow a subscriber to TURN OFF the mail during an 
absence. Some LISTSERVs will even permit a command to save the mail and 
send it later. There are many commands to explore. 

Getting off that mailing list
-----------------------------
A while ago, you subscribed to that mailing list. Now you cannot get off 
it. You have tried SIGNOFF, UNSUBSCRIBE, and other likely commands, only to 
receive "Bad command" messages in return. 

If it is a LISTSERV mailing list, and the list you want to get off is 
called TOW (at listserv@listserv.nodak.edu), use the command SIGNOFF 
<list name> as in "SIGNOFF TOW". Put the command in the body of your mail, 
and send it to the LISTSERV. 

    Never send signoff commands to the mailing list itself, 
    unless you want all members to learn about your ignorance.

The SIGNOFF command is not a global command that works with all types of 
mailing list. If it doesn't work, try UNSUBSCRIBE <list name>. If that also 
fails, try the HELP or INFO. You may try putting the words both on the 
subject line and in the body of the mail. 

Sometimes signing off from a list fails because your email address has 
changed since you subscribed. 

Example: A while ago, I was trying to get off a list. When I subscribed, it 
was made either from a mailbox with the address opresno@ulrik.uio.no, or 
from opresno@extern.uio.no. These addresses are now presno@login.eunet.no 
and presno@grida.no. When I tried to signoff, I was told that neither 
address could be removed from the mailing list. 

One solution is to write to the administrator of the list, or to the 
postmaster of the host where the mailing list program is running. 

    Hint for Netscape users: To get off a list that you subscribed to  
    from another email address, set Netscape up with your old e-mail   
    "from" address under menu Options/Preferences/Images, Network, and 
    Mail. It's easy. Just put your old e-mail address into the box     
    labeled "Your Email" and send a "SIGNOFF <list name>" to the       
    LISTSERV.

Some LISTSERV mailing lists let you send the command "REVIEW <list name>" 
for a list of subscribers (example: REVIEW TOW sent to the LISTSERV address 
above). This list usually contains the address of the administrator. 

In some cases, usage of the REVIEW command is blocked. Then inspect the 
mailer header of messages from the mailing list. For example, if it says 

  From: listserv@w3.org

then there you have the address of the host computer. Try "postmaster" 
instead of "listserv" to reach a live person for help. 

Copyright notices and legal stuff
---------------------------------
Most commercial online services protect their offerings with copyright 
notices. This is especially so for database information and news. 

Some vendors make you accept in writing not to store captured data on a 
local media (like diskettes or hard disks). Others force clients to use 
communication software that makes it impossible to store incoming data to 
disk. 

The reason is simple. Information providers want to protect their income. 

In most countries, you can quote from what others have written. You can cut 
out parts of a whole and use in your own writing. What you can not do, 
however, is to copy news raw to resell to others. If an online service 
discovers that you're doing that, expect a law suit. 

Read copyright notices to learn about the limitations on your usage of data 
that you receive. 

Unwritten laws about personal conduct
-------------------------------------
Some services let their users be anonymous. This is the case on many chat 
services. If you want to pose as Donald Duck or Jack the Ripper, just do 
that. 

Many free BBS systems let you register for full access to the service 
during your first visit. It is possible to use any name. Don't do that. 
Use your true name, unless asked to do otherwise. It's impolite and 
unrespectful of the other members to participate in online discussions 
using a false identity. 

Being helpful is an important aspect of the online world. The people you 
meet use their time to help you and others. Often for free. The atmosphere 
is therefore often one of gratitude, and a positive attitude toward all 
members of the various groups. 

If you use rude words in public, expect your mailbox to fill with angry 
messages from others. Those who respond carefully to personal attacks, will 
never regret it. Don't say things online that you would not have said in 
person. 

REMEMBER: Words written in a moment of anger or frustration may be stored 
on at least one hard disk. Your 'sins' may stay there for a long time - to 
resurface when you least want it to. 

Here are some guidelines (often called 'online netiquette'): 

    * If mail to a person doesn't make it through, avoid posting
      the message to a conference. Keep private messages private.

    * It is considered extremely bad taste to post private mail
      from someone else on public conferences, unless they give 
      you explicit permission to redistribute it. 

    * Many users end their messages with some lines about how
      to reach them  (their email address, phone number, address, 
      etc.). Limit your personal "signature" to four lines.

      Hint: Do not include a signature when sending commands
      to email based services. It can confuse the servers.

    * Do not send test messages to a public conference, unless
      they are set up to serve this purpose.

    * If someone requests that readers reply by private email,
      do that. Do not send to the conference, where the request 
      appeared. 

    * When replying to a message in a public conference, many
      users 'quote' the original message prefixed by '>' or
      another special character, as in

         You wrote:
         >I strongly believe it was wrong to attack
         >Fidel Castro in this way!

     When you quote another person, edit out whatever isn't
     directly applicable to your reply. By including the entire
     message, you'll only annoy those reading it.

   * Note that if you USE ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, people will
     think you are shouting.

For more on "netiquette," join the mailing list of the same name. In the 
owner's own word, it is 

   devoted to network etiquette, the informal set of rules, civilities, 
   and social graces that have evolved in cyberspace, the do's and 
   don'ts of online behavior. What are the rules? How have they evolved? 
   How can responsible net.citizens avoid breaches of Netiquette? How 
   should we respond to the breaches of others? Is flaming an art and 
   if so, how can it be mastered? What's being said about Netiquette 
   on the net and in the media? 

To subscribe, send email to netiquette-request@albion.com with the 
following command in the subject field: 

   subscribe Firstname Lastname

For a copy of the "Core Rules of Netiquette" document, send an email to the 
same address with the following text in the subject field:

    archive send core

Finally, smile with me about the following story: According to Time 
Magazine (7/19/93, p. 58), three women who corresponded with Mr. X over the 
network discovered his duplicity and went public on the network. The 
incident sparked a lively debate over electronic etiquette (and ruined Mr. 
Casanova's chances for further romance). 

File transfers through the Internet
-----------------------------------
The Internet is a network interconnecting hundreds of thousands of computer 
centers around the world. These centers use different types of hardware and 
software, and different methods of file transfer. 

What method to use for file transfers depends on the source host and the 
type of connection and software that you are using. For those using a web 
browser, it is usually very simple. Just click on the file's hyperlink to 
start the transfer. 

For those using the original method transferring files by FTP, the transfer 
usually takes place in two steps: 

    1. Transferring files from a remote data center to your local 
       mailbox host. 

    2. Transfer from your local mailbox host to your personal 
       computer. 

Transfers by email
------------------
Transferring plain text files is easy. Files with imbedded word processor 
control codes will often have to be treated as binary files. More about 
this later. 

Getting text files from a mailing list library on a remote computer is a 
special case. Sometimes, these files are available from a web page or an 
ftp archive. If this is the case, clicking on a hyperlink is usually all
it takes. 

However, sometimes you must send a retrieval command (like GET) by email to 
a remote center. After a while, the file will be sent to your mailbox by 
email. You can read it like you read other mail. 

Example: The file MSDOS1 can be retrieved from the KIDART directory on a 
computer center in North Dakota, U.S.A. It explains how to retrieve binary 
art files from the KIDLINK project's file libraries. 

Using a web browser, you can get it by clicking at 

  ftp://listserv.nodak.edu/public/KIDART/KIDART.MSDOS1, 

You can also get it by sending an email to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu, 
the handling agent of the files in this directory. Use the following 
general command syntax in your text: 

    GET <directory name>.<file name>

To get the MSDOS1 file, write the following command in the TEXT of your 
message: 

    GET KIDART.MSDOS1

Note that these commands must always be put in the body of the mail and not 
in the subject field. The file will arrive in your mailbox after a while. 

Also, lists of available files are usually available by using an "INDEX 
<directory name>" command. To get a list of files in the KIDART directory, 
add the command "INDEX KIDART" in your message above. 

On some LISTSERV servers, the period between list name and file name is not 
being used. 

Libraries of other types of mailing lists may use other retrieval commands. 
Often, you can get information of what commands to use by sending the word 
HELP to a mailing service (in the Subject area or in the body of the text). 

Transferring binary files
-------------------------
The easiest way of retrieving binary files across the Internet is by using 
a World Wide Web browser like Netscape, or Internet Explorer. You just give 
the program a file location address (URL), as in 

    ftp://ftp.eunet.no/pub/text/online.txt.Z

This address will give you the most current version of this handbook in 
Unix Z compress format. (Remove the trailing ".Z" to retrieve the ascii 
text version.) 

Users with a direct connection to the Internet usually also have access to 
the FTP command (File Transfer Protocol). Some of them prefer FTP for 
transfers of binary files like computer programs, pictures, sound, and 
compressed text files. 

The bad news is that the FTP command is not available to all users of 
Internet mail. These must use "FTP by mail," or other tricks to transfer 
files. More about this in a moment. 

The FTP command gives access to a special file transfer service. It works 
in the following way: 

 Logon to your local email host and enter 'FTP remote-center-code', as 
in this example: 'ftp 134.129.111.1'. 

This command will connect you to the center in North Dakota mentioned 
above. Here, you will be prompted for user name and password. Enter 
'anonymous' as user name, and use your real name or email address as 
password. 

This way of logging on to retrieve files is called "transfers by anonymous 
ftp." You can use this method on many hosts on the Internet. 

 When connected to the remote center, you can request transfer of the 
desired file to your mailbox. Before doing that, you may have to navigate 
to a given file catalog (cd directory), and tell the host that the transfer 
is to be binary (bin). Finally, start the transfer by entering a "GET file 
name" command. 

 The file will be transferred to your local mailbox computer at high 
speed. When the transfer is done, you logoff from the remote center to "get 
back" to your mailbox computer's prompt line. 

Now, you can transfer the file to your personal computer using 
communications protocols like Kermit, XMODEM, ZMODEM or whatever else is 
available. 

Note: I usually prefer Lynx for retrieval jobs using URLs like you would 
use with Netscape, as in "Lynx ftp://ftp.eunet.no/pub/text/online.txt". 

Binary files transferred as text codes
--------------------------------------
If you do not have access to FTP or Lynx, you must use ordinary email for 
your binary transfers. 

Usually, email through the Internet can only contain legal character codes 
(ASCII characters between number 32 - 126). Most systems cannot transfer 
graphics or program files directly, since these files normally contain 
binary codes (which are outside this ASCII character range). 

The solution is to convert binary files to text codes using a utility 
program called UUENCODE. The encoded file can be sent by ordinary email, as 
in this example: 


  From TRICKLE@VM1.NoDak.EDU Fri Aug 16 16:32:37 1991
  Date:     Fri, 16 Aug 1991 09:31:34 CDT
  To: presno@login.eunet.no
  Subject:  Part 1/1 SIMTEL20.INF PD:<MSDOS.STARTER>

  The file PD:<MSDOS.STARTER>SIMTEL20.INF  has been uuencoded before 
  being sent. After combining the 1 parts with the mail headers
  removed, you must run the file through a decode program.
  ------------ Part 1 of 1 ------------
  begin 600 SIMTEL20.INF
  M6T9I;&4Z(%-)351%3#(P+DE.1B`@("`@("`@("`@("`@("`@("!,87-T(')E
  M=FES960Z($IU;F4@,C@L(#$Y.3%=#0H-"B`@(%M.;W1E.B!$=64@=&\@9&ES
  M:6P-"AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:
  M&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:
  6&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&AH:&@(Z
  `
  end
  -------- End of part 1 of 1 ---------

When you receive a message with uuencoded text, download it to your 
personal computer's hard disk. Use an editor to cut out the codes and paste 
them to an empty work file. Using the example above, the first line in your 
work file should contain: 

  begin 600 SIMTEL20.INF

The last line of your work file should contain

  end

Now, use a utility program called UUDECODE to convert the file back to its 
binary form (or whatever). 

More information about uuencoding and uudecoding is given in the MSDOS1 
file mentioned above (for MS-DOS computers). It has a detailed explanation, 
BASIC source code for making the program UUDECODE.COM, and a DEBUG script 
for those preferring that. 

Versions of UUDECODE are also available for other types of computers. 

Transfer of pictures
--------------------
In 1992, Denis Pchelkin (Protvino, Russia) was 11 years old, had two cats 
and one dog, and was a famous contributor of beautiful computer graphics 
art to the KIDLINK project. 

The file ART019 in the KIDART catalog of the North Dakota center contains 
one of his creations. It is a UUENCODEd picture in GIF graphics format. 

Retrieve Denis' art by sending a command to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu. 
Put the following in the TEXT of your message: 

    GET KIDART.ART019

The LISTSERVer will return a message filled with strange uu-codes. We 
assume that you have already retrieved the MSDOS1 file, and that you have a 
version of the conversion program. Your next step is UUdecoding: 

Read the message into an editor or a viewing program. Cut and paste the 
codes to a work file. Keep the original as backup. Use the UUDECODE.COM 
program to convert ART019 into a GIF formatted file. Now, view the picture 
with your favorite graphics program. 

Sending binary files in uuencoded form has weaknesses. One is the lack of 
automatic error correction when sending/receiving email. Noise on the line 
can easily distort the picture. 

File size is another problem. UUENCODEing typically increases file sizes by 
almost one third. Some mailbox systems restrict the length of individual 
messages that you can receive, and the file may just be too big. 

If the uuencoded file gets too big, some services can (or will by default) 
split it up in parts and then sent separately. 

Tons of uuencoded public domain and shareware programs are available for 
retrieval by ordinary email. 

MIME encoding can also be used (see Appendix 6), but is less common. 

FTP by email
-------------
While some services accept commands like GET KIDART.ART019 by email, this 
is not so with the many so-called FTP libraries. Many of them can only be 
accessed by FTP. 

Services exist that will do FTP transfers by email for those not having 
access to the FTP command. For more information, write a message to one of 
these addresses: 

    bitftp@vm.gmd.de                        (Germany)
    ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de            (Germany)
    bitftp@plearn.edu.pl                    (Poland)
    ftpxcorreo@ftp.rcp.net.pe               (Peru)
    bitftp@pucc.princeton.edu               (United States)

In the TEXT of your message, put the word "HELP" for information. Check
ftp://ftp.mailbase.ac.uk/pub/lists/lis-iis/files/e-access-inet.txt for
a longer list of ftpmail servers.

These services will fetch the desired file from the FTP library, uuencode it 
for email transfer and possibly split large files into several messages, 
thus helping you around local restrictions on the size of incoming mail 
messages. 

Using FTP by email can be nice even for those with full Internet access, as
some FTP servers are heavily loaded and interactive response can be very 
sluggish.  It makes sense not to waste time and connect charges in these 
cases. 

Note that FTP mail servers tend to be quite busy. Your reply may not arrive 
for several hours, or days, depending on when and where you send your 
request.  Also, some large files may be split into smaller pieces and 
returned to you as multiple messages, and binary files may be uuencoded by 
the sender. 

Fax services weigh less than a portable printer
-----------------------------------------------
Many online services let you send electronic mail as fax messages. This is 
an interesting feature when in that far away place without a printer. Send 
the draft contract or other texts to your hotel's fax machine or to your 
client's office to get a printout on paper. 

For more about how to send (and receive) faxes, check "How can I send a fax 
from the Internet?" at http://www.savetz.com/fax/.

Free telephone calls
--------------------
Anyone can make free telephone calls through the Internet. All it takes is 
a computer having the right phone software, a sound card, loudspeaker, and 
microphone installed. If your Internet connection is good, then the sound 
quality will be comparable to a regular phone call. 

For more about how to get started with Internet telephony, start with the 
Internet Telephony Software page (http://itel.mit.edu/software.html), 
and follow the links.




------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 13: Cheaper and better communication
============================================

    Packet data services and data transportation services like 
    Tymnet Outdial, and Infonet may help keep costs down. Using 
    the Internet may be even cheaper. 
    
    Hints about reducing the cost of using the World Wide Web
    and mailing lists. 

Many users access online services by calling them directly. Some even do it 
by long distance calls to other cities and countries. The result is often 
inferior transmission quality. The longer the distance of your call, the 
higher the chance that noise characters will degrade your data. 

Long distance may still be preferred for some applications. One example: A 
local Internet provider has a very lousy connection to the rest of the 
Norwegian network. Anything but reading Web pages on their server goes far 
too slowly for my taste. In contrast, I normally receive the Web pages two 
to three times faster by calling long distance to an Internet provider in 
Oslo. Therefore, this is my favorite choice when working under time-pressure. 

Where long-distance communication is unreliable, the ability to link a 
local call with an international online network may also be liberating. 

Others investigate alternative routings for their data. One option is the 
packet data networks. Most countries have Public Data Networks (PDNs) 
operated by local telecommunications authorities. These services are 
usually cheaper than direct calls for some applications, but often more 
expensive than using the other options mentioned in this chapter. 

Another option is to use networks having special deals with your online 
service. For example, CompuServe has deals with networks like WORLD-
Connect, SprintNet, and VNZ-Connect, to name a few. 

"CompuServe!" you protest. "I just want Internet." The interesting thing 
is that CompuServe lets you connect to the Internet. You can even use your 
Netscape and Eudora mail program through them. In some countries, it may 
even be cheaper to use CompuServe as your Internet provider. 

For retrieving Web pages from the United States, CompuServe's home country, 
this service excels. So far, no local Norwegian Internet providers have 
been able to provide me with http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/presno/bok/ 
at the same blitzing speed. The situation may be the same in your country.

There are also other global networks worthy of investigation. Include The 
IBM Global Network, The Microsoft Network (MSN), and America Online on 
your list. (See Appendix 1 for links.)

Using Packet Data Networks
--------------------------
Before you can use a packet data network, you must get a "Network User 
Identification" (NUI) from the PDN carrier. You must also know the Network 
User Address (NUA) of the hosts you want to access. 

In Scandinavia, the local PDNs are called Datapak. In China, it is called 
CNPAC (or CHINAPAC). PDNs can be accessed by direct local calls or through 
leased lines. To personal users, direct calls are least expensive. A leased 
line may be cost efficient when the daily volume is high, like in a 
company. 

When you communicate with online services through a PDN, the latter will 
split your data and bundle it in standard envelopes or 'packets'. 

Each packet is marked with a code and sent out into the data stream. Based 
on this code, the packet is routed from computer center to computer center 
until it reaches its final destination. There, the information will be 
reassembled into its original form before being handed over to a user or 
online service. 

It is almost like traveling by train. The price per packet or traveler is 
lower than what it costs to rent the whole train for your trip. 

National telecommunications monopolies were the first to offer packet data 
services. Their rates were moderately lower than for long distance calls, 
but it was hard to find the relationship between real costs and prices. 
This is still the situation in several countries. 

Throughout the world, efforts to privatize nationwide phone networks 
continue. In many countries, this has given us some interesting competitors 
offering attractive rates for similar services. 

Rates differ considerably from country to country, as does the quality of 
transmissions. The advantage of using packet data also varies considerably, 
by application and by country. The best routing for retrieval of online 
news may be impossibly expensive for chats or complex online jobs. 

We can offer no hard rules of thumb, except this: 

         Compare rates regularly!

What is cheapest?
-----------------
Some networks and access providers charge by the year, month or hour, while 
others charge by volume (number of characters transferred per minute). 

A reasonable fixed rate per year is always your best option, but you may 
not be able to find such offerings in your area. 

When your transmitted volume of data is low, as is the case with chats, your 
best bet is to use services with a low price per minute and high prices for 
volume. However, it usually makes a lot of sense to avoid services charging 
for volume!

When volume is high, your best bet is to use services charging by the 
minute. 

To estimate costs reliably, you need statistics. Since your usage is likely 
to differ from what others do, start gather experience data now. Like this: 

    On services only charging for connect time
    ------------------------------------------
    Capture trip information to a log file. Register the following 
    information:
    * number of minutes connected
    * modem speed
    * number of characters sent. 
    Some communication programs can do this automatically for you. 

    On services charging for time and volume
    ----------------------------------------
    Log the following information:
    * number of minutes connected
    * modem speed
    * number of segments or packets (measurements of volume)

You need these numbers to estimate the average volume of data transferred 
by minute. Here are some general experiences and hints: 

Long streams of data without stops are cheaper through services that only 
charge by the minute. Retrieving software is a typical high volume 
application. 

Trips that include navigation from conference to conference, with a little 
bit of up- and downloading here and there, make the average transfer speed 
fall dramatically. Surfing the World Wide Web is usually in the same class.
It's like driving through a big city at 150 kilometers per hour. Red lights 
will considerably reduce your average speed. 

The actual transferred volume of text per minute will differ from place to 
place (geographically), and often also from call to call. It depends on 
factors like: 

    * How fast you can enter commands and how much time you spend 
      staring at the display before pressing keys,
    * How long it takes for an online service to react to your 
      commands. For example, the response time on CompuServe at 
      04:00 GMT on a Friday morning (it is evening in the U.S.)
      is much worse than at 10:30 GMT on a Sunday morning. By now,
      most North American users are asleep. 
    * The load on your packet data network while you use the 
      service (or the amount of noise and retransmission, when 
      calling direct), 
    * The type of modem you are using (speed, compression level),
    * The number of commands you (or your scripts) have to enter
      during your online visit. An increase in the number of 
      commands reduces the average transfer speed.
    * The amount of transfer overhead for color and screen handling 
      (like, VT-100 or html codes) that is transferred with your text.
    * Your use of menus and help texts while online, or whether 
      you come as "expert" with a minimum of prompts.
    * Whether your browser is set to capture all pictures and sound 
      files that it comes across, or just the text.
  
It is impossible to calculate the practical effects of these items. You 
will just have to bear them in mind when estimating typical jobs, measuring 
speeds, calculating costs, and comparing networks. 

Finding the optimal network for your needs will take time, but it is well 
worth the effort. Expect the figures to surprise you. 

The network services in this chapter will often give you better quality 
transfers than a direct call. On the other hand, calling direct may give 
more characters transferred per minute. The average speed may drop
dramatically when using packet data services. 

The cost of using PDN services
------------------------------
Most commercial online services can be reached through national PDNs, but 
you may have problems finding the correct NUA (Network User Address) to get 
there. Your PDN may not have a directory of available "electronic telephone 
numbers" for you to consult. 

The Norwegian PDN, Datapak, used to be my only alternative for access to 
foreign online services. At the time, I thought the cost was acceptable. 
Not so any more. 

My applications require that data be pumped back and forth at maximum 
speed. On network services charging by a combination of volume and time, 
80 percent of my costs are typically for volume, while 20 percent is for 
connect time. 

When I logged out after a successful visit to CompuServe through Datapak, 
the two services gave similar reports: 

  Thank you for using CompuServe!

  Off at 10:11 EST 24-Nov-87
  Connect time = 0:15

  CLR PAD  (00) 00:00:14:55 537 75 

The last line were from Datapak. It tells that I had received 537 segments 
and sent 75. 

The "Segment" is Datapak's volume measure. Their segments contained up to 
sixty-four characters and/or carriage returns. The price is calculated 
accordingly. 

At today's prices, Datapak is no longer my cheapest alternative even when  
calling CompuServe for chats. It is much cheaper to use the Internet telnet 
command through a local access provider. Then, the lack of speed matters 
less as I do not have to pay for volume. 

The slower your modem speed, the more attractive is Datapak compared with 
direct calls. 

To get access to a national PDN, you must have a user identification and a 
password. Getting temporary access to PDN services while traveling abroad 
is often hard and expensive. You're better off using some of the other
global networks as your "roaming" service.

  | Note: If you have access to a national PDN, but need        |
  | information about PDNs in other countries, try Hostess, the |
  | Global Network Service's information service from British   |
  | Telecom in England. The NUA is 02342 1920101013 (02342 is   |
  | the Data Network Identifier Code section of the address.)   |
  | User name or password is not required to use this service.  |

Outdial services
----------------
SprintNet used to let American users call bulletin boards in North America 
at lower rates through their PC Pursuit service. For a modest subscription 
rate they could call a local access number. Once connected, they entered an 
electronic phone-number to connect to a so-called 'outdial modem' in 
another city. 

Once connected to the outdial modem, they could enter dialing commands and 
have it call any local number. They could use PC Pursuit to call an online 
service in the area, or the private modem of a friend. 

We call such services for Outdial service. They normally offer lower rates 
for access to remote bulletin boards than what it costs to call by long 
distance. Besides, they reduce the chances for noise on the line. 

With the start of the Internet, outdial services have lost most of their 
appeals. PC Pursuit is no longer available.

Cheaper access to CompuServe
----------------------------
Wherever CompuServe has local access points, you will probably be better 
off using these. No special agreement is required. Your CompuServe ID is 
all you need. The cost of using these services will appear on your 
CompuServe bill. 

If you have access to Internet's telnet command, then this is an option 
well worth checking out. 

CompuServe has special deals with a list of network services, like 
InfoNet, Istel, FALNET, FENICS, CompuPass, LATA Networks, Tymnet/Sprintnet. 
Enter the command GO PHONES on CompuServe for access information, and GO 
RATES for rates. 

I have used CompuPass from Japan, CompuServe's own network in Brazil, 
Europe and the United States, Istel, InfoNet, and PDN services throughout
Europe. Most of the time my application is Internet mail.

  | You can forward your Internet mail to CompuServe by entering  |
  | the following command at your access provider's Unix prompt:  |
  |                                                               |
  |       echo "70000.0000@compuserve.com" >~/.forward            |
  |                                                               |
  | Make sure you're in your home directory when entering the     |
  | command, and replace the fake CompuServe address above with   |
  | your own.                                                     |
  |                                                               |
  | When you return home, use this command to cancel the forward  |
  | instruction:                                                  |
  |                                                               |
  |       rm ~/.forward).                                         |
  |                                                               |
  | You can also use this trick to forward your mail to other     |
  | Internet hosts.                                               |

When at home, I usually use CompuServe's 28,800 bps node in Oslo, Norway. 
Datapak is never considered. It is too expensive. CompuServe's nodes in
Stockholm and Copenhagen are my backups.

  | Whenever CompuServe opens a new node in your vicinity, or     |
  | upgrades the modem speed on one of their nodes, look at the   |
  | effects on your total costs.                                  |
  |                                                               |
  | Use software for automatic access and navigation (like TAPCIS,|
  | OzCIS, or ATO). They give higher volume per minute and make   |
  | your accesses even more cost efficient.                       |

Before leaving for a business trip, visit CompuServe to find local access 
numbers in your destination cities. The list of countries includes 
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, 
Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Holland, Peru, South Africa, Spain, 
Sweden, Switzerland, England, and many more.

FidoNet - grassroots playground
-------------------------------
FidoNet is an amateur network consisting of tens of thousands of bulletin 
boards all over the world. The network is "loosely coupled," meaning that 
most of the participating boards are not always connected. They call each 
others at regular intervals to exchange mail, often in the middle of the 
night when the rates are low. (See Appendix 1)

Other grassroots networks
-------------------------
It doesn't take much to set up a bulletin board service, and it is as easy 
to connect BBS systems to each other in a dial-up network for regular 
exchanges of email, files and conferences. 

All over the world, grassroots networks keep popping up with names like 
ILINK, AmNet, Suedd MB-Verbund, Starmail, MagicNet, A-NET, MausNet, 
Zerberus-Netz, SMBX-NET, BASA-NETZ, you name it. 

Many boards offer access to more than one grassroots network, and also to 
the Internet. Thus, the ability to send global email is extended to new 
users every day. 

RelayNet is one of these global network of bulletin boards. It offers 
exchange of email between systems. Messages and conference items entered on 
one system will automatically be copied to other participating boards. Your 
costs for "talking" with others in other parts of the world are very small. 

Reducing the cost of using the Web
----------------------------------
There are so many things that you can do to reduce your Web payments, and 
pointers to them are given throughout the handbook:

  * Retrieve Web pages by electronic mail (see "The World Wide Web by
    email" in Chapter 12).

  * Leave the graphics behind and travel the Web at much higher speeds.
    To set it: In Netscape, click on Options, Autoload Image, and Save 
    Options. In Mosaic, select Options, Display Inline, and Images. Then 
    save your setup by clicking on File, and Save Preferences. 

  * Use Lynx from your provider's Unix prompt to read Web pages where
    graphics don't matter. (See Appendix 6.)

Then there's the issue of offline preparation. What else would you expect 
here than a plug for having the handbook on your hard disk? Registered 
readers can retrieve the html version after each update as one compressed 
file. Information at http://login.eunet.no/~presno/bok/mirrors.html. 

Decompress the transportation file, and store it in a directory of choice on 
your hard disk. Netscape users can click on File, and then Open File... 
Open the location of the handbook's index file (index.html), and add it to 
your browser's Bookmarks for easy access. 

Retrieve a copy of the Lookfor shareware program from the page referenced 
above, and use it to locate interesting Web pages. 

Quick capture, read offline.
Netscape uses a special cache directory for temporary storage of files. It 
is set by clicking on Options, Preferences, Cache and Network. I use a 600 
KB Memory Cache, and a 1500 KB Disk cache. 

Whatever files are received from the Internet are stored in this cache. 
They will probably remain there until specifically removed (deleted), -- 
even after leaving Windows. Therefore, unless you use the "Clear Disk Cache 
now" option on the Setup menu regularly, you can read them offline.

Everything is there. This means that you can go online, get the pages, log 
out, and read the pages as local files off your cache directory.

The cumbersome method is to use your browser for the job. There are many 
shareware programs out there that will help you do it better. Cache Master 
is my current favorite. You may find it on Simtel.Net and it's mirrors. My 
version was retrieved as cm213.zip from the /win3/inet directory, as in
http://www.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/win3/inet/. However, expect the file 
to have a different file name now. 

Cache Master will convert your cache files so you can use them easily 
offline with browsers like Netscape. It even lets you string search the 
contents of your files. 

Reducing the cost of using mailing lists
----------------------------------------
The problem of subscribing to mailing lists is that all discussion items 
come to you in individual messages. Each message comes with its own mailer 
header, and this information is generally completely useless. (Read 
"Returned mail" in Chapter 7 for details.) 

Newer versions of the the LISTSERV software provide commands that solve 
this problem: 

    SET <list name> DIGEST
    ----------------------
    This command is sent to a LISTSERV to make all daily messages 
    come to you in one, single message. Example: Say you've joined
    KIDLEADER@LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU, which usually has many messages each 
    day. Send the following command to the LISTSERV:

    SET KIDLEADER DIGEST

    It will typically reduce the number of lines received from this 
    mailing list by around 50 percent. 


    SET <list name> INDEX
    ---------------------
    This command is sent to a LISTSERV to get a daily list of 
    messages, like in this example from KIDLEADER: 

    Index Date  Size Poster and subject
    ----- ----  ---- ------------------
    22839 06/22   26 From:    David Chalmers
                              <David.Chalmers@p3.f155.n633.z3.fidonet.org>
                     Subject: Conor Dublin Ireland

    Based on this list, you can use the LISTSERV's search commands 
    to retrieve individual messages of interest. These commands are 
    similar to those used for searching in Chapter 7. 

    For more about searching mailing lists' message bases, send a 
    message to listserv@listserv.nodak.edu with the following 
    command in the text of your mail:

    GET KIDLINK.TIPS

    Some LISTSERVs offers simplified search commands and macros
    to make retrieval of individual messages simpler.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 14: Keep what you find
==============================


    Little is gained by being skillful at
    locating and accumulating information, 
    and then becoming drowned 
                  in an avalanche of data
    that one cannot manage       - or use.

This chapter starts with how to handle retrieved information, and build a 
personal database on your own hard disk. We continue by investigating 
strategies for finding interesting information on own your disk, before 
winding down with some words about what separates good information from 
bad. 

Search and throw away
---------------------
To novices, everything is difficult. During their first trips online, they 
may feel as if they were moving to the other side of the globe. There, they 
would meet other newspapers, magazines, information sources, and services. 
It sure takes time to find your way around in a new environment. 

Trial and error are necessary to find online gold mines. However, as you 
get more experience, focus tends to shift from getting information to 
digesting. 

Once retrieving the data has got 'into your fingers', it will not bother 
much anymore. The bad news is that your reading speed remains at the same 
old level, while the amount of retrieved data grows. 

In our time, people tend to talk more than they listen, and you usually 
find more information than knowledge. Therefore, say NO to irrelevant 
information! It is rarely worth keeping. 

There is no good reason to learn things that you really do not need to 
know. Practice "selective ignorance." 

Regularly rate your online sources critically, and discard those costing 
you more than they are worth. Concentrate on those giving the best returns. 

Adjust the frequency with which you visit selected services to match their 
usefulness. What used to be daily visits, may have to be downgraded to once 
per week or month. Consider replacing daily news monitoring by clipping 
services. 

Digging for 'overview'
----------------------
Plan 'overview' and 'digging for details' with different frequencies. 
'Overview' refers to online trips made to get an impression of what 
generally goes on. An example: 

Using Agora World Wide Web by email servers, it is easy to request a list 
of articles from Usenet newsgroups at preset intervals. For example, email 
programs like Eudora Pro let you have the same message scheduled to be sent 
at a certain time and date every month. The trick is explained in Chapter 
12 under Usenet by email. 

Say you want to monitor what goes on in the alt.winsock newsgroup on a 
monthly basis. Prepare a monthly message containing the following: 

  To: agora@dna.affrc.go.jp
  Cc:
  Subject:
  Text: send news:alt.winsock

Each 30 days, you should now receive a mail giving you a list of topics 
discussed in the newsgroup. It would look something like this:

  Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 05:38:57 -0500 (CDT) 
  From: agora@dna.affrc.go.jp
  Subject: Document requested (was:  ) (URL: news:alt.winsock)
  
                          Newsgroup alt.winsock,  Articles 86509-86528
   (Earlier articles[1]...) Articles in alt.winsock
   
 "Re:Error Code 16"- Phil Joy[2]
 "Re: Netscape Mail"- Schaft[3]
 "Re: OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??"- djl[4]
 "Re: OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??"- Matthew McDonald[5]
 "Re: OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??"- Derek Woodlands[6]
 "Re: OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??"- Matthew McDonald[7]
 "Re: AOL coexistence, mcs.support"- Leonard Grossman[8]
 "Re: Netscape Mail"- David Woolley[9]
 "MAKE 50 K IN 1 MONTH"- The One[10]
 "Re: OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??"- Melanie Ley[11]
 "Re: *** ANNOUNCE: new W95 FTP beta ***"- [12]
 "Re: Win 95 FTP Server"- [13]
 "selecting multiple items with mouse instead of ctrl"- [14]
 "Re: Win 95 FTP Server"- Alun Jones[15]
 "free agent purge thinger"- [16]
 "help"- w4100@epix.net[17]
 "Re: Win 95 FTP Server"- [18]
 "Re: AOL coexistence, mcs.support"- Randy Hubbard[19]
 "Upgrading win95 winsock"- boomer[20]
 "I have no idea what i'm doing"- mal4273@tam2000.tamu.edu[21]
 
   ___________________________________
   Post to alt.winsock[22]

 *** References from this document ***
 [orig] news:alt.winsock
 [1] news:alt.winsock/86489-86508
 [2] news:51g25t$g1l@news.internetmci.com
 [3] news:51g24d$ora@nntp1.best.com
 [4] news:323bbaae.105680122@news.aimnet.com
 [5] news:323bcd4a.8728606@news.netspace.net.au
 [6] news:323be00d.2515074@news.mt.net.au
 [7] news:323bf639.6886883@news.netspace.net.au
 [8] news:51gtbh$61o@nntp1.mcs.net
 [9] news:DxqqEG.wq@djwhome.demon.co.uk
 [10] news:323C0C0C.63F4@cyberway.com.sg
 [11] news:32404693.99526427@nntp.crl.com
 [12] news:51hltp$gfp@tetsuo.communique.net
 [13] news:51hls1$gfp@tetsuo.communique.net
 [14] news:51i3gi$bbg@tetsuo.communique.net
 [15] news:51i7iu$100_002@alun.eden.com
 [16] news:51i6n2$10s1@tetsuo.communique.net
 [17] news:323CC90B.3BE7@epix.net
 [18] news:51i8km$15eb@tetsuo.communique.net
 [19] news:323CAADC.A2@wwnet.com
 [20] news:323C9F2E.5412@sprynet.com
 [21] news:51imni$t4v@news.tamu.edu
 [22] newspost:alt.winsock
 
Browsing the index will give you an idea about what's on the members minds  
for the moment. If you like, you can also request individual articles from 
the list. 

Say you want to check out the topic "OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??" To do 
so, send a mail to the Agora server containing the following commands: 

 send news:323bbaae.105680122@news.aimnet.com
 send news:323bcd4a.8728606@news.netspace.net.au
 send news:323be00d.2515074@news.mt.net.au
 send news:323bf639.6886883@news.netspace.net.au

Note: Some Agora servers let you send for these articles by returning item 
numbers rather than the full addresses. 

One of these articles came back with the following text (abbreviated):

  Subject: (URL: news:323bf639.6886883@news.netspace.net.au)
  
                     Reply to  matthew@sv.net.au (Matthew McDonald)[1]
                                                                      
                   RE: OFFLINE NEWSGROUP READER ??
                                   
                                         Sun, 15 Sep 1996 12:27:59 GMT
                                                                      
  kingpin@mail.mt.net.au (Derek Woodlands) wrote:

  >On Fri, 13 Sep 1996 22:11:37 GMT, nephite@worldaccess.com (Jacob
  >Proffitt) wrote:
  >
  >>> I'm really pleased with Agent, the commercial version of Free Agent.  
  >>>FA is also a good app, and it is free.  8-))
  >>
  >>I agree.  Free Agent is a good way to get a feel for it, too.
  >
  >Except that it doesn't handle MIME.  Nor does Agent .99  ;-(
  >
  The next release of Agent, due any time now will support MIME..

  Regards
  Matthew

The message also contained 14 references to the other articles in the topic 
thread, to the author, and other newsgroups where the message had appeared. 

  | Several communication programs and offline readers have built- |
  | in quick scan features. For example, TAPCIS does this in       |
  | CompuServe forums.                                             |
  |                                                                |
  | When retrieving conference messages from bulletin boards using |
  | 1stReader at high speed, then the cost of retrieving all new   |
  | items may be insignificant. You might as well do it.           |
  |                                                                |
  | When reading captured mail, 1stReader lets you select messages |
  | to read from a list of subjects. You can save what you want to |
  | keep, and delete the rest.                                     |

By regular scanning subject headers, you reduce the risk of missing 
important trends, for example because authors were using other terms on 
the subject line than you expected. 

Scanning also lets us discover if the discussion is heading off in other, 
interesting directions. 

After a while, you'll have a set of sources, persons, and tools that will 
provide you with what you need. This is your personal infrastructure of 
electronic information. Now, you must maintain and cultivate it. 

Chapter 12 contains hints about how to search World Wide Web indexes like 
Lycos and Alta Vista by email. Use this method regularly to check what is 
being said about yourself, your company, a technology, a hobby, whatever. 

Filtering incoming information
------------------------------
Chances are that you will retrieve more information than you can read. 
Sometimes it takes weeks or even months for me to get up to date with all 
my electronic readings. 

Several email programs can automatically filter retrieved information in 
folders, for example based on information found in the From or To-line of 
incoming mail. This feature is very helpful!

Example: I get a lot of mail. Upon receipt, messages are automatically
filtered into the following groups (folders):

    Urgent mail  - All mail coming from a predefined list of
                   senders.
    General mail - All mail that was not captured by my filtering
                   commands.
    Kidlink      - Selected conference mail from a defined list of
                   Kidlink mailing lists.
    Errors       - Error messages received by mailing lists that
                   I manage (the TOW announcement list for readers of
                   the Online World handbook is one of these lists. At 
                   listserv@listserv.nodak.edu ).
    Browse       - Information that is less time critical, and that it 
                   is enough to browse for interesting information.
    Read         - Information that I want to read once I get the 
                   time. (If I don't get the time, it still there on
                   my disk until deleted, and I can therefore search
                   it's contents.)
    Outgoing     - Archive of all sent mail.

Periodically, my life is so hectic that I just have time for my Urgent 
mail. Whenever this happens, it is very useful to have them filtered out 
and stored in one place. 

Post-processing the data
-------------------------
Your data capture is completed, and the retrieved data is stored on the 
hard disk in more or several files. Your next task is to 

    * Read the received material. 
    * Cut and paste selected parts to archives or work files.
    * Prepare responses to electronic mail. 
    * When done, delete all temporary files. 

Some people just delete all mail they don't want, and let the rest remain 
intact in their original folders. Most mail folders are easy to search with 
tools like Lookfor (see below), so this may be a good solution for them.

Personally, I get too much mail for that. When I read it, my preferred 
method is to cut out what I need, and store the texts without the lengthy 
mailer headers in a more systematic way. I do this to reduce disk storage 
requirements, and speed up searches. 

My mail is stored in files and directories using names that show the source 
of the information. This makes it quick to find where to search. A set of 
macro commands make cutting and appending mail easy. 

Often, I use the year, or a month/year code, in the file name extension. 
For example, the file TOW.96 contains messages retrieved from the TOW 
mailing list during 1996. 

Some advanced email programs have these features built in. You may also use 
your favorite word processor, or something else. There are several 
alternatives. Personally, I use the LIST utility in my system. 

LIST is my favorite MS-DOS shareware file viewer program. You can retrieve 
it from the Internet, and most bulletin boards. Using LIST, it is difficult 
to destroy your precious retrieved data while reading, cutting and pasting. 

  | MORE ABOUT LIST:                                                |
  | Assume that you want to postprocess Eudora's IN.MBX file, and   | 
  | that you are using the file name convention suggested above.    |
  | Type LIST and press ENTER. A list of file names in your Eudora  |
  | directory will appear on your screen.  Press S to sort the list,|
  | D to have them sorted by creation date. The newest files are    |
  | at the bottom of the list.                                      |
  |     Move the cursor (using the Arrow keys) to the input file    |
  | you want to read, and press ENTER. Scroll up and down in IN.MBX |
  | by pressing the PgUp/PgDn or the arrow keys.                    |
  |     On your screen is a piece of information that you want to   |
  | keep for future reference. Mark the text with ALT-M commands    |
  | (keep the ALT key pressed down, while pressing M), and then     |
  | ALT-D. LIST will ask you for a file name. If the information    |
  | is from the TOW mailing list, and the year is 1996, enter       |
  | TOW.96, and the text is appended to what is already there.      |
  |     This method allows you quickly to mark and append parts     |
  | of your input file to various archive files. Press ESC to       |
  | return to the file list when through. If you press D, LIST asks |
  | if you really want to delete the file. Press Y, and IN.MBX is   |
  | gone. - However, you'd better use Eudora for deleting mail!     |
  |     LIST lets you find information stored in your archives      |
  | (string search). What you find can be marked and copied to a    |
  | work file. It can also be set to invoke an editor or a word     |
  | processor for the selected file.                                |
                                                                    
Reuse of data on your hard disk
-------------------------------
Over time your personal archives will grow in size. You begin to experience 
the benefits of having all this information on your hard disk. Yesterday's 
news is today's history, and may be used in interesting ways. 

One business executive regularly monitors key technologies, customers, 
competitors, and suppliers. He does it by tapping sources like KOMPASS, 
Associated Press, and Reuters. Interesting bits of information are 
regularly stored on his disk. 

Tomorrow, there is an important meeting with a major customer. First, a 
quick search through the personal customer database to be reminded of 
important events since the last meeting. An unfamiliar person is also going 
to be present. Maybe there is some background information, for example 
about a recent promotion. 

Next, a quick check on major competitors. Maybe they are up to something 
that he needs to know about. 

With efficient tools for searching your hard disk, finding information 
takes only a few seconds. If you are still left with questions, go online 
to complement. 

On MS-DOS/Windows computers, you can search your files with WordPerfect, 
Word, LIST, the DOS utility FIND, and a long list of other programs. I 
prefer programs that let me search for more than one word at the time, like 
in HYDRO AND PETROCHEMICAL AND CONTRACT, or EXXON OR MOBIL. 

  | MY FAVORITE search utility is the Lookfor shareware program.   |
  | This MS-DOS program is small, fast, and is superior for        |
  | searches in text files. You can store your finds in work files,|
  | or print them out on paper. LOOKFOR is not an indexing program.|
  | It is ready to search anywhere, anytime.                       |
  | Retrieve it at http://login.eunet.no/~presno/bok/lookfr50.zip  |

Discipline and organization is required to get the most out of your file 
archives. You must decide what to do with each piece of information: Should 
it be printed out and be read in front of the fireplace in the evening, or 
should it be circulated? Should it be stored on your disk, or be refined 
before storage? 

Use standard file names that are easy to remember. If not, risk having to 
view files to find out what they contain. 

It may take longer to find a piece of information in a casual file on a 
large disk, than look up a piece of information on paper in your inbox. 
Therefore, finish handling your capture file while you read it on your 
screen: 

Send the pieces to their final destination. Make immediate transfers to 
TO-DO files. Give the original file a name that makes it easier to move 
later. Have a procedure that prevents duplication of effort. 

Desinformation, deception and errors
------------------------------------
Always use several sources of information. Some people write to lead you 
astray.  For example, the online world exposed some interesting incidents 
that came out of the former Soviet Union before the attempted coup in 1991. 

Rumors often start with a private message mentioning a theory or a 
suspicion. After having been copied, and copied again, it can get more 
exposure than you get at a broadcast station, and some will even start 
considering it as "truth." 

If you want to learn more about the "truths of the net," visit the Urban 
Legends page (http://www.urbanlegends.com/). The alt.folklore.urban 
newsgroup is devoted to the discussion and debunking of urban legends and 
related issues. 

Without clear, convincing evidence to appease doubting minds, conspiracy 
theories abound, sometimes with good cause, frequently with little 
substance. 

Stock promoters and con artists have spread rumors to pump up a stock's 
price and generate quick profits at the expense of gullible investors. The 
Internet is a place where investors should be wary of stock scams. 

Desinformation hurts everybody and comes from all sides. Even professional 
news agencies, like Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse, 
regularly stumble. 

Most news is written by journalists reporting what they have seen, read or 
heard. Their interpretation of the situation may be wrong. Supplement your
news with what knowledgeable people say (by email or in conferences), when 
knowing the facts is important. 

Another hint: Errors will occasionally be discovered and reported by the 
news sources, but always after the fact. Always store these reports in 
your archives, and make it a rule to search to the end when looking for 
something. Otherwise, you may never discover the corrections. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 15: You pay little for a lot!
=====================================


Calculating costs
-----------------
Some years ago, a person living in Norway could read up to twenty-six pages 
of news from Associated Press (the US) and Financial Times (England) for 
about US$0.38. At the time, this was very cheap. 

The trick was to dial long distance to a 9600 bps node in Sweden when the 
telephone company and CompuServe's non-prime time rates were in effect. 
9600 bps gave transfers at up to 960 characters of text per second. One 
page of text (size A4) held around 2200 characters. A typical news story 
had one to two pages of text. 

Reading exactly the same news through another network or service would cost 
300 percent more. Through yet another online service, the cost would double 
again. 

A full issue of the Newsbytes newsletter was at around 150,000 characters, 
or 68 pages of text. Retrieving it from a local BBS used to cost me around 
29 cents. Retrieving it from CompuServe set me back 500 percent more. On 
old NewsNet, at 2400 bps through Datapak, the cost increased by another 
US$30.00. 

The time of day was important. Some services had different rates for access 
during the day, the evening, and the weekend. Also, it would take much 
longer when network traffic was high, resulting in an increased cost per 
page received. 

Today, these costs are indeed much lower for many!

The online news scene has changed considerably. Many users can read almost 
all the news they want for free via the Internet. The retrieval speeds are 
much higher. The number of sources for news is staggering. 

However, in some countries, reading news is still expensive. Users pay big
money for accessing the Internet, using the phone for communications, and 
buying modems. 

In many places, getting connected to the Internet at high speed is limited, 
or outright impossible. Low capacity links connects the local Internet 
providers to the global Internet. The result is further decreases in actual 
news retrieval speeds. 

If you don't pay for retrieval of online information, then this chapter may 
not be for you. Otherwise, stay tuned. 

When you pay by the minute
--------------------------
When using free bulletin boards, phone charges are often your only cost 
item. Calculating costs is easy. Often, you will be able to receive large 
amounts of data at a very low cost. You will probably get far more than you 
have time to digest. 

Some Internet providers and bulletin boards require a monthly or annual 
subscription fee for unlimited access. To calculate costs, divide the 
fee by an estimated number of calls, and add the cost of using your phone 
to the total. 

The same applies to users of CompuServe when the Alternative Pricing plan 
is in effect. The total cost for a given period is based on an estimated 
number of calls. Calculate the sum of all connect charges, network charges 
(to CompuServe and others), (part of?) the basic subscription fee, plus 
local phone rates (for direct dialing to the service, or to reach the 
network's node). 

Where a service uses a monthly subscription rate, add part of this to the 
time charges. Distribute the rate using an estimated number of online hours 
per month. 

Example: World Wide Web
-----------------------
Let's assume that your modem speed is 28,000 bits/s without compression, 
and that your Internet provider offers connection at that speed. Divide by 
10 to arrive at the theoretical data transfer speed in characters per 
second (2,880 cps). 

If data flows uninterruptedly, you should be able to transfer 4,712 pages 
of text or 10 megabytes of information in one hour. However, this is just a 
theoretical figure for most users and applications. 

In my office, the problems start at the time of connecting to the net. Only 
rarely do I get a good connect at 28,800 bits/s. As an average, I just get 
24,000 bits/s. 

The connect phase, when the two modems try to open a working relationship, 
typically takes 30 unproductive seconds. 

If my Web browser was opened before dialling, then the next step is to open 
my list of favorites, and click on the entry of my favorite news provider. 

Most news providers "enrich" their article texts with graphics, frames, 
Java, and other tricks. If cost is an issue, avoid those that are in love 
with fancy stuff! Also, make sure your Web browser is set not to display 
graphics. This may have a dramatic impact on time and cost. 

One recently visited news provider used 1,897 characters worth of html 
files to display 600 characters of clean text. The page was enriched with 
20 graphics file totalling 93,260 bytes. The net effect was that I had to 
receive 95 Kilobytes before being able to read anything!!

At 28.800 cps modem speed, I could theoretically retrieve the Web page in 
33 seconds. However, since the information was split up into many files, it 
took much longer. It was further slowed down by high traffic on the 
Internet at the time. Getting the information took over three minutes! 

600 characters in three minutes equals about 10 characters per second. Very 
slow! 

NewsLinx (http://www.newslinx.com) may be more typical. In October 1996, 
retrieving the article menu with Microsoft Internet Explorer took 1.5 
minutes. The call was done through a Norwegian Internet provider. The size 
of the file (html) was 31 Kb. The page was enriched by 11 graphics files 
(GIF format) totalling another 31 Kb. The realized speed was 344 cps. 

I read on average three articles from this service five times per week. A 
typical item is 3,500 characters long. The time to retrieve one article 
varies from 20 to 91 seconds depending on the amount of graphics, and load 
on the network. In average it takes 45 seconds. Returning to the article 
menu typically takes another 15 - 30 seconds. 

Time spent for retrieval of my NewsLinx news can be calculated as follows:
Time to get a good connection (30 seconds), plus getting the menu (1.5 
minutes), plus retrieval of three articles (67.5 seconds), plus returning 
to the article menu three times (60 seconds). The total per day is an 
estimated 4.1 minutes. 

Let's assume that you're not reading articles online. You're reading them 
off your Web browser's local disk cache after having disconnected (or, by 
email after having mailing them back to yourself). 

Finally, we'll have to add time spent digesting the contents of the menu to 
make a choice of what articles to read. Use your stop watch to arrive at 
your estimate. 

If you on average spend 10 minutes per day on your news, and do it every
weekday throughout the year, then you'll have spent over 43 hours at the 
end of the year. 

If you pay US$10/hour to access the Internet, then the cost amounts to 
US$430. Add the cost of connecting to the service by phone to get the 
total cost. 

Items to consider
-----------------
Retrieving information stored on your Internet access provider's hard disks 
will usually go much faster than getting it from any other disks on the 
network. 

The load and capacity on the pipes going from your access provider to other 
hosts on the Internet will probably vary considerably, even within your own 
country, depending on the time of day and day of the week. Therefore, when 
speed is a concern, some users maintain user names with several ISPs. 

Personally, I have accounts on three Norwegian ISPs, plus on CompuServe 
in the United States. I connect to the latter by making a long distance
call to Oslo in Norway.

Whenever the links from my local ISPs to Web servers in North America are 
clogged, going through CompuServe typically gives much faster retrieval. In 
one recent case, the local providers gave me the data at around 10 cps. 
Going through CompuServe, I realized over 1000 bps! This more than made up 
for the extra cost of calling long distance. 

Pauses, delays and bottlenecks
------------------------------
Beware of pauses and delays in your transfers. They can be caused by you 
or others, and may have a dramatic impact. It is particularly important to 
take this into account when comparing alternatives using different 
networks. 

Let me explain using an old, but relevant example: Years ago, transfers to 
TWICS via Datapak at 9600 bps rarely gave me higher effective speeds than 
100 cps. The reason was that the connection between the Japanese telcom 
network and TWICS went through a 1200 bps gateway. So, regardless of my 
network speed, it was impossible to achieve more than 120 cps.

This is why a high speed connection to your data transporter's network does 
not guarantee a high speed connection to the remote computer. 

I used to go through Datapak at 9600 bps to a computer center in Oslo. 
There, I was connected through a local area network to the host computer. 
The effective speed was rarely higher than 4800 bps. Calling direct gave 
twice the speed. 

Today, I connect to a local Internet provider at 28,800 bps, but still data 
from some remote Web servers crawl towards me at speeds as low as 10 cps. 
Using an ISDN line would not give me the data noticeably faster. 
Bottlenecks en route from the source determine the effective speed. 

Try measure the effective transfer speed before selecting a routing for 
your data. Transfer the same amount of text through various networks. 

If future transfers are likely to take place at a given time of day, test 
at that time. If your planned application is retrieval of programs, 
retrieve programs. If you want to read news, read news from the services 
that you want to compare. 

When a network service charging for volume (like Datapak) is part of a 
comparison, measuring volume is particularly important. Do not assume to
know the answer in advance. 

  | Always calculate the cost based on a fixed volume, like for|
  | transfer of 1000 characters. This is particularly important    |
  | when you must use different modem speeds to access competing|
  | services!  |

Network load varies considerably throughout the day depending on the number 
of simultaneous users, and their applications. This also applies to online 
services. The load is normally lowest, when most users are asleep, and 
during weekends. When the load is low, you get more done per minute. 

Planning and self-discipline pays off
-------------------------------------
The actual cost of using a given set of services depends much on your 
self-discipline, the tools you use, and on how well prepared you are: 

* If accessing manually, use "quick" commands rather than menus to move at 
  maximum speed to desired sources of information. 

* On the Web, let your browser's bookmark feature take you directly to the 
  desired page rather than navigating down the tree from a home page.

* Do not set your services to be used with colors, sound, or special 
  methods for displaying graphics, unless you have no choice, or are 
  willing to pay the extra cost. They increase the volume of transferred 
  text, and lower effective speed. 

  Experienced Web users disable receipt of images to reduce the volume of 
  data. Later, all it takes is to click at "Reload Images" to get images 
  you absolutely want to see.

  If your primary interest in the Web is text, then test out Lynx, if 
  available on your ISP's host (see Appendix 6). No windows based 
  graphical browser can match its speed.

* Get the information you want and disconnect. It is often unnecessary 
  to read while online. Log off to read. If cost is high, call back for 
  more to read, disconnect, and then call back again. 

  Most popular Web browsers store received pages and images temporarily in 
  a cache on your hard disk. For example, Netscape stores them in the 
  default \NETSCAPE\CACHE directory. Make sure that your browser uses its
  cache. It may increase speed considerably!

  Internet's shareware libraries have many tools designed to let you read 
  and use the cached Web pages after your online visit. Look for programs 
  with names like Cache Master and WebSaver. 

* Learn how to write your mail offline, and send letters "in a batch" to 
  your mailbox. In addition to the time and cost benefits, your messages 
  are likely to contain fewer typing errors, and be better thought out. 

* Consider automating your communication (see Chapter 16). I use a local 
  BBS this way. A while ago, it gave me the following progress report: 
  "Time on: 17 hrs 43 min, today 0 hrs 0 min, total 827 times." In average, 
  I spend around 1.3 minutes per call. The other day, I was connected for 
  2:48 minutes. The result was 106 kilobytes' worth of conference mail. 

Modem speed and cost
--------------------
2400 bps is a sensible modem speed for some applications, and used to be a 
good starting point for new onliners. The benefits of using a faster modem 
may be marginal when

    * navigating your favorite service considerably reduces the 
      effective speed, and you access the service manually. 
    * you pay considerably more for access at higher speed. 
    * the relative price of a faster modem in your country
      is prohibitive. 
    * your network does not offer higher speeds. 

On the other hand, a modem doing 14400 bps or more, will give you at least 
six times faster communication. For some applications, this means much 
lower costs. Also, if doing things faster is more important than keeping 
costs down, then it is a wise investment. 

  | If you plan to use the World Wide Web with a graphical browser, 
  | then anything slower than 14.400 bits/s will be too slow. You can
  | technically do things with a slower speed, but it is frustrating.

Your applications have a considerable impact on your costs. If you mainly 
use your modem for retrieval of programs and large data files from bulletin 
boards - and do not have to pay extra for volume - then higher modem speeds 
will immediately give reduced costs. 

A slower speed modem may also stop you from getting what you want. For 
example, there are several shareware programs on my board that users of 
2400 bps modems are unable to download within their allotted 30 minutes per 
day. 

When you pay for volume
-----------------------
Some network services have high rates for volume, and very low rates for 
connect time. When using such services, automatic communication becomes 
less useful. Rather than connecting, getting a piece of information, 
disconnecting, and then going back for more, you may find it cost efficient 
to review menus and results while online. 

When paying for volume, or per minute connected, the online service's menus 
become luxury items. Using quick commands for navigating is cheaper. The 
best is to use a program for fully automatic access. 

Your comparisons will never be accurate when comparing with services 
charging for connect time. It is particularly difficult when the measure of 
volume is 'packets' rather than 'number of characters transferred'. 

For example, Datapak used to report my sessions like this: 

    CLR PAD  (00) 00:00:14:55 537 75 

These numbers told that I had been connected to a service for 14 minutes 
and 55 seconds, 537 data 'packets' had been received, and 75 had been sent. 
Use these figures to calculate the cost of the call. 

  | One data 'packet' or segment contains up to 64 characters.     |
  | Think of it as a measure of the number of lines. Each line can |
  | have a maximum of 64 characters. If you send the character A   |
  | and a carriage return, then this also counts as a segment.     |
  |                                                                |
  | So, it is hard to use the Datapak record to estimate the real  |
  | number of characters transferred. All we know is that 537 + 75 |
  | segments were transferred, and that 612 segments may  contain  |
  | up to 39,168 characters.                                       |

When calculating the cost of a direct call in connect charges, just the 
number of minutes counts. Use the time reported by the online service, and 
not your stop watch. CompuServe used to give this type of report: 

    Thank you for using CompuServe!

    Off at 10:11 EST 24-Nov-92
    Connect time = 0:15

Set your software to store all incoming information, and use this to find 
how much data you receive. Run the test several times, and use averages 
when making your estimates.

It is easy to compare services that only charge by the minute. 

More practical hints
--------------------
It may be more expensive to call a service daily "to check the news," than 
to call it once per week to retrieve the same stories, if this feature is 
available.

Navigating by menus is more expensive than going directly to a source, or 
going there by stacking commands (that is, combining quick commands into 
one). 

Some services let you read selective items in conferences by entering a 
search string. On RBBS-PC systems, the following command 

    r extended 100+ c

used to let you read all messages containing the search string 'extended' 
in the body of text, starting with message number 100. 

If you forget the "c" parameter, the flow will stop after each message. 
This will reduce the average effective speed. Always use "nonstop" commands 
when reading stories, conference items, and other texts. 

Now, read Chapter 16.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 16: Automatic communication
===================================

Automatic data communication as a development strategy.

    To get a lead on your competitors.
    To avoid duplication of effort.
    To reduce costs.
    To reduce boring and repetitive work.
    To avoid having to remember technical details. 

Automatic communication is both for professionals and amateurs. It helps 
keep your costs down. Also, it lets you do the job faster and safer. 
Sometimes, it is the only way to get the job done. 

We all have different needs
---------------------------
Automation will never be the same for everybody. Our needs are too 
different. 

Some get excited when a program can dial a bulletin board, retrieve a 
program, and then disconnect without having to touch the keyboard. 

Some want an "answering machine" that can respond to and forward email when 
he or she is away from the office. 

Others want a communications system that can tap selected news sources, 
search databases, and do post-processing on the retrieved material. 

For most professionals, doing things manually takes too much time. Time is 
better spent reading, digesting, and using, rather than on stupid technical 
retrieval work. Computers can do that. 

To others again, automation is a question of being able to use the online 
resource at all. If it takes 60 seconds to get a piece of information, it 
may be possible to get before running for the next meeting. 

However, if it takes 15 minutes, there may not be enough time. If you must 
also read a help text to find out how to do it, you may not even consider 
doing it. Your mind is so full of other things right now. 

  | When using a system for automatic communication, you do not |
  | have to learn and remember online commands. The system will |
  | do it for you.                                              |

The minimum solution
--------------------
Automatic data communication in its simplest form entails the following: 

    * One keystroke to get the communications program to dial a
      number, and send user name/password when the online service
      requests this information.

    * Macro commands (like in a word processor) for navigating 
      through an online service, searching, and to send complex 
      commands by pressing one key.

Most communication programs have a macro language or a script language. 
There are also macro programs designed to be used with Microsoft Windows.
In many instances, users are taking advantage of these features without 
even knowing it. This is the case for many of those connecting to the 
Internet with a simple mouse click. 

If this has not been done for you, then you will probably never regret time 
spent on learning how to use these features. At a minimum, you should be 
able to have your system log on automatically to your favorite service 
provider. 

Autologon spares you the task of remembering your user name and password. 
Besides, most people are only able to use the keyboard at a low speed. They 
easily get frustrated by having to correct typing errors. 

Auto-logon to the Internet using Trumpet Winsock
------------------------------------------------
Trumpet Winsock is a popular program used to set up a TCP/IP protocol 
connection with the Internet. It can dial up an Internet access provider, 
logon, and set up a SLIP, PPP, or a pseudo-SLIP connection to the net using 
SLiRP or The Internet Adapter (TIA). 

You can use Trumpet by entering commands manually, but most users prefer to 
let the program do it for them. This is achieved by having all commands in 
a file called LOGIN.CMD. Trumpet reads this file when you click on Dialer, 
Login, and then logon to your service as instructed. 

We call LOGIN.CMD a script file. It is a text file that can contain a list 
of commands for dialing and navigating on an online service. You can write 
and edit it using Windows Notepad, DOS EDIT, or another utility that allows 
you to save the file as DOS or ASCII text. (Most popular script languages 
have the same requirement.)

Trumpet's scripts can contain commands that test for the occurrence of 
small pieces of information sent by the access provider at given times 
(like the prompt "Password?"). 

When this information is found, Trumpet can be set to send the proper 
response or command (in this case, your secret password). 

Let us look at a typical Trumpet LOGON.CMD file. Comments are written in 
lines above the given commands preceded with a #.

  # The output command tells Trumpet to send text to the modem, in this
  # case "ATZ" to reset the modem. The "\13" refers to ascii character
  # number 13 (Return). The effect is the same as if you were typing
  # ATZ followed by a press on the Return key.

  output atz\13

  # The input command tells Trumpet to wait for the preceding string,
  # here for "OK" followed by "\n" (short hand for \10, the Line Feed
  # character).

  input 10 OK\n

  # The next 'output' command sends a modem setup string. Note that this
  # string is particular to my modem. You may well need other commands.
  # Also, note that the "\" character has a special function in Trumpet.
  # Therefore, AT commands like "AT\N5" must be written as "AT\\N5".

  output at&C1&d2\\V2\\N5W1S9=12S11=50\\K3\\Q2 &S1\13

  # Waiting for another "OK" from the modem.

  input 10 OK\n

  # Sending autodial command and phone number to the modem

  output atdt,22568862\13

  # Waiting for the "CONNECT" report from the modem when a connection
  # with the remote modem has been set up. 

  input 50 CONNECT

  # Wait until it's safe to continue sending. Some modem's hang up if
  # you transmit characters during a connect set to monitor the carrier
  # signal detector (DCD).

  wait 30 dcd

  # Now, prod the remote terminal server by sending a Return

  output \13

  # Wait for the username prompt ('login:'). 

  input 30 login:

  # Enter your username. In this example the user name is 'Presno'.

  output Presno\13

  # Wait for the password prompt

  input 30 sword:

  # Enter the secret password. In this example the password is "secret"

  output secret\13

  # we are now logged in

I use this script to dial a PPP server. When Trumpet signals "PPP ENABLED," 
I can open Netscape for the World Wide Web, WinVN for reading news, or 
Pegasus for mail. 

Trumpet uses a variant of this script when calling in to a Unix host to use 
SLiRP (or The Internet Adapter). In these applications, it waits for the 
host's prompt (@gaia%) before starting the SLiRP application to get PPP (or 
SLIP). This is achieved by adding the following commands after "# we are now 
logged in" above. 

  # The @ and % characters are rather unique, so instead of 
  # 'input 30 \64gaia\37', I just use
 
  input 50 \37

  # Finally, the pseudo-SLIP startup command

  output slirp -P\13 

  input 20 SLiRP Ready ...

Trumpet signals "PPP ENABLED," and I am ready to go.

Auto-logon with Procomm
-----------------------
Procomm is a general communications programs. Many other programs, like 
Qmodem and Telix, have equivalent capabilities.

When writing a script for auto-logon to a new service, your first step is 
to list the commands that you believe required. Enter them in a text file 
(as DOS or ASCII text). 

Procomm, Qmodem and Telix let you list your favorite online services in
a dialing directory, and tie these entries to your scripts. Press a key to 
start the appropriate script file for automatic access to a service. 

This simple PROCOMM script used to work for to access my now defunct 
bulletin board in Norway. It assumes that your name is Jens Mikkelsen, and 
that the secret password is FOXCROOK4. You'll have to change this before 
testing. 

   ;
   ;Script file for auto-logon to SHS 
   ;
   WAITFOR "our FIRST Name? "
   PAUSE 1
   TRANSMIT "Jens^M"
   WAITFOR "our  LAST Name? "
   PAUSE 1
   TRANSMIT "Mikkelsen^M"
   WAITFOR "ots will echo)? "
   PAUSE 1
   TRANSMIT "foxcrook4^M"
   WAITFOR "^JMore (Y),N,NS? "
   PAUSE 1
   TRANSMIT "n^M"
   WAITFOR "^JMore (Y),N,NS? "
   PAUSE 1
   TRANSMIT "n^M"
   WAITFOR "R] to Continue? "
   PAUSE 1
   TRANSMIT "^M"

The commands are different from Trumpet, but easy to understand. Here is an 
explanation: 

   * the ";" character at the beginning of a line identifies it as 
     a comment line. Procomm is to ignore it. We use such lines 
     for notes. 

   * WAITFOR "our FIRST Name? "
     has Procomm wait for the text string "our FIRST NAME?."
     It is a part of the question "What is your first name?" 

   * PAUSE 1
     halts the execution of the script file for one second.

   * TRANSMIT "Jens^M"
     sends the name "Jens" followed by a RETURN (the code ^M in 
     Procomm). 

   * WAITFOR "our  LAST Name? "
     makes Procomm wait for the question "What is your LAST Name?" 

The script continues like this. In WAITFOR commands, we use part of the 
text that is displayed on our screen once the scrolling stops. 

Make sure that the search term is unique. It must not appear elsewhere in 
the text coming from the host computer. If it does, your name and password 
may be sent too early. 

You can call the script HORROR.CMD, and attach it to the entry for my board 
in your Procomm phone directory. When you call it the next time, Procomm 
will execute the commands in the file and "turn the keyboard over to you" 
when done. 

Macros
------
Above, we used a script to log on automatically to a service. When Procomm 
gives us access to the keyboard again, we must continue manually. 

What we want to do online varies. Sometimes, we want to read new messages 
in conferences. In other cases, the purpose is to check new programs in the 
file library. If we find programs of interest, we may want to download 
them. 

Shorthand macros can help you do this faster and safer. For example, one 
macro can take you quickly to a conference for new messages. You can make 
Procomm start this macro whenever you press ALT-0 (keep the ALT key down, 
then press 0). 

You can have the macro key ALT-1 send other commands when in the file 
archives. 

When I started using MS-DOS computers for data communications, PC-TALK 
became my favorite program. It has many of the same macro capabilities that 
Procomm has. 

With PC-TALK, I did autologon to the now defunct NewsNet service. Macro 
number one sent commands that gave me the contents of various newsletters. 
Macro #2 picked up the contents in another group. Macro #3 picked up 
stories from my mailbox, and macro #4 logged me off the service. My mission 
was completed by pressing four or five keys. 

The bookmark files of Netscape's Navigator and Microsoft Explorer are 
also nice macro features. 

Automating the full task
------------------------
It's a long way from automated logon scripts and the use of macros to 
full automation. The major difference is that with full automation, you do 
not have to look at the screen while the script is working. You can do 
other things. Sometimes, you may not even be present when the job is being 
done. 

On a typical morning in my house, I go directly from bed to my office to 
switch my communications computer on. 

While I visit the bathroom, my communications program calls two Internet 
service providers to retrieve and send information. 

When the script has disconnected, it analyzes the received data. I want 
important mail highlighted. Some information is to be automatically 
appended to storage files. Retrieved news menus are to be analyzed to see 
if there are any articles that I want to read (compared with a set of 
keywords). "Spam" messages (unsolicited advertisements) are to be deleted 
automatically, etc. 

Sometimes, the unexpected happen. There may be noise on the phone line, or 
a sudden disconnect. Usually, my script can solve this without manual 
intervention. It is therefore allowed to work unattended most of the time. 

When I get to my office after breakfast, it is all done. My communications 
program is set for reading and responding to today's email. I can sit down, 
and immediately get to work. 

After having written all my replies, I say "send" to my system. For me, 
it's time for another cup of coffee. I am not needed by the keyboard while 
mail is being sent. 

This is what an automatic communications system can do. My scripts also 
help plan and prepare online visits, and ease my work by postprocessing 
results. 

  | When your communication is fully automated, you need not  |
  | read incoming data while it scrolls over your screen, and |
  | then again after logging off the service. You do it only  |
  | once.                                                     |

How to get it? Here are some alternatives: 

Alternative 1: Write your own system
------------------------------------
You can write procedures for powerful script-driven programs like ProYam 
(from Omen Technology) and Crosstalk MK IV for DOS. 

I started writing scripts for ProYam (http://www.omen.com/) way back in 
1985. The system is constantly expanded to include new services, refined to 
include more functions, and enhanced to become more robust. 

My system work like an autopilot. It calls online services, navigates, 
retrieves, sends data, and logs off.

Postprocessing includes automatic reformatting of retrieved data, transfers 
to various internal databases, statistics, usage logs, and calculation of 
transfer costs. 

Such scripts can do quite complex operations online. For example, it can 

    * Buy and sell stock when today's quotes are over/under 
      given limits,
    * Select news stories and other types of information based 
      on information found in menus or titles.

Script writing is not for everybody. It is complicated, and takes a lot of 
time, so it may not be for you. 

On the other hand, those going for it seldom regret, and you may find 
systems offered by others that you automate more of your work. Tailor-made 
communication scripts give a wonderful flexibility. The software does not 
cost much, but it sure takes a lot of time! 

  | Hints for script writers:                                      |
  | Do not use large and complex script files before you know the  |
  | online service well. The scripts let you do things quicker and |
  | safer, but there is always a possibility for unexpected        |
  | problems.                                                      |
  |                                                                |
  | Test your scripts for a long time to make them robust by       |
  | "training" them to handle the unexpected. Leave them to work   |
  | unattended when you are reasonably certain that they can do    |
  | the job. - It may take months or years to get to that point.   |
  |                                                                |
  | Build a timeout feature into your scripts, so they do not just |
  | hang there waiting for you after a meeting with fate.          |

Alternative 2: Use scripts made by others
-----------------------------------------
Some script authors generously let others use their creations. Earle 
Robinson of CompuServe's European Forum, share his ProYam scripts for 
automatic usage of CompuServe with others. They are available from the 
PC Communications Forum library (GO PCCOM). 

Enter GO XTALK on CompuServe to find advanced script files for Crosstalk 
Mk.4. 

ZCOMM and ProYam scripts for visiting my board automatically can be freely 
downloaded there. They split access up into these three phases: 

    Phase 1: Menu driven offline preparation.
    Phase 2: Automatic logon, navigation through the system, and
             automatic disconnection.
    Phase 3: Automatic offline postprocessing.

You will find scripts for other programs on many online services. 

Alternative 3: Special software
-------------------------------
Several online services sell communication programs with built-in functions 
that provides you with automation. They can have offline functions for 
reading and responding to mail. The degree of automation varies. 

There are also many programs written by third parties. Most programs assume 
that you use 'expert' as your default operating mode on the online service. 

TapCIS, NavCIS, Autosig (ATO), OzCIS, CISOP, CompuServe Navigator (for 
Macintosh), CSNav/Win, AutoPilot (for Amiga), ARCTIC (for Acorn 
Archimedes), and QuickCIS (for Atari) are popular choices on CompuServe. 
The DOS program TapCIS is my personal favorite. (CIM does not offer much 
automation!) 

Journalist is an interesting program that creates a personalized newspaper 
view of CompuServe for Windows users. It automatically logs on to retrieve 
the information necessary to fill the frames in your document, and formats 
it according to your specifications. (Email: 71333.2163@compuserve.com) 

Aladdin is for GEnie. It automates your use of RoundTables (conferences), 
file areas, and mail. KR Dialog users turn to Dialog-Link. 

LEXIS-NEXIS News Plus has pull-down menus and detailed selection of 
commands. This MS-DOS program helps users set up detailed search commands 
before logging on to the LEXIS-NEXIS. Your search results will be 
downloaded automatically. 

Personal Bibliographics Software, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Mich, U.S.A. Tel.: +1-
313-996-1580) sells Pro-Search to KR Dialog and BRS users (for Macintosh 
and MS-DOS). 

Pro-Search will lead you through menus to find information on both 
services. It translates your plain English search commands into the cryptic 
search language used by the services. It logs on automatically, connects to 
these services, finds your information, and shows you the hits. 

Kwik Knowledge is an off-line navigator that unscrambles the complexities of 
Knight-Ridder's Knowledge Index service available through CompuServe. 
There are versions for Windows and Macintosh. Inquiries: mcintosh@rain.org.

Alternative 4: Offline readers
------------------------------
The alternatives above have one important weakness. Noise on the line can 
prevent the "robot" from doing the job. All it takes is for noise to give a 
prompt another content than is expected by your program or script (as in 
"En@er a number:" instead of "Enter a number:"). 

You can avoid noise problems by using grab or get commands (Chapter 12), 
and by making the online service use its minimum prompts ('expert mode') . 
Still, this does not give full protection. 

The best is to let the online service do the navigation.  Think of it as 
logging on to run a batch file on the remote computer. Combine this with 
automatic transfers of your commands, sent in of one stream of data with 
automatic error correction (in the software and in the modem), and you have 
a very robust system. 

The program logs on to the service. Then the service takes over. It 
registers your user identity, checks your user profile for personal 
interests, retrieves and packs all messages, news and files into one 
compressed file, and sends it to you at high speed. 

Your outgoing messages, search commands, commands to join or leave 
conferences, and more, are transferred to the remote computer in a similar 
packet (compressed file). 

When received by the remote computer, it unpacks the transfer file and 
distributes messages and commands to various services following your 
instructions. 

Your "physical" contact with the service is when your modem is 
disconnected. The help menus that you read belong to your program, and not 
the online service. You read and respond to mail in a reading module (ref. 
the term "offline reader"). 

Some offline readers give the caller access to more tools than is available 
on the online service itself. They may have spelling checkers, multimedia 
support, let you use your favorite editor or word processor, and offer 
various storage, search, and printing options. 

They may let you sort incoming conference mail by "threads," and permit you 
to place obnoxious writers on a "kill" list. 

Using offline readers is probably the easiest, cheapest, and safest way of 
using online services. You even risk writing more concise and thoughtful 
messages. The "readers" are popular among bulletin board users, and some 
commercial services are also starting to accommodate them. 

There are many offline reader programs. The most advanced take over 
completely upon logon, and manage transfers of commands and compressed 
information files to and from the host. (Example: Binkley Term on FidoNet) 

Global Link is an offline reader for EcoNet. Bergen By Byte offers the 
BBS/CS Mail Grabber/Reader, a script system used with the communications 
program Telix and the service's "auto-get" function. 

NUPOP (MS-DOS), Eudora for Windows (Windows and Macintosh), and WinQVT/Net 
(Windows) are offline readers for use when calling Unix hosts. 

The most popular systems on the PCBoard based Thunderball Cave BBS are 
Offline Express, Megareader, Session Manager, Rose Reader and EZReader. 
Freddie is a reader for Macintosh. 

These readers are used with scripts written for various communication 
programs. Some of them have built in communications (and script) modules. 

EZReader from Thumper Technologies (P.O. Box 471346, Tulsa, OK 74147-1346, 
U.S.A.) lets users retrieve mail from several online systems using transfer 
formats such as QWK, PCBoard capture files, ProDoor ZIPM files, XRS, MCI 
Mail, and others. 

1stReader from Sparkware (Post Office Box 386, Hendersonville, Tennessee 
37077, U.S.A.) is my personal favorite for accessing Qmail based online 
systems. 

  | Note: Some offline readers contain all the features required    |
  | for fully automated communications. Some bulletin boards allow  |
  | up- and downloading to start right after CONNECT.               |
  |     Off-Line Xpress, an offline mail reader for QWK (Qwikmail)  |
  | packets, does not contain a communications module. It just does |
  | pre- and postprocessing of mail packets.                        |
  |     You can use the Off-Line Xpress as one element in a larger  |
  | automated system. For example, a system for access to PCBoard   |
  | bulletin boards may consist of Off-Line Xpress software, PKZIP  |
  | and PKUNZIP (popular shareware programs to compress/decompress  |
  | mail packets), the QMODEM communications program, and a script  |
  | to navigate to/from the QWK packet send and receive area on the |
  | BBS.                                                            |
  |     1stReader (version 1.11) contains a powerful script based   |
  | communications module. It let you compose replies, set search   |
  | commands, subscriptions to services, add and drop conferences,  |
  | and enter download commands offline.                            |

Automatic automation
--------------------
We have explained how to write scripts with Procomm. However, there are 
simpler and quicker ways. Many communications programs can make scripts 
automatically using a learning function. It goes like this: 

Start the learning function before calling the online service. Then log on, 
navigate to the desired services, do what you want to automate, and 
disconnect. 

The learning feature analyzes the received data and builds a script file 
for automatic communication. 

If you call again with the new script, it will "drive the same route one 
more time." 

ZCOMM and ProYam have a learning feature. This is how I made a script for 
accessing Semaforum BBS using ZCOMM: 

    ZCOMM asked for a phone number. I entered +47-370-11710. It
    asked for speed, and I entered 14400 bps. Next, I had to choose 
    one of the following:

      (1) System uses IBM PC (ANSI) line drawing
      (2) 7 bits even parity
      (3) 8 bits no parity 

    My choice was 1.
      ZCOMM dialed the number. When the connection was set up, 
    I entered my name and password, navigated to the message 
    section, read new messages, browsed new files in the library, 
    and entered G for Goodbye. This was the "tour" that I wanted to 
    automate. 
      When disconnected, I pressed the F1 key. This prompted the 
    learning process based on a record of the online tour. The log 
    described everything that had happened in detail, including my 
    pauses to think. Now I was prompted by the following question: 

      'newscr.t' exists. Append/replace/quit? 

    I selected append. Then: 

       Do you want this script file as a new entry in your
       telephone directory (y/n)?

    I entered "y," and named it "semaforum."  After a few seconds, 
    my new script was ready: 

       Your new script is in the file 'newscr.t' !!
       You can append the file to your current script file
       (for example PHODIR.T) or have the commands executed by
       entering:
          call semaforum.newscr.t 

    It was time to test the new wonder. I entered 
    
          call semaforum.newscr.t

    at the ZCOMM command line, hit the ENTER key, and off it went. 
    ZCOMM called the BBS and repeated everything - at far higher 
    speed than I had done it manually. It went on-hook as planned 
    when done. 

Limitations
-----------
Auto-learn programs can create a script file that let you "drive the same 
route." For some applications this is enough. For others, it's just part of 
the way. You have to refine the script manually to get what you want. 

    Example:
    If you some bulletin boards with an auto-learned script made 
    yesterday, chances are that everything works well. If you call 
    twice on the same day, however, you may be in for a surprise
    as the board may greet you differently on your second visit. 
    If this is the case, then your script must take this into account. 

On most online services, many things can happen at each "junction of your 
road." At one point in one of my scripts, up to twenty things may happen. 
Each event needs its own "routing." 

Twenty possible events are an extreme, but three to four options at each 
system prompt is not unusual. All of them need to be handled by your 
script, if you want it to visit online services unattended while asleep. 

It is quicker and simpler to use other people's scripts and programs, 
although this might force you to use a different program for each service. 

Personally, I prefer offline readers on services where they can do the job. 
On other services, I usually depend on my own tailor-made scripts. 




------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 17: Gazing into the future
==================================

Thoughts about things to come.

Newspaper of the future
---------------------------
Years ago, Nicholas Negroponte of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
said that today's newspapers are old-fashioned and soon to be replaced by 
electronic "ultra personal" newspapers. 

"If the purpose is to sell news," he said, then it must be completely wrong 
to sell newspapers. Personally, I think it is a dreadful way of receiving 
the news." 

MIT's Media Laboratory developed an electronic newspaper that delivered 
daily personalized news to each researcher. The newspaper was "written" by 
a computer that searched through news services' wires and other news 
sources according to each person's interest profile. 

The system could present the stories on paper or on screen. It could 
convert them to speech, so the "reader" could listen to the news in the car 
or the shower. 

In a tailor-made electronic newspaper, personal news makes big headlines. 
If you are off for San Francisco tomorrow, the weather forecasts for this 
city makes the front page. Email from your son will also get there. 

"What counts in my newspaper is what I personally consider newsworthy," 
said Negroponte. 

He claimed the personal newspaper is a way of getting a grip on the 
information explosion. "We cannot do it the old way anymore. We need other 
agents that can do prereading for us. In this case, the computer happens to 
be our agent." 

Testing the concept
-------------------
The first test version of The de Presno Daily News appeared in 1987. It did 
not convert news to sound. It did not appear like a newspaper page on my 
notebook's screen. Not because it was impossible at the time. I just did 
not feel the 'extras' were worth the effort. 

My personal interest profile was taken care of by scripts. If I wanted 
news, the "news processor" went to work and "printed" a new edition. On 
Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, I got an "extended edition." 

This is a section from the first historical issue: 

  "Front page," Thursday, November 21, 1987
  Under the headline "News From Tokyo," items like these: 

  TOSHIBA TO MARKET INEXPENSIVE PORTABLE WORD PROCESSOR 
  TOHOKU UNIVERSITY CONSTRUCTING SEMICONDUCTOR RESEARCH LAB 
  TOSHIBA TO SUPPLY OFFICE EQUIPMENT TO OLIVETTI 
  NISSAN DEVELOPS PAINT INSPECTION ROBOT 
  MADE-TO-ORDER POCKET COMPUTER FROM CASIO

  The articles were captured from Kyoto News Service through
  Down Jones/News Retrieval.

  The column with news from the United States had stories from
  NEWSBYTES' newsletters. Hot News From England came from several 
  sources, including The Financial Times and Reuters. 
  Headlines read:

     * THE CHRISTMAS SELLING WAR 
     * BIG MACS GOING CHEAP TO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 

  "Page 2" was dedicated to technology intelligence. "Page 3" 
  had stories about telecommunications, mainly from Brainwave for 
  NewsNet's newsletters. "Page 4" covered personal computer 
  applications. 

Several years later
-------------------
The technology is here. We have services "pushing" filtered news to our 
desktops. We can subscribe to filtered news in many other ways. Anyone can 
design personal "newspapers" using powerful communication programs with 
extensive script features. 

My personal "newspaper" now works as follows:

  [1] Daily, article menus are retrieved from NewsLinx (Chapter 9),
      NewsPage, and two similar Norwegian services: RiksAgenten, at
      http://interoffice.riksnett.no:3333/riksagent/owa/riksagent.visnyheter, 
      and Nettvik, at http://www.eunet.no. 

      Retrieval is done by an automatic system build on use of the
      Agora Web by email services (Chapter 12).

  [2] Upon receipt, my tailormade news system analyzes the menus, and 
      suggests stories to read based on words or phrases found in the
      titles. Enter to read, 'n' to skip. 

      Desired articles are automatically prepared for retrieval by 
      Agora mail. Later that day, the articles arrive in my mailbox,
      and I can read them when I get time.

      Adding or deleting terms to search for in the menus is easy, and
      takes seconds.

  [3] My system also analyzes my incoming electronic mail for interesting 
      contents, including those coming from selected clipping systems 
      (Chapter 11). Interesting finds are highlighted on screen, on my 
      newspaper's front page if you like.

News meta services, like NewsLink, Newspage, Riksagenten, and Nettvik, are 
here to stay. Then there is push. Expect more alternatives. 

Having news delivered to your mailbox or screen is the easy part of the 
equation. Selecting and reading is the difficult part. Most people do not 
have time to read the most interesting articles published each day. I do 
not even have time for the daily selection menus. Without automation, I'd 
be lost. 

Enabling Internet users to select articles automatically may well be the 
next important battle field. 

Some complain it is too difficult to read news on a computer screen. Maybe 
so, but pay attention to what is happening in notebook computers. This 
paragraph was written on a small PC by the fireplace in my living room. The 
computer is not much larger or heavier than a book. 

(Sources for monitoring notebook trends: Newsbytes' IBM and Apple reports, 
Ziff Davis' ZD Net).

An update of MIT Media Lab's thinking on "News in the Future" can be found 
at http://nif.www.media.mit.edu/.

Electronic news by radio
------------------------
Radio technology is being used to deliver Usenet newsgroup to bulletin 
boards (example: PageSat Inc. in the US). Also, consider this: 

Businesses need a constant flow of news to remain competitive. Desktop Data 
Inc. (http://www.desktopdata.com) markets a real-time news service called 
NewsEDGE. They call it "live news processing." 

NewsEDGE continuously collects news from hundreds of news wires, including 
sources like PR Newswire, Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News, Dow Jones 
News Service, Dow Jones Professional Investor Report, Reuters Financial 
News. 

The stories are "packaged" and immediately feed to customers' personal 
computers, workstations and intranets by FM, satellite, X.25 broadcast, or 
the Internet: 

  * All news stories are integrated in a live news stream all day 
    long,

  * The NewsEdge software manages the simultaneous receipt of 
    news from multiple services, and alerts users to stories that 
    match their individual interest profiles. It also maintains a 
    full-text database of the most recent 250,000 stories on the 
    user's server for quick searching. 

Packet radio
------------
A global amateur radio network allows users to modem around the world, and 
even in outer space. Its users never get a telephone bill. 

There are hundreds of packet radio based bulletin boards (PBBS). They are 
interconnected by short wave radio, VHF, UHF, and satellite links. See 
http://www.wallycom.com/~wally/packet.html for information. Technology 
aside, they look and feel just like standard bulletin boards, and some of 
them also support TCP/IP, and have web pages. 

Once you have the equipment, can afford the electricity to power it up, and 
the time it takes to get a radio amateur license, communication itself is 
free. Typically, you'll need a radio (VHR tranceiver), antenna, cable for 
connecting the antenna to the radio, and a controller (TNC - Terminal Node 
Controller). 

Most PBBS systems are connected to a network of packet radio based boards. 
Some amateurs use 1200 bps, but speeds of up to 56,000 bps are being used 
on higher frequencies. 

Hams are working on real-time digitized voice communications, still-frame 
(and even moving) graphics, and live multiplayer games. In some countries, 
there are gateways available to terrestrial public and commercial networks, 
such as Internet, and Usenet. 

Packet radio is proved as a possible technology for wireless extension of 
the Internet. 

Radio and satellites are being used to help countries in the Third World. 
Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA), a private, nonprofit 
organization, is one of those concerned with technology transfers in 
humanitarian aid to these countries. 

VITA's portable packet radio system was used for global email after a 
volcanic eruption in the Philippines in 1991. Today, the emphasis is on 
Africa. 

VITA's "space mailbox" passes over each single point of the earth twice 
every 25 hours at an altitude of 800 kilometers. When the satellite is over 
a ground station, the station sends files and messages for storage in the 
satellite's computer memory and receives incoming mail. The cost of ground 
station operation is based on solar energy batteries, and therefore 
relatively cheap. 

To learn more about Vita's projects, subscribe to their mailing list by 
email to listserv@auvm.american.edu. Use the command Sub DEVEL-L <First-
name Last-name>. 

Usenet has rec.radio.amateur.packet (Discussion about packet radio setups), 
and various other rec.radio conferences. A "Common questions and answers 
about Packet Radio" text is regularly posted to this newsgroup. 

There is HAM_TECH on FidoNet, and Ham Radio under Science on Exec-PC. 

The American Radio Relay League (AARL) operates an Internet information 
service called the ARRL Information Server. To learn how to use it, send 
email to info@arrl.org with the word HELP in the body of the text. Also, 
check out http://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/hamradio/.

The WWW server for Amateur Radio on http://www.acs.ncsu.edu:80/HamRadio 
will give you easy access to the Frequently Asked Questions and more. 
There's another one at http://buarc.bradley.edu/.

Cable TV
--------
Cable TV networks increasingly offer gateways into the Internet and other 
online services. One possible next step is for the cable TV networks to be 
interconnected not unlike the Internet itself. We'll see. 

Example: Continental Cablevision Inc. (U.S.A.) lets customers plug PCs and 
a special modem directly into its cable lines to link up with the Internet. 
The cable link bypasses local phone hookups and provides the capability to 
download whole books and other information at speeds up to 10 million bits 
per second. 

See http://www.teleport.com/~samc/cable1.html for more about Cable TV 
communications, try 

The next generation dial-up modem
---------------------------------
New technologies with names like ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),
VDSL (Very High Digital Subscriber Line), and HDSL, have quietly been 
sneaking up from behind. These modems can transmit data at speeds from 176 
kbits/s to 52 Mbits/s, depending on line length. 

ASDL modems are connected to ordinary copper phone lines (2-wired), and 
will typically enable users to receive information at 6 mbits/s and up 
depending on the distance from the telephone exchange. Usually, they can 
only send at 176 to 640 kbits/s. This is enough for many applications, 
including video on demand. 

See http://www.adsl.com/ for background information, and supplement with 
a quick search using Alta Vista in Chapter 10. 

Satellite communications
------------------------
Hughes Network Systems (USA) markets DirecPC, a small satellite dish that 
picks up digital signals from the air on personal computers. Users can get 
news, sports, and stock information as part of a "basic access" content 
package. The basic service also includes a "Turbo Internet" application so 
subscribers can receive megabytes of Internet documents at high speeds of 
up to 24 Mbps. (http://www.DirecPC.com)

Motorola's Iridium project (http://www.mot.com) aims at covering the 
world with personal telephone services provided from many satellites. 
Expect them to compete aggressively with local telephone services. 

The new system will allow people to communicate by telephone anywhere on 
earth - whether on land, at sea or in the air - via portable cellular radio 
telephones operating as part of a satellite-based system. Callers using the 
new system will not need to know the location of the person (or online 
service) being called. They will simply dial the number to be connected. 

Beginning in 1998, the Iridium system will enable voice, data, facsimile 
and paging messages to be transmitted through space to anyone from anywhere 
on earth. The first five satellites has been put in orbit. 

Teledesic Corp. (http://www.teledesic.com/) plans a network of 840 low-
earth-orbit (LEO) satellites covering 95 percent of the earth's surface by 
the year 2002. The idea is that we will have access to information from 
almost anywhere. With a small bit of hardware, Teledesic will let you 
communicate at 16 Kbps duplex anywhere on the globe. With slightly bigger 
equipment, up to 2 Mbps. 

  Bill Gates has invested heavily in Teledesic, so there may eventually be 
  a Microsoft involvement.

A consortium lead by Sky Station (USA) plans an international transmission 
system of balloons just 21 km over earth. In the year 2000, they will offer 
wireless, 1.5Mbps T1 links directly to computers. The transmissions can 
also be used for portable videophone and Web TV applications, according to 
the company. (See http://www.skystation.com/.)

Satellite program producer Japan Image Communications Co. plans to start 
satellite broadcasts for home computers during 1997. Offerings will include 
economic news and game software on the Internet, using the JCSAT-3 
communications satellite.

Other interesting satellite projects on the horizon include Skybridge 
(Alcatel Espace, France), CyberStar (Loral Space & Communications, USA), 
Lockheed Martin's Astrolink, AT&T's Voicestar, and Motorola's Celestri and 
M-Star.

The biz.pagesat newsgroup on Usenet is "For discussion of the Pagesat 
Satellite Usenet Newsfeed." 

Electronic mail on the move
---------------------------
For years, national telephone companies, backed by ITU-TSS, Lotus, Novell, 
Microsoft and other software companies, pushed the X.400 email standard, 
while online services like CompuServe, Dialcom, MCI Mail, GEIS, and 
Sprint promoted their own proprietary solutions. 

Nobody really cared much about the Internet, until it suddenly was there 
for everybody. It has changed the global email scene completely. 

In 1992, the president of the Internet Society (http://info.isoc.org) 
made the following prediction: 

  ".. by the year 2000 the Internet will consist of some 100 
  million hosts, 3 million networks, and 1 billion users (close
  to the current population of the People's Republic of China).
  Much of this growth will certainly come from commercial 
  traffic."

If this comes true, then proprietary email systems (like those built on 
X.400) will fade away and even possibly disappear. 

Watch the Internet Mail Consortium (http://www.imc.org). Their focus is 
on "cooperatively managing and promoting the rapidly-expanding world of 
electronic mail on the Internet." 

The commercials go Internet
---------------------------
Daily, new databases and information services appear on the Internet. Most 
are free. World Wide Web, hypertext, and distributed text-searching systems 
(like WAIS) make it easier than ever to find information. 

While this puts pressure on the old commercial services, it also creates 
new opportunities. Many have already opened shop on the Internet. Others 
focus on making it easier for users to connect directly from this global 
matrix of networks. Eventually, we may well find everybody there.

Telebase Systems resells KR Dialog and other professional and business 
database information to individual consumers through services like IQuest 
(http://www.iquest.n2k.com/).

Their offering is a top-level subject-oriented menu system. Subscribers 
can now use it interactively at http://www.telebase.com/. Pricing depends 
on the database being searched. It offers databases with primarily business 
information from well known sources, such as Standard & Poor's, Dun & 
Bradstreet, TRW Business Credit, magazines, newspapers, etc.  

Dun & Bradstreet is at the Web address http://www.dnb.com/. You will find 
Elsevier Science, the scientific communications branch of Reed Elsevier, at 
http://www.elsevier.nl/. 

Cheaper and better communications
---------------------------------
During Christmas 1987, a guru said that once the 9600 bps V.32 modems fell 
below the US$1,200 level, they would create a new standard. Today, such 
modems can be bought at prices lower than US$100. In several countries, 
56 Kbs modems are emerging as the preferred choice in competition with 
even faster ISDN and cable modems. 

Expect developments within data compression to have a further impact on the 
costs of global communications. 

Wild dreams get real
--------------------
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Networks) already lets many users do 
several things simultaneously on the same telephone line. They can write 
and talk while using the same line for transfers of pictures, music, video, 
fax, voice and data. 

However, ISDN is just an intermediate step towards much faster speeds for 
everybody: Ordinary phone modems at 56 Kbps; 2 Mbps communication by 
satellite; 52 Mbps communication by ADSL. Increased transmission speeds 
are opening up for "a new world" of opportunities. Some of them are here 
already.

Here are some key words about what increased speeds may give us: 

  * Teleconference with your mom on Mother's Day or send video email.

  * Chats, with the option of having pictures of the people we are 
    talking to up on our local screen (for example in  a window, each 
    time he or she is saying something).  Eventually, we may get the 
    pictures in 3-D. 

    microWonders Inc. (Toronto, Canada) promotes Internet Global Phone 
    (IGP), free software that provides two-way voice communications over 
    Internet connections. The program will run on any PC equipped with a 
    SoundBlaster compatible sound card, speakers, and a microphone. The 
    compression technology (GSM) makes real-time voice connections practical 
    over any common modem-based Internet connection from 14.400 bits/s up. 

    Fujitsu Cultural Technologies and CompuServe Information Service 
    offer WorldsAway, a graphical 3-D chat environment where animated 
    "avatars" interact in a virtual cocktail party.  Each participant 
    can control his or her avatar, making it walk across the room, sit 
    down, etc., Conversation is depicted cartoon-style in a balloon over 
    the avatar's head.  Characters can move, examine, exchange and sell 
    objects online using tokens, and can even invite other characters to 
    their own private residences for some one-on-one chat time.  

  * Database searches in text and pictures, with displays of both. 
     
  * Electronic transfers of video/movies over a standard telephone line. 
      
    The "Internet Talk Radio" have delivered radio programs over the net
    for a long time (http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/radio/radio.html).

    Paramount Pictures has a Web site dedicated to the motion picture
    Star Trek Generations. It offers a galaxy of unique Star Trek 
    elements for retrieval, including pictures, sounds and a preview of 
    the movie, in addition to behind-the-scenes information. On the URL: 
    http://generations.paramount.com/marshal/scripts/pilot.txt

  * Online amusement parks with group plays, creative offerings (drawing, 
    painting, building of 3-D electronic sculptures),  shopping (with 
    "live" people presenting merchandise and  good pictures of the 
    offerings, test drives, etc.), casino  (with real prizes), theater 
    with live performance, online  "dressing rooms" (submit a 2-D picture 
    of yourself, and  play with your looks), online car driving schools 
    (drive a car through Tokyo or New York, or go on safari). 
      
    WorldPlay Entertainment has played around with these ideas for quite 
    some time (at http://www.inngames.com/home.html).

  * Your favorite books, old as new, available for on-screen  reading or 
    searching in full text. Remember, many libraries  have no room to 
    store all the new books that they receive.  Also, wear and tear tend 
    to destroy paper based books over time.  

    Many books are already available online, including this one.  

  * Instant access to hundreds of thousands of 'data cottages'.  These 
    are computers in private homes of people around the  world set up for 
    remote access. Technical advances in the art of transferring pictures
    will turn some cottages into tiny online "television stations." 

  * Before you know it, scientists will be able to collaborate with near 
    TV-quality video and sound connections. 

  * Find information about and navigate cities using three-dimensional 
    models (VRML) that are exact mirror-like copies of their originals. 
    Meet and interact with citizens at virtual meeting points. View public 
    areas in real-time. Access cultural services online. Make purchases in 
    shops. Conduct business with officials. Use toll or advertising-financed 
    entertainment services. Make PC and video phone calls. Visit amusement 
    parks and casinos. Meet members of clubs and associations. See Virtual 
    Helsinki 2000 (http://www.helsinkiarena2000.fi) for an example.

These "wild" ideas are already around, but it will take time before they 
are generally available all over the globe. New networks need to be in 
place. Powerful communications equipment must be provided. 

We also see the contours of speech-based electronic conferences with 
automatic translation to and from the participants' languages. Entries will 
be stored as text in a form that allows for advanced online searching. We 
may be able to choose between the following options: 

  * Use voice when entering messages, rather than typing them
    in through the keyboard. The ability to mix speech, text, 
    sound and pictures (single frames or live pictures). 

  * Have messages delivered to you by voice, as text, or as a 
    combination of these (like in a lecture with visual aids). 

  * Have text and voice converted to a basic text, which may in turn
    be converted to other languages, and be forwarded to its destination 
    as text or voice depending on the recipients' preferences. 

Pointer: CompuServe's multilingual machine translation of its MacCIM Help 
Forum and World Community Forum messages. Every three minutes, English 
messages in the forums are translated into German, Spanish and French and 
German. Spanish and French messages are translated into English. 

Regardless of which language version of CompuServe a user has, the user may 
choose whether translated messages in the forums are received in English, 
German or French. 

Rates
-----
The Internet is pressing commercial service rates. There is a trend away 
from charging by the minute or hour. Many services convert to subscription 
prices, a fixed price by the month, quarter or year. 

Other services, among them some major database services, let users pay for 
what they get (no cure, no pay). MCI Mail was one of the first. There, you 
only pay when you send or read mail. On IQuest, you pay a fixed price for a 
fixed set of search results. 

Anyone who buys an Internet connection can in principle be a reseller of 
Internet access services. This presses the cost of Internet access towards 
cost. In turn, new technologies promise to reduce access providers' costs 
dramatically. They also promise to reduce the importance of a provider's 
geographical locations. The users win. 

Cheaper transfers of data
-------------------------
Privatization of the national telephone monopolies has opened further for 
more alternatives. Possible scenarios: 

  * Major companies selling extra capacity from their own
    internal networks,

  * Telecommunications companies exporting their services at
    extra low prices, 

  * Other pricing schemes (like a fixed amount per month with
    unlimited usage),

  * New technology (direct transmitting satellites, FM, etc.)

Increased global competition will press end users' communications costs 
down toward the magic zero. 

Powerful new search tools
-------------------------
As the amount of available information increases, the development of 
adequate finding tools is gaining momentum. Still, finding and using what 
we can get remains a major problem, and particularly on the Internet. 

Personal information agents, whether they be called "knowbots" or other 
things, will increasingly do a better job at scanning databases and other 
information offerings for specific information at a user's bidding. 
Gradually, this may make specialists' knowledge of what sources to use 
redundant. 

Search services will gradually cope better with the Internet's growth in 
Web pages and offerings, across language and cultural barriers, and offer 
indexes updated by the minute. 

Some of these features will be built into your local software or operations 
systems, while others will be services offered through the net. Some will 
exploit the hypertext concept, universal data linking, massive cross-
indexing of information, dynamic customization of your interactions to the 
various services, and more. 

Artificial intelligence will increase the value of searches, as they can be 
based on your personal searching history since your first day as a user. 

Your personal information agents will make automatic decisions about what 
is important and what is not in a query. When you get information back, it 
will even be ranked by what seems to be closest to your query. 

Sources for future studies
--------------------------
Let's end this chapter with some online services and sources focusing on 
the future: 

Internet Surveys is a free monthly newsletter that digests the most 
important surveys and reports on the Internet. To subscribe, visit 
http://www.nua.ie/surveys. 

The European Commission publishes an "Information Society Trends" newsletter 
(http://www.ispo.cec.be/ispo/press.html). You can subscribe to receive it 
by email (send Subscribe ISTRENDS to Majordomo@www.ispo.cec.be). 

Usenet has the newsgroup clari.news.trends about Surveys and trends
(validation required for access), and comp.society.futures about "Events 
in technology affecting future computing." 

Dataquest, a U.S. market research firm, often offers interesting free texts
on http://www.dataquest.com/. George Gilder's interesting views on the 
communications revolution and its implications for the future are at 
http://www.forbes.com/asap/gilder/.

Newsbytes has a section called Trends. The topic is computers and 
communications. ECHO has the free database Trend, the online edition of the 
Trend Monitor magazine. It contains short stories about the development 
within electronics and computers (log on to ECHO using the password TREND). 

Why not complement what you find here by monitoring trends in associated 
areas (like music), to follow the development from different perspectives? 

It is tempting to add a list of conferences dedicated to science fiction, 
but I'll leave that pleasure to you. 

  Have a nice trip!



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 1: Selected online services
====================================

Making a list of online services is difficult. Daily, new services are 
born, while others disappear. Addresses and access numbers are constantly 
changing. Only one thing is certain: Some details given in this handbook 
will be outdated, when you read it. 

Agence France-Presse
--------------------
Web: http://www.afp.com/

America Online
--------------
has the CNN Newsroom (Turner Educational Services), the National Geographic 
magazine, PC World and Macworld. AOL has tailor-made graphical user 
interfaces for Apple, Macintosh, and PC compatible computers. It had over 
9 million subscribers by September 1997. Sending and receiving Internet mail 
are possible. WWW access. 

Contact: America Online, 8619 Westwood Center Dr., Vienna, VA 22182-2285, 
USA. Phone: +1-703-448-8700.  Email: info@aol.com. World Wide Web address:
http://www.aol.com

APC
---
The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) is a worldwide 
partnership of member networks for peace and environmental users with host 
computers in several countries around the world. The APC nets have full 
Internet access (except FTP). 

While all these services are fee based, they bring a wealth of information 
on environmental preservation, peace (including Greenpeace Press Releases), 
human rights, grant-making foundations, Third World Resources, United 
Nations Information Service, Pesticide Information Service, and more. 

See Appendix 7 for more information. 

ASCII Net
---------
Japanese PC network for hobbyists. This online service had around 120,000 
members in October 1996. Phone: +81-3-3797-6506. Fax: +81-3-3486-0488. Full 
Internet connectivity. 

AT&T Mail
---------
AT&T Mail Customer Assistance Center, 5000 Hadley Road, South Plainsfield, 
NJ 07080, U.S.A. Email: postmaster@attmail.com.

Bergen By Byte
--------------
Norwegian online service with conferences and many files. Modem tel.: +47 
55 324447. PDN (Datapak) address: 0 2422 450134. Telnet: oscar.bbb.no 
(192.124.156.38). 

English-language interface available. Annual subscription rates. Online
registration. Limited free usage. 

BITNET
------
"Because It's Time NETwork" started as a small network for IBM computers. 
In October 1994, BITNET encompassed 1,481 host computers by academic and 
research institutions all over the world. It had around 111,000 users 
(source: Matrix News 1995 - http://www3.mids.org/mn/). Today, it is 
a dying network. 

All connected hosts form a worldwide network using the NJE (Network Job 
Entry) protocols and with a single list of nodes. There is no single 
worldwide BITNET administration. 

The European part of BITNET is called EARN (European Academic Research 
Network), while the Canadian is called NetNorth. In Japan the name is 
AsiaNet. BITNET also has connections to South America. Other parts of the 
network have names like CAREN, ANSP, SCARNET, CEARN, GULFNET, HARNET, 
ECUANET, and RUNCOL. 

BIX (Byte Information eXchange)
-------------------------------
is operated as a joint venture between General Videotex Corp. and the North 
American computer magazine BYTE (McGraw-Hill). To some extent, it mirrors 
what you can read on paper. BIX offers full Internet access. In 1992, the 
service had about 50,000 members. 

Send email to BIX members as user@bix.com. 
                                              
The NUA address is 0310600157878. On Internet, do telnet://x25.bix.com.
At the Username: prompt, enter BIX as a user name. At the second Username: 
prompt, enter NEW if you do not already have an account on the service. You 
can also telnet from its Web site: 

    http://www.mcs.com/~jvwater/bix.html

You can sign up for the service, and play during your first visit to the 
service. Email: TJL@mhis.bix.com. 

BRS
---
Bibliographic Retrieval Services is owned by CD Plus. BRS/After Dark is a 
service for PC users. Available during evenings and weekends at attractive 
rates. 

BRS has about 120 databases within research, business, news, and science. 
The service's strengths are medicine and health. Membership BRS requires 
paying an annual fee, plus hourly database usage charges. It is also 
available through CompuServe (at a different price). 

Contact in Europe: BRS Information Technologies, Achilles House, Western 
Avenue, London W3 OUA, England. Tel. +44 81 993 9962. 

CDP Plus
--------
owns BRS Online, which in turn owns BRS Online, BRS Colleague, BRS After 
Dark, and BRS Morning Search. The latter focuses on medical information. 
CDP offers about 160 databases, of which about 70 relate to biomedical 
fields. These services were earlier owned by InfoPro. They have been 
renamed to CDP Online and CDP Colleague. Voice: +1 212 563 3006. 

CGNET
-----
is a network interconnecting a group of international research 
organizations. Besides email, CGNET provides news clipping services, 
airline reservation information, and database search. (See Dialcom) 

Contact: CGNET Services International, 1024 Hamilton Court, Menlo Park, 
California  94025,  USA. Telephone: +1-415-325-3061. Fax:  1-415-325-2313 
Telex: 4900005788 (CGN UI) . 

CIX (England)
-------------
Compulink Information eXchange Ltd. (England) claims to be Europe's largest 
conferencing system. British online-service available by telnet, PDN 
services and direct dial. Full Internet access, and email exchange with 
CompuServe and Dialcom. Web: http://www.compulink.co.uk/cix/. Access for 
subscribers: telnet://cix.compulink.co.uk. For information, write to
cixadmin@cix.compulink.co.uk. 

CIX (USA)
---------
The Commercial Internet eXchange is a North American association of 
commercial Internet providers in which they agree to carry each others' 
packets of mail, and more. 

Clarinet
--------
A commercial supplier of wire services to Internet users: general, 
international, sports, technology, entertainment and financial news, plus 
special features and columns, press releases from major companies.

Their services are delivered by email and through Usenet. The Newsgroups 
for Clarinet begin with clari. (also called ClariNews). 

See Chapter 9 for more information. Single-user (individual) prices 
available. Associated Press, Reuters, Newsbytes, and other sources. 

Clarinet Communications Corp: http://www.clari.net/. 

CompuServe
----------
has over 1,500 databases, 600 forums, 500 newspapers, online shopping from 
more than 170 stores and entertainment. It's like a large electronic 
supermarket. It was sold to America Online in September 1997.

An updated list of available forums can be retrieved from Library 1 of the 
free Practice Forum (GO PRACTICE). 

The IQuest database service gives access to over 450 databases spanning the 
fields of business, government, research and news. Bibliographic and full-
text searches (check http://www.iquest.n2k.com/). 

Some IQuest databases are the property of other online services, like 
Brainwave for NewsNet, KR Dialog, BRS, and Vu/Text (owned by KR 
Dialog), DataSolve (England. It has TASS in the World Reporter database), 
KR Data-Star (Switzerland), and Questel (France). However, it may be 
faster and cheaper to search them on CompuServe, than by directly 
contacting these services. 

Knowledge Index offers over 120 of KR Dialog's more popular full-text and 
bibliographic databases, the full text of 33 major newspapers, scientific 
abstracts, reference sources, and more within 27 subject sections (1993). 

CompuServe can be accessed though local access numbers in over 100 
countries, Packet Switching, and outdial services. The international NUA 
address is 0313299999997. Also accessible by: telnet://compuserve.com. 

CompuServe Information Services Inc.: http://www.compuserve.com.

SPRY, CompuServe Internet Division, provides worldwide Internet access, 
services and software for the home and business markets. Information:
http://www.sprynet.com/.

DATEX-J
-------
A service of Deutsche Telekom (Germany) having around 800.000 subscribers 
(1995). 

KR Data-Star
------------
is a leading European-based online service that is owned by Knight-Ridder
Information, Inc. 

It offers over 400 databases (1996) from a broad scope of disciplines. In 
addition to a global coverage of automotive industry data, detailed 
import/export trade statistics, and specialized pharmaceutical, biomedical, 
and health care information, KR Data-Star's strength is its collection of 
European information, newspapers and newswires. 

SciSearch is a reference database of over nine million stories from 4500 
newspapers and magazines. KR Data-Star is strong on pharmaceutical, 
chemical, biotechnology, and automotive industries. 

Other databases: Current Patents Fast Alert, Flightline (with stories about 
air transport), The Turing Institute Database on artificial intelligence, 
Information Access (international market data), parts of SovData, Who Owns 
Whom, Telefirm - Directory of French Companies, etc.. 

Subscribers can access through Internet: telnet://rserve.rs.ch 
[192.82.124.4]. Contact: Knight-Ridder Information, Inc. at their Web 
site: http://www.krinfo.ch/

Delphi
------
http://www.delphi.com

Dialcom
-------
is owned by British Telecom and is a network of data centers in many 
countries. Dialcom is selling its services through many agents (like 
EsiStreet for the music industry, and CGNet for agricultural research). 

Some selected services: The Official Airline Guide, news (Financial Times 
Profile, Newsbytes, AP, UPI, and Reuters), mail (Dialcom400), fax services 
and several conference type offerings (like Campus 2000 for the education 
market). 

Most Dialcom users are unable to exchange mail with the Internet, but mail 
can be sent to users of SprintMail, IBM Mail, AT&Ts Easylink, MCI Mail, 
Compania Telefonica Nacional de Espana, and some other X.400 systems. 

Contact: Dialcom, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, U.S.A. The 
British service Telecom-Gold is a subsidiary of Dialcom UK. In North 
America, contact BT North America at tel.: +1-408-922-7543. In Europe, 
contact British Telecom. 

CGNET can be reached through the Internet. Write postmaster@cgnet.com for 
more information. 

KR Dialog Information Services
------------------------------
is a commercial service owned by Knight-Ridder Information, Inc., and has 
more than 450 databases online (1995), covering almost every discipline. 
Besides offering significant science and technology databases, KR Dialog 
boasts a large online collection of full-text sources, including 3,000 
journals, newsletters, reports, newspapers, plus a large collection of 
intellectual property files covering patents, trademarks, and copyrights. 

Their list of sources includes the San Francisco Chronicle in full-text, 
Newsbytes, Information Access, the Japan Technology database, most major 
global news wires, Trademarkscan, USA Today, Teikoku Databank from Japan. 

KR Dialog has gateways to other services, like CompuServe and iNet, making 
the databases available to a larger market. Many databases are also 
available on CD-ROM. The service had 155,000 users at the end of 1993 
according to SIMBA Information. 

Contact: Kight-Ridder Information, Inc., 2440 El Camino Real, Mountain 
View, CA 94040, U.S.A. 

On the World Wide Web, connect to http://www.dialog.com. Access is 
also possible by telnet://dialog.com (192.132.3.254). 


DIMDI
-----
Postfach 42 05 80, D-5000 Koeln 41, Germany. Tel: +49 221 47 24 270.
Web: http://www.dimdi.de/

Dow Jones News/Retrieval
------------------------
DJN/R covers around 3,000 key business and financial information sources 
(1996). This includes a mix of newspapers, newswires, market reports, and 
company financials. 

It offers the Wall Street Journal (with articles from the international 
editions), Barron's, PR Newswire, Dow Jones and Telerate's newswires in 
full-text, other newspapers in full-text, clipping service, online charting 
for investors, and gateways to services like Info Globe (Globe and Mail in 
Canada). 

Their Dow Jones Text Library is a vast searchable database that includes 
all of Dow Jones's publications plus 1,400 general and trade publications, 
major newspapers (like Washington Post), and magazines (such as Fortune and 
U.S. News & World Report). 

Use //GUIDE for names of all publications and newswires, description of 
databases and general services. 

DJN/R had 205,000 users at the end of 1993, up 3.5% from the previous year. 
In July 1995, they had 225,000 registered users (source: SIMBA Information). 

You can access by telnet://djnr.dowjones.com . Their World Wide Web 
address is http://bis.dowjones.com/online-lib/index.html

Dun & Bradstreet Information Services
-------------------------------------
Web address: http://www.dnb.com/

ECHO
----
European Commission Host Organization. On the Web: http://www.echo.lu/

ECHO's I'M GUIDE provides information about online services within the 
European Common Market. These includes CD-ROMs, databases and databanks, 
database producers, gateways, host organizations, PTT contact points, and 
information brokers in Europe. 

For information contact: ECHO Customer Service, BP 2373, L-1023 Luxembourg. 
Tel.: +352 34 98 1200. Fax: +352 34 98 1234. 

eWorld
------
Closed during March 1996.

Europe Online S.A.
------------------
Declared bankrupt on Aug 2, 1996 (Luxembourg). Closed.

Exec-PC Network BBS
-------------------
is based in Milwaukee (U.S.A.). In January, 1995, it had over 300 incoming 
phone lines, and more than 650,000 files available for downloading 
(including the complete selection from PC-SIG California). Large 
conferencing board. 

The service focuses on owners of IBM compatible computers (MS/PC-DOS, 
Windows, OS/2, Windows, Unix), Apple Macintosh, Amiga and Atari ST through 
over 200 conferences. 

You can access EXEC-PC through telnet://execpc.com. Annual subscription 
fee. You can sign on while online. Unregistered users get some free minutes 
per day. Web address: http://www.execpc.com/. 

FidoNet
-------
is an amateur electronic mail network founded in 1984 for automatic 
transfers of files from one place to the other at night, when the telephone 
rates are low. FidoNet are in countries all over the world, and consists 
mainly of personal computers (IBM/Amiga/Macintosh...). 

FidoNet systems exchange documents by using a modem and calling another 
FidoNet system.  Communication can be either direct to the destination 
system (calling long distance) or by routing a message to a local system. 

Each computer connected to FidoNet is called a node. In November 1995, it 
had over 35,000 nodes in 96 countries (source: FidoNet host table). The 
number of nodes used to be growing at about 40 percent per year, but this 
levelled off when the Internet's strong growth started. In 1997, it had 
around 30.000 nodes. 

Most nodes are operated by volunteers, and access is free. FidoNet is 
believed to have over 2.56 million users (1994/Matrix News). 

Conferences (called ECHOs or Echomail) are broadcasted between interested 
nodes, and may thus have thousands of readers. The selection of echomail 
conferences on a given FidoNet board can be as unique as the rest of the 
system. A typical FidoNet Echomail conference gets 50 to 100 messages each 
day. Any connected BBS may carry 50, 100, or more echomail conferences. 

In addition to, electronic mail, Fidonet distributes programs, pictures, and 
text files. NetMail is Fidonet's simple, person to person, electronic mail 
message system. FidoNet users can also send and receive mail through the 
Internet. 

The list of member bulletin boards, the Nodelist, may be retrieved from 
most boards. Each node has one line on this list, like in this example: 

   ,10,Home_of_PCQ,Warszawa,Jan_Stozek,48-22-410374,9600,V32,MNP,XA

The commas are field separators. The first field (empty in this example) 
starts a zone, region, local net, Host, or shows a private space (with the 
keyword Pvt). 

The second field (10) is the node number, and the third field (Home_of_PCQ) 
is the name for the node. 

The fourth field (Warszawa) is a geographical notation, and the fifth field 
(Jan_Stozek) is the name of the owner. The sixth field is a telephone 
contact number, and the other fields contain various technical information 
used in making connections. 

FidoNet has six major geographical zones: (1) North America, (2) Europe, 
including Russian Asia, (3) Australasia, (4) America Latina, (5) Africa, 
(6) the Asian Pacific. 

For information, contact the International FidoNet Association (IFNA), P.O. 
Box 41143, St. Louis, MO 63141, U.S.A., or postmaster@fidonet.fidonet.org. 
Web address: http://www.fidonet.org/. 

You will also find interesting information about FidoNet at

    http://owls.com/~jerrys/fidonet.html

FT Profile
----------
has full-text articles from Financial Times in London, from several 
European databases (like the Hoppenstedt database with more than 46,000 
German companies), and the Japanese database Nikkei. 

Profile is available through Telecom-Gold, and can also be accessed through 
other online services. Clipping service. CD-ROM. Contact: FT Profile at 
tel.: +44-932 761444. Web address: http://www.ft.com.

GEnie
-----
General Electric Network for Information Exchange was initially set up as a 
joint venture between GE and Ameritech. It is now owned by IDT Corp., USA.

GEnie gives access to many databases and other information services. It has 
gateways to KR Dialog, Dow Jones, and claimed around 400,000 users in 
1993. The figure in January 96 was just 55.000 (source: IISR). 

Web: http://www.genie.com. 

GE Information Service Co. (GEIS)
---------------------------------
Online service operated by General Electric. Available in over 32 
countries. GEIS' QUIK-COMM service integrates multinational business 
communications for public and private mail systems. Its services include 
Telex Access; and QUIK-COMM to FAX, which allows users to send messages 
from their workstations to fax machines throughout the world. 
Web address: http://www.geis.com
                                   
GENIOS
------
German online service (tel.: +49 69 920 19 101). Offers information from 
Novosti (Moscow), data about companies in the former DDR, the Hoppenstedt 
business directories, and more. 

GlasNet
-------
International computer network providing low-cost telecommunications to 
nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations throughout the countries of the 
former Soviet Union. Email, fax, telex, public conferences. 

Write to: GlasNet, Ulitsa Sadovaya-Chernograizskaya, dom 4, Komnata 16, 
Third Floor, 107078 Moscow, Russia. Email: support@glas.apc.org. Web: 
http://www.glasnet.ru/. 

Global Access
-------------
is a North American outdial service (see Chapter 13) owned by G-A 
Technologies, Inc. It has an information BBS at +1-704-334-9030. 

IASNET
------
The Institute for Automated Systems Network was the first public switched 
network in the xUSSR. Its main goal is to provide a wide range of network 
services to the scientific community in the xUSSR, including access to 
online databases, a catalog of foreign databases, and conferencing 
(ADONIS). 

IBM Global Network
------------------
was announced in July 1994 as a worldwide value-added network (VAN). It 
incorporates the Advantis network, offers network access in nearly 100
countries around the globe, connects to 5,500 customer networks, and
has 1.9 million individual users worldwide (1994). 

Its IBM Internet Connection gives users access to the full range of 
Internet services (World Wide Web, Gopher, FTP, Newsgroups, Telnet and E-
mail), and OS/2 Warp provides an easy-to-use graphical interface for the 
user. 

For information:

Asia Pacific: IBM Japan, Ltd., IBM Global Network, 19-21, Nihonbashi 
Hakozaki-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, Japan. 

Europe/Middle East/Africa: IBM Global Network, IBM Eurocoordination SA,
Dept 8625, Tour Descartes, 92066 Paris La Defense, France.

United States/Latin America: Advantis, P. O. Box 30021, Tampa, FL 33630, 
USA. (Voice: 1-800-455-5056). Email: info@advantis.com

On the World Wide Web, connect to http://www.ibm.net/ibmnet.html. You can 
also try from "the top" at http://www.ibm.com.

i-Com
-----
offers outdial services to North America (ref. Chapter 13). Contact: i-Com, 
4 Rue de Geneve B33, 1140 Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2215 7130. Fax: +32 
2215 8999. Modem: +32 2215 8785. 

ILINK (Interlink)
-----------------
is a network for exchange of conferences between bulletin boards in U.S.A., 
Canada, Scotland, England, Norway, France, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, 
and other countries. 

Infonet
-------
is a privately owned vendor of packet data services with local operations 
in over 50 countries, and access from more than 135 countries. Contact: 
Infonet Services Corp., 2100 East Grand Ave., El Segundo, CA 90245, U.S.A. 

Internet
--------
The name comes from "inter-networking," which is the process of connecting 
multiple host computers and their associated networks together to create a 
larger network. 

What started as ARPANET, was by July 1996 a large group of over 134,000 
interconnected independent networks in 175 countries supporting mail, news, 
remote login, file transfer, and many other services (http://www.nw.com). 
All participating hosts use the TCP/IP protocol. 

While electronic mail and the World Wide Web are the net's most popular 
applications, users also have access to ftp and telnet. Ftp gives 
interactive access to remote computers for transferring files. Telnet gives 
access to a remote service for interactive dialog. You can telnet several 
bulletin boards through Internet, like telnet://conrad.appstate.edu.
(Login as "info"). See Appendix 6 for more.

It is not possible to calculate the number of interconnected networks any 
more, but by July 1997, hosts in 214 countries provided net connectivity. 

There are other major wide area networks, such as the BITNET and DECnet 
networks that are not based on the TCP/IP protocols and are thus not part 
of the Internet.  However, it is possible to communicate between them and 
the Internet via electronic mail because of mail gateways that act as 
"translators" between the different network protocols involved. See The 
Matrix below. 

There are over 19.5 million host machines (July 1997). Of these, 4,314,410
were reachable (replied to Ping). In January 1993, the number of hosts was 
1.3 million, and in July that year, 464,000 were reachable (For details: 
see http://www.nw.com). 

The number of users is claimed to double every year. In January 1994, the 
Internet Number FAQ estimated some 16 million users. Two years later, 
Matrix News (http://www.mids.org/mn/) estimated 36 million users of 
computers who could distribute information by interactive TCP/IP services 
(like WWW, and FTP), and 57 million users who could access information by 
interactive TCP/IP services. 

By November 1997, there were an estimated 86 million users, claimed Nua 
Internet Surveys (see http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online.html)!

As of August, 1991, more than half the registered networks on Internet were 
commercial.

In addition, private enterprise networks have an estimated 1,410,000 hosts 
using TCP/IP (Source: The Internet Demographic Survey, January 1994.) These 
offer mail exchange with the Internet, but not services such as Telnet or 
FTP to most parts of the Internet, and are estimated to have some 7.5 
million users. 

One important feature of the Internet is that no one is in charge. The 
Internet is essentially a voluntary association. Somehow it all works. 

Some of its direction comes from a group of volunteers called the Internet 
Society (http://info.isoc.org/) run more like a council of elders than a 
business. 

No one organization collects fees from Internet users or networks. Each 
user and service pays its own way. There are rarely any additional charges 
for sending and receiving electronic mail (even when sending to other 
networks), retrieving files, or reading Usenet Newsgroups. 

For more on the Internet, check out the sources listed at the end of 
Appendix 6. For more statistics, try http://www.cyberatlas.com. For 
history, try http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html,
and http://www.ccit.arizona.edu/internet/inthist.html.

Internet and The Matrix
-----------------------
The Matrix is also called "WorldNet." It includes all the networks in 
Internet, and in addition a long list of networks that can send electronic 
mail to each other (though they may not be based on the TCP/IP protocol). 
Think of it as a larger network using the Internet as a telephone exchange. 

The Matrix includes Internet, BITNET, DECnet, Minitel (France), Usenet, 
UUCP, PeaceNet, IGC, EARN, Uninett, FidoNet, CompuServe, Alternex (Brazil), 
ATT Mail, FredsNaetet (Sweden), AppleLink, GeoNet (hosts in Germany, 
England, U.S.A.), GreenNet, MCI Mail, MetaNet, Nicarao (Nicaragua), OTC 
PeaceNet/EcoNet, Pegasus (Australia), BIX, Portal, PsychNet, Telemail, 
TWICS (Japan), Web (Canada), The Well, CARINET, DASnet, Janet (England), 
X.400, SprintMail, and many more. 

These peripheral networks create a larger Matrix Internet that reaches 155
countries (January 1995), and provide many millions of people with lowest 
common denominator email connectivity. 

Matrix News estimated that 71 million users were able to exchange email 
with other users on the Matrix, versus 27.5 million as of October 1994 
(see http://www.mids.org/mids/howbig.html). 

Istel
-----
A privately owned vendor of packet data services, who has operator-owned 
nodes in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Holland, Spain, 
Sweden, England. Contact: AT&T Istel. Tel.: 0527-64295 (in England). 

Kompass Online
--------------
A British-based publisher of corporate directories with affiliates all over 
the world. Their databank covers over 70 countries (1996). Its directories 
are available on KR Dialog, LEXIS-NEXIS, and others. More details in 
Chapter 11. Web: http://www.kompass-intl.com/. 

MCI Mail
--------
Email: postmaster@mcimail.com. Web addresses: http://www.mci.com/, and
http://www.internetmci.com. 

Microsoft Network
-----------------
MSN started in September 1995. They claimed 250,000 members by mid October, 
1,000,000 members in March, 1996, and 2.3 million customers in July 1997. 
The service has relationships with long distance carriers to provide local 
access numbers in 50 countries. It's access software is localized in 26 
languages. Web address: http://www.msn.com/. 

LEXIS-NEXIS
-----------------
Owned by Reed Elsevier plc. (London, United Kingdom). Lexis is a full-text 
legal information service offering more than 45 specialized law libraries, 
covering all areas of law practice. Nexis focuses on full-text news and 
business information. Over 8,700 sources of news and business information
(1997).

Web: http://www.lexis-nexis.com/. Access: telnet://lexis.meaddata.com.
Terminal type = vt100a. (If characters do not echo back, set your terminal 
to "local" echo.) 

MetaNet
-------
Contact: Metasystems Design Group, 2000 North 15th Street, Suite 103, 
Arlington, VA 22201, U.S.A. Tel.: +1-703-243-6622. Telnet access at
telnet://tmn.com. WWW: http://www.tmn.com/

Minitel
-------
French videotex service marketed in several countries by France Telecom. It 
is based on a special videotex graphics display format (Teletel), has over 
26,000 services, and appears like a large French online hypermarche. In 
January 1996, it claimed over 20 million users. 

Internet mail and full TCP/IP. Access requires software for emulating 
Minitel menus and function keys (free), or any VT100 compatible terminal. 
Connect to telnet://minitel.fr. Payment required. 

Access to the French Minitel network is also available via the Infonet 
international packet data network on a host-paid and chargeable account 
basis. Information: http://www.minitel.fr. 

NEC PC-VAN
----------
Japan's next largest online service. It had around 1,77 million users by the 
end of 1996 (up from 660,000 in February 1994). Your communications system 
must be able to display Japanese characters to use the service. PC-VAN has 
gateways to GEnie, KR Dialog and the Internet. 

Netnews
-------
See Usenet.

Newsbytes News Network
----------------------
Information: administrator@newsbytes.com and http://www.nbnn.com.
News at http://www.newsbytes.com/.

Brainwave for NewsNet
---------------------
For years, it was the world's leading online vendor of full-text business 
and professional newsletters. Taken over by Telebase in September 1997 and 
integrated with its Brainwave service. 

Offers access to over 1.000 industry-specific newsletters and trade 
publications within 30 industry classification groups (1995). Live gateway 
access to Dun & Bradstreet business reports, TRW Business Profiles, and 
more. 

For a fee, you can read individual newsletter issues, and search back 
issues of individual newsletters or publications within an industry 
classification. 

Access Brainwave at http://www.newsnet.telebase.com/.

NIFTY-Serve
-----------
had 2 million subscribers by September 1996, and is Japan's largest online 
service. To use it, your communications system must be able to display 
Japanese characters. Offers Newsbytes in Japanese. 

Nifty-Serve (http://www.niftyserve.or.jp/) is jointly operated by Fujitsu 
and Nissho Iwai Trading in a licensing agreement with CompuServe. 

OCLC
----
Online Computer Library Center, Inc. is a nonprofit computer library 
service and research organization whose computer network and products link 
more than 21,000 libraries in 63 countries and territories (1996). It 
serves all types of libraries, including public, academic, special, 
corporate, law, and medical libraries. Web address: http://www.oclc.org. 

Pergamon Financial Data Services
--------------------------------
See Orbit.

Prodigy
-------
is a North American videotex service. It had 1.4 million subscribers in 
June 1996. Email from the Internet to Prodigy users: Send to 
"XXXX@prodigy.com," where "XXXX" is the user's Prodigy service ID. Email 
for information: admin@prodigy.com. Web: http://www.prodigy.com 

Questel/Orbit
-------------
A member of the France Telecom Group. Address: Le Capitole 55, avenue des 
Champs Pierreux, F-92029 Nanterre, France. Offices in Washington, Paris, 
London and Sydney. 

Specialized in patent, trademark, scientific, chemical, business and news 
information. Over 100 databases. Telnet to telnet://orbit.com. Web 
address: http://www.questel.orbit.com

RelayNet
--------
Also called PcRelay-Net. An international network for exchange of email and 
conferences between more than 8,500 bulletin boards. The Relaynet 
International Message Exchange (RIME) consists of some 1,000 systems 
(1992). 

Relcom
------
means 'Russian Electronic Communications.'  This company provides email, 
other network services, a gateway to Internet, and access to Usenet. 

In early 1992, RELCOM had regional nodes in 25 cities of the xUSSR 
connecting over 1,000 organizations or 30,000 users.  It now has 200,000 
users (2/1994). RELCOM has a gateway to IASNET.  

Reuters Information Systems
---------------------------
Financial online service. Over 309,000 subscribers (July 1995). Main Web 
site: http://www.reuters.com. 

Russia On-Line
Operated by Sovam Teleport, a joint venture of Global TeleSystems Group, 
Inc. (formerly SFMT), USA, and the Institute for Automated Systems 
(Russia). Web: http://www.online.ru/. 

SprintMail
----------
A large, commercial vendor of email services with local nodes serving 
customers in 108 countries through its SprintNet network (1991). Sprint 
offers extensive Internet interconnection service worldwide. It extends the 
TCP/IP service to commercial customers under the name SprintLink. 

Internet mail to the SprintMail user 'T.Germain' can be sent to 
T.Germain@sprint.sprint.com, or user@organization.sprint.com. 

For information, contact SprintMail, 12490 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 
22096, U.S.A. WWW: http://www.sprintlink.net/

STN International
-----------------
The Scientific & Technical Information Network is operated cooperatively 
by Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) in Germany, Chemical Abstracts Service 
(CAS) of the American Chemical Society (ACS), and the Japan Information 
Center of Science and Technology (JICST). Databases in Science, Technology, 
Patents, and Business. 

Web address: http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de/stn.html. Telnet access at:
telnet://stnk.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ and telnet://stnc.cas.org/.

SuperNET
--------
An international network for exchange of conferences and mail between 
SuperBBS bulletin board systems. Contact: SuperNet World Host through 
FidoNet at 2:203/310 (+46-300-41377) Lennart Odeberg. 

TCN
---
is a Dialcom network. Internet email to TCN is only possible if either the 
sender or recipient has registered with DASnet. The  email address would 
be: TCNxxx@das.net (where xxx is the TCN number). 

Tocolo BBS
----------
Bulletin board for people with disabilities in Japan, or with 
"shintaishougaisha," which is the Japanese term. Call: +81-3-205-9315. 1200 
bps, 8,N,1. Your communications system must be able to display Japanese 
characters to use the service. 

TRI-P
-----
International outdial service. Contact: INTEC America, Inc., 1270 Avenue of 
the Americas, Suite 2315, New York, NY 10020, U.S.A. In Japan, contact 
Intec at 2-6-10 Sarugaku-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101.  Fax: +81-3-3292-2929. 

TWICS BeeLINE
-------------
English-language Japanese online service with PARTIcipate, Caucus and 
Usenet netnews. Half the users are Japanese. Others connect from U.S.A., 
England, Canada, Germany, France, South Africa, and Scandinavia. 

The NUA address is: 4406 20000524. Telnet to telnet://twics.com.

New users can sign on as GUEST for information. You can also write 
info@twics.com, or send mail to TWICS/IEC, 1-21 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, 
Tokyo 160, JAPAN. Web address: http://www.twics.com. Foreign users have 
free access (1992). 

UK Online
---------
opened on September 1, 1995. Phone: +44-1749-333366, Internet e-mail 
sales@ukonline.co.uk. 

UMI/Data Courier
----------------
620 South Street, Louisville, KY 40202, U.S.A. 

Unison
------
North American conferencing service using PARTIcipate software. NUA 
address: 031105130023000. Enter SIGNUP when online the first time and 
follow the prompts. (1991) 

UUCP
----
UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy) is a protocol, a set of files and a set of 
commands to copy files from one UNIX computer to another. This copying 
procedure is the core of the UUCP network, a loose association of systems 
all communicating with the UUCP protocol. 

UNIX computers can participate in the UUCP network (using leased line or 
dial-up) through any other UNIX host. The network now also has many MS-DOS 
and other hosts, and consisted of 18,800 hosts in October 1994 (source: 
UUCP map) serving more than 564,000 users (source: Matrix News).

The UUCP network is based on two systems connecting to each other at 
specific intervals, and executing any work scheduled for either of them. 
For example, the system Oregano calls the system Basil once every two 
hours. If there's mail waiting for Oregano, Basil will send it at that 
time. Likewise, Oregano will at that time send any mail waiting for Basil. 

There are databases with connectivity information (UUCP maps), and programs 
(pathalias) that will help you decide the correct routing of messages. 
However, many UUCP hosts are not registered in the UUCP map. 

EUNET is a UUCP based network in Europe. JUNET is an equivalent network in 
Japan.  There are many gateway machines that exchange mail between UUCP and 
the Internet. Among these, UUNET.UU.NET is among the most frequently used 
(http://www.uu.net). 
 
Usenet (User Network)
---------------------
Usenet, Netnews, or just "News" are common terms for a large many-to-many 
conferencing (only) system distributed through UUCP, Internet, FidoNet, and 
BITNET. The European portion of Usenet is called EUNET (European Unix NET). 

This grassroots driven "network" has grown out of the global university and 
research domains. It is a service rather than a real network. It is not an 
organization, and has no central authority. 

In 1993, Usenet's newsgroups were carried by over 69,000 host computers 
(sites) in five continents, and had over 1,991,000 users (source: Brian 
Reid). In January 1995, Reid estimated 16.5 million users. In February, the 
number of sites were estimated at 260,000 (source: The Internet Index). 
Many of these sites also have access to the Internet. 

The local administrator of each node in the network decides what newsgroups 
to receive and make available to its users. Few systems offer access to all 
of them. 

NetNews is organized in groups of 'conferences'.  Each classification is 
organized into groups and subgroups according to topic. As of June 1, 1993, 
there were 4500 newsgroups and 2500 regional newsgroups. Several sites are 
carrying over 2600 topics. In July 1995, there were over 15,000 newsgroups. 
In December 1996, PC/Computing estimated the number of newsgroups at over 
28,000. 

On a typical day in December 1993, 43,000 Usenet articles were posted. In
November 1996, 754 megabytes of information were posted daily to Usenet.

The groups distributed worldwide are divided into seven broad 
classifications: 

 "comp"  Topics of interest to both computer professionals and 
         hobbyists, including topics in computer science, software
         source, and information on hardware and software systems.

 "sci"   Discussions marked by special and usually practical 
         knowledge, about research in or application of the 
         established sciences.

 "misc"  Groups addressing themes not easily classified under any 
         of the other headings or which incorporate themes from 
         multiple categories.

 "soc"   Groups primarily addressing social issues and 
         socializing. 

 "talk"  Groups largely debate-oriented and tending to feature 
         long discussions without resolution and without much 
         useful information.

 "news"  Groups concerned with the news network and software 
         themselves. 

 "rec"   Groups oriented toward hobbies and recreational 
         activities. 

Also available are many "alternative" hierarchies, like:

 "alt"   True anarchy; anything and everything can and does
         appear. Subjects include sex, and privacy.

 "biz"   Business-related groups

 "clari" Newsgroups gatewayed from commercial news services and
         other 'official' sources. (Requires payment of a fee and
         execution of a licence. Visit http://www.clari.net/ 
         for information.)

Most Netnews hosts offer both global and local conferences. These include 
Australian and Australasian (aus), and Jewish (shamash) newsgroups; groups 
coming from BITNET (bit), /CL-Netz (cl), Z-Netz (z-netz), and Fidonet 
(fido) ; German (de), Japanese (fj), French (fr), Norwegian (no), Cyrillic 
(relcom), and Finnish (sfnet) language groups; United Kingdom (uk) groups, 
Taiwan (tw), Microsoft (microsoft) and more. 

Many newsgroups can be read through bulletin boards, commercial online 
services, or through gateways from connected hosts (like from some BITNET 
hosts). 

A full list of available groups and conferences is normally available from 
hosts offering Netnews, and on NETNEWS servers. There is a Master List of 
Newsgroup Hierarchies (not the names of the newsgroups themselves) at 
http://www.magmacom.com/~leisen/master_list.html. Each hierarchy is 
accompanied by a brief explanation of its affiliation, purpose or topic 
areas. You can also locate newsgroups at http://www.liszt.com/news/.

The FAQ "What is Usenet?" is regularly posted to news.admin.misc, and 
news.answers. Also, make sure you check out the Usenet Info Center Launch 
Pad at http://sunsite.unc.edu/usenet-b/home.html.

An online book titled "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the 
Internet" is at http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/. At Planetweb 
Galactic (http://www.jtr.com/search.htm), you can search the contents of 
Web FAQ texts.

Vu/Text
-------
Owned by KR Dialog in the U.S.

The Well
--------
The Whole Earth Lectronic Link is a commercial online service (U.S.A.). It 
has its own conferencing culture, and is an interesting starting point for 
those wanting to "study" what makes the Silicon Valley area so dynamic. 

The Well has over 200 hosted conferences, public and private, about 8,000 
members (January 1994). The service can be reached by telnet://well.com. 
Web address: http://www.well.com/. You can subscribe online. Email: 
info@well.com 

ZiffNet
-------
Ziffnet markets its services through CompuServe (ZiffNet and ZiffNet/Mac), 
Prodigy, and its own online service in the U.S.A. Their offerings include 
the Ziff Buyer's Market, the ZiffNet/Mac Buyer's Guide, Computer Database 
Plus, Magazine Database Plus, Newsbytes, and the Cobb Group Online. 
Estimated number of users: 230,000 (1994). 

Contact: Ziff Communications Company, 25 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, 
U.S.A. Tel.: +1-617-252-5000. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 2: Getting started
===========================

 * a computer
 * modem and a communications program

You must have a computer
------------------------
It is not important what kind of computer you have, though you may find out 
that it is an advantage to have a popular one. The most common type of 
microcomputer today is called MS-DOS computers (or IBM PC compatibles or 
IBM clones). 

Your computer should have enough memory for communication. This is rarely a 
problem. 

Your computer does not have to be very powerful and super fast, unless you 
want ultra fast transfers, use a slow communications program, or a complex 
system of script files. If this is the case, you'll know to appreciate 
speed and power. 

You do not need a hard disk. Many do without. Not having one, however, 
means more work, and less room for storage of all the nice things that you 
may want to retrieve by modem. 

Personally, I want as much hard disk space as I can possibly get. When you 
have read the book, I guess you'll understand why. 

Others may want to delay the purchase of a hard disk until they can spare 
the money. If you can afford it, however, do it! It is a decision that 
you'll never regret. 

You must have a modem
---------------------
Some computers are always connected to a network. If this is your 
situation, then you probably have what you need already. The rest of us 
need a modem. 

A modem is a small piece of equipment that is translating the internal, 
electrical signals of the computer to sound codes. These codes can be sent 
over an ordinary telephone line. You may think of it as a type of Morse 
alphabet. 

In some places, a computer can be connected to the Internet and other 
networks through cable television networks. Cable modems use the same lines 
that transmit cable television to provide two-way telecommunications. 

There are also ISDN and ASDL modems. Sometimes these are called Terminal 
Adapters to set them apart from traditional modem technology, but from the 
users' perspective, modems they are. 

The recipient of data also needs a modem. In his case, the sound codes will 
have to be translated back into their original form as digital codes. When 
this is done, he can view text and pictures on the screen, and use the 
received data in other applications. 

You can buy modems on an expansion card for installation in your computer, 
or in a separate box. Often, a modem has already been built into the 
computer, when you buy it. 

Whether to buy an internal or an external modem is a question of needs: 

A portable computer with an internal modem is easier to bring on travels 
than an external modem with a modem cable and a power adapter. 

An external modem can serve several computers. Some of them are so compact 
that they fit besides your toothbrush in the toilet bag. 

An internal modem blocks one of your serial ports. 

External modems
---------------
The options are many. The modems differ on speed, features, prices - and 
whether they are approved for usage in your country. 

Some of them are connected to the phone line by cable. Others are connected 
to the handset (to the talk and listen part) by two rubber cups. We call 
such modems acoustic modems (or acoustic couplers). 

Acoustic modems are useful where connecting other modems to the telephone 
is difficult. The bad news is that you'll get more noise on the line. 
Acoustic modems can therefore not be recommended for use in other cases. 

Asynchronous or synchronous modems?
-----------------------------------
Formerly, data communication was done by sending job commands to a 
mainframe computer, and having the result returned in one batch. The modems 
were called synchronous. Such modems (and computers) are still in use in 
some large corporations. 

Most of today's online services are based on an interactive dialog between 
the user and the remote computer. The user enters a command, for example a 
letter or a number in a menu, and the result is returned almost 
immediately. The modems used for such work are called asynchronous (See 
"Explanation of some words and terms" in Appendix 4). 

Unless you know that you must have a synchronous modem, buy an asynchronous 
one. 

Choice of speed
---------------
Speed is measured in many ways. One method is to use baud. Another is to 
use characters per second (cps) or bits per second (bps). 

Bps is a measure of how many data bits that can be transferred over a data 
channel in one second. (Each byte is split up into bits before transfer 
during serial communication.) 

The relationship between baud and bits per second is complex, and often 
misused. Bits per second is unambiguous. In this book, we will use it as 
bps. 

We can estimate the number of characters per second by dividing the number 
of bps by ten. For example. 1200 bps is roughly 120 cps. 

In 1987, 300, 1200 and 2400 bps asynchronous modems were the standard in 
many countries. Around 1990, the growth in 9600 bps modems and modem with 
faster speeds gained momentum. Today, 28000 bps modems are very popular.

Modem user manuals often give transfer speed by referring to some 
international classification codes. Here are some ITU-TSS codes with 
explanation: 

 V.21       0-300 bps        Still used by a small group. Cannot
            full duplex      communicate with the American Bell
                             103 standard. 

 V.22       1200 bps         Partly compatible with the American
            full duplex      Bell 212a standard. Sometimes it 
                             works, sometimes it fails.

 V.22bis    2400 bps         Used all over the world. Very
            full duplex      common.

 V.23       600 &  1200      Rare protocol. Used mainly in Europe. 
            bps w/75         Half duplex.
            bps return ch.   

 V.26ter    2400 bps         Used mainly in France
            full duplex

 V.27ter    2400/4800 bps    Used in Group III fax
            half duplex

 V.29       4800, 7200 and   Used in gr. III fax and in some (Ame-
            9600 bps         rican) modems. Do not buy V.29 if you
            half duplex      want a 9600 bps modem. 

 V.32       4800/9600 bps    Current standard for 9600 bps modems
            full duplex      

 V.32bis    4800/7200/9600,  Full duplex with faster interrogation.
            12000/14400 bps
           
 V.Fast                      Proprietary protocols supporting speeds  
 also known as               to 28,800 bps for uncompressed (raw) data
 V.32terbo 28800 bps         transmission rates over regular dial-
 V.FC                        up, voice-grade lines. Using V.42bis
                             data compression, up to 86,400 bps
                             may be achievable. Some claim throughput
                             of up to 115.2 kbps with V.42bis compression.
                             Incompatibility between brands.

 V.34       28800 bps        A standard high speed protocol approved by
                             ITU-TSS (1994). 

 V.34bis    33.6 Kbit/sec    Possible future standard.

 V.42                        Error correction protocol (an appendix
                             yields compatibility w/MNP gr. 2,3 and  
                             4. See MNP below). For V.22, V.22bis,
                             V.26ter and V.32.

 V.42bis                     Data compression for V.42 modems. 
                             Meant to replace MNP and LAP. Text can
                             be transferred three times faster than
                             with MNP. With a 9600 bps modem, you
                             may achieve speeds of up to 38400 bps.
                             Very common.

 V.56       56 Kbits/sec     Receives up to 56.000 bits/s over ordinary 
                             telephone lines, sends at 33.600 bits/s.
                             Still under development. Proprietary systems.
                             Both you and your online service provider 
                             must be connected to a digital line. Two
                             types: 2x modems, and K56flex modems.

 ??        112 Kbits/sec     Boca Research Inc. was the first one to
                             announce such a modem (November 1997).

When you consider buying a modem with higher speed, remember that going 
from 1200 bps to 2400 is a 50 percent increase, while going from 1200 to 
9600 bps gives 800 percent! 

If you now have 9600 bits/s, going to 28.800 will potentially triple the 
speed. 

MNP error correction and compression
------------------------------------
The Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP) is a U.S. industry standard for 
modem-to-modem communication with automatic error correction and 
compression. 

Automatic error correction is useful when there is noise on the telephone 
line. MNP splits the stream of data up into blocks before transmission. 
They are checked by the other modem upon receipt. If the contents are 
correct, an acknowledging message is sent back to the sending modem. If 
there is an error in the transmission, the sending modem is asked to 
retransmit. 

When using compression, files are being preprocessed before transmission to 
decrease their size. The result is that the modem has to send fewer bytes, 
and the effect is higher speed. 

MNP Level 3 and up send data between two modems synchronously rather than 
asynchronously. Since sending a start and stop bit with each transferred 
byte is no longer required, the effect is higher speed. 

MNP-4 or higher have automatic adjustment of block length when there is 
noise on the line. If the line is good, longer blocks are sent. The block 
size is decreased if the line is bad causing many retransmissions. 

MNP-5 has data compression. This gives a further increase in transfer speed 
by from 10 to 80 percent depending on the type of data sent. MNP-7 is 
capable of a three-to-one compression ratio. 

Both users must have their modems set for MNP to use it. 

The speed of the computer's COMM port
-------------------------------------
Installing a super fast modem does not guarantee an increase in the 
effective transfer speed. The serial port of your computer may be a 
limiting factor. 

Owners of older MS-DOS computers often have UARTs (serial port processors) 
in the Intel 8250 or National 16450 series. With these in the computer, it 
is difficult to achieve speeds above 9600 bps without losing data. 

Take this into account when investing in a modem. 

MNP and efficiency
------------------
I call the Internet daily. My personal computer is set to communicate with 
a 28.800 bps modem at 57.600 bps. The modem sends data to the telephone 
line at 28.800 bps, this modem's maximum line speed. 

Data is received by the remote computer's 28.800 bps modem at 28.800 bps, 
and probably forwarded to the Internet server at an unknown higher speed. 

Why these differences in speed? 

MNP level 5 compresses data in the modem before transfer, and gives error-
free transfer to and from the Internet server at higher speed than by using 
28.800 bps all the way through. 

The compression effectiveness differs by the type of data. When sending 
text, the effective transfer speed may double. Speed will increase further 
if the text contains long sequences of similar characters. 

Text is typically compressed by up to 63 percent. This means that a 2400 
bps modem using MNP-5 may get an effective speed of around the double when 
transferring such data. 

File transfers using MNP and V.42bis
------------------------------------
Files are often compressed and stored in libraries before transfer. Online 
services do this because compressed files take less space on their hard 
disks. Also, it is easier for users to keep track of files sent in a 
library file. 

You rarely get speed advantages when transferring precompressed files using 
MNP or V.42bis. With some modems, you must turn MNP and V.42bis compression 
off before retrieval of compressed files. 

Dumb or intelligent modem?
--------------------------
Some modems are operated with switches or buttons on a panel. They do not 
react to commands from your computer. We call them dumb. 

You must dial numbers manually, and press a key on the modem, when you hear 
the tone from a remote modem. Only when the modem is connected to the 
remote modem, can you ask your communications program to take over. 

We call those modems 'intelligent' that can react to commands from your 
computer. Most of them react to commands according to the Hayes standard. 

Buy intelligent, Hayes-compatible modems - even when other standards may 
seem better. Most of today's communication programs are designed to be used 
by such modems. 

    Note: Buy modems that use the Hayes extended command set.

When a communications program, like Windows built-in Terminal, tells the 
modem to "dial a number" or "go on hook," then the Hayes-compatible modem 
will do just that. 

When you click on Dialer and Login in the Trumpet Winsock program, it will 
dial your Internet access provider automatically. When you click on Dialer 
and Bye, it will ask the modem will disconnect from the remote modem. 

If you press ALT-D in the communications program Telix followed by the 
number "2," then it will locate the number to an online service in your 
telephone directory, and dial that number. 

When the connection with the remote modem has been set up, your modem will 
report back to you with a message like CONNECT 14400. This tells that a 
connection has been set up at 14400 bps. 

If I select "k" from a menu provided by my communications program's command 
scripts, then my system will retrieve today's business news from Tokyo and 
put them up on my screen. 

In the process, my system tells the modem to do several things, including 
"call a number," "speed 28800 bps," "redial if busy," "go on-hook when 
done." The only thing that I have to do, is press "k". The communications 
program and the modem will do the rest. 

Automatic communication is impossible without an intelligent modem. 

The Hayes standard
------------------
The U.S. company Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. pioneered command-
driven modems. Their Smartmodem became a success, and "Hayes compatibility" 
a standard for intelligent modems. 

Today, it is as unimportant to buy a Hayes modem to get access to Hayes 
commands, as to buy an IBM PC to run PC software. 

Automatic dialing (autodial) was one of Smartmodem's important features. 
The modem could call a number and prepare for data communication, once a 
connection had been set up. If the line was busy, it could wait a while and 
then redial. The operator could work with other things while waiting for 
the equipment to be ready for communication. 

The modem had automatic answer (autoanswer), that is, when someone called 
in, the modem could take the phone off hook and set up a connection with a 
remote modem. The modem enabled a connected PC to act as an electronic 
answering machine. 

Hayes-compatible modems can report call progress to the local screen using 
short numeric codes or words like CONNECT, CONNECT 1200, CONNECT 2400, NO 
CARRIER, NO DIALTONE, BUSY, NO ANSWER, RING etc. 

There can be small differences between such modems. The message DIALTONE on 
one modem may be DIAL TONE on another. Most of the main progress messages, 
however, are the same across brands. 

The old Smartmodem had switches used to configure the modem. Most modern 
Hayes-compatible modems come without switches and have more commands than 
their ancestor. 

Today's Hayes-compatible modems have a core of common commands, the "real" 
Hayes-commands, and several unstandardized additional commands. Here is an 
example: 

A standard on the move
----------------------
On the Quattro SB2422 modem, 2400 bps speed without automatic speed 
detection is set by the command "AT&I1". The equivalent command on 
Semafor's UniMod 4161 is "AT+C0". 

Automatic detection of speed is a feature that lets the modem discover the 
speed of the remote modem to set its own speed at the same level. (Other 
modems may use different commands to set this.) 

When I want Windows Terminal to call a bulletin board, it first sends a 
sequence of Hayes commands to the Semafor modem. These commands are stored 
in Terminal's settings (Click Settings, Modem Commands. Originate to update 
or change them.) 

The purpose of these commands is to "configure" the modem before calling. 
It sends the following: 

      AT S0=0 +C0 S7=40 S9=4 &D2

The cryptic codes have the following meaning:

   AT              "Attention modem. Commands following.."
   S0=0            No automatic answer 
   +C0             No automatic speed detection (fixed speed) 
   S7=40           Wait 40 seconds for an answer tone from the
                   remote modem. 
   S9=4            Wait 4/10 seconds for detection of carrier
   &D2             Go on-hook if the DTR signal is being changed.

If this command is sent to the Quattro modem, it will reply with "ERROR." 
The code "+C0" must be replaced with an "&I1". The rest of the commands are 
the same. (Note: when a modem responds with "ERROR," it has usually 
rejected all commands sent to it!) 

This setup is held in the modem's memory when Terminal sends its dialing 
command: ATDT4737031378. AT stands for ATtention, as above. DT stands for 
Dial Tone. Here, it is used to dial the number 4737031378 using tone 
signaling (rather than pulse dialing). 

The modem cable
---------------
If you have an external modem, you must connect your computer to the modem 
with a cable. Some modems are sold without a cable. 

This cable may be called a serial cable, a modem cable, a RS232C cable, or 
something else. Make sure that you buy the correct cable for your system. 

Make sure that the connectors at each end of the cable are correct. If a 
male connector (with pins) is required in one end and a female (with holes) 
in the other, do not buy a cable with two male connectors. 

Some connectors have 9 pins/holes, while others have 25 or 8-pin round 
plugs (Apple computers). Use a shielded cable to make sure there is minimal 
interference with radio and television reception. 

At this point, some discover that there is no place on the PC to attach the 
cable. Look for a serial port at the rear of your machine, labeled MODEM, 
COMMUNICATIONS, SERIAL, or with a phone symbol. 

If you find no suitable connector, you may have to install an asynchronous 
communication port in the box. 

Connecting your equipment to earth
----------------------------------
Secure your computer and modem against thunderstorms and other electrical 
problems. Securing the electric outlet in the wall is not enough. Problems 
can also enter through the telephone line. 

Thunderstorms have sent electrical pulses through the telephone line 
destroying four modems, three PC-fax cards, one mother board, and at least 
one asynchronous communication port. 

To prevent this from happening to you, disconnect electrical and telephone 
cables from your equipment during thunderstorms. 

The communications program
--------------------------
A powerful communications program is half the job. In my case it's the 
whole job. Most of my work is done automatically. 

The communications program will help you with the mechanical transportation 
of data in both directions. It lets you store incoming information for 
later use and reduces the risks of errors. 

There are several basically different types of communications programs:

[1] Programs that connect you to an Internet access provider using the 
TCP/IP protocol. Example: Trumpet Winsock. In some cases, this is all they 
do. Sending email, looking up the World Wide Web, and transferring files 
are done using various client programs, like Netscape or Mosaic. Other 
programs, like SlipKnot, can connect and perform client functions. 

[2] General purpose asynchronous communications programs, like Windows 
Terminal. These let you call a large range of BBSes, commercial online 
services, and Internet hosts. Your dialog with the host can be manual, or 
governed by automatic scripts. Connecting to the Internet using TCP/IP is 
rarely included. 

[3] Special purpose communications programs. These are canned programs 
designed to do specific tasks on defined services. They are rarely useful 
on other services, and for other applications. Examples: OzCIS and OzWIN 
are made to be used exclusively with CompuServe. 

Some items to consider when shopping general purpose programs:

* Seriously consider buying automatic programs ('robots') for access to 
individual online services, even if that means having to use several 
programs for different applications. (Read Chapter 16 for more.) 

* Menus and help texts are important for novices, and in environments with 
"less motivated personnel." Advanced users may find it boring. 

* Ability to transfer data without errors. The program should have transfer 
protocols like XMODEM, Kermit, XMODEM/CRC, YMODEM and ZMODEM. The XMODEM 
protocol is the most commonly used. You need these protocols if you want to 
transfer compiled computer programs (for example, .COM and .EXE files). 
They are also used when transferring compressed files, graphics and music 
files. ZMODEM is considered the best protocol by many. 

* Does it let you tailor it to your taste/needs? Some programs let you 
attach batches of commands to function keys and keystroke combinations. For 
example, by having your computer call your favorite online service by 
pressing the F1 key. 

* Does it let you "scroll back" information having disappeared out of your 
screen? This may be useful when you want to respond while online to an 
electronic mail message. The sender's address and name, which you need to 
respond, have scrolled off the screen. If you cannot review the "lost" 
information, you may have to disconnect and call back later to send your 
mail. 

Connecting to the online service
--------------------------------
The first couple of times, most people think that it is very difficult. 
Soon it becomes a simple routine. 

On some computers, you just press a key, and that's it. On others, you have 
to call and press, and watch, while things are happening. Cheap is often a 
synonym for more work. 

If you have a dumb modem connected to your personal computer, these are the 
typical steps that you must take: 

    (1) Start your communications program and set it up, for example, 
        with 28.800 bps, 8 bits word length, 1 stop bit, no parity. (This
        is a common setup.) Then set the program to "online."
    (2) Call the desired number.
    (3) When you hear the tone from the remote modem in the phone,
        press DATA to get the modems to connect to each other
        (that is, to start to "handshake").
    (4) A front panel indicator may tell you when the connection
        has been set up. You can start transferring data.

With an MS-DOS computer, an automatic modem and a powerful program preset 
for the job, the steps may be as follows: 

    (1) Start the program and display the telephone directory.
        Select a service from the list by pressing a number.
    (2) The modem will call automatically to the service. When the
        connection has been set up, your user identification and
        password are sent at the prompts for such information. When
        this is done, you are free to take control.

With an MS-DOS computer, TAPCIS, and an intelligent modem, you start by 
selecting forums and services to access on CompuServe. Enter 'o' to upload 
and download programs, or 'n' to have it fetch new message headers and 
messages. 

TAPCIS will dial the number, do the job, and tell you when it's done. 
Meanwhile, you can go out to look at the moon, or sing a song. 

Getting started with Procomm
----------------------------
Procomm is cheap and a popular communications program for MS-DOS computers. 
We will use the old shareware version as an example here, though there are 
many better and cheaper alternatives. 

The program is simple for novices, can automate the work for advanced users 
and be run on almost any MS-DOS computer. Here are some of its features: 

Press ALT-F10 for a pull-down window text listing features and commands. 
Press ALT+D to call a number, update the telephone directory, or select a 
script file for autologon to a service. 

Procomm can emulate (pretend to be) different terminal types, like IBM 3101 
and DEC VT-100/VT-52. Most services covered in this book may be well served 
with the setting ANSI.BBS. 

It let you use both dumb and intelligent Hayes-compatible modems. If you 
have the latter, select numbers from the telephone directory for autologon. 
If the number is busy, Procomm can call back until you can get through. 

You can define macros to automate your work. You can have one keystroke 
send your user identification, another for your password, and a third key 
to send a sequence of commands. Macros make your communication faster and 
safer. 

You can write script files to automate the online work further. You can 
transfer text files and binary files using automatic error 
detection/correction protocols, like XMODEM, YMODEM, Telink and Kermit, at 
speeds from 300 to 19200 bps. Adding external protocols like ZMODEM is 
relatively simple. 



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 3: Online with the world
=================================

 - Practical data communication
 - Your first trip online
 - Typical pitfalls and simple solutions
 - Receiving (downloading) letters, text and programs
 - Sending (uploading) letters, text and programs

Practical data communication
----------------------------
The first thing novices want to know is how to set up the modem and 
computer for communication. This may take more time than expected and often 
seems complex for the uninitiated. You can save yourself much sweat and 
frustration by asking others for help. 

To enable your computer for communication is a one time job. Once done, you 
can almost forget what you did and why. 

There are so many different modems, computers and programs out there. We 
just cannot give practical advice on the use of all of them in one short 
appendix. Instead, we will use one example. Your job is to "translate" the 
text into a terminology that fits your tools. 

Once your system is set up for communication, your first job will be to 
find what keys to press to get the job done. How you use your 
communications program may vary considerably from our example. In general, 
however, it will be the same for most people doing manual communication. 
Once online, the environment is the same for all users. 

If you plan to use automatic communications as explained in Chapter 16, 
this chapter may not be that important. Your program will do the job for 
you. Still, take a few minutes and browse through the text. It may enable 
you to handle unexpected problems better. 

Our example assumes that you have an MS-DOS computer. Not because this is 
the best microcomputer in the world, but because there are more of them 
than anything else. We assume that you have an external, intelligent Hayes-
compatible modem and the communications program Procomm (version 2.4.2). 

Assembling the equipment
------------------------
You have the modem, the cable (to connect your modem with the computer), a 
phone cable (to connect your modem with the phone or the wall jack), and a 
communications program. 

Check that the modem's power switch is off. Place the modem by the 
computer, and plug the power supply cord (or the power adapter cord) into 
the AC wall socket. Switch on the modem. 

    Do NOT use 115-volt equipment in 250-volt sockets! 

Connect modem and computer using the modem cable. There may be several 
optional sockets on the computer. These are usually marked RS-232, COMMS, 
MODEM, or just nothing. The connector may be of a flat 25-pins, 9 pins, or 
a round 8-pins type. Use communication port number 1, 2, or whatever else 
is available for this purpose. 

If you have several options, and the socket for communication port number 1 
seems free, use this. If not, try one of the others. 

Next, connect the modem to the telephone line. If in luck, the modem came 
with a phone cable that works with your setup. If so, it is simple: 

    1. Disconnect the phone cable from the telephone. Insert the 
       modular plug into the right jack on the modem. This jack 
       is often marked with the word LINE, with a drawing of a 
       modular wall jack, or another understandable icon. 

    2. You may be able to connect the phone to the modem using 
       the phone cord that came with the modem. This may allow 
       you to use the phone for voice, when the line is not busy 
       with communication. (You may have to make changes in this 
       cord to make it work with the connected phone.) 

This concludes the technical assembly of your equipment. Next step is to 
install the communications program. When this is done, we will check it 
out. 

Installing the program
----------------------
Let us assume that you have received Procomm on a diskette, and that it is 
set up with its default configuration. PROCOMM.EXE is the program. The 
other files have no importance here. 

Enter Procomm and press ENTER. Our first task is to prepare it for 
communication: 

If you are using a monochrome display, use the command 

    PROCOMM /B

The program will greet you by a welcome text. At the bottom of the screen, 
the message "CREATING SYSTEM FILES" may appear (if these have not been 
created yet), followed by a message from the creators of the program. 

Press ENTER when you have read the text. The screen will be blanked, and a 
text line will appear at the bottom. 

Now is the time to test if the technical installation has been successful. 

The dial tone
-------------
Lift the receiver from the phone and check if you can hear the dial tone. 
If you can, turn the pages to "Does the computer have contact with the 
modem?" 

If you hear nothing, there are several possible causes: 

* The phone is not working. This is easily checked. Disconnect it from the 
modem, and connect it to the wall (using the original cable!). If you get a 
dial tone now, then the phone is in order. 

* The cable between the modem and the wall jack may be broken, or wrongly 
configured. To check this, we must first check the connection between the 
modem and the computer. 

Once we know that the connection between the modem and the computer is in 
order, we can use the modem to check our phone cable. 

* The cable between the modem and the phone may be in disorder. For 
example, the modular phone connector may have a cabling that differs from 
what is assumed in your country. If there is no dial tone, then the cable 
between the modem and the telephone must be repaired, or replaced. 

Does your computer have contact with the modem?
-----------------------------------------------
When you first use Procomm, it is preset for communication at 300 bps, use 
of port 1 and ANSI-BBS. (The control line at the bottom of your screen 
should read: ALT-F10 HELP, ANSI-BBS, HDX, 300 N81, LOG CLOSED, PRT OFF, CR 
and CR.) 

* If your modem is unable to communicate at 300 bps, you must change the 
setup. Press ALT-P (keep the ALT key down while pressing P) to get the menu 
LINE SETTINGS. Choice 9 gives 2400 bps with 8 bits word length, no parity 
and one stop bit. This is a common setting. Select 24 "Save changes" to 
make the setting permanent. 

* If you know that your modem is not connected to the computer's port 
number 1, then change this from the same menu. Choice 21 gives COM2, and 
choice 22 gives COM3. 

If you do not know what communication port the modem has been connected to, 
you have to find out by testing. Do this by entering (that is, sending to 
the modem) the characters AT. Now, the modem is supposed to respond with an 
OK (or with the number "0," if the modem is set to reply with numeric 
codes). 

If you get an "OK" or a "0" on your display, continue reading from "Does 
the modem have contact with the phone line?" 

If you can see "AT" on your screen while you enter it, you have contact 
with the modem. This is true even if it does not send any confirmation. The 
modem may have been instructed not to confirm. If you see the AT 
characters, read from "Does the modem have contact with the phone line?" 

If there is no contact between the modem and the computer, the screen will 
always remain blank. Your problem may be the cable, your choice of modem 
port, or the modem setup. 

First, check if the modem is switched on (the power switch), and that the 
plugs are firmly in the jacks. 

Then let's check the modem. It may have been set not to respond to your 
commands. Let's try to change that. Enter the following command, and press 
ENTER: 

    ATQ0E1V1

This should make your modem: give result codes on your screen (Q0), show 
the characters that you enter (E1), and use OK instead of the numerical 
result code 0 (V1). 

If you still get no OK, the reason may still be in the modem. I have seen 
modems get "indigestion problems" when too many commands are given to them. 

Try give a command to return it to its factory setting. This command is not 
the same on all Hayes-compatible modems. On most of them, you can use one 
of the following: AT&F, ATF or ATZ (on some modems ATZ is used to reset to 
the stored configuration). Locate the correct command to use in the modem's 
user manual. Then, try ATQ0E1V1 again. 

If you are still without success, check your choice of modem port. If there 
are several communication connectors at the back of your computer, test 
these. If this doesn't help, connect the modem cable to the most probable 
jack. 

Now, test the communication port for a response from the modem using 
another communications program setting. Press ALT-P, select another port 
(choice 20 - 23), press ESC and try "AT" again (or ATQ0E1V1). If there is 
still no reaction, test the computer's other communications connectors. 


    If you have a mouse connected to your computers, make sure 
    that it is not using the same port as your communications
    program.

    Problems with the communications port are often caused by other 
    equipment. Remove all extra equipment (like a PC-fax card or a 
    mouse), and all associated software (often represented by a 
    line starting with "DRIVER=" in CONFIG.SYS, or a resident 
    program driving a mouse). Remove all resident programs from 
    memory before testing. 

If you are still at the same unfortunate stage, chances are that the 
problem is either in the cable or the modem. If you know others who are 
into data communication, visit them for help. Bring your cable and your 
modem to have them tested in an environment where things work. It is easier 
to isolate a problem by testing your units in sequence on your helper's 
system. 

First, the cable. Connect it between his computer and his modem. Test the 
connection to his modem with your cable as the only foreign element. If the 
test is successful, your cable is OK. 

Next, the modem. If the test is successful, your modem is in order. The 
most probable cause of your problems is your computer's communications 
port. 

    In communications, many parts have to work together. You may 
    have problems with more than one of them. Therefore, the rule
    is to test step by step to eliminate possible problems. 

If you get no reply from your modem, when it is connected to your friend's 
computer, chances are that it needs to be repaired. Call the seller for 
help. 

A last refuge is to buy an extra communications card for your computer . . 
 

Does your modem have contact with the phone line?
-------------------------------------------------
You have contact between your computer and modem. The modem answers "OK" as 
assumed. We now have to test if there is contact with the phone line. That 
is easy. 

Enter the following command and press ENTER: 

    ATQ0E1V1

When the modem answers OK, enter the dialing command: 

    ATDT37031378

The modem will try to call 37031378, the number that used to give you my 
BBS. Don't try it. My BBS has now been closed down. Replace the number with 
a local one.

Your modem will wait for CONNECT a preset number of seconds (rarely longer 
than 60 seconds). 

If your modem does not detect the dial tone (within the preset waiting 
time), it will give you the following error message 

    NO DIALTONE

All other messages (except ERROR) declare that the modem did detect the 
dial tone. If it did, continue reading from "Configuring your program." 

NO DIALTONE
-----------
The most probable causes of NO DIALTONE are that your phone cable is not 
connected, is damaged, or that it is the wrong cable for the job. 

The latter cause is common in many countries. For example, a cable made for 
a telephone network in the United States, may not work in Norway. A cable 
made for connection to a switchboard, may not work when connected to a 
domestic phone line. 

A standard, domestic American phone cable contains four lines. Two of these 
(line number 1 and 4) carry sounds. The others are not being used. A 
standard Norwegian domestic cable is set up in the same way, but here line 
number 1 and 3 carry sound. 

Changing the configuration of such cables is often simple. Just cut the 
cable in two, and put the lines together correctly. This is typically 
required when your modem assumes that you use it in North America, while 
you are in a country with different cabling. 

One other possible reason for the NO DIALTONE message: Your modem may be 
unable to recognize the tone. The solution is to tell your modem to ignore 
it (ATX3), and just go ahead dialing. 

Some years ago, I had this problem in Hotel Watson, Mekuro, Japan. My 
solution was: [1] Add the following string to the modem AT setup command: 
"X3", [2] Use this dial command: "ATDP0W3739-9968." 

The "ATDP0" portion dialed 0 to provide an external line. Thanks to the X3 
setting it ignored the perceived absence of a dial tone. The "W" command 
portion made it wait for an external dialtone. Upon detection of the tone,  
the number was dialed (3739-9968). 

Configuring your general purpose communications program
-------------------------------------------------------
The modem answers. The dial tone is being detected. Procomm is installed on 
your hard disk. Now, check if the program has been correctly configured. 

Press ALT-S to get the Setup Menu. Select 1, Modem setup, from this menu. 

Choice 1, Modem init string, is a general setup command. This command will 
be sent to the modem each time you start Procomm. You are free to make is 
as long and powerful as you want. Our purpose now, however, is to check if 
it works. 

    Most modems do not react if one element in your setup command 
    is wrong. They respond with ERROR (or the numeric code), and 
    disregard the rest. 

Procomm's standard Modem init string has the following commands: 

    ATE0 S7=60 S11=55 V1 X1 S0=0!

These work well with most modems, provided the speed is legal. 

Go back to the blank screen (using ESC). Test the init command by entering 
it manually. (Do not enter the "!" character. This is Procomm's code for 
ENTER.) 

If the modem reacts with ERROR, check with the modem manual to find out 
what is wrong. (Check if the values S7=60 and S11=55 are not too high.) 

If you have to change the init command, go back to the Modem init string 
menu choice. Enter the correct commands. Remember to add the "!" at the 
end. 

Press ESC to get to the main configuration menu and select 2, TERMINAL 
SETUP.  Check if Terminal emulation is ANSI-BBS. Change choice 2, Duplex, 
to FULL. The other factory settings are NONE, CR, CR, DEST, BS, OFF, ON, 
350, OFF. 

Return to the SETUP MENU (press ESC). Press "s" to save the setup to disk. 
Your setting has now been stored, and Procomm is ready to be used. 

Configuring Trumpet Winsock
---------------------------
The easiest is to ask your Internet access provider to do it for you. To do 
it yourself, click on File, Setup and fill out the form based on the data 
that your access provider has given. 

Pay attention to Slip Port. This is where you enter the number of your 
communications port. Make sure you select the correct one, and not the one 
used by your system's mouse. Baud rate may be set to higher than your 
modem's dial-up rate if it is supported. If your computer has an old UART, 
then this figure should not be higher than 9600. 

Dialing
-------
Now, test your setup by calling your favorite online service. This is how 
it was possible to log on to my now defunct bulletin board in Norway using 
the old Procomm shareware program.

You can call manually by entering ATDT followed by the phone number. The 
most practical method, however, is to use the built-in phone directory. 

Press ALT-D to get to the phone directory. Press "R" to revise the list, 
and enter Saltrod Horror Show somewhere on the list. I have it as number 2. 
Answer the questions like this: 


    Name: Saltrod Horror Show
    Number: 009-47-370-31378
    Baud: 9600
    Parity: N
    Databits: 8
    Stop Bits: 1
    Echo On? N
    Command file: (press ENTER, meaning that you do not want to
                   use a script file at this point)

Baud can be anything from 300 bps to 9600 bps. It's up to you, and depends 
on your modem's capabilities. 

When done, enter "2" and press ENTER. The modem will dial the number (that 
you have as item 2 on the list), and try to connect. 

If the number is busy, you will get a warning. You can now leave Procomm 
(ALT+X), or set it for redialing (ALT+R). When set for redialing, Procomm 
will call back until a connection has been made. When CONNECT is received 
from your modem, Procomm announces the fact with a beep in the computer's 
loudspeaker. 

Text will start scrolling over your screen. First, a short welcome text 
pops up. Your interactive dialog with the bulletin board can start. 

The first question is "What is your First Name?" Enter your first name. 
Then, "What is your Last Name?"  Enter your last name. 

Your dialog with the remote computer will continue like this. The board 
will ask you questions, and you will enter your answers. 

What may go wrong?
------------------
A setting that works beautifully when calling one bulletin board, may be a 
disaster when calling another service. Here are some typical problems: 

When dialing through a switchboard (PBX)
-----------------------------------------
Remember to add 9 or 0 for a city line, when dialing out from a PBX. If you 
forget, you'll get nowhere. 

Use the following command (assuming that you must enter 0 to get a city 
line, and use tone signaling): 

    ATDT0W4737031378

If you must use 9 for a city line and pulse dialing, use the following 
command 

    ATDP9W4737031378

Register your standard dialing command in Procomm's MODEM SETUP. Enter 
ALT+S and then select 1, Modem Setup. Choice 2, Dialing command. The 
default entry is ATDT. Replace this with ATDT0W, ATDP9W or whatever makes 
dialing work for you. 

No answer from the remote computer
----------------------------------
Your computer has to "talk the same language" as the remote host. If the 
parameters of your communications program have been set incorrectly, it may 
be impossible to set up a connection with the service. 

Sometimes, you get CONNECT, but your screen only gives you strange, 
unintelligible 'noise' characters. The reason may be CONNECT at an 
incompatible speed, a service's use of special codes for displaying text 
(including special language characters), or that the service requires use 
of a special communications program or method (as when a service starts by 
checking to see if you're using an offline reader). 

Many online services require that you use certain settings. Most services, 
however, may be reached when using the following: 

    Speed: 2400 bps
    8 bits word length, no parity, one stop bit

Some services (notably some Unix hosts) demand 7 bits, even parity, one 
stop bit. 

Sorry, no luck!
---------------
Try again, just in case. The remote computer may have had a temporary 
problem, when you called. The PTT may have given you a particularly noisy 
telephone line on this attempt. 

If this doesn't help, recheck each point in the communications process. It 
is so easy to do something wrong. 

If nothing helps, read the service's user information manuals. You will 
only rarely be able to blame the communications program (unless you have 
made it yourself), or the equipment. Most errors are caused by finger 
trouble and misunderstandings. 

Testing a BBS
-------------
First time visitors often experience problems, and in particular if this is 
their first time online using a Hayes-compatible modem. 

Here are some typical problems with suggested solutions: 

* Disable Guard Tones from the modem when dialing. If it has this feature, 
you can often turn it off. Put the required command in your Modem init 
string. 

* Don't press ENTER to "wake up" the system. The software will usually 
automatically detect your speed and adjust accordingly. You may just be 
asking for problems by not waiting patiently (often the case when the 
remote software starts by checking if you use an offline reader). 

* Start with your communications program set for 8 bits word length, no 
parity and one stop bit. Try 7 bits, even parity if there is too much noise 
on the line (you cannot retrieve programs using this setting, though). 

* When your modem is set at a low transfer speed, it may not wait long 
enough for carrier from my modem. Most modems let you set this waiting time 
longer by giving a value to a S-register. (Read in your modem's manual 
about how to do this). 

Partial success
---------------
Some bulletin boards offer colors and music. If your equipment is set up 
correctly, you can receive the welcome text in full color graphics 
accompanied by a melody in your computer's speaker. 

If it is not, chances are that you will get many strange codes on your 
screen, and an ugly feeling that something is wrong. 

There are two ways out of this problem: 

1. Ask the bulletin board to send text only. This is usually simple to 
achieve from a settings menu.

2. Set your computer for colors and graphics. 

Finally, you must have a communications program that allows you to display 
colors on your screen. Procomm set with ANSI-BBS does that. 

Downloading programs
--------------------
We call the transfer of programs and files from a remote computer for 
downloading. It means "transfer of data to your computer AND storage of the 
data (down) on YOUR local disk." 

You are downloading, when you call a bulletin board to retrieve a program. 

When you, overwhelmed by gratitude, send one of your favorite programs 
back TO the bulletin board, we call it uploading. 

Data can be many things. It may be news from the Washington Post, a digital 
picture, an executable program, a pile of invoices, a piece of music, a 
voice file, an animated sequence of pictures and music, or compressed 
library files. 

Downloading "plain text" (also called "plain ASCII" or "DOS text" on MS-DOS 
machines) is relatively easy. Such text usually only contains characters 
between number 32 (space character) and 126 (the ~ character) in the ASCII 
table. 

Characters with lower numbers have special functions (like the control 
characters ESCape and CTRL+C). These may not even be displayed on your 
screen. Characters with higher numbers are used for graphics, special 
national characters, and other applications. 

Special transfer methods are often required, when your data contains text 
with characters outside ASCII number 32 through 126. Read under "Protocol 
transfers" below for more information about how to do this. 

Downloading text
----------------
Most communication programs require that you begin by opening a file. They 
ask you to enter a file name. From this point and onwards all incoming text 
will be stored in this file until you say stop. 

Communication programs do this in different ways. Some let incoming data 
flow through a temporary storage area using the principle first in, first 
out. When you open a file, it starts storing data from the beginning of the 
temporary storage area, though this text may have scrolled off your screen 
some time ago. 

Most communication programs start storing data from NOW. Procomm works this 
way. You start downloading of text by pressing the PgDn key. A window will 
appear on your screen giving you a choice between various methods. Select 
ASCII. 

In another window, you are asked to enter a file name. When done, storage 
of incoming data starts. You stop the process by pressing the ESC key. 

Procomm has another method called "file logging." You start this by 
pressing ALT-F1. Procomm requests the file name, and the storage process 
starts. (Read under "Strip" about the difference between these methods.) 

    If you forget to tell Procomm to store incoming data, then 
    you will most probably lose this data for ever.

    Do not waste time and money by forgetting to store what you
    receive!

The term "append"
-----------------
When downloading text - or anything - you must know whether you are appending 
information to an existing file, or overwriting it (that is, destroying the 
old text). 

Most communication programs complain with an audible signal, when you try 
to overwrite an existing file. They will ask you if you really want to 
delete it, or append the current data. 

The term "strip"
----------------
The purpose of 'strip' is to remove something from incoming data or to 
change it on the fly. 

When you use ASCII downloading with Procomm, ALL incoming data are being 
stored. This includes so-called ESCape sequences. If you use File Logging, 
all control characters (except the line feed and new page characters) are 
being removed (filtered). 

If you download text from a computer that uses other ASCII characters for 
linefeed and return, save time by having the communications program convert 
them on the fly to their correct form for your computer. 

You define strip procedures through Procomm's SetUp menu (ALT-S). You can 
also request automatic conversion of characters to graphics values, or 
local language variants. 

National characters
-------------------
Special national characters cause problems in many countries. One reason is 
that they are represented by different internal codes on various hardware 
platforms, and that some networks are unable to transmit 8-bits data. 

Some systems represent these special characters by a 7-bit code, others by 
an 8-bit code. Some depend on the computer having an internal national 
language ROM, or that it uses a special (resident) conversion program. 

What gives good results on an MS-DOS computer, may give rubbish on a 
Macintosh, Amiga, Atari, or a PC using MS Windows. 

Many communication programs have features that can help you solve at least 
some these problems. They let you make translation tables for automatic 
conversion of special incoming and outgoing characters. 

If you call a Scandinavian online service using 7 bits even parity, many 
transfer the national special characters using the ASCII code equivalents 
of number 91, 92, 93, 123, 124, and 125. Similar, more or less formal 
standards are in place in other countries. 

Protocol transfers
------------------
If your purpose is to transfer digitized pictures, a computer program, a 
batch of invoices, a piece of music or an animated sequence of pictures, 
it's important that each character (bit) arrives correctly. We achieve this 
by using protocol transfers. 

These files often contain control or binary characters. You cannot transfer 
binary files without the use of special methods. 

It is easy to understand why we need protocol transfers when retrieving 
plain text as tables of numbers, statistics, and financial reports. 
Transfer errors may have fatal results. 

Protocol transfers are also required when transferring word processor text 
files having imbedded control codes (like text made with WordPerfect), and 
compressed files. 

Here is an example: 

Downloading public domain software
----------------------------------
First, you need the names and features of the programs that can be 
downloaded from a service. On most bulletin boards, you must enter a 
command to navigate to the File Library. Here, they normally greet you with 
a menu listing available commands. 

    Try H (for Help!) or ? when you are stuck.

Public domain and shareware programs are stored in subdirectories on my 
bulletin board. The directories have numerical names. Utility programs for 
MS-DOS computers are stored in directory 10. Games are stored in directory 
17. 

Enter L for a list of available directories (other bulletin boards may use 
different commands). Enter "L 17" to list the files in directory 17. This 
will give file names, lengths in characters (to help you estimate download 
time), creation dates, and a short description of each file. 

You can search for files of interest. When looking for programs that can 
help you get more out of a printer, you may search using keywords like 
"printer." 

Some programs are made available in text form. This is the case with older 
BASIC programs. (The file name extensions .BAS, .ASC or .TXT suggest that 
the files contain plain text.)  You can download these files using ASCII. 

Most programs are stored in their executable form, or as one executable 
file among several in a compressed transfer file (a library of files). On 
my board, most of these files have the file name extension .EXE or .COM. 

What transfer protocol to use, depends on what is available in your 
communications program. 

The protocol transfer method explained
--------------------------------------
The protocol transfer algorithms use methods to check the transfer with 
automatic error correction. In principle, they work like this: 

The sending program calculates a check sum based on the contents of the 
file. The receiving program does the same calculation and compares the 
result with the senders' check sum. If the figures match, the transfer was 
successful. If not, all or part of the file will be retransmitted. 

These are some popular protocols: 

XMODEM
------
has automatic error detection and correction. Most modern programs have 
this feature. XMODEM exists in programs for MS-DOS computers, CP/M 
computers, Apple, TRS-80 Model 100, etc. It is the most commonly used 
transfer protocol. 

XMODEM assumes 8-bit settings in your communications program. The file to 
be sent is split up into 128 bit sized blocks (or "packets") before 
transfer. The sender calculates the check sum and adds a check sum bit at 
the end of each packet. (Packing, sending and checking is done 
automatically by the software.) 

The receiving program calculates its own check sum and compares with the 
sender's. If an error is detected, XMODEM will request retransmission of 
the last block. 

XMODEM is reasonably good when there is little noise on the telephone line 
is low. When the line is bad, however, there is always a chance that the 
transfer will stop. You cannot use XMODEM on computer networks that use 
ASCII flow control or ESCape codes. 

The transfer commands must be given to both computers. You can only 
transfer one file per command. 

XMODEM's "packet size" (block length) is short. This has an impact on 
transfer speed, and especially when downloading from timesharing systems, 
packet switched networks, via satellites, and when using buffered (error 
correcting) modems. 

The control method (8-bit check sum) and unprotected transactions give a 
low level of safety against errors in the transmission. The transferred 
file may contain 127 bytes with noise characters (at the end). The creation 
date of the file is lost in the transfer. 

These weaknesses have given us better methods. Here are some of them: 

XMODEM/CRC
----------
CRC is an abbreviation for Cyclical Redundancy Check. The method guarantees 
99.9969 percent free transfer. It still has the other weaknesses of 
ordinary XMODEM transfers. 

YMODEM Batch
------------
is faster than XMODEM and gives a high level of safety in the transfers. 
When used with some programs, YMODEM can transfer the files' creation 
time/date. You can transfer updated documents. This will replace documents 
with an older creation date. Only one party must enter the file name. 
YMODEM takes care of the rest. 

Kermit
------
is used on many computer platforms, and especially where they use a 
terminal emulation mode (like VT-100) which makes the use of XMODEM 
impossible. Kermit is one of the few asynchronous error correction 
protocols that functions well exchanging files with half duplex IBM 
front-end machines. 

Kermit can transfer more than one file at the time. 

Super-Kermit
------------
is also called Kermit with Sliding Windows. It can transfer many packets 
before stopping to check the transfer. The protocol is much faster than 
XMODEM. 

ZMODEM
------
is the fastest known transfer protocol for many applications. All 
transactions are protected with a 16-bit or 32-bit CRC. ZMODEM is immune 
against most error conditions that prevent traditional protocols to achieve 
correct transfer. 

ZMODEM transfers the creation date of the file and its exact contents. The 
file name is read once, and all transfer commands may be given by the 
sending program. 

Decompression of files
----------------------
If a file has name extensions like ZIP, LZH, ARC, PAK, LQR, LBR, ZOO, ARJ, 
or QQQ, you are facing a compressed file. We use such files to achieve 
faster transfers. 

Files having the extension .EXE or .COM may be compressed files that have 
been converted into a self-extract format. To retrieve the files from a 
self-extract compressed file, just enter the file's name. 

To decompress files that have not been made self-extract, you need a 
utility program. These programs have many names and are available through 
most bulletin boards, and widely through the Internet. Most, if not all, 
decompression programs may be found at http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/. 

Transfer problems
-----------------
Most transfer problems are caused by the communication programs and their 
(lack of) features. 

Some Procomm users have problems with the Kermit protocol. Tip: use 8 bit 
world length and no parity in your program setup. 7 bits and even parity 
does not always work (on version 2.4.2). 

Uploading
---------
The transfer of data "the other way," that is, from your disk to a remote 
computer, requires that you start by making some decisions. Is the file to 
be sent as plain ASCII? Should I compress it in a distribution file to 
reduce transfer time, and make it easier to handle for the recipient? 

If you are transferring a text file containing special national characters, 
or a text written in a Windows word processor, then it may first have to be 
converted to another format. 

If your text contains blank lines (like blank lines between paragraphs), 
you may have to insert a space character at the start of all such lines. 
Some systems interpret a blank line as a signal telling that transmission 
is done. The invisible space character prevents this. 

Some hosts have limitations on line length. They may require that lines be 
shorter than 80 characters. If you send lines that are too long, the result 
may be fatal. 

Sending electronic mail
-----------------------
If you send your mail too fast, some online services tend to get digestion 
problems. You must be very accurate with the format of your message. It has 
to agree with the host machine's rules about line length, and maximum 
number of lines per message. 

Let's assume that you want to send the following message to an electronic 
mailbox: 

    To: Datatid
    cc: Anne-Tove Vestfossen
    Sj: Merry Christmas!
    Text: Thanks for the box with herring. The taste was 
    formidable. etc .. etc... etc...
    Greetings, Odd

If this is all you have to say, doing it manually may be as fast as doing 
it automatically. However, if the line containing "etc .. etc .." is two 
full pages of text, you may feel differently. Then, the best may be to 
upload a prewritten letter. 

Many Procomm users prefer to split the job in two. They enter the first 
four lines manually, and upload the body of the text (when the remote 
computer is ready to receive). 

Press PgUp to get a menu of various uploading protocols. Select ASCII for 
transfer of plain text. Procomm will ask for the name of the file, which 
contains your letter. Enter the name, and the file will be sent. 

Slow down with "pacing"
-----------------------
Sometimes, the PgUp method is just what you need. On other days, strange 
things may stop you in the middle of your transfer. One typical reason is 
that Procomm is sending it too fast for the recipient. 

"Pacing" is a method used to slow the speed of the transfer to a level that 
the recipient can handle. 

Procomm lets you set a tiny pause after each line sent. Another technique 
is to ask the program to wait for a given character (a "Go-character"), 
before allowing it to send the next line. For example: the character ":" is 
often used in the prompts for the next line on bulletin boards. 

Protocol transfers may be easier
--------------------------------
You may find it easier to use a transfer protocol. With Procomm, press the 
PgUp key, and the program will ask for a protocol. Select Kermit or 
something else. The program will ask for a file name, you enter it, and off 
it goes. You will have no problems with blank lines, or lines that are too 
long. 

At times, even this will fail. The most common reasons are: 

* The recipient requires that Procomm be set for 8-bits word length, no 
parity, 1 stop bit, when using this protocol, but you have it set 
differently. 

* You think that the recipient's version of YMODEM is the same that you 
have. Wrong! Total failure. 

Do the following to upload the file TEST.TXT to an old RBBS-PC bulletin 
board using XMODEM: 

    1. Navigate to the file area. Tell the BBS what you want by using 
       the following command:
              u;test.txt;x
    2. Press PgUp, select XMODEM, enter a file name (TEST.TXT), and 
       the transfer will start. (If you are too slow, the BBS may be
       tired of waiting for your commands . . .)
    3. When the transfer is completed, the board will ask for a 
       short description of the file. Enter it, and you are done. 

Enter G (for Goodbye), and disconnect.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 4: Some frequently used terms
======================================

We have included some terms that are commonly used in the online world. 

Access number
------------
Telephone number dialed to access an online service or Internet provider.

Acronym
------
A worded formed from the initial letters of each of the successive parts or 
major parts of a compound term. Examples: BTW (by the way), FYI (for your 
information), IMHO (in my humble opinion).

Address
-------
The string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to 
direct a message to a particular person. 

The term "Internet address" often refers to an assigned number, which 
identifies a host on this network. 

aftp
----
Abbreviation for Anonymous FTP. See Appendix 6. 

ANON-FTP
--------
See Anonymous FTP in Appendix 6.

ANSI
----
(1) ANSI is an organization that sets standards. 

(2) 'ANSI graphics' (ref. the term ANSI-BBS) is a set of cursor control 
codes that originated on the VT100 terminal. Many online services use them
to enhance their transmission of characters to communication programs. The 
escape character, followed by other characters, are used to move the cursor 
on the screen, change color, and more. 

ASCII
-----
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A standard seven-
bit code created to achieve compatibility between various types of data 
processing equipment.  ASCII, pronounced "ask-key," is the common code for 
microcomputer equipment. 

The Standard ASCII Character Set consists of 128 decimal numbers ranging 
from zero through 127 assigned to letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and 
the most common special characters. Each code can be represented by a 7 
digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111. 

The Extended ASCII Character Set also consists of 128 decimal numbers and 
ranges from 128 through 255 representing additional special, mathematical, 
graphic, and foreign characters. 

ASCII download
--------------
Retrieval of plain ASCII text (without special codes). Normally, it takes 
place without automatic error correction, but it is typically managed by 
XON/XOFF flow control. 

Asynchronous transfer
---------------------
Serial communication between two computers. When signals are sent to a 
computer at irregular intervals, they are described as asynchronous. Data 
is sent at irregular intervals by preceding each character with a start bit 
and following it with a stop bit. 

Asynchronous transmission allows a character to be sent at random after the 
preceding character has been sent, without regard to any timing device.  
So, in case of line noise, the modem can find out right away where the next 
byte should start. 

Autodial
--------
When a modem dials a telephone number automatically. Autodial may be 
started by the user entering the number manually, or the number may be sent 
automatically by the communications program (for example after having been 
selected from a phone register). 

Bandwidth
---------
How much you can send through a connection. Usually measured in bits-per-
second. 

Baud
----
A unit of measurement that shows the number of discrete signal elements, 
such as bits that can be sent per second. 

Bits per second (bps) is the number of binary digits sent in one second.  
There is a difference between bps and baud rate, and the two are often 
confused.  For example, a device such as a modem said to send at 2400 baud 
is not correct. It actually sends 2400 bits per second. 

Both baud rate and bps refer to the rate at which the bits within a single 
frame are sent. The gaps between the frames can be of variable length.  
Accordingly, neither baud rate nor bps refer accurately to the rate at 
which information is actually being transferred. 

BBS
---
Bulletin Board or Bulletin Board System. See Bulletin Board. 

Bell
----
Standard frequencies used in older modems made in the United States. The 
standard for 300 bps is called Bell 103. The standard for 1200 bps full 
duplex is called Bell 212A. Modems using these standards are normally 
unable to communicate with ITU-TSS standard modems at these speeds. 

Big5
----
Coding scheme developed in Taiwan for using Chinese on computers. There are 
varieties of Big5 codes, the most common being ET Big5 (the code used by 
the Taiwanese program ETen, pronounced Yi3tian1) and HKU Big5 (the code 
used for programs developed at Hong Kong University). 

ET Big5 files must be read with the ETen operating system. Check out the 
Archie server at telnet://archie.TWNIC.NET (login: archie) to locate 
software and get more information. 

Binary
------
The base 2 number system in which only the digits 1 and 0 are used is 
called the binary system. The binary system lets us express any number, if 
we have enough bits, as a combination of 1's and 0's. Also used to express 
conditions like on/off, true/false, yes/no.  

Binhex
------
Macintosh software and documents (other than text files) are often 
"encoded" into text files for transmission over the network.  A common 
standard for such encoding is referred to as BinHex. You can usually tell 
that a file contains a BinHex encoded Mac file as the file name ends in 
".hqx".  

BinHex5.0 format is a MacBinary format, while BinHex 4.0 files are 
Macintosh ASCII format. 

To keep transmission times short, the BinHexed files are often "compressed" 
using a utility like StuffIt. To reconstitute the Mac application or 
document you may need to "un-StuffIt."  The freeware program, StuffIt 
Expander, will BinHex and unstuff most Mac files.  

Uncompression programs are available from archives on the Internet. 
Examples: xbin23.zip (DOS), mcvert (Unix), and binhex (VM/CMS). 

Bits
----
Bit is an abbreviation for Binary digIT. Computer words and data are made-
up of bits, the smallest unit of information.  

A bit can be either zero or one, represented in a circuit by an off or on 
state, respectively.  The bits are set on or off to store data, or to form 
a code that in turn sends instructions to the computer's central processing 
unit. 

Bits per second (bps)
---------------------
Bits per second (bps) is the number of binary digits sent in one second. It 
refers to the rate at which the bits within a single frame are sent 
('frame' is another term for 'packet'). The gaps between frames can be of 
variable length.  Accordingly, bps does not refer to the rate at which 
information is actually being transferred. 

We usually estimate the number of characters transferred per second (cps) 
by dividing the number of bps by 10. Example: 2400 bps transfers around 240 
characters per second. 

Boolean
-------
A Boolean search is a search that allows logical relations between parts. 
This means that you power your request with the ability to find all 
relevant documents that fulfill one condition AND (OR) another one. Other 
common operators include NOT and NEAR. The search algorithm is built on the 
algebraic theories of the English mathematician George Booles. 

Bounce
------
The return of a piece of mail because of an error in its delivery.

Bps
---
Abbreviation for bits per second. See above.

Browse
------
To view and possibly edit a file of data on screen similar to handling text 
in a word processing document. 

BTW
---
(By The Way) -- A shorthand appended to a comment written in an online 
forum. 
          
Bulletin board
--------------
A computer, often a microcomputer, set up to receive calls and work as an 
online service. The BBSes let users communicate with each other through 
message bases, and exchange files. They may also offer other services (like 
news, database searches, and online shopping). 

Carrier
-------
Carrier is the tone modems send over a phone line before any data is sent 
on it. This tone has a fixed frequency and a fixed amplitude. It is then 
changed to show data. 

Character
---------
Here used about a letter, a number or another typographical symbol or code. 

CCITT
-----
The Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy. Was 
an international consultative committee, organized by the United Nations. 
Now replaced by ITU-TSS. See ITU (below). 

COM port 
--------
A COM port (or communication port) is a communications channel or pathway 
over which data is transferred between remote computing devices. 

MS-DOS computers may have as many as four COM ports, COM1, COM2, COM3, and 
COM4.  These are serial ports most often used with a modem to set up a 
communications channel over telephone lines. They can also be used to send 
data to a serial printer, or to connect a serial mouse. 

Compress
--------
(1) To compact data to save space.

(2) Common compression function on the Internet. Depending on the 
distribution of data in a file, compression may reduce its size by 25% to 
70%. 

COMPRESS files are often, but not always, noted with the file extension .Z. 
Data archive and compression processes can be combined to form files like 
filename.tar.z (see TAR below). 

If you download a file with a file type showing that it is compressed, you 
will need a program to expand it before you can use it. Check out the 
http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/msdos/compress-pre.html library. Look 
for files starting with 'comp' (as in COMP430D.EXE) to find programs that 
can expand .Z-files. 

See http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/msdos/00_start-pre.html for more 
about ARC, ARJ, LZH, NUSQ, TAR, SQueeze, ZIP, ZOO, LBR-compressed and 
archived files. 

Compression
-----------
See decompression.

Conference
----------
Also called SIG (Special Interest Group), Forum, RoundTable, Echo. A 
conference is an area on a bulletin board or online service set up as a 
mini board. Most conferences have separate message bases and often also 
file libraries and bulletins. Conferences are focused on topics, like 
politics, games, multimedia and product support. 

Connect time
------------
A term used for the hours, minutes, and seconds that a user is connected to 
an online service. On several commercial services, users have to pay for 
connect time. 

cps
---
Characters per second. See Bits per second.

Cryptography
------------
Coding for privacy.

Cyrillic
--------
There are several different coding systems for Cyrillic characters (Russian). 
Most important are the KOI-8 Unix standard, and CP-1225, primarily used for 
Microsoft Windows. 

Cyrillic fonts and keyboard maps are available from several sources. Links 
for information: 

    http://www.micronixusa.com/greg/cyrillic.html
    http://www.free.net/Docs/cyrillic/notes.en.html

Data
----
Information of any kind, including binary, decimal or hexadecimal numbers, 
integer numbers, text strings, etc. 

Database
--------
A database is a highly structured file (or set of files) that tries to 
provide all the information assigned to a particular subject and to allow 
programs to access only items they need. 

Online services offer databases that users can search to find full-text or 
bibliographic references to desired topics. 

DCE/DTE
-------
Data Communications Equipment/Data Terminal Equipment. Equipment connected 
to an RS232 connector must be either a DCE (like a modem or a printer) or a 
DTE (computer or terminal). The term defines the types of equipment that 
will "talk" and "listen." 

DECnet
------
Digital Equipment Corporation network. A networking protocol for DEC 
computers and network devices.

Decompression
-------------
Files available from online archives are often compressed to save space, 
and reduce retrieval time.

A FAQ about how to decompress 'anything' is regularly posted to the 
comp.compression newsgroup.

Default
-------
When a value, parameter, attribute, or option is assigned by a 
communications program, modem, or online system unless something else is 
specified, it is called the default. 

For example, communication programs often have prespecified values for baud 
rate, bit size and parity that are used unless alternative values are 
given.  These prespecified values are called the defaults. 

Some services give users a choice between two or more options. If a 
selection is not made by the user, then a selection is automatically 
assigned, by default. 

Dial-up access
--------------
An indirect connection to the Internet or an online service through a modem 
or a digital phone network adapter.


Doors
-----
A service offered by many bulletin boards to allow the user to leave the 
(remote) main software system to use one or several independent programs, 
like games and databases. 

Downloading
-----------
The transfer of data from an online service and "down" to your computers' 
disk. 

DTR
---
Data Terminal Ready is a circuit which, when ON, tells the modem that your 
computer is ready to communicate. Most modems are unable to tell your 
computer that a connection has been set up with a remote computer before 
this circuit has been switched off. If your computer turns this signal OFF, 
while it is in a dialog with a remote computer, the modem will normally 
disconnect. 

Duplex
------
Describes how you see text entered by the keyboard. When the setting is 
HALF DUPLEX, all characters entered on your computer for transfer to an 
online service (or your modem) will be displayed. In addition, you will 
normally receive an echo from the online service (or modem). The result 
will often 'bbee lliikkee tthhiiss'. 

When using the setting FULL DUPLEX, typed characters will not be shown. 
What you see, are characters echoed back to you from the online service 
and/or your modem. 

ECHO
----
(1) When data is being sent, the receiving device often resends the 
information back so the sending device can be sure it was received 
correctly. 

(2) Term used on FidoNet for this network's system of exchanging 
conferences (parallel conferencing). 

Email
-----
Abbreviation for Electronic Mail.

Ethernet
--------
A very common method of networking computers in a LAN. Ethernet will handle 
about 10,000,000 bits-per-second and can be used with almost any kind of 
computer. 

File server
-----------
A file server is a device "serving" files to everyone on a network. It 
allows everyone on the network to get files in a single place, on one 
computer. Typically, it is a combination computer, data management 
software, and large capacity hard disk drive. 

File transfer
-------------
The copying of a file from one computer to another over a computer network. 

Flame
-----
A "flame" is a conference message sent by someone who disagrees so 
violently that they are willing to sink to personal attacks. Flames can be 
extremely annoying, and can get the writer banished from several conference 
networks. 

Fractal
--------
A mathematical algorithm from which an image can be created. A fractal 
formula generates a fractal picture composed of an image based on a basic 
pattern. An outgrowth of chaos mathematics, it is being used for 
compressing and decompressing high quality images. Usually, a fractally 
compressed image has an extremely small file size. 

Freeware
--------
A program, text, or file in which the author still holds the copyright but 
allows the item to be used and distributed free of charge.

Full duplex
-----------
The term full-duplex means the transmission of data in two directions 
simultaneously as from a terminal to a computer or from the computer to the 
terminal. Full-duplex is simultaneous two-way communication. 

Full-text database
------------------
A database containing the full text of an article, a chapter in a book, or 
a book. The contents are not limited to abstracted information (indexes, 
bibliographic information). 

Gateway
-------
Here, we use the term gateway about an interconnection between two (or 
more) online services, set up to let a user of one service use the other 
service's offerings through the first service's user interface. 

The term also has other meanings: 

A gateway provides an interconnection between two networks with different 
communications protocols. Gateways operate at the 4th through 7th layer of 
the OSI model. For example, a PAD (a packet assembler/disassembler) is a 
device used to interface non-X.25 devices to an X.25 network.  The PAD 
serves as a gateway. Protocol converters are gateways between networks. 

The gateway, provided by an adapter card in a workstation, enables the 
network to perform as if it were a mainframe terminal connected directly to 
the mainframe. 

GUI
---
Graphical User Interface. Front end software based on the use of pictures 
(icons) to represent commands and files.

GNU
---
"Gnu's Not UNIX."  A UNIX-compatible operating system developed by the Free 
Software Foundation. 

GuoBiao
-------
Coding scheme for using Chinese on computers developed in mainland China. 
More information at http://www.math.uio.no/faq/chinese-text/faq.html

Half duplex
-----------
The term half-duplex means the transmission of data in either direction but 
only one direction at a time. 

Ham
---
Amateur radio.

Handle
------
An alias used on a bulletin board or online service instead of your real 
name. Often used in chats. 

Header
------
(1) In an email message, the part that precedes the body of a message and 
contains, among other things, the message originator, date and time. 

(2) On a packet switched network, the portion of a package, preceding the 
actual data, containing source and destination addresses, and error 
checking and other fields. 

Host
----
A term for host computer, remote computer or online service. Here, we use 
it about a timesharing computer, a BBS system, or a central computer that 
controls a network and delivers online services. 

Hypermedia
----------
is a medium with pointers to other media (a superset of hypertext). Often 
used in connection with the World Wide Web on Internet. Here, the term 
means that browsers might not display a text file, but might display images 
or sound or animations. 

Information utility
-------------------
A term often used about online services (not unlike the term power 
utility). 

Intranet
--------
An internal (corporate) network using Internet technology. Usually it 
involves the use of the TCP/IP protocols. 

Pointers for more information:

  http://www.intrack.com/intranet/
  http://www.innergy.com/ix/index.html

ISDN
----
A technology being offered by many telephone carriers of the world. ISDN 
combines voice and digital network services in a single medium, making it 
possible to offer customers digital data services as well as voice 
connections through a single "wire." The standards that define ISDN are 
specified by ITU-TSS. For more information, link to this Web page: 
http://www.itu.int/home/Search/, and input "isdn" as a search term. 

ISO 
---
The International Organization for Standardization. A voluntary, nontreaty 
organization responsible for creating international standards in many 
areas, including computers and communications. Its members are the national 
standards organizations of the 89 member countries, including ANSI for the 
U.S. 

ISO is coordinator of the main Internet networking standards that are in 
use today. Information: http://www.iso.ch/welcome.html.

ITU
---
The International Telecommunication Union, a United Nations treaty 
organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Membership includes Telephone, 
governmental Post, and Telegraph Authorities, scientific and trade 
associations, and private companies.  

ITU consists of three "sectors:" the Radiocommunication Sector, the 
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (TSS), and the Development Sector. 
(The CCITT Plenary Assembly is now the World Telecommunication 
Standardization Conference.) 

ITU-TSS sets international communications recommendations. These are often 
adopted as standards. It also develops interface, modem, and data network 
recommendations. 

The X.25 protocol for access to packet-switched networks was originally a 
recommendation of CCITT. The CCITT recommendations are now formally known 
with an ITU designator; for example, CCITT Rec. Q.931 will now be ITU-T-
Q.931.  

A wide range of ITU documents is available from their information server 
at http://www.itu.ch/, including:

   * ITU publications, speeches, press releases, news.
   * ITU Databases (ITU Global Directory, ITU-T/ITU-R Catalogues, etc.)
   * ITU-T Recommendations (fee based).
   * ITU-T TSB Patent Statements Database.
   * Catalogue of Software for Radio Spectrum Management.

ITU-TSS
-------
The Standards Sector of The International Telecommunication Union (see ITU 
above). 

JIS
---
A Japanese industry standard code for presenting the Japanese character set 
Kanji on computers. JIS defines special ranges of user-defined characters. 
Only the most popular ones are included. 

The newer Shift JIS standard sets aside certain character codes to signal 
the start of a two-character sequence. Together, these define a single 
Kanji metacharacter. 

There are many oddities to be found in handling Kanji over the network. 
Sending JIS-encoded messages through the Internet is done using a 7-bit 
code, called "OLD JIS" (standardized on JUNET). Unfortunately, it 
incorporates the ESC character, which some systems will filter out. This 
problem can be overcome by using UUENCODing. 

Some services, like APICNET in Tokyo, converts outgoing Kanji messages 
automatically to 7-bit format. 

KIDLINK, the global project for children through 15 years of age, operates 
two Japanese language mailing lists: KIDLEADER-JAPANESE is for teachers and 
coordinators, and KIDCAFE-JAPANESE for children only. For a copy of their 
"How to send and receive Kanji text" help file, send a message to 
listserv@listserv.nodak.edu with the following command in the body of the 
mail: GET KIDLINK.KANJI 

See http://www.sla.purdue.edu/academic/fll/JapanProj/Je-mail/ for
information about sending and receiving electronic mail in Japanese.

JPEG
----
Standardized compression method for full-color and gray-scale images that 
often reduces the size of bitmapped images by a factor of 10 or more with 
little or no discernible image degradation. Designed to handle "real-world" 
scenes, for example scanned photographs.  Cartoons, line drawings, and 
other non-realistic images are not JPEG's strong suit. On that sort of 
material you may get poor image quality and/or little compression. 

JVArcServ 
---------
Archive server for FidoNet modelled after Archie for the Internet. It 
maintains file lists from FidoNet systems throughout its area and will do 
searches on these file lists based on netmail requests made to it by remote 
systems. 

JVArcServ lets you search through file listings for the program you are 
looking for. It will send you an email message back telling you the BBS 
name, phone number, and file section of all the systems in the network that 
match the given criteria. 

KB
--
Kilobyte. A unit of data storage size that represents 1024 characters of 
information. 

Kbits
-----
1,000 bits.

Kermit
------
Protocol designed for transferring files between microcomputers and 
mainframe computers developed by Catchings at Columbia University. 

There are both public domain, and copyrighted Kermit programs. Some of 
these programs are complete programs in themselves offering the 
communication functions needed for the particular machine on which they are 
running. 

The complete Kermit protocol manual and the source code for various 
versions are available from: 

     Kermit Distribution, (212) 854-3703
     Columbia University Center for Computing Activities
     612 West 115 Street,  New York, NY 10025

LAN
---
Local Area Network. A data network intended to serve an area of only a few 
square kilometers or less. 

LAP-M
-----
Link Access Procedure for Modems is an ITU-TSS standard for modem 
modulation and error control. It is the primary basis for the ITU-TSS V.42 
protocol. 

LDAP
-----
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Email address directory. See the 
LDAP home page at http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/. The LDAP protocol is 
described in RFC-1777 (http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1777.txt), and is a 
proposed open standard for directory services on the Internet. 

Leased-line
-----------
Refers to a phone line that is rented for exclusive 24-hour, 7-days-a-week 
use from your location to another location. 

Library
-------
is used on online services about a collection of related databases (that 
you may search in) or files (that may be retrieved). 

List
----
File-viewing program for MS-DOS computers (see Chapter 14). Registration
to Buerg Software at http://www.buerg.com/. You may get a copy of a 
recent version at http://www.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/txtutl/. 

Login
-----
Noun: The account name used to gain access to a computer system. Not a 
secret (contrast with Password). 

Verb: The act of entering into a computer system, for example, "Login to 
the WELL and then go to the GBN conference." 

LOOKFOR
-------
Fast and flexible shareware program for boolean searches in text files. 
Registration: US$15 plus postage to David L. Trafton, 6309 Stoneham Rd., 
Bethesda, Md. 20817, U.S.A. 

Lurking
-------
No active participation by a subscriber to a mailing list, a conference, or 
Usenet newsgroup. A person who is lurking is just listening to the 
discussion. 

Mail Gateway
------------
A machine that connects to two or more electronic mail systems (including 
dissimilar mail systems) and transfers messages among them. 

Mail path
---------
A series of machine names used to direct electronic mail from one user to 
the other. 

Mail server
-----------
A software program that distributes files or information in response to 
requests sent by email. 

Megabit (Mb)
------------
2^2 bits of information. Usually used to express a data transfer rate, as 
in, 1 megabit/second (= 1Mbps).

MHS
---
(1) Message handling Service. Electronic mail software from Action 
Technologies licensed by Novell for its Netware operating systems. Provides 
message routing and store and forward capabilities. MHS has gateways into 
PROFS, and X.400 message systems. It also has a directory naming service 
and binary attachments. 

(2) Message Handling System. The standard defined by ITU-TSS as X.400 and 
by ISO as Message-Oriented Text Interchange Standard (MOTIS). MHS is the 
X.400 family of services and protocols that provides the functions for 
global email transfer among local mail systems. 

MIDI
----
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A specification that standardizes the 
interface between computers and digital devices that simulate musical 
instruments. Rather than transmit bulky digitized sound samples, a computer 
generates music on a MIDI synthesizer by sending commands just a few bytes 
in length characterizing the pitch and duration of sounds (and the 
instruments that produce them). Each channel of a MIDI synthesizer 
corresponds to a different instrument, or "voice," and you can program 
several channels simultaneously to produce symphonic sound.

MNP
---
Microcom Networking Protocol. A proprietary standard of error control and 
data compression. 

Modem
-----
An acronym for MOdulator-DEModulator.  It is a device that converts digital 
data from a computer or terminal into analog data that can be sent over 
telephone lines.  On the receiving end, it converts the analog data back to 
digital data. 

Most modern modems can handle the dialing and answering of a telephone call 
and generate the speed of the data transmission, measured in bits per 
second, or baud rates. The telephone industry sometimes refers to a modem 
as a dataset. 

Moderator
---------
A person, or a small group of people, who manage moderated mailing lists 
and newsgroups. Moderators are responsible for deciding which email 
submissions are passed on to list. 

MPEG
----
Motion Picture Experts Group. A multimedia video playback standard that 
allows digital video to be compressed using a combination of JPEG image 
compression and differencing (encoding a video sequence by recording 
differences between frames rather than entire images of each frame). 

There are two MPEG standards: MPEG-1, which supports a playback quality 
roughly equal to that of a VCR, and MPEG-2, which supports high-quality 
digital video. 

MUD
---
Multiple User Dimension, Multiple User Dungeon, or Multiple User Dialogue. 
A computer program which users can log into and explore. Each user takes 
control of a computerized persona/avatar/incarnation/character. You can 
walk around, chat with other characters, explore dangerous monster-infested 
areas, solve puzzles, and even create your very own rooms, descriptions and 
items. 

For information, retrieve the various MUD FAQs from these directories

    http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/
    http://tecfa.unige.ch/pub/documentation/MUD/

No>m
----
The No>m Standard Code for Information Interchange (NSCII) is a 16-bit 
character encoding standard used in Vietnam. No>m has been the writing 
system, based on ideographic (Chinese) characters, in use since the tenth 
century for the spoken Vietnamese language. 

NAPLPS
------
North American Presentation-Level Protocol Syntax.  A text and graphics 
data transmission format for sending large amounts of information between 
computers. 

It was designed for the encoding of alphanumeric, alpha-mosaic, alpha-
geometric and alpha-photographic constructs. The standard is resolution 
independent and device independent, and can easily accommodate 
international character sets, bit-mapped images in color, animation and 
sound. 

NAPLPS was originally developed for videotext and teletext systems through 
the Canadian Standards Association (CSA-T500-1983).  It was later enhanced 
by AT&T, and in 1983 became an ANSI standard (ANSI-X3.110-1983). 

Some videotext systems, including Prodigy (U.S.A.), are based on NAPLPS. On 
CompuServe, NAPLPS has been replaced with a newer protocol called GIF, 
Graphics Interchange Format. 

Netiquette
----------
A pun on "etiquette" referring to proper behavior on a network. 

Network
-------
A data communications system that interconnects computer systems at various 
sites. 

Nodes
-----
Devices on a network that demand or supply services or where transmission 
paths are connected. Node is often used instead of workstation. 

NREN
----
The National Research and Education Network. A proposed computer network to 
be built in the U.S.A. 

NUA
---
Network User Address. The network address in a packet data network. The 
electronic number that is sent to the network to connect to an online 
service. Also, called X.121 address. 

NUI
---
Network User Identification. The user name/password that you use to get 
access to (and use) a commercial packet switched network. 

Offline
-------
has the opposite meaning of "Online" (see below). It signifies that your 
computer is not in direct communication with a remote online service. 

Offline Reader
--------------
A computer program making the handling of mail and files from online 
services easier (and cheaper). Some also provides automatic mail and file 
transfers. 

Typically, you first connect to an online service (often a BBS) to capture 
new mail in a compressed file (typically through a "QMail door program.") 
Many offline mail reader programs are idle while this goes on, while others 
can do communications as well. 

When disconnected from the service, the offline reader works as a 
combination message database and message editor. It gives you the feeling 
of still being connected to the online service, while actually being 
completely disconnected. 

When you have read and replied to all messages offline, the offline reader 
creates a compressed "packet" containing any replies entered. Some also let 
you prepare packets containing commands to join or leave conferences, 
subscribe to or signoff from special services, and download files. 

Then, you dial back to the BBS to upload (send) the packet, either using 
the offline reader's communications module, or another communications 
program. 

Readers are available for MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Macintosh, Amiga, Atari ST, 
Unix, and CP/M computers. The programs may be downloaded from many BBSes, 
and commercial services. 

Online
------
Being connected via modem or a digital phone adapter to a computer service.

Online database
---------------
A file of information that can be directly accessed by the user. 

OSI
---
Open System Interconnection. A set of protocols designed to be an 
international standard method for connecting unlike computers and networks. 

A FAQ, Introductory information about OSI, is posted each month to the
comp.protocols.iso, comp.answers, and news.answers newsgroups.

Outernet
--------
Term used about a network that is not directly connected to the Internet, 
but can exchange email with networks directly linked to the Internet. 
Examples: CompuServe, Prodigy.

OZCIS
-----
DOS-based program that automates access to CompuServe using an elaborate 
array of menus. Free for personal use. Contact: Ozarks West Software, 14150 
Gleneagle Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921, U.S.A. 

Packet
------
(1) A group of bits sent by a modem that make up a byte of information. 

(2) A group of bytes sent by a file transfer protocol. 

Packet data networks
--------------------
Also called Packet Switching Networks (PDN). Value added networks offering 
long distance computer communications. They let users access a remote 
computer, by dialing a local node, or access point. 

The packet data networks use high speed digital links, which can be land 
lines or satellite communications, to send data from one computer to 
another using packets of data.  They use synchronous communications, 
usually with the X.25 protocol.  The routes are continually optimized, and 
successive packets of the same message need not necessarily follow the same 
path. 

Packet radio
------------
is a method of communications by radio in which digital information 
prepared on a computer is converted to short, swift audio bursts 
("packets") by a "terminal node controller" or "packet controller," and 
sent through a radio to another location where a similar station delivers 
it error-free to the receiving computer. It can send text as well as binary 
files. 

Packet switching
----------------
Sending data in packets through a network to some remote location. The data 
to be sent is subdivided into individual packets of data, each having a 
unique identification and carrying its destination address. This allows 
each packet to go by a different route. The packet ID lets the data be 
reassembled in proper sequence. 

Password
--------
A code used to gain access to a locked system. Good passwords contain 
letters and non-letters and are not simple combinations such as "virtue7". 
A good password might be: Ho/t$1-6.

PC
--
Personal computer.

PDN
---
See Packet data networks.

Petabit
----
A million billion bits.

Port
----
Three meanings. First, a place where information goes into or out of a 
computer, or both. For example, the "serial port" on a person computer is 
where a modem may be connected. (See COM Port above.)
          
On the Internet, "port" often refers to a number that is part of a URL, 
appearing after a colon (:) right after the domain name. Every service on 
an Internet server "listens" on a particular port number on that server. 
Most services have standard port numbers. For example, Web servers normally 
listen on port 80. Services can also listen on non-standard ports, in which 
case the port number must be specified in a URL when accessing the server, 
so you might see a URL of the form: 
          
  gopher://peg.cwis.uci.edu:7000/
          
This shows a gopher server running on a non-standard port (the standard 
gopher port is 70). 

Finally, "port" also refers to translating a piece of software to bring it 
from one type of computer system to another, for example to translate a 
Windows program to make it run on a Macintosh. 
          
Prompt
------
Several times during interactive dialogs with online services, the flow of 
data stops while the host computer waits for commands from the user. At 
this point, the service often presents the user with a reminder, a cue, a 
prompt. These are some typical prompts: 

    ?
    !
    WHAT NOW?
    (Read) next letter -
    ulrik 1>
    System News - 5000>
    Enter #, <H>elp, or <CR> to continue?
    Action ==> (Inbox)
    Command:
    Enter command or <RETURN>
    -->

Protocol
--------
A formal description of message formats and the rules two computers must 
follow to exchange messages. Protocols can describe low-level details of 
machine-to-machine interface (for example, the order in which bits and 
bytes are sent across the wire), or high-level exchanges between allocation 
programs (for example, the way in which two programs transfer a file across 
the Internet). 

PSS
---
British Telecom's Packet Switch Stream, an X.25 packet data network. 

PTT
---
Postal Telegraph and Telephone. A telephone service provider, often a 
monopoly, in a particular country. 

Public domain
-------------
Free from copyrights or patents, these programs, texts or files may be used 
by the public without any payments to the creators.

Qalam
-----
is an Arabic-Latin-Arabic transliteration system between Arabic script 
languages and the Latin script embodied in the ASCII character set.  The 
Qalam system is designed to transliterate Arabic script languages for 
computer mediated communication by individuals literate in those languages.  

See http://leb.net/pub/qalam/QALAM.html for more information, and a
collection of Arabic-Script electronic texts.

QWK
---
Qwikmail. A common offline message file format for bulletin boards offering 
mail through a QMail Door. The .QWK door and file format has been used to 
develop entire BBS networks (example: ILINK.) 

There are QWK-format mail readers for Apple, Amiga, Atari, C64/C128, 
CoCo/OS9, CP/M, Macintosh, MS-DOS, OS/2, Unix, Windows and Windows NT. For 
example, visit http://www.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/mailnews/ to 
retrieve QWK-related programs for MS-DOS.

Real-time
---------
Having the appearance of immediate action. For example, typing messages 
that appear on another's monitor almost instantly. 

RIP
---
Remote Imaging Protocol. Also called RIPscrip. A graphics protocol for 
bulletin boards designed as an efficient way of delivering graphics to 
online services. 

Router
------
A special-purpose computer (or software package) that handles the connection 
between two or more networks. Routers spend all their time looking at the 
destination addresses of the packets passing through them, and deciding 
which route to send them on. 

Routing
-------
The process of delivering a message across a network or networks via the 
most proper path. While simple in principle, routing is a specialized, 
complex science, influenced by a plethora of factors. The more networks are 
interconnected, the more esoteric routing is set to become. 

Script files
------------
A set of commands that enable a communications program to execute a given 
set of tasks automatically (macro commands).  

Search engines
--------------
A search engine looks up the word(s) you input in an index to Web documents. 
Indexes vary in size. None will be completely comprehensive and up-to-date 
though most are updated regularly and some are huge. Some also cover Usenet 
news archives, and there are others for gopher servers. 

Server
------
A computer or a software package that provides a specific kind of service 
to client software running on other computers. The term can refer to a 
particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on 
which the software is running. (Example: mail server is down today, that's 
why email isn't getting out.")

A single server machine could have several different server software 
packages running on it, thus providing many different servers to clients on 
the network. 

Shareware
---------
Copyrighted programs, texts, or other types of application files sold on a 
try-before-you-buy basis. If you continue using the item past a certain 
evaluation period, you must pay the author a given "registration fee." Also 
often referred to as "user-supported." 

SIG
---
Special Interest Group.

SNA
---
System Network Architecture. An IBM product.

Snail mail
----------
A pejorative term referring to the national postal service in different 
countries. 

Spam (or Spamming)
------------------
An inappropriate attempt to use a mailing list, a conference, or another 
networked communications facility as if it was a broadcast medium by 
sending the same message to many people who didn't ask for it. 

Stuffit
-------
The most popular compression/decompression program for Macintosh computers.

String search 
-------------
A method for searching a database. Works like the search function in a 
common word processor program. 

On online services, your commands will often search the full document 
(including the title, subtitles, keywords, and the full text). Sometimes, 
string searches just return a line or a few lines around the hit. In other 
cases, they return the full screen or the full document. 

CWIS
----
Campus Wide Information Services.

Sysop
-----
Common name used on bulletin boards for System Operator. This is the person 
in charge of maintenance and helping users. 

System
------
Generic name for a computer with connected equipment or for an online 
service or bulletin board. 

T1
--
Leased lines come in different grades of which T-1 and T-3 are examples. A 
T-1 link provides a communications link at up to 2.048 megabits per second. 

T3
--
A term for a digital carrier facility used to send a DS-3 formatted digital 
signal at 44.746 megabits per second. 

TAR
------------
.TAR or .tar is a file name extension used by a Unix utility for archiving 
files, often used with "compress."  The resulting files can contain both 
files and directories, and may include the subdirectory structure needed to 
restore the files. 

The way in which a "tarred" file is "untarred" depends on the operating 
system you are using.  Utilities to extract on DOS machines may be 
retrieved at http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/msdos/00_start-pre.html.

TAPCIS
------
A program for automatic access to CompuServe. It lets callers read and 
respond to personal email and forum message threads offline, and download 
files. Contact: Support Group, Inc., Lake Technology Park, McHenry, MD 
21541, U.S.A.  Also: TAPCIS Forum. Email: 74020.10@compuserve.com. 
(On CompuServe: 74020,10). Registration: US$ 79.00. 

Terminal emulator
-----------------
A program that allows a computer to emulate a terminal. The workstation 
appears as a given type of terminal to the remote host. 

TTY
---
Abbreviation for TELETYPE, a special type of writing terminal 
(electrical/mechanical). Also, known as 'dumb terminal'. 

TTY mode
--------
This is when a communications program emulates a TTY machine, which only 
involves printing characters and recognizing the linefeed, carriage return 
and backspace characters. 

Unicode
-------
A 16 bit standard system for encoding characters of all the world's 
languages. The first 128 codes of Unicode are the same as in ASCII. The 
system uses two bytes for each character rather than one, and can handle 
65,536 character combinations rather than ASCII's just 256. 

Unicode can house the alphabets of most of the world's languages, including
a complete complement of Chinese, Korean and Japanese specific characters. 
ISO defines a four-byte character set for world alphabets, but uses Unicode 
as a subset.

For information, see http://unicode.org.

Unix
----
An operating system that supports multi-user and multitasking operations. 

Uploading
---------
The act of transferring data from your computer's disk (up) to an online 
service and storage there. 

Virus
-----
A computer virus is a small computer program created by a computer-literate 
vandal with the purpose of destroying data or even applications programs in 
other people's computers. 

VRML
----
The Virtual Reality  Markup Language aims at extending the World Wide Web 
into the domain of three-dimensional graphics. VRML "worlds" can depict 
realistic or otherworldly places, which can contain objects that link to 
other documents or VRML worlds on the Web. For information, see The Virtual 
Reality Entertainment Resource Guide http://www.vr-atlantis.com/. 

WAN
---
Wide Area Network.

WYSIWYG
-------
What You See is What You Get.

X.25
----
A ITU-TSS standard communications protocol used internationally in packet 
data networks. It provides error-checked communication between packet data 
networks and their users or other networks. 

Rather than sending a stream of bits like a modem, an X.25 router sends 
packets of data.  There are different packet sizes and types. Each packet 
contains data to be sent, information about the packet's origin, 
destination, size, and its place in the order of the packets sent.  There 
are clear packets that perform the equivalent of hanging-up the phone.  
There are reset, restart, and diagnostic packets.  On the receiving end, 
the packet assembler/ disassembler (PAD) in the router translates the 
packets back into a readable format. 

X.400
-----
The ITU-TSS and ISO standard for electronic mail.

X.500
-----
The ITU-TSS and ISO standard for electronic directory services. 

.Z
--
See Compress.


More information
----------------
Irving Kind's Glossary of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms is 
available at http://www.access.digex.net/~ikind/babel.html. Babel is 
updated three times a year. 





------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 5: Books, newsletters, etc.
====================================

Internet
--------
Books are published almost daily covering everything there is to know about 
the Internet. Use the World Wide Web to locate things of interest. Here are 
some bookstores to visit: 

    http://www.coop-bookshop.com.au/                       (Australia)
    http://www.roswell.com                                    (Canada)
    http://www.de.uu.net/shop/JFL/                           (Germany)
    http://www.paraweb.com/pcbook/intbook.htm              (Singapore)
    http://www.bookshop.co.uk/                        (United Kingdom)
    http://mkn.co.uk/books                            (United Kingdom)
    http://www.books.com/                                     (U.S.A.)

Many books are available online in full text. Check Computer and Internet 
Books (http://hoganbooks.com/freebook/webbooks.html) for links.

The "Un-official Internet Book List" by Kevin Savetz is a large list of 
books on the Internet, its users, software, hardware, use, and abuse. Top 
level categories include Internet introductions and guides, Site indices 
and guides, Intermediate/advanced books, and Servers and system 
administration. You can search the book descriptions by keyword. At 
http://www.savetz.com/booklist/.

Internet - newsletters/magazines
--------------------------------
Links to some of the most popular English language magazines can be found 
at the Web address: http://www.internetvalley.com/top100mag.html.

"Matrix News," a monthly newsletter about cross-network issues. Networks 
frequently mentioned include USENET, UUCP, FidoNet, BITNET, the Internet, 
and conferencing systems like the WELL and CompuServe. Matrix News is about 
all computer networks worldwide that exchange electronic mail. WWW: 
http://www3.mids.org/mn/. 

"Information Highways." Magazine. Annual subscription: $98.00CDN. 
Information Highways, 162 Joicey Blvd., Toronto, Ontario, M5M 2V2, Canada. 
Fax: +1-416-488-7078. 

"Internet World magazine," Meckler Corp. http://www.internetworld.com/

"The Internet Business Journal," 1-60 Springfield Road, Ottawa, CANADA, K1M 
1C7. Fax: +1-613-564-6641. Publisher: Michael Strangelove 
<72302.3062@compuserve.com>. 

"The Internet Magazine," 60 Springfield Road, Suite 1, Ottawa, Ontario, 
CANADA, K1M 1C7. Tel: +1-613-747-6106. Publisher: Michael Strangelove 
<72302.3062@compuserve.com>. 

"Online Access," magazine, Chicago Fine Print. Subscription is US$19.80 for 
8 issues. E-mail: 70324.343@compuserve.com. 

Internet Business Report. CMP Publications (Network Computing, 
Communications Week, etc.). Newsletter for corporate strategists interested 
in the Internet as a channel for information products and services, or to 
extend support for current operations. Monthly in an 8-page hardcopy 
format. For a complimentary sample issue, send email to ibr@cmp.com. 
Specify "free copy" in the subject line. They have a free technology 
information service at http://techweb.cmp.com/techweb. 

Wired. ISSN 1058-1028. 544 2nd Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, U.S.A.
A trendy, glossy magazine frequently highlighting electronic networking. 

Bulletin Board systems and networks
-----------------------------------
BoardWatch Magazine, 8500 West Bowles Ave. Suite 210 Littleton, CO 80123, 
USA. Fax: +1-303-973-3731. Email: jack.rickard@boardwatch.com. WWW: 
http://www.boardwatch.com/. 

"Using Computer Bulletin Boards," by John V. Hedtke. 1990. MIS Press.

"BMUG Guide to Bulletin Boards and Beyond," by Bernard Aboba (1992). 
Quantum Books, 4 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A. Email: 
quantum@quantumbooks.com. (BMUG = Berkeley Macintosh User's Group)

"The BBS Construction Kit," by David Wolfe. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1994. 
US$27.95. 373 pages.

America Online
--------------
"The Official America Online for Windows Membership Kit & Tour Guide," by 
Tom Lichty, Ventana Press, 1994, US$34.95. 382 pages.

"America Online for Dummies," by John Kaufeld, IDG Books Worldwide Inc., 
1995. US$19.99. 356 pages.

CompuServe
----------
"CompuServe Companion: Finding Newspapers and Magazines Online" by Glenn S. 
Orenstein and Ruth M. Orenstein, BiblioData, 1994, 198 pages. US$ 29.95.

"CompuServe from A to Z," by Charles Bowen, Bantam Computer Books, 1991. 
US$24.95. Paperback, 520 pages. 

GEnie
-----
"Glossbrenner's Master Guide to GEnie," Alfred Glossbrenner, 
Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1991, US$39.95, paperback, 616 pages. 

General
-------
"Get On-Line!: The Communications Software Companion," by Lamont Wood. John 
Wiley & Sons, 1993. 336 p, US$24.95.

"Modem USA," by Lynne Motley, Alium Press, 1994. US$24.95. 401 pages.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 6: Web/Internet tools & pointers
=========================================

Anonymous FTP
-------------
The procedure of connecting to a remote computer, as an anonymous or guest 
user, to transfer files back to your computer. Usually, you are asked to 
logon using the identity "anonymous," and to use your email address as a 
password. (See FTP below for more information.) 

Archie
------
Directory service for locating information throughout the Internet. Used to 
locate files on anonymous ftp archive sites, other online directories and 
resource listings. 

Offers access to the "whatis" database of descriptions that include the 
name and a brief synopsis of the large number of public domain software, 
datasets and informational documents located on the Internet. 

You can access Archie by email to one of these addresses:

  archie@archie.au                  Australian server
  archie@archie.mcgill.ca           Canada
  archie@archie.doc.ic.ac.uk        England
  archie@archie.funet.fi            Finland
  archie@archie.th-darmstadt.de     Germany
  archie@archie.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp  Japan
  archie@archie.sogang.ac.kr        Korea
  archie@archie.nz                  New Zealand
  archie@archie.luth.se             Sweden
  archie@archie.ncu.edu.tw          Taiwan
  archie@archie.rutgers.edu         U.S.A.

Put the word HELP in the body of your mail for instructions.

To access Archie by telnet, just turn the addresses above into telnet 
addresses, like in this example: 

  telnet://archie.funet.fi            Finland

Archie is also available from the following Archie Web server page:

  http://www-polisci.tamu.edu/lab/archie.htm

Archie Mail Servers
-------------------
Email-based file transfer facility offered by some systems connected to the 
Internet. See Archie above. 

Backbone
--------
Internet's data flows on high-speed lines called backbone lines. A high-
speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a 
network. The term is relative as a backbone in a small network will likely 
be much smaller than many non-backbone lines in a large network. 

Bandwidth 
---------
The amount of frequencies a device can handle. The amount of bandwidth a 
channel is capable of carrying tells you what kinds of communications can 
be carried on it. In computer-mediated communications, bandwidth is often 
used when talking about conference users' capacity for reading, digesting 
and responding to conference items. 

Bot
---
is short for "roBot" in popular Internet language. Netters also use terms 
like IRC roBOTS, Software Agents, InfoBots, Intelligent Agents, World Wide 
Web Bots, Wanderers, and Spiders. You'll find a Bot FAQ file with many 
links to more information at http://www.botspot.com/faqs/. 

Browser
-------
A program that lets you view various Internet resources. Netscape and 
Microsoft Internet Explorer are popular browsers. Internet browsers let you 
follow World Wide Web hyperlinks. 

For links to sites where you can retrieve most popular browser programs, 
click here: http://browserwatch.internet.com/browsers.html.

Browser Add-Ons
---------------
Software that gives your browser programs more power. Visit this page for a 
list of your options: http://www.tucows.com/.

CGI
---
Common Gateway Interface. Used by html writers to let a page communicate 
with other programs running on the server. 

CU-SeeMe
--------
Video Conferencing over the Internet. Macintosh and Windows software plus
extensive readme files are available at:

  ftp://gated.cornell.edu/pub/CU-SeeMe/
  http://CU-seeMe.cornell.edu/

Cookie
------
A few lines of text that is part of an http transaction. When you retrieve 
data from a site using a cookie, the server transmits the cookie to your 
browser along with the rest of the html document requested. Your browser 
stores the text on your hard disk. When you later retrieve the same Web 
page, the cookie is transmitted back to the server. The latter may then 
send an updated cookie. 

Mostly, cookies are means for a Web owner to gather information without 
bothering users, for example for retaining ordering information, tracking 
site navigation, and personalizing Web pages. For more information, see
http://home.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html.

Demos
-----
Entertaining data versions of music videos. Short graphic animations set to 
music that typically run for five or six minutes. Also known as Intros. 
See the Usenet newsgroup comp.sys.ibm.pc.demos, and try this pointer:
http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/~smiley/nirvana/demos.html

Discussion list
---------------
See Mailing list.

Domain Name System (DNS)
------------------------
Email addressing system used in networks such as Internet and BITNET. The 
Internet DNS consists of a hierarchical sequence of names, from the most 
specific to the most general (left to right), separated by dots, for 
example nic.ddn.mil. 

Eudora
------
Popular email system for Windows, MS-DOS and Macintosh computers. Free 
versions are available (from http://www.eudora.com/).

FAQs
----
"Frequently Asked Questions" are information files about services on the 
Internet, and a wide range of other topics. Useful pointers to resources, 
and a fairly reliable source of answers that have been tested by real 
users. 

FAQs can be found all over the Internet.  Several Usenet newsgroups have 
one specific to their subjects. Some have several FAQs on different, 
pertinent subjects.  

Browse Usenet's FAQs at http://mailserv.cc.kuleuven.ac.be/faq/faq.html 
and http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/, or retrieve them 
by email (see "WWW by email" in Chapter 12). You can search (and read) 
Usenet FAQS at 

  http://www.faqs.org/faqs/faqsearch.html
  http://faqfinder.cs.uchicago.edu/

Reference.COM (see Chapter 11) is an efficient way of keeping track of 
changes in important Usenet FAQs. For example, try the search term 
"australia/oz-net-faq" to keep track of the "Network Access in Australia 
FAQ." 

Finger
------
A program that returns information about registered users on a host that is 
directly connected to the Internet via TCP/IP. You cannot use finger to 
find user addresses on BITNET or UUCP, or any other networks gatewayed to 
the TCP/IP Internet. 

Useful before starting chats (known on the Internet as "talk"), to check 
your assumption of a person's email address, to learn more about a person, 
or to get other kinds of information. 

For finger by email, send an 3mail to agora@dna.affrc.go.jp. Put the
following command in the body of your mail:

    send http://www.mit.edu:8001/finger?<user@site>

Replace <user@site> with your desired email address, as in

    send http://www.mit.edu:8001/finger?presno@login.eunet.no

Finger is also being used as a general information system. For example, 
finger help@dir.su.oz.au for information about how to search some databases 
using finger. Databases include Archie, Internet, Newsgroups, and Postcodes 
(Australian Postcodes). 

Finger to normg@halcyon.halcyon.com for weekly U.S. TV ratings according to 
the Nielsen rating system, and to solar@xi.uleth.ca for 24-hour solar x-ray 
flare activity reports. 

A FAQ file: http://www.citilink.com/~kae/faq/resources/finger.html.

Firewall
--------
Method used by several organizations to protect users from the "unsecure" 
network, and disallow unwanted logins or file transfers from the Internet. 
An Internet site will be denied a connection if an attempt is made to login 
to the firewall server. 

Users behind a firewall can get to servers on the Internet. They can use 
WWW, Gopher, FTP, and TELNET, but cannot supply resources through these 
protocols to people outside the company.  

Check the Firewalls FAQ (http://www.bredex.de/EN/bredex/infos/start.html) 
for definitions, justifications, what firewalls can/cannot do, virus, and 
other interesting links. 

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
----------------------------
A program for sending and receiving files to and from a remote computer to 
your local host. Lets you connect to many remote computers, as an anonymous 
or guest user, to transfer files back to your computer. Lets you list file 
directories on foreign systems, get or retrieve files. You cannot browse 
menus, send email, or search databases using FTP. 

The easiest is to use ftp with a Web browser like Netscape. Just feed the 
browser the file's location, in a format like this:

  ftp://ftp.eunet.no/pub/text/online.txt.Z

The codes after the "//" show first the host name, then the directory, and
finally the file name of the desired file.

Some users type ftp at their system prompt, login on the remote system, and 
ask for the file they want to receive. It transfers to their local host 
machine. (For more on this, read under "Internet" in Appendix 1.) Finally,
unless their computer is directly connected to the Internet, the retrieved 
file must be transferred from their host machine to their PC. 

Where ftp or WWW is not available, you may also use FTPMAIL (chapter 12). 

FSP
---
File Service Protocol.

FYI
---
"For Your Information." A subseries of RFCs that are not technical 
standards or descriptions of protocols that are available from 
http://www.isi.edu/rfc-editor/, ftp://ds.internic.net/fyi/fyi-index.html 
and many other sources on the Internet. 

Gopher
------
Gopher is a tool for exploring the Internet and to find a resource if you 
know what you want, but not where to find it.  Gopher systems are menu-
based in a top-level subject-oriented way, and provide a user-friendly 
front end to Internet resources, searches and information retrieval. 

Gopher gets information from certain locations on the Internet to which it 
is connected, and brings the information to your computer. It can get 
information via other Gophers at other locations connected to yet other 
hosts. The Telneting or file transfer protocols are transparent to the 
user. 

To access gopher services, run a browser program. The browser reads 
documents, and can fetch documents and files from other sources. Some 
services let you fetch gopher information by electronic mail (see 
Gophermail below). 

"Common Questions and Answers about the Internet Gopher" are posted to the 
Usenet newsgroups comp.infosystems.gopher, comp.answers, and news.answers
every two weeks. (See FAQ above.)

The Online World handbook's support forum files are on the gopher address
login.eunet.no (URL: gopher://login.eunet.no/11/1). 

Pointers to Gopher sources may be given in this form: 

  Type=1
  Name=  United States GOVERNMENT Gophers
  Path=1/gopher.welcome/peg/GOPHERS/gov
  Host=peg.cwis.uci.edu
  Port=7000
  URL: gopher://peg.cwis.uci.edu:7000/11/gopher.welcome/peg/GOPHERS/gov

If your browser cannot use this information directly, try to deduct the 
information from the URL line. In this example, it translates into 'gopher 
peg.cwis.uci.edu 7000' , select peg / gophers/ gov. 

If the gopher command is not available on your system, then you may telnet 
to the gopher site, and login as 'gopher' or 'info'. 

The gophers of the world, sorted by country, are at 

  URL: gopher://liberty.uc.wlu.edu/11/gophers/other

Also, see Veronica below. 

Gophermail
----------
To use Gopher by electronic mail. Messages containing menus and gopher link 
information are mailed you in response to your requests. You reply to these 
messages and show which menu items you want.  Lets you use the Gopher 
without having a direct "live" Internet network connection. 

Send a message to one of the following addresses for more information: 

  gophermail@cr-df.rnp.br       (Brazil)
  gomail@ncc.go.jp              (Japan)
  gopher@dsv.su.se              (Sweden)

If you send a blank message, a help screen will be returned to you. 

GopherMail's options include:

  * Requesting the Gopher menu for a specific host name,
  * Message splitting after a certain file size (for those with a size
    limit on email messages),
  * Re-using links to selected gopher menus by saving them in a local 
    "Bookmarks" file. 

Binary and Sound Files are sent as uuencoded files.

To perform a search, select that menu item with an "x" and supply your 
search words in the Subject: of your next reply.  Note that your search 
criteria can be a single word or a boolean expression such as: 

  computers and (macintosh or ms-dos)

Home page
---------
An Internet document created with HTML (the HyperText Markup Language) 
often containing graphics, text, and hypertext links to other "pages."

HotJava
-------
A modular, applet-aware, extensible World-Wide Web browser written in the 
Java programming language. 

HTML
----
The HyperText Markup Language is used to compose WWW pages. Sources for 
information (also, see "WWW" below):

 HTML FAQ for beginners:   http://www.cwru.edu/help/introHTML/toc.html
 Intermediate HTML FAQ:    http://www.cwru.edu/help/interHTML/toc.html
 HTML standards:           http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/
 Compendium of HTML Elements:     
        http://www.netspot.city.unisa.edu.au/html/compendium/html.htm

HTTP
----
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Hypertext is text with pointers to other 
text. Thus, hypertext is a term used of linking related information. 

Some information providers on the Internet run programs that will let you 
access hypertext. Examples: Lynx, Mosaic. 

You use a special HTTP browser program to access the information. Examples: 
Netscape, Xmosaic. 

IMAP
----
Internet Mail Access Protocol. The up-and-coming Internet email server 
protocol, offer easier administration and more power than the old POP (Post 
Office Protocol). It let you remotely manipulate your mailbox on the mail
host without having to retrieve it to your local PC first. You can access 
email stored on multiple hosts and in multiple folders on one host.

International Standard Top-level Country codes
-----=-----------------------------------------
Top-level country codes derived from the International Standards 
Organization's international standard ISO 3166. For a current list, 
retrieve the International E-mail FAQ. It is regularly posted to the
comp.mail.misc, comp.mail.uucp, news.newusers.questions,
alt.internet.services, alt.answers, comp.answers, and news.answers
newsgroups (see http://www.faqs.org/faqs/mail/country-codes/). 

Internet number
---------------
See IP Address

IP (Internet Protocol)
----------------------
The Internet standard protocol that provides a common layer over dissimilar 
networks, used to move packets between host computers and through gateways 
if necessary. 

TCP/IP packets are the basic units of communication across the Internet. 
The information they carry includes your system's IP address, the IP 
address of the server you're trying to contact, and data communicated
(like the contents of a World Wide Web document). Routing information is 
added to the packets along the way.

For more information, see http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc791.txt.

IP Address
----------
Every machine on the Internet has a unique address, called its Internet 
number or IP address. Usually, this address is represented by four numbers 
joined by periods ('.'), like 129.133.10.10. 

The first two or three pieces represent the network that the system is on, 
called its subnet. For example, all the computers for Wesleyan University 
in the U.S.A. are in the subnet 129.133, while the number in the previous 
paragraph represents a full address to one of the university's computers. 

For technical background information, se http://www.eu.org/info.html
(Technical information on the DNS links).

Internet provider
-----------------
An organization that gives customers access to the Internet via the 
provider's computers and connections. (See Appendix 7.)

IRC
---
Internet Relay Chat is a multi-user, multi-channel chatting network. It 
allows people all over the world to talk to one another in real-time. 

Each IRC user has a nickname they use.  All communication with another user 
is either by nickname or by the channel that they or you are on.  It 
requires that you use a service that has a direct connection to Internet. 

A FAQ file, "IRC Frequently Asked Questions," is regularly posted to the 
alt.irc newsgroup. On the World Wide Web, the most comprehensive IRC help 
resource is at http://www.irchelp.org/. 

ITR
---
Internet Talk Radio. For general information (a FAQ) about the Internet 
Multicasting Service radio programs, send email to info@radio.com. 

A list of archive sites that make the Internet Talk Radio sound files 
accessible via anonymous FTP is irregularly posted to the following 
newsgroups: alt.internet.talk-radio, alt.radio.internet, alt.answers, 
news.answers. 

To access Internet Talk Radio in World Wide Web (WWW):
                                     
  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/radio/radio.html

Knowbot
-------
Experimental directory services using intelligent computer programs that 
automate the search and gathering of data from distributed databases. The 
concept behind the Knowbot is that it is supposed to be a Knowledge Robot -
- something that goes hunting for information on the Internet. Telnet to 
telnet://info.cnri.reston.va.us:185.

Linux
-----
Free Unix operation system clone for 80386/80486 computers. The "Linux 
Documents Explained for Newbies" document is regularly posted to the 
comp.os.linux newsgroup. Check this file library for more:

  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/

Start with the current version of the Linux FAQ. 

LISTPROC
--------
An automated mailing list distribution system similar to the LISTSERV 
program (see below). To subscribe to a LISTPROC list, send an email 
containing the following type of command in the body of your mail 

   SUBSCRIBE <list name> Your name

LISTSERV
--------
An automated mailing list distribution system enabling online discussions of 
technical and nontechnical issues conducted by electronic mail throughout 
the Internet. The LISTSERV program was originally designed for the 
BITNET/EARN networks. 

Usually, you subscribe to a LISTSERV mailing list by using the command

    SUBSCRIBE <list name> <your name>

Example: If your name is Oleg Moskwa, and the list name is KIDLINK, send an 
email to the LISTSERV address above with the following command in the body 
of your text: 

    SUBSCRIBE KIDLINK Oleg Moskwa

Note: Some LISTSERVs will reply by sending you a request to confirm the 
subscription by replying with an OK and a unique number. After 48 hours 
(this can vary) the request is dropped, and the user will have to start 
over. While this may seem like a hassle, it is really in your interest.
The confirmation system prevents others from subscribing you onto lists 
pretending to be you. 

Usually, you can get off a LISTSERV mailing list by using the command
SIGNOFF <list name>, as in

    SIGNOFF KIDLINK

Important: All subscription commands must be sent to the LISTSERV address, 
and not to the mailing list itself. If you send it to the mailing list's 
address, the LISTSERV will forward your mail to all subscribers, and 
nothing may happen. 

To temporarily turn off mail, use the command

    SET <LISTNAME> NOMAIL

Other mailing list programs exist. Some are using the Unix readnews or rn 
facility. Others are called MajorDomo and LISTPROC. Commands differ. On 
some lists, you must use "UNSUBSCRIBE <LISTNAME>" rather than SIGNOFF. 

Some may require that you ask for permission to join. A central moderator 
may review your contributions before mailing, or use them to compile a 
periodic "digest" for subscribers. 

Example: To subscribe to non LISTSERV mailing lists you may have to send an 
email message to LIST-REQUEST@ADDRESS, where "list" is the name of the 
mailing list and "address" is the  moderator's e-mail address, asking to be 
added to the list. 

Lynx
----
If you don't have a TCP/IP connection to an Internet provider, the easiest 
way to access the World Wide Web is through Lynx.  This text-only based 
browser works on any VT100 (ASCII) emulating terminal program using full 
screen, arrow keys, highlighting, and can be found on almost any Internet 
host. 

Set your communications software to vt-100, dial up, logon, and type "lynx" 
to see if it is available. If not, try telnet to ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu
(telnet://ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu). At the login prompt, enter www and press 
return to access a Lynx browser. Online help is available. Note: You can
not use this service to access a random Web address!

If Lynx is available on your local computer, just type "g" for go, and then 
type the URL of the document you want. Type "h" for help. 

Even if you have a TCP/IP connection, you may find Lynx faster than most
Windows-based browsers for some applications. It provides fast navigation 
of cross-linked hypertext documents (minus multimedia) over a low-speed 
dial-up connection. You can even use it with a 2,400 bits/s modem. 

Newer versions of the program have extensive HTML 3.2 support, supports 
image-maps and frames. Retrieve it from http://lynx.browser.org/.

MAILBASE
--------
A program functioning like a LISTSERV. For more information about the 
Mailbase at Newcastle University (England), send email to 
MAILBASE@MAILBASE.AC.UK containing the following commands: 

  help                     (for a general help file) 
  send mailbase user-guide (for a User Guide)
  lists                    (for a list of available forums) 

This mailbase managed 403 mailing lists in July 1993. 

Mailing list
------------
A possibly moderated discussion group on the Internet, distributed via 
email from a central computer maintaining the list of people involved in 
the discussion. 

Anyone can send a message to a single mailing list address. The message is 
"reflected" to everyone on the list of addresses. The members of that list 
can respond, and the responses are reflected, forming a discussion group. 

Think of mailing lists as magazines - you subscribe and unsubscribe as your 
needs and interests change. For more information, including basic commands 
for subscriptions, and common software used to support the mailing lists, 
try http://www.webcom.com/impulse/list.html. 

For a list of organizations prepared to host a mailing list for you, check
http://www.catalog.com/vivian/mailing-list-providers.html

Majordomo
---------
is another program that organizes mailing lists. Commands for subscribing 
and unsubscribing are similar to those used with a LISTSERV except that the 
name is not given at the end of the subscription line. Further, rather than 
sending e-mail to LISTSERV at the site that houses the list, send to 
majordomo@csn.org. 

For a list of mailing lists served by this Majordomo server, send the 
command 'lists' in the body of your email message. Add the command 'help' 
on the next line for a short help file.

MIME
----
The Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions is a specification that offers a 
way to interchange text in languages with different character sets, and 
multi-media email among many different computer systems that use Internet 
mail standards. 

MIME lets you create and read email messages containing these things:

  - character sets other than ASCII
  - enriched text (text with markup commands like <bold> to make
      it more readable)
  - images
  - sounds
  - other messages (reliably encapsulated)
  - tar files 
  - PostScript
  - FTPable file pointers
  - other stuff

MIME supports several pre-defined types of non-textual message contents, 
such as 8-bit 8000Hz-sampled mu-LAW audio, GIF image files, and PostScript 
programs. It also permits you to define your own types of message parts. 

For details, check ftp://ftp.eunet.be/pub/documents/faq/mail/mime-faq/, 
http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1341.txt, and the comp.mail.mime 
newsgroup. 

Note: A MIME message received by someone on a host without MIME installed, 
may be encoded in a binary format (BASE64) and be impossible to read. If 
you have this problem, try the small free utility that is available through 
the TOW archive. Send GET TOW.MASTER (as explained in the preface of the 
book) for retrieval instructions and file name. 

Mirror
------
Term used about one or several hosts on the Internet that maintain a 
complete copy ("mirror") of selected contents from another host on the net. 

NCSA Mosaic
-----------
gives point-and-click access to the World Wide Web over a SLIP or TCP/IP 
connection to the Internet. The system runs on X Windows, the Macintosh, 
and Microsoft Windows, and has integrated transparent access to other 
Internet services, ranging from FTP to WAIS to Gopher.  

Mosaic can display hypertext and hypermedia documents in a variety of fonts 
and styles. It has support for sounds, movies, international characters, 

Netnews
-------
See: Usenet.

Newsgroup
---------
Term used for online conferences on Usenet. See Appendix 1 for more.

NIC
---
Network Information Center. An organization that provides users with 
information about services provided by the Internet network. 

NNTP server
-----------
Usenet netnews are being distributed globally through local servers, called 
NNTP servers. You should use a local server. if available, for higher 
speed. Reading programs, like WinVN and Netscape, require that you put the 
address of a NNTP server in the configuration file. Netscape example: 

NNTP_Server=nntp-oslo.uninett.no

NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol) is an extension of the TCP/IP 
protocol that describes how newsgroup messages are transported between 
compatible servers.

Lists of free NNTP servers: http://login.eunet.no/~kjetilm/news.htm and
http://www.krusty.net/usenet.shtml.

Ping (Packet Internet Groper)
-----------------------------
A program to test a network connection on the Internet. Used to check if a 
connection to another host is available, when your email seems not to reach 
a receiver. 

Ping sends a message (an ICMP echo request packet) to a specified host, and 
waits for a response. It reports success or failure and statistics about 
its operation. It gives you the time taken for your packets to travel 
across the network too. 

Postmaster
----------
On the Internet, the person responsible for handling electronic mail 
problems, answering queries about users, and other related work at a site. 

POP3
----
Internet's Post Office Protocol version 3.0. In the setup of your Internet 
mail client application, the IP address of the POP3 server is pointing at 
the host receiving our email.

PPP
---
Point-to-Point Protocol. A serial communications protocol for connecting to 
the Internet by direct or dial-up lines. PPP systems can receive and 
transfer files without having to use the intermediate host as a transfer 
and rest stop. It is generally considered to be superior to SLIP, because
it features error detection, data compression, and other elements of 
communications protocols not included in SLIP.

A FAQ is posted to the comp.protocols.ppp, news.answers, and comp.answers 
on a weekly basis. A must for those interested in connecting to Internet 
via serial lines. 

Pseudo-Slip
-----------
enables individual dial-up users of Unix "shell" accounts to use programs 
that ordinarily require a direct SLIP connection to the Internet. You can 
use applications like Mosaic and Eudora if your shell account is set up 
with pseudo-SLIP software. 

There are several systems on the net. SLiRP is my favorite. Use FTP search 
(http://ftpsearch.ntnu.no/) to locate a copy of the program on the 
Internet, and to find out if it works on your host. 

RealAudio
---------
Software tool that supports transmissions of real-time, live or prerecorded 
audio. You can get satisfactory performance using a 14.400 bits/s modem. 
(Internet Talk Radio: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/radio/radio.html. RealAudio: 
http://www.realaudio.com.) The client software is free.

You can hook up to the net, link to an Internet rock-n-roll station (like 
http://www.netradio.net/), set it to play, and then switch to your word 
processor for some real work while you listen. RadioTower Control Center 
(http://www.radiotower.com/) offers links to radio stations around the 
world.

RFC                                                 
---
The Internet's Request for Comments document series. Working notes of the 
Internet research and development community. A document in this series may 
be on essentially any topic related to computer communication, and may be 
anything from a meeting report to the specification of a standard.  

Note: Once a document is assigned an RFC number and published that RFC is 
never revised or re-issued with the same number.  There is never a question 
of having the most recent version of a particular RFC. It is therefore 
important to make sure you have the most recent RFC on a given topic!

You can retrieve most RFC texts at http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1392.txt,
and search RFC documents at http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/rfc/index.html.

SimTel.Net
----------
maintains a large collection of shareware, freeware and public domain 
programs for MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 95. Simtel.Net can be 
accessed at http://www.simtel.net/simtel.net/

The collection is mirrored (regularly copied) to hosts around the world.
Retrieving files from a mirror host may be faster than taking them from
the host. For a current list of ftp mirror sites, retrieve this file
http://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/00_info/mirrors.txt.

Simtel.Net files are available by email from ftpmail@wcarchive.cdrom.com. 
To receive instructions send mail to the server with  help  in the body of 
your message. 

Consider subscribing to the MS-News-Digest (one-way) information service 
to receive announcements about new additions to their MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, 
and Windows 95 collections. Subscribe by email to listserv@Simtel.Net. 
Put "add MS-NEWS-DIGEST" in the body of your message.

SLIP
----
Serial Line Internet Protocol. A method for connecting to the Internet. 
SLIP systems can receive and transfer IP packets over a serial link, such 
as a dial-up or private telephone line.

IP (the Internet Protocol) is the most important of the protocols on which 
the Internet is based. It allows a packet to traverse multiple networks on 
the way to its final destination.

There's a help file called 

The "Personal Internet Access Using SLIP or PPP: How You Use It, How It 
Works" text is at http://www.warehouse.net/warehouse/slip-ppp.html. At 
http://ftp.io.com/pub/io/slip-ppp/linux/ppp-client-howto.txt, you'll find 
"PPP-Client MINI-HOWTO." 

See "Pseudo-SLIP" above.

SMTP
----
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. The Internet standard protocol for 
transferring electronic mail messages from one computer to another. SMTP 
specifies how two mail systems interact and the format of control messages 
they exchange to transfer mail. 

SMTP mail servers do not authenticate the users when sending mail. 
Therefore, you can use any SMTP relay host to have your mail sent.

Talk
----
A command on the Internet, which may remind of IRC, but is a single link 
between two parties only. 

TCP/IP 
------
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Communications protocols 
that internetwork dissimilar systems connected to the Internet. TCP/IP 
supports services such as remote login (telnet), file transfer (FTP), 
mail (SMTP and POP). 

A FAQ is available at:

  http://www-iso8859-5.stack.net/pages/faqs/tcpip/tcpipfaq.html

Telnet
------
A program on the Internet that allows you to execute commands on remote 
computers as though you were logged in locally. You can browse menus, read 
text files, use gopher services, and search online databases. Sometimes, 
you can join live, interactive games and chat with other callers. Usually, 
you cannot download files or list file directories. 

To set up a telnet connection, you need to know the name of the computer 
site you want to access and have a valid user name and password for that 
site. 

The site's name can be in words, like "VM1.NODAK.EDU," or a numeric 
address, like "134.129.111.1". Some services require that you connect to a 
specific "port" on the remote system. Enter the port number, if there is 
one, after the Internet address. 

Some telnet sites allow for guest logins.  Guest accounts typically are 
restricted to the types of actions they can perform during a session. 
Although your telnet session is actually running software directly on the 
site's telnet computer, you will be running a program that prevents you 
from accessing the general capabilities of that computer.  Once you are 
connected to a telnet site, you will often see a menu-driven system which 
is under the control of the telnet site, and guides you through the actions 
you may perform at that site. 

Note: If you get a return message saying that the host was unknown or 
unavailable, first check if your address syntax was correct. If it is, try 
later. Also, your telnet address may have changed.

Another common use of telnet is for users to be able to log into their 
computers from remote locations.  In this case, users enter their own user 
names and passwords and, therefore, have the same user privileges they 
would have when logged in without using telnet. 

Accessing commercial services like CompuServe via telnet gives you the 
convenience and time savings of not having to log off and on as you move 
from one host system to another. There is normally no real time cost 
advantage, unless your location is closer to an Internet node than any of 
these services' regular access point. 

Telnet is not available to users who have email only access to the 
Internet. 

URL (Universal Resource Locator)
--------------------------------
A Universal Resource Locator is the address of any multimedia resource on 
the Internet. A sort of standardized description of the location of a given 
network resource, and the protocol used to access the resource. 

A URL may point to a WWW page file (an HTML file), a GIF image, an MPEG 
movie, an AU sound file, a ftp file or directory of files, a gopher menu,
a Usenet news group, a telnet port, and so on. URLs identify the type and 
location of network and local resources. 

Many users with interactive connection to the Internet, use remote network 
resources through local programs. These programs are called local clients, 
and there are such programs for anonymous ftp, irc, Mosaic, WWW, and more. 

The local clients programs often require a terse, machine readable resource 
addressing format, called "Universal Resource Locater" (URL). It is a draft 
standard for specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or 
newsgroup.

Example using WWW: The URL format resource address is

  http://login.eunet.no/~presno/index.html

This tells us:

  the tool: http (see above)
  the host: login.eunet.no
  the path: /~presno/index.html

The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access method. 
The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to the access 
method. In general, two slashes after the colon show a machine name 
(machine:port is also valid). 

A Gopher example: URL uses the following

  gopher://nutmeg.ukc.ac.uk/archive/uunet/archive/doc/obi
        /USG/Health.Care.Security.Plan/report/forward.txt

The URL tells us:

  the tool: gopher
  the host: nutmeg.ukc.ac.uk
  the path: archive/uunet/archive/doc/obi/USG
            /Health.Care.Security.Plan/report
  the file: forward.txt

A ftp example, showing site, directory, and file name:

  ftp://ftp.rpi.edu/pub/communications/internet-cmc.html 

A telnet example:

  telnet://database.carl.org/

  The general format is: telnet://[<user>@]<host>[:port]
           
A newsgroup example:

  news:alt.bbs

A file example, showing site, directory, and file name:

  file://localhost/mysub/mypage.html

Usenet
------
A global bulletin board, of sorts, in which millions of people exchange 
public information on every conceivable topic. For more information, see 
Appendix 1. 

UUCP
----
See Appendix 1.

Veronica
--------
A service on the Internet. Maintains an index of titles of gopher items, 
and provides keyword searches of those titles. The result of a search is a 
set of gopher-type data items, returned to the user as a gopher menu. The 
user can access any of these data items by selecting from the returned 
menu. 

Example: gopher://nysernet.org/11/Search%20the%20Internet. Select 
Veronica alternatives from the list. 

A FAQ is available at gopher://futique.scs.unr.edu/11/veronica, as well 
as the choice "Search ALL of Gopherspace (5000+ gophers) using Veronica."

Veronica is also available by email (using GopherMail. See above).

VMS
---
Virtual Memory System. A multiuser, multitasking, virtual memory operating 
system for the VAX series from Digital Equipment.

VoiceChat
---------
Internet VoiceChat is a program which allows live, two-way voice 
communication between two users over the Internet.  Features such as caller 
screening, an answering machine, and caller history are all included in the 
software.  

WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers)
------------------------------------
is a distributed text-searching system. It is a kind of indexed online 
search tool to locate items based on content - usually keyword text 
searches. It is a powerful tool for concurrent searches of large databases 
and/or newsgroups on the Internet. First, WAIS lets you search for relevant 
databases, and then for information within them. 

If the Web and Gopher are like looking in the contents of a book to 
determine what chapters to read, then WAIS may be said to be like looking 
at a book's index to find a particular subject or topic to read about. 

The information that you retrieve can be practically anything, from text to 
sound to images to whatever you can think up.  The information can exist
anywhere and on many different computer systems.  The WAIS protocol is an 
extension of the ANSI Z39.50 information retrieval protocol.  (WAIS is 
pronounced "ways") 

Example: http://www.ub2.lu.se/auto_new/auto_39.html. This Web page lets
you search several WAIS databases in Religion, Theology.

Examples: telnet://quake.think.com, and telnet://info.funet.fi. Another 
option is telnet://sunsite.unc.edu. Login as "swais."

WAIS can also be searched by mail. For instructions, send email to
waismail@sunsite.unc.edu with the word 'help' in the body of your mail.

There is a WWW content router for WAIS at 

  URL: http://www-psrg.lcs.mit.edu/content-router.html

The content router provides query routing to over 500 WAIS servers (1994). 
It is based on content labels which are constructed from WAIS source and 
catalog files. The router also provides query refinement that helps a user 
formulate meaningful queries. When the user specifies a query term, the 
content router suggests other terms that are related to the query.  When 
the relevant WAIS servers are chosen, the router searches them in parallel.  

A FAQ about WAIS is posted monthly to the comp.infosystems.wais newsgroup.

FreeWAIS
--------
allows uncapitalized Boolean searching with any combination of and/or/not, 
but no parenthesis.  With freeWAIS, you _can_ search for "dogs and cats." 
It also adds truncation, using "*". This lets you easily search for plurals 
and root words, like "advertis*". 

Usenet newsgroup: comp.infosystems.wais

Routers
-------
Routers are the pathfinders of the Internet. Your stream of packets may 
pass through large numbers of routers before they reach their destination.

The 'whatis' database
---------------------
See Archie. 

Web Forums
----------
are also called Browser Message Boards. They are conference systems using 
Web technology. Users must visit a particular website for each web forum to 
read messages from others and post their own. 

See http://bbs.augsburg.edu/~schwartz/ebbs.html for a list of BBS Sites 
on the Internet, including Web browser message boards. Several Web forums 
are indexed at Reference.COM.

Whois
-----
An Internet program that lets users query a database of people and other 
Internet entities, such as domains, networks, and hosts, kept at the NIC 
(see above). 

For example, Whois lets you scan through a registry of researchers in the 
network field to find an Internet address, if you have only the last name 
or part of it. It will give you the person's company name, address, phone 
number, and email address. It had around 70,000 listings in December 1992.        

You can access Whois by email to MAILSERV@INTERNIC.NET. Put the word 
HELP in the subject field of your mail for instruction. You can also access 
it by telnet://rs.internic.net, and at

  gopher://ds1.internic.net/11/.ds/.whitepages
  gopher://ds.internic.net:4320/1whois

Winsock
-------
The Windows Socket standard. An application programming interface (API) 
designed to let Windows applications (such as a Web browser) run over a 
TCP/IP network. 

Requires a direct connection to the Internet, or access to a SLIP, pseudo-
SLIP, or PPP server. With Winsock, you can simultaneously run several 
applications that make use of the Internet. 

There is a fine introduction to Winsock in the alt.winsock FAQ, available 
at http://www.well.com/user/nac/alt-winsock-faq.html. The Winsock 
Application FAQ can be retrieved by email to info@LCS.com, Subject: FAQ. 

For more information, check out the newsgroup comp.protocols.tcp-ip.ibmpc 
and alt.winsock. 

WWW (World Wide Web)
--------------------
A global information service, much like Gopher, that provides top level 
access down to various documents, lists, databases, and services. This 
includes resources such as WAIS, FTP, and Gopher. 

To access the Web, you run a browser program. The browser reads documents, 
and can fetch documents and files from other sources. For a comparative
list of Graphics Web browsers, go to WWW Servers Comparison Chart page at
http://webcompare.internet.com/. For DOS based Web browsers and tools, 
see http://www.fdisk.com/doslynx/. 

The Scout Toolkit page (http://wwwscout.cs.wisc.edu/scout/toolkit/) helps 
users identify the network tools most appropriate for their needs. Netscape 
and Microsoft Explorer are not the only browser programs that will let you 
use WWW. Lynx is an attractive alternative for dial-up users (see above). 

Web pages can be retrieved by electronic mail (Chapter 12). These services 
are mostly for retrieval of text. They generally cannot retrieve large files 
containing graphics, sound, or other types of binary files. 

For comprehensive information about WWW, start with http://www.w3.org. A 
Word Wide Web Frequently Asked Questions file about WWW is available at 
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/wwwfaq.txt, while updates are posted 
to news.answers, comp.infosystems.gopher, comp.infosystems.wais and 
alt.hypertext. 

Netcraft (at http://www.netcraft.com/Survey/) counts the number of hosts 
providing a Web service (http service) on computers connected to Internet. 
Here's some figures showing the growth: 

  August 1995        18,957 Web sites
  June 1996         252,685 
  August 1996       342,081
  November  1996    525,915
  January 1997      646,162 
  March 1997        833,139
  June 1997       1,117,259
  September 1997  1,364,714 
  November 1997   1,553,998

For a list of mailing lists and Usenet News groups related to WWW, visit
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ucs/WWW/WWW_mailing_lists.html. 

The Virtual Library of WWW Development (http://www.stars.com/Vlib/)
is a must for Web page developers. Topics span Authoring, Annotation, CGI, 
Database, Forms, HTML, HTML Editors, Imagemaps, Images and Icons, Java,
MIME, Perl, SGML and CyberVR to Mail, News, Protocols, Security, and much 
more.

A collection pointers to tools, technical documentation, and standards, 
both current and under development, for World Wide Web and the Internet in 
general, is at http://www.mcs.com/~lunde/web/aboutwww.html

Run your web pages through Bobby (http://www.cast.org/bobby/), a free 
web-based service that will help you make web pages accessible to people 
with disabilities. It also finds HTML compatibility problems that prevent 
pages from displaying correctly on different web browsers. 

Also, make sure you visit the Best Viewed with any Browser Campaign at
http://server.berkeley.edu/~cdaveb/anybrowser.html.

For more
--------
You may want to start with the "Internet Services FAQ" (see FAQ above). 

John December's Internet-tools list contains information about network 
tools and information resources like Archie, Gopher, Netfind, and WWW.
At http://www.december.com/net/tools/

The Multilingual Internet Glossary Project (NETGLOS) have terminology 
definitions in Bahasa Indonesia, Brazilian, Dutch, German, Spanish, French, 
Hrvatski, Hebrew, Portuguese, Norwegian, Zhongwen, English, and some 
other languages. At http://wwli.com/translation/netglos/netglos.html. 

"Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia" is a large technical reference to the 
protocols that run the net. (http://www.FreeSoft.org/CIE/index.htm).



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Online World handbook by Odd de Presno <presno@login.eunet.no> * Shareware
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 7: SERVICES OFFERING ACCESS TO INTERNET
============================================

Ordinary users cannot normally connect directly to the Internet. They must 
hook their computers to "host" computers on corporate or institutional 
networks which are part of the Internet, or to a commercial company which 
has bought an expensive Internet connection, and re-sells access to the 
Internet through that connection. 

The key question is to locate access providers that serve your area and 
supply the required services, and support at the right price. 

Try the following World Wide Web pages to find Internet Access Providers 
around the world: 

    http://www.thedirectory.org/
    http://www.netalert.com/
    http://www.netusa.net/ISP/
    http://thelist.internet.com/
    http://www.iapac.org/consinfo.html

At http://www.herbison.com/herbison/iap_meta_list.html, there's a meta-
list of IAP lists, sorted by country.

If you want it cheap, check out if there's a Free-Net offering in your
area. Try: http://www.lights.com/freenet/ on the Web for more. 

The following is a list of some providers by country offering general 
access to the Internet. These services provide access to any person, 
if he or she is willing to pay an (often) modest subscription fee. 

In many countries, there are organizations selling Internet access to the 
business community at high prices. The added value provided by these seldom 
justifies their higher price. They will therefore not be listed at all, if 
I can help it. 

The organizations listed deliver one of the following three levels of access:

  [1] Full interactive access. You can use all Internet commands including 
      ftp, telnet, and gopher. 

  [2] Exchange of electronic mail. Local access to selected Newsgroups, 
      and Internet mailing lists. Limited or no access to interactive 
      commands. 

  [3] Exchange of electronic mail only. No access to interactive commands.

Important: Several key Internet commands are available by email. Examples: 
ftp, archie, gopher, veronica. Level 2 and 3 access may therefore be good 
enough for many users. You may even find such access to be more productive 
for your applications, because of the waiting times often experienced when 
using the Internet interactively. 

Many countries are missing from this list. The aim is to expand it 
gradually with a handful services in all countries of the world. It is not 
intended to be complete. A few inexpensive, efficient and reliable 
offerings in each country will do. 

If you know of a service that should be listed, please send information to
for consideration to: presno@login.eunet.no

The offerings are sorted by part of world:

  Africa                    
  Asia-Pacific Rim          
  Former Soviet Republics   
  Latin America             
  North America             
  Western and Central Europe

Note: Unless "full access to the Internet" is given, a service will most 
likely only offer access level 2 or 3. 

Also, note that some access providers cover many countries. Information about 
these are listed under:

  CompuServe
  Association for Progressive Communications Member Networks

AFRICA
******

A directory of Internet access in Africa is regularly posted to the
alt.internet.access.wanted, and alt.internet.services newsgroups. URL:
http://www.tagsys.com/Providers/index.html

South Africa
------------

Johannesburg: Digitec Online BBS - 10 lines +27-11-476-7136. Full Internet
access. Email: anthony.gerada@digitec.co.za
 
Johannesburg: Netline - http://www.netline.co.za
 
ASIA - PACIFIC RIM
******************

The following Web page offers information about Internet access in Asia:

    http://www.netalert.com/Asia.html


Australia
---------
A Network Access in Australia FAQ is regularly posted to the following
newsgroups: aus.net.access, alt.internet.access.wanted, aus.net.mail, 
aus.net.aarnet, aus.comms, soc.culture.australian, aus.computers, 
alt.answers, soc.answers, news.answers. You can also find it on many 
FTP sites that archive FAQs. Example: 
  Host:      archie.au. 
  File name: Network_Access_in_Australia_FAQ 
  Directory: /usenet/FAQs/alt.internet.access.wanted 

China
-----
CHINANET - http://www.bta.net.cn

Hong Kong
---------
Hong Kong Supernet. Full Internet access. Info: http://www.hk.super.net/

Hong Kong Internet and Gateway Services. Full Internet access. Email: 
helpdesk@hk.net. 

India
-----
See http://www.netalert.com/Providers/India.html for a list of Internet 
access providers in India. 

Indonesia
---------
PT. Rahajasa Media Internet, PLAZA 89, 6th Floor, Suite 601,
Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. X-7 No. 6, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia.
Tel. (62-21) 850-6788 (hunting), Fax. (62-21) 850-6744
Email: info@rad.net.id. URL: http://www.rad.net.id

Japan
-----
Tokyo: APICNET.  Voice: 03-5423-0571. Fax: 03-5423-0576 . Email 
access to the Internet. Contact: kaneko@apic.or.jp (Yoko Kaneko) 

Tokyo: TWICS. Modem: 03-3351-8244 (8N1). Log in as guest for more 
information. Voice: 03-3351-5977. Email: burress@tanuki.twics.co.jp

Jordan
Amman: National Equipment & Technical Services. Voice: 962 6 629870. 
Email only (April 1995). Email: nets@atjordan.automail.com.

FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS
***********************

Russia: http://www.ru/cgi/page.cgi?TOPIC_ID=42&UP_ID=40

A directory of Internet access in ex-USSR is regularly posted to the
alt.internet.access.wanted, and alt.internet.services newsgroups. URL:
http://www.tagsys.com/Providers/index.html.

LATIN AMERICA
*************
Argentina
---------
Buenos Aires: SatLink Uucp/Internet Gateway offers V.32bis and Turbo-PEP 
access. Email: postmaster@satlink.net, or call +54-1-958-1041. Offline reader: 
Waffle. 

NORTH AMERICA
*************
United States
-------------
Netcom (http://www.netcom.com/) offers reasonable rates for unlimited
usage with local access numbers in many states and a toll-free 800 number 
for users who are not located near a Netcom PoP (Point of Presence).

Delphi. Full access. Write to: General Videotex Corp., 1030 Massachusetts 
Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. 

WESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE
**************************

A Directory of Internet access in Western Europe is available on URL:
http://www.tagsys.com/Providers/index.html. The list is also posted to 
the alt.internet.access.wanted, and alt.internet.services newsgroups.

France
------
FranceNet. Email: JeanBernard_Condat@Email.FranceNet.FR
Oleane Network. WWW: http://www.oleane.net/.

Germany
-------
Berlin: Grossraum Berlin. Voice: 030/834 68 90. Full Internet access. 
Email: info@in-berlin.de

Hamburg: Grossraum Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein. Voice: 040/2790975, Email: 
info@hanse.de.  UUCP access (email only). 

Frankfurt am Main: Region Rhein/Main. Voice: 069/39048413, Email: 
oli@odb.rhein-main.de. Full Internet access. 

Munich: Grossraum M"unchen. Web: http://www.muc.de/

Note: A list is available by email from listserv@listserv.nodak.edu using 
the command GET TOW.GERMANY . 

Ireland
-------
Dublin: EUnet Ireland. Web: http://www.EUnet.ie/

Dublin: Connect-Ireland Internet. Web: http://www.connect.ie.

Galway: Ireland On-Line. Email: postmaster@iol.ie.

The Netherlands
---------------
Amsterdam: XS4ALL, Email: helpdesk@xs4all.nl voice: +31 20 6200293
modem: +31-20-5350535. Full Internet access.

Amsterdam: Simplex. (http://www.simplex.nl)

Utrecht: KnoWare. Macintosh oriented, provides full internet access via 
Appletalk Remote Access. Tel. 030-802244, Email: knoware@knoware.nl. 

Nijmegen: Antenna. Tel: +31(80)235372. Email: support@antenna.nl.

Norway
------
EUnet Norge AS:                          http://www.eunet.no/

Telenor Internett:                       http://internett.telenor.no/

Oslo: PowerTech Information Systems A/S  http://www.powertech.no

South Norway: PMD Data AS                http://www.pmddata.no/

Bergen: Bergen By Byte                   http://www.bbb.no

Haugesund: Euronet                       http://www.euronetis.no

Spain
-----
Spanish Internet resources are at http://donde.uji.es/.

United Kingdom
--------------
Compulink Information eXchange Ltd. full Internet access. Contact: The 
Compulink Information Exchange Ltd., The Sanctuary Oakhill Grove, Surbiton, 
Surrey KT6 6DU, England. Voice: +44-81-390-8446. Fax: +44-81-390-6561. NUA: 
2342 1330 0310. Data: +44-81-390-1255/+44-81-390-1244. Email: 
cixadmin@cix.compulink.co.uk. 

Demon Internet Ltd. Email: sales@demon.net. Web: http://www.demon.net

EUnet GB. Email: Sales@Britain.EU.net. Fax +44 227 266466. 
Voice: +44 227 266477.

Others working in Europe: Pipex (UUnet) - http://www.uunet.pipex.com/

A list of Internet access providers in the UK is posted monthly to the 
uk.net, uk.telecom, and uk.misc newsgroups. 

Travelling in Europe and some other countries
---------------------------------------------
EUnet Traveller is for travellers who need to access their mailbox at home 
or connect to their home computers in other ways. With one login name and 
one password, you can connect through hundreds of points-of-presence (POP). 
The service is meant to be combined with an existing account from another 
Internet Service Provider. 

You don't pay when you don't connect, so you can have an EUnetTraveller 
account stand-by without paying for it.

EUnet has well over 300 POPs in 42 countries (1997): Austria, Belgium, 
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, 
Greece, Ireland, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 
Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, 
United Kingdom, U.S.A., States, Yugoslavia. For current list of countries, 
see http://www.EU.net/Countries/. 

Information: http://traveller.EU.net/. Email: traveller@EU.net.

CompuServe
**********
CompuServe has local nodes in a very large number of countries around the 
world. Type GO PHONES to get phone numbers in your destination cities.

The service is a great resource for the global traveller. If your mail 
normally goes to a Unix mailbox, use the .forward file to redirect it to 
CompuServe before leaving home. 

If you are in a country with no local access, or in a place where you have 
to make an expensive long distance call to a slow node, consider calling 
direct to CompuServe's own nodes in the United States at high speed. 

Example: In Lagos, Nigeria, I connected successfully at 14,400 bits/s with 
compression to a CompuServe node in the United States. This was much 
cheaper and better than calling nearby South Africa at 2400 bits/s through 
an Infonet network node (1994). 

Association for Progressive Communications Member Networks (APC)
***************************************************************

System    Support/WWW Address            Areas Served
------    ---------------------          ------------
Angonet   <hperez@angonet.gn.apc.org>    Angola
Wamani    <apoyo@wamani.apc.org>         Argentina
Pegasus   <http://www.peg.apc.org>       Australia/Pacific Islands/SE Asia
Alpin     <support@alpin.or.at>          Austria
ZamirNet  <e.bachman@bionic.zer.de>      Bosnia/Croatia/Yugoslavia
AlterNex  <http://www.ax.apc.org>        Brasil/South America
Web       <http://www.web.net>           Canada/Cuba
Nicarao   <http://nicarao.apc.org.ni>    Central America/Nicaragua/Panama
ColNodo   <soporte@colnodo.apc.org>      Colombia
Ecuanex   <intercom@ecuanex.apc.org>     Ecuador
ComLink   <http://www.comlink.apc.org>   Germany/Austria/Zagreb/Turkey/N.Italy
Laneta    <http://www.laneta.apc.org>    Mexico
Antenna   <http://antenna.apc.org>       Netherlands
PlaNet    <http://www.cyberxpress.co.nz/indexp.html>New Zealand
GlasNet   <http://www.glas.apc.org>      Russia/CIS
Histria   <support@histria.apc.org>      Slovenija
SANGOnet  <http://sn.apc.org/            Southern Africa
NordNet   <http://nn.apc.org>            The Nordic/Baltic
GreenNet  <http://www.gn.apc.org>        UK/Europe/Africa/Asia/Middle East
Gluk      <support@gluk.apc.org>         Ukraine
IGC       <http://www.igc.org/igc/help/  United States/China/Japan
Chasque   <http://www.chasque.apc.org/   Uruguay/Paraguay

For more information on the APC, try http://www.apc.org/


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information: 

[1] Several lists of international BBSes are available through the 
Internet. Use Lycos to locate. 

[2] The FYI document "Network Service Providers Around the World" is a huge 
lists of Internet, email, and X.400 service providers around the world. The 
list is designed to help people and organizations FIND the providers. Each 
entry is confirmed by the service provider.  Queries for updates are sent 
to each service provider quarterly.  

To get on an email distribution list, mail greenebr@aplcomm.jhuapl.edu.

You may also find PSGnet's Network Startup Resource Center an interesting 
source. Try: http://www.psg.com/. 

[3] "Redes de America Latina y el Caribe" (Network Service Providers in 
Latin America and Caribe) is a Spanish language text available at
gopher://cahuide.rcp.net.pe:71/11/.



Appendix 8: The author
======================

                     WHO IS ODD DE PRESNO?
                     =====================

                   Updated: November 7, 1997

Odd de Presno (born 1944) lives in Arendal, a small town in southern 
Norway, with his computers and modems. He has written twelve books, and 
has participated in several book projects with other authors in various
countries. 

Half his books focus on various aspects of the Online World. The rest are 
about practical applications of personal computers. Published in Norway and 
England. His book "The Online World resources handbook" is distributed 
globally as shareware, and on print in various languages. 

He has published over 900 articles in management and technical magazines 
in Scandinavia, England, Italy, Japan, and the United States. Publisher of 
The Online World Monitor newsletter (on the Internet). He writes monthly 
columns about the Web for various magazines. 

International public speaker. Writer. Consultant. 

Specialities: The Internet. Building and managing virtual organizations on
the net. Strategic applications of online information.

Founder and Project Director of KIDLINK, an international non-profit 
organization promoting a global dialog among the youth of the world. The work 
is supported by 38 public mailing lists in several languages, a private 
network for interactive dialog ("chat"), and an online art exhibition site. 
Since its start in 1990, KIDLINK has involved some 100,000 kids through
15 years of age living in 114 countries. 

Managing Director of the Kidlink Institute (KI) since 1997.

Has been professionally involved with online services since 1973. Operated an 
English-language BBS in Norway from 1985 to 1997. 

He founded the software company Data Logic A/S (Norway) in 1967 and was 
president for five years. 1968-1970: Board member of Business Management 
Promotions Ltd., (England). Sales manager Control Data Corp. seven years 
(in charge of CYBERNET/Norway, an international online service). Marketing 
manager IKO Software Service A/S, two years. Now running his own business. 

Educational background includes a Diploma Degree in Business from 
Bedriftsoekonomisk Institutt (Norway, 1968. Sivilkonom.). 

Member of NFF (Norway). Listed in Marquis' "Who's Who in the World" since 
1991.   

See ftp://listserv.nodak.edu/public/TOW/TOW.OPRESNO for the most recent
version of this file.



Appendix 9:

        Registering Your Copy of The Online World Handbook
        ==================================================

Your registration will give you FREE optional copies of The Online World 
Monitor newsletter  (ISSN: 0805-6315),  so you  can  monitor changes. It 
supports further research, and production of updates. 

For more information about the  newsletter, send an electronic mail to 
LISTSERV@LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU. Put the command GET TOW.MONITOR in the text 
of your mail. It is also at http://login.eunet.no/~presno/monitor.html

You can register your current copy of the book, or sign up for six updates 
of the book during one year. The latter will give you free optional copies 
of all the newsletters published during your registration period. 

Registration details are given below. 

==============================================================================

    Send to:

    Odd de Presno
    4815 Saltrod
    Norway (Europe)                         Fax: +47 370 27111


    Please add me as a supporter of the Online World book: 

    Name    ______________________________________________________________

    Company ______________________________________________________________

    Address ______________________________________________________________

            ______________________________________________________________

    City    ________________________________State _______ Zip ____________

    Country ________________________________

    Email address  ______________________________________________________


    Please mark off your selections with (x) below: 


    Basic Registration for individuals
    ----------------------------------
    Covers one version of the book, and includes one optional copy of 
    The Online World Monitor newsletter (see below).


    (  ) NOK 105.00   For payment by credit card.
                      (around US$15.00)

    (  ) NOK 140.00   For all other methods of payment. 
                      (or, in US currency: $20.00)

    Optional shipping (for Basic Registration)
    ------------------------------------------
    (  ) NOK  21.00   Add to have a copy of the most recent version of the 
                      book sent you on diskette. Only with registration! 
                      (Around US$3.00)

    (  ) NOK  15.00   Add to ship to an address in Norway.

    Registration of Six Updates - for individuals
    ---------------------------------------------
    The reader retrieves all new updates by modem. Six updates during
    12 months. Includes one year's subscription to The Online World Monitor 
    newsletter (see below).

    (  ) NOK 485.00   For payment by credit card. (Around US$69.00)
    (  ) NOK 532.00   For all other methods of payment. (Around US$76.00)
    (  ) NOK 450.00   Norwegian residents: For payment in NOK (all 
                      methods of payment). 

    Optional Shipping of Six Updates - for individuals
    --------------------------------------------------
    Six updates of the book to be sent by mail during the next 12 months. 
    Includes one year's subscription to The Online World Monitor newsletter. 


    (  ) NOK 560.00   For all methods of payment. Includes shipping and 
                      handling. (Around US$80.00)


    The Online World Monitor newsletter
    -----------------------------------
    (  ) As a registered reader, I want the optional newsletter to be sent 
         to my electronic mailbox as specified above. Please send it in the
         following format:

         (  )  Ascii text format
         (  )  Html format (text with hypertext codes)
         (  )  Both formats.

    Registration for businesses
    ---------------------------
    Includes six updates during the next 12 months, and gives the right to 
    unlimited redistribution within the corporation or agency.

    (  ) Non Profit, Small Government Agency, or Corporation (revenues
         less than $10 million a year).
         NOK 1.200 (around US$170.00)

    (  ) Corporate Site License, or Cabinet Level Agency.
         NOK 3.500 (around US$ 500)

    (  ) Add to receive the updates on MS-DOS/Macintosh diskettes. 
         NOK 84.00 (around US$ 12.00)


    Discounts for schools and public libraries
    ------------------------------------------
    Special rates available for schools and public libraries. Details are
    given in the files ftp://listserv.nodak.edu/public/TOW/TOW.SCHOOLS and
    ftp://listserv.nodak.edu/public/TOW/TOW.LIBRARY .

    (  ) Please identify what type of discount you are taking advantage of:

         Ref: ______________

         Description: ____________________________________________________

                      ____________________________________________________


    Shipping Options
    ----------------
    If you have marked shipping by diskettes above, please mark off your
    choice of media and file types:

     Media
     -----
     (  ) 3.5" disk 1.44MB MS-DOS
     (  ) 3.5" disk 1.44MB Macintosh

     File type
     ---------
     (  ) Ascii text
     (  ) Html (hypertext)
     (  ) Both formats.


    Payment
    -------
    Amount  ____________________ Date   _______________

    (  )  Check or money order payable to Odd de Presno in U.S. funds enclosed
    (  )  Bank transfer to 6311.05.27189, Kredittkassen, 4800 Arendal, Norway
    (  )  SWIFT to 6311.05.27189 at XIANNOKK (Christiania Bank, Norway).
    (  )  VISA    (  )  MasterCard    ( ) American Express


    Credit card number __________________________________ Exp date _______

    Note: You should not send your credit card number by email, unless
          the data is sent in PGP encrypted form. For information about
          how to do this, read the instruction at the end of this 
          appendix. If PGP is not available, use fax, or ordinary mail. 

    Note: All credit card orders given in US$ will be converted to NOK 
          using the current exchange rate. My local card companies require
          charges to be made in Norwegian currency. Then, the amount will 
          be converted to your local currency by your card operator at
          their exchange rate prevailing at the time of transaction.


  Feedback
  --------
  If you already have an evaluation copy of the book, where did you get it? 

  ________________________________________________  Version number: ____



  Comments or suggestions for improvement of The Online World __________
  
  ______________________________________________________________________
  
  ______________________________________________________________________
  
  ______________________________________________________________________
  


    Date ___________________

    Signature _________________________________


  Ŀ
    T H A N K   Y O U   F O R   S U P P O R T I N G   S H A R E W A R E  
  


How to send your registration using PGP encryption 
--------------------------------------------------

To use this method, you must have a copy of the freeware program PGP 
(Pretty Good Privacy) by Philip Zimmermann. It is available for MS-DOS, 
VAX/VMS, Unix, and other computers. 
 
Various versions of this program can be retrieved from online services all 
over the world. If you have access to the Internet, use Archie to locate a 
recent version. I use version 2.6. You can get a copy from the following Web 
address: 

   http://login.eunet.no/~presno/sw/pgp26.zip

Follow these steps to encrypt your registration form (you may be able
to do this _without_ reading the documentation): 

Step 1
------
Store your completed registration form on your disk using the file name
ORDER.FRM. 

Cut out the text below, and store it using the file name ONLINE.ASC.

*-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: 2.3a

mQBNAi0jCjcAAAECAKBK1u0JZHZSEh50P3TdgSApuZCEWQh2Nsxw1pYrC4bgy/md
bAN3UFrkgwShtnpPIjm+GcXFBiKpZ5kDuT9T9x0ABRG0FW9wcmVzbm9AZXh0ZXJu
LnVpby5ubw==
=AXgT
*-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Remove the asterisk character ('*') at the beginning of the first and last 
lines of the PGP Public Key before adding it to your keyring. For example,
the line

   *-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

should be changed to

   -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Do the same with the last line.

Step 2
------
Add ONLINE.ASC to your public keyring using the command:

  pgp -ka online.asc

Step 3
------
Encrypt ORDER.FRM using the command

  pgp -ea order.frm opresno@extern.uio.no

The resulting file will be called ORDER.ASC.

Step 4
------
Send ORDER.ASC by email to presno@login.eunet.no , or presno@grida.no .

971115op



